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THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREHISTORICREGIONAL CENTER IN LOWLANDSUSIANA, SOUTHWESTERN IRAN
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CHOGHA MISH II
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PREHISTORICREGIONAL CENTER IN LOWLANDSUSIANA, SOUTHWESTERN IRAN
FINAL REPORT ON THE LAST SIx SEASONSOF ExCAVATIONS, 1972–1978
AbbAS ALIzADEH
THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUbLICATIONS • VOLUME 130
CHICAGO • ILLINOIS
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Library of Congrss Control Numbr: 95072170ISBN-10: 1-885923-52-X
ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-52-3
ISSN: 0069-3367
© 2008 by Th Univrsity of Chicago. All rights rsrvd.
Publishd 2008. Printd in th Unitd Stats of Amrica.
Te Orienta Institte, Cicao
Orintal Institut Publications
Volum 130
Series Editors
Lsli Schramr
and
Thomas G. Urban
Series Editors’ Acknowedments
Th assistanc of Lindsay DCarlo and Kati L. Johnson isacknowldgd in th production of this volum.
Spine Istration
Rconstruction of dcoration on Middl Susiana pottry vssl. Figur 42:F (B 1074)
Tite Pae IstrationSaling. Coa Mis I: plat 155:A.
Printed by Edwards Broters, Ann Arbor, Mician
Th papr usd in this publication mts th minimum rquirmnts of AmricanNational Standard for Information Srvics — Prmannc of Papr for PrintdLibrary Matrials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
∞
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This book is ddicatd to th sttld zalaghi Trie of thbakhtiyari, for thir unwavring hospitalityand thir contribution in th lvn sasons
of xcavations in Khuzstan
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trench xXI .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 38 Middl Susiana Complx ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................... 38 early Susiana Complx, Phas 1 ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ....... 39 early Susiana Complx, Phas 2 ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 39 Archaic Priod Rmains ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 40 eaSt area ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 41 Historical Rmains ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 41
Lat Middl Susiana Phas (Burnt Building) ......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 41 Lat Middl Susiana Domstic Architctur ....................... ......................... .......................... .............. 42 Protolitrat Architctural Phas 1: Monumntal Building Complx ....................... ......................... ... 43 Protolitrat Architctural Phas 2: Domstic Buildings ...................... ......................... ...................... 44 PrehIStorIc burIalS ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ........................ ..... 46
CHAPTeR THRee. POTTeRY ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... . 47 IntroductIon ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 47 ParthIan PerIod ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 47 Iron age III (neo-elamIte)/achaemenId PerIod ....................... .......................... ......................... ....... 48 old elamIte (Sukkalmah) PerIod ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ... 49 ProtolIterate PhaSe ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 49 Coars War ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 49
Standard War ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 49 Fin War ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 50 Brittl War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 50 Gray War ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 50 Rd War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 50 late SuSIana PerIod ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 51 Standard Buff War ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... . 51 Rd War ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................ 51 Gray War ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... ................. 52 Black-on-Rd War ....................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... .. 52 mIddle SuSIana PerIod ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 52 Standard Buff War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... . 52
Fin Buff War ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......... 52 Gritty Buff War ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 53
Straw-tmprd Buff War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ............... 53 Plain Rd War ...................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......... 53 Gray War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 54 early SuSIana PerIod ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ......................... . 54 archaIc SuSIana PerIod ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ...................... 54 Straw-tmprd Smoothd War ...................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 54 Straw-tmprd Standard and Fin Rd-washd War ....................... ......................... ......................... 54 Straw-tmprd Rd-bandd/Lin War .......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 55 Straw-tmprd Paintd-burnishd War ......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 55 Straw-tmprd Paintd-burnishd Variant .......................... ......................... .......................... ............. 55 Matt-paintd War........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 55 Dns-sandy War ......................... .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 55 Clos-lin War .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .... 56
CHAPTeR FOUR. DeVeLOPMeNT OF SHAReD ARTISTIC TRADITIONS IN DeCORATeDPOTTeRY IN SOUTHWeST ASIA ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........ 57
Part 1: meSoPotamIan PrehIStorIc artIStIc and technIcal develoPment ........................ ......... 57 Introduction ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 57 Northrn Msopotamia......................................................................................................................... 57 Southrn Msopotamia......................................................................................................................... 59 Part 2: StylIStIc analySIS of SuSIana PrehIStorIc Pottery ........................ ......................... .......... 61 Introduction ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............ 61
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FIGUReS ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 225
PLATeS ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ..... 397
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LIST OF AbbREVIATIONS
xi
Ach. Achamnid
amS acclrator mass spctromtryAS Archaic Susiana B Chogha Bonut, sasons 1976/77,
1977/78BF Bonh Fazl Alib.P. bfor prsntBrb(S) bvld-rim bowl(s)B.S. blow surfac (masurd in mtrs
unlss othrwis notd)ca. circa cf. coner , comparCh.M. Chogha Mish
Coa Mis I Coa Mis, Volum I: Te first five Seasons o Excavations,1961–1971. By Pinhas Dlougazand Hln J. Kantor. editd byAbbas Alizadh. Orintal InstitutPublications 101. Chicago: ThOrintal Institut, 1996.
cm cntimtr(s)e ast.g. exempi ratia, for xampleMS arly Middl Susiana eS early Susiana
t al. et aii, and othrstc. et cetera, and so forthfig(s). figur(s)f(f). ecernt , and followingha hctar(s)Ichto Iranian Cultural Hritag and Tourism
Organizationi.. id est , that is
INAA instrumntal nutron activation
analysiskm kilomtr(s)KS Khuzstan SitLMS lat Middl Susiana LS Lat Susiana M middlm mtr(s)misc. miscllanousmm millimtr(s)MS Middl Susiana N northN/A not availabl
N.B. nota bene, not carfullyno(s). numbr(s)NSF National Scinc FoundationPCA Principl Componnts AnalysisPL Protolitratpl(s). plat(s)p(p). pag(s)ppm parts pr millionprob. probablyrg. rgistrationS southSdg. sounding
sq. squarst. stonTr. trnchtrans. transitionalUTM Univrsal Transvrs Mrcator W wst
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LIST OF FIGURESFrontispic. Possibl Rconstruction of Fmal Figurin Composd from Svral Fragmnts
1. Map Showing th Location of Chogha Mish and Othr Major Sits in Southwstrn Iran and SouthrnMsopotamia ........................ .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 226
2. Map of Northrn Susiana Plain Showing Locations of Chogha Mish, Chogha Bonut, Bonh Fazl Ali,and Thir environs ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ................ 227
3. Synopsis of th evolution of Pottry Dcoration of Prhistoric Susiana ........................................................... 228
4. exampls of Lat Middl / Lat Susiana 1 Paintd Pottry .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 230
5. exampls of Lat Middl / Lat Susiana 1 Paintd Pottry .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 231
6. Contour Map of Chogha Mish ........................ .......................... ......................... ......................... ....................... 232
7. Top Plan of Trnch XXIII, High Mound ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ........ 233
8. Top Plan of th Old elamit Fort and Protolitrat Rmains, High Mound....................................................... 234
9. Sction Drawings of elamit Wll ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............... 235
10. Isomtric Plan of th Old elamit Fort ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ........... 236
11. Top Plan of Gully Cut, Middl Susiana .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 237
12. Top Plan of Gully Cut, early Susiana........ ......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ... 238
13. Top Plan of Gully Cut, Archaic Susiana 3 .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ... 239
14. Top Plan of Trnch XXI, Archaic to Middl Susiana ....................... .......................... ......................... .............. 240
15. Top Plan of Middl Susiana Burnt Building ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 241
16. Top Plan of Protolitrat Architctural Complx, Phas 1 ................................................................................ 242
17. Top Plan of Protolitrat Architctural Complx, Phas 2 ................................................................................ 243
18. Prhistoric Burials ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............... 245
19. Parthian Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........ 247
20. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Opn Bowls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 249
21. Lat Iron Ag (No-elamit)/Achamnid Opn Bowls ...................... ......................... .......................... .......... 251
22. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 253
23. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ... 255
24. Lat Iron Ag/Achamnid Opn Bowls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 257
25. Old elamit (Sukkalmah) Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ... 259
26. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 261
27. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 263
28. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 265
29. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 267
30. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 269
31. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 271
32. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ....................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... 273
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33. Protolitrat Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 275
34. Protolitrat Ritual Vssl ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... .... 277
35. Lat Susiana 2 Pottry Vssls ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 279
36. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 281
37. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 283
38. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 285
39. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 287
40. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 289
41. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 291
42. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 293
43. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 295
44. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 297
45. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 299
46. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 301 47. Middl Susiana Closd Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ........... 303
48. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 305
49. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 307
50. Middl Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 309
51. Middl Susiana Pottry “Stands”......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .................. 311
52. Middl Susiana Tortois Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ....... 313
53. Middl Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 315
54. Middl Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... .......... 317
55. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 319
56. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 321
57. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 323
58. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 325
59. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 327
60. early Susiana Opn Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 329
61. early Susiana Opn and Closd Pottry Vssls ....................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 331
62. early Susiana Dcoratd Pottry Lids ........................ .......................... ......................... .......................... .......... 333
63. Various Typs of early Susiana Pottry Vssls ............................................................................................... 335
64. early Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 337
65. early Susiana Plain Pottry Vssls ........................ ......................... .......................... ......................... .............. 339
66. Archaic Susiana 3 Clos-lin Opn Bowls ......................... .......................... ......................... .......................... .. 341
67. Archaic Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................. 343
68. Archaic Susiana Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ................. 345
69. Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry Vssls ...................... .......................... ......................... .......................... ................. 347
70. Archaic Susiana 3 Matt-paintd Pottry Vssls .......................... ......................... .......................... ................ 349
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LIST OF PLATES
1. Panoramic Viw of Chogha Mish; eastrn Fac of Old elamit Fortification Wall
2. Old elamit Fortification Wall and Gat; Dtail of Fortification Wall
3. Old elamit Trough; Old elamit Pottry Pips
4. Old elamit Watr Cistrn; Intrior Viw of Old elamit Watr Cistrn
5. Old elamit Brick Thrshold; Protolitrat Drain
6. Gnral Viw of Gully Cut; early Susiana Brick Pavmnt and Circular Structur in Gully Cut; earlySusiana Imprssd Mudbrick; Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry and Ston Objcts in situ
7. early Susiana Storag Magazins; Archaic Susiana 3 Ston-filld Harth; Dtails of Middl SusianaMudbrick Wall; Archaic Susiana 3 Long Magazin; early Susiana Courtyard
8. early Susiana Brick Platform; early Susiana Mudbrick Pavmnt; Archaic Susiana 3 Pottry and OthrObjcts in situ
9. early Susiana Mudbrick-pavd Room; Dtails of early Susiana Mudbrick Wall; Archaic Susiana Ston
Pavmnt; Archaic Susiana Circular Harth
10. eastrn Wing of th Lat Middl Susiana Burnt Building
11. Room S18:904 in Burnt Building; Top Viw of Mudbrick Platform in Burnt Building
12. entranc to Courtyard of Protolitrat Tripartit Building; Protolitrat Drain Pips
13. Protolitrat Drain Pips South of Tripartit Building; Gazll Fmur Bons
14. Protolitrat Vssls in situ; Cach of Bvld-rim Bowls; Protolitrat Mudbrick Wall and Pottry Vssls;Protolitrat Pit Filld with Bvld-rim Bowls; Protolitrat Pit Filld with Pottry Vssls
15. Old elamit Cistrn; Archaic Susiana 3 Ston-filld Harth
16. early Susiana Room S22:813 in Gully Cut; Protolitrat, Phas 2, Architctur in Q17:815; Sampls ofArchaic Susiana Mudbricks; Rocks Mixd with Chippd Ston Blads and Pottry Shrds in Middl Susiana
S22:909/919 in Gully Cut 17. Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 806; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 807; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 812; Archaic Susiana 3
Grav 811; early Susiana Grav 808
18. Archaic Susiana 3 Grav; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav; Archaic Susiana 3 Grav 802; Archaic Susiana 3Grav 804
19. Lat and Middl Susiana Pottry
20. Archaic–Middl Susiana Pottry
21. Archaic, Middl, and early Susiana Pottry
22. Sals and Salings
23. Salings
24. Salings and Tokns
25. Miscllana
26. Protolitrat Bon Fmal Figurin; Old elamit Goat-handld Cup of Bituminous Ston
27. Archaic–Middl Susiana Figurins
28. Archaic–early Susiana Figurins
29. Miscllana
30. Miscllana
31. Bakhtiyari Mobil Pastoralists Camping on east Ara at Bas of High Mound at Chogha Mish
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LIST OF TAbLES 1. Rlativ Chronology of Prhistoric Sits in Iran and Msopotamia .................................................................. 31
2. Cultural Phass Attstd at th Sits excavatd in Susiana by th Orintal Institut ........................................ 32 3. Numbr of INAA Spcimns by Sit and Typs ....................... ......................... .......................... ..................... 99
4. Sit and Typ Information for INAA Sampls ...................... .......................... ......................... ......................... 100
5. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ....................... .......................... ......................... .............. 101
6. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ....................... ......................... .......................... .............. 107
7. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 113
8 elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 119
9. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ...................... .......................... ......................... ............... 125
10. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics .......................... .......................... ......................... ........... 131 11. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics .......................... ......................... .......................... ........... 137
12. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ......................... .......................... .......................... ........... 143
13. elmntal Concntration Data for Susiana Cramics ......................... .......................... ......................... ............ 149
14. Summary of Faunal Rmains by Priod ....................... ......................... .......................... ......................... ......... 204
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PREFACETh prsnt publication is th scond and final volum on th lvn sasons of xcavations at Chogha Mish,
in lowland Susiana, Iran. excavations at th sit wr co-dirctd by Hln J. Kantor and Pinhas Dlougaz from
1961 to 1975, th yar Dlougaz did. Hln Kantor dirctd th xpdition for thr mor sasons from 1976 to1978. Although both scholars workd for yars to prpar th rsults of th first fiv sasons of xcavations, thydid bfor thy could bring th rsults of thir immns work to fruition. Basd on th availabl vidnc and onKantor’s and Dlougaz’s copious nots, th rsults of th first fiv sasons wr publishd in 1996. In prparing thmanuscript for that volum, I had gratly bnfitd from working for many yars with Hln Kantor.
As is common with publications of this natur, thr ar invitably gaps in th availabl dat — information thatonly th original xcavators could hav possssd. In th cours of prparing th rsults of th rmaining six sasonsof xcavations, I ralizd that this problm is aggravatd by th fact that svral fild notbooks, and vn rgistra-tion books of th objcts found in th tnth through lvnth sasons, wr dstroyd along with th dig hous narlytwo dcads ago. Although I hav bn abl to prsnt a numbr of objcts from th last two sasons, notbooks ontwo trnchs with Archaic and Middl Susiana occupation wr not availabl and ar prhaps lost forvr. In addi-tion, all th sction drawings from th sixth through th lvnth sasons wr lost in th dig hous at th villag of
Qalh Khalil, nar Chogha Mish. Th only on availabl in Chicago blongs to th Gully Cut, which, unfortunatly,lacks th ncssary stratigraphic data to link it to th top plans of th ara.A major problm that I could not solv with th availabl data rlats to th assignmnt of th Protolitrat pot-
try typs to th two major architctural phass of this priod. Basd on th pottry typs found at th sit, ChoghaMish sms to hav bn r-occupid in th scond half of th fourth millnnium b.c. It is nvrthlss possiblthat th sit was r-occupid vn arlir, ca. 3600 b.c.; but in th absnc of th ncssary statistics for th vari-ous stratifid cramic typs I am prvntd us from stablishing a mor prcis chronological position for th initialphas of th r-occupation of Chogha Mish.
In addition to th problms just citd, th radr will notic that analyss of th fauna and chippd ston objctsar also absnt from this volum. As xplaind in th first volum, Jams Phillips analyzd th flints and was towrit a chaptr on his rsults. That chaptr was nvr producd and th lithic collction has sinc bn lost. Furthr-mor, th availabl rcords do not allow for quantitativ information rgarding th finds and thir spatial distribu-tion in various contxts. Th intrprtion of th information gathrd from all th availabl fauna and flora (from thlvn sasons of xcavation) is limitd to what was publishd in th first volum. This information has bn culldfrom th first volum and usd in th body of th txt in Capter 1.
During th first fiv sasons, Jan Whlr Pirs-Frrira was th rsidnt zooarchaologist at Chogha Mish.Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frrira workd on th spcimns both in th fild and in Chicago. Sh thn transfrrd hr im-mns body of data onto computr punch cards. Ths cards includd Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frrira’s analysis andidntification of som 40,000 bons rprsnting various spcis with stratigraphic information. Undr th suprvi-sion of Hln Kantor and occasionally Mrs. Whlr Pirs-Frrira, Mr. Jams Lichtnstin, now th Dirctor ofProduction Tchnology at th Univrsity of Chicago Ntworking Srvics and Information Tchnologis (NSIT), con-vrtd th data into a radabl english databas. On bhalf of Hln Kantor, I would lik to thank Mr. Lichtnstinfor his aid and gnuin intrst in procssing th Whlr Pirs-Frrira rcords and for crating a comprhnsivlist of all th bons rcovrd from Chogha Mish.
Sinc a chaptr on th fauna was not forthcoming, I dcidd to mak th raw data availabl to th intrstd sp-
cialist. Th dtaild, comprhnsiv list of all th idntifid spcis from all th xcavatd loci can b found on thIntrnt by logging on to: http://oi.uchicago.du/rsarch/pubs/catalog/oip/oip130.html; s also Appendix 3.
Th following is a short introduction to th Chogha Mish numbring systm that was usd to organiz pottry,othr objcts, and xcavatd loci. Whn availabl, all illustratd objcts ar accompanid by thir provnancs, l-vation (always abov sa lvl), fild rgistration, and Orintal Institut Musum numbrs. In th objct numbrs,whthr writtn as arabic or roman numrals, th first digit shows th sason in which th itm was found. Th ro-man numral prfix is usually rsrvd for whol objcts, whil th arabic numral prfix indicats that th itm isa shrd or an incomplt objct. For xampl, VI-1 is th first complt objct rgistrd in th sixth sason, and6.001 th first shrd or fragmntary objct catalogd in that sason.
Findspot allocations consist of a lttr followd by on or two digits, a colon, and thr mor digits. Th lttrand th first on or two digits indicat th spcific squar; th last thr digits rfr to th numbr of th locus in that
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Th High Mound, masuring about 200 ≈ 150 m, is stpst toward th north and northwst, whr it slopsabout 23 m in 60 m, that is, an inclin of narly 1 in 3 m. Its wstrn dg is fairly rgular, but on its northast, ast,and southast sids it has four irrgularly shapd lobs sparatd by dply rodd gullis. Th trrac, about 400 ≈300 m, has four lss prominnt paks in Squars H14 (lvation 82–83 m), R16 (lvation 84–85 m), O25 (lva-tion 84–85 m), and H27 (lvation 82–83 m).
Th summit of th High Mound is at lvation 100.54 m abov sa lvl. It is about 27 m abov th surroundingplain (at 73.50) and ovr 30 m abov th rivrbd of th Shur, to th ast (lvation 70.30 m). Th lowst lvation
at Chogha Mish was rachd at 71.70 m (Archaic 1 phas) in S22, putting th virgin soil hr at 71.60 m. In othraras, th virgin soil was rachd at highr lvations, about 72.00 m and vn 73.50 m, indicating that in th sv-nth millnnium b.c. and prhaps much latr th plain lookd vry diffrnt than it dos now. Approximatly 5 kmto th wst, at Chogha Bonut, th prsnt plain is at about 74 m abov sa lvl, just 1.0 to 0.5 m highr than th araaround Chogha Mish. Th virgin soil at Chogha Bonut, howvr, was rachd at 73.10 to 73.00 m, just 1 m blowth prsnt surfac of th plain. In this part of th plain th pattrn of alluvial dposition must hav bn vry dif-frnt from lswhr in th rgion, indicating that th rgion around Chogha Mish was lss suscptibl to flooding.This obsrvation should partly xplain th high concntration of sttlmnts, particularly thos of th arly Nolithicpriod, in this rgion.
Figur 88 (kindly producd by Nick Kouchoukos) is a computr-gnratd imag that shows both th surfacfaturs and a cross sction of this part of th plain. Th imag, as Kouchoukos notd, indicats that this ara mayhav bn th rmnant of a bluff or vn a ridg and thus highr than th lands on ithr sid of th Shur and Sia
Mansur rivrs. As just notd, this is th ara in Khuzstan whr almost all th Archaic priod sits, namly ChoghaMish, Chogha Bonut, and Bonh Fazl Ali ar locatd. At th lvl of our prsnt undrstanding of th gomorphol-ogy of th plain, it is facil to think that whn th first farmrs colonizd th land thy chos this highr part of thplain, away from th marshs and th parts of th plain that flood. On can furthr spculat that as th climat b-cam gradually drir and th rivrs startd to cut down thir bds, it bcam possibl to occupy th rgions on thwst of Sia Mansur and ast of th Shur. Whthr or not th Shur startd cutting its bd down to th prsnt lva-tion, prhaps around th scond millnnium b.c., rmains spculativ until gomorphological analysis is conductdin that ara.
To avoid rptition and to mak this volum mor managabl to us, only summaris of lngthy dscriptions ofpottry and objcts ar providd hr. Thrfor, th radr is invitd to consult th first volum for dtaild infor-mation not includd hr. In addition, w hav includd data obtaind from th arlir sit of Chogha Bonut, as wllas from othr sits in both Susiana and th narby Dh Luran to fill in th missing data from Chogha Mish itslf.
Capter 1 is a rathr lngthy summary of prhistoric cultural dvlopmnt in lowland Susiana, with Chogha
Mish as th main sourc of information. W fl that by prsnting this summary first, th radr is providd witha gnral landscap against which numrous tchnical data and analyss offrd in th following chaptrs may bplacd. This chaptr mostly consists of a narrativ, th fabric of which is wovn from th availabl archaologicaldata. Th narrativ, howvr, is mbllishd with a crtain numbr of assumptions, infrncs, and vn imagina-tion. Nvrthlss, w hop w hav bn abl to lay out th facts clarly nough so that th radr can sift throughwhat is fact and what is spculation. As a rgional cntr for ovr two thousand yars, Chogha Mish offrs a uniquopportunity to study prhistoric socioconomic and crafts dvlopmnt at a singl sit. Sinc Chogha Mish did notdvlop in isolation, in Capter 1 w us th sit as a focal point to discuss numrous lins of vidnc that prtainto th cultural dvlopmnt in th rgion.
Capter 2 dals with th architctural vidnc from th Archaic to th Iron III/Achamnid priods. It dscribsall th rlvant xcavation aras individually, namly th Gully Cut, Trnch XXI, th High Mound, tc. Whn ap-propriat and possibl, contmporary architctural rmains in th various xcavation aras ar linkd to provid a
largr pictur.Th pottry assmblags of all prhistoric and historical phass ar dscribd in Capter 3. A much mor d-taild dscription of th various classs of pottry was offrd in th first volum by Hln Kantor; in som r-spcts Capter 3 is thrfor an abbrviatd vrsion. For mor information and a lngthir tratmnt of th pottry,th radr must consult th first volum.
Capter 4 is a survy of th stylistic trnds and mannrisms usd by ancint pottrs to dcorat various classsof prhistoric pottry. On of th objctivs of this survy is to prsnt a gnral pictur of som aspcts of th“grammar” govrning th dsigns and compositions of Susiana prhistoric paintd pottry. From th arly Nolithicpriod, southwstrn Iran was in clos contact with Msopotamia; so th first part of th chaptr is dvotd to a sum-mary of th dvlopmnt and volution of som componnts of matrial cultur, spcially pottry in that rgion.In our opinion, this was particularly ncssary bcaus th qustion of th origins of th Archaic 3 clos-lin war
PREfACE
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and its contmporary Chogha Mami Transitional pottry and th l-Ouili war cannot b addrssd without rfr-nc to th Samarran pottry and its charactristics. In addition, a gnral survy of th pottris of th arly phassof Ubaid (Ubaid 1–2), possssing many shard faturs with thos of th early and Middl Susiana priods, is alsoprovidd in th sam sction to dmonstrat chang and continuity throughout th prhistoric squnc, as wll asintrrgional stylistic trnds.
Th gnral dscription of Msopotamian prhistoric pottry in th first part of Capter 4 provids a back-ground for th scond part, which dals primarily with th volution of dsigns and shaps of th Susiana prhistoric
paintd pottry. It is in this sction that th argumnts for th spcial charactrs of th crucial Lat Susiana 1 pottryassmblag and its highland connction ar formulatd.
A foundation of knowldg on th cology of crafts in prhistoric Susiana is ssntial in making thortical infr-ncs on th volution of pottry production in th rgion. But at prsnt that knowldg is slim. I hop th analyss inCapters 1–4 mak it clar that incrasing sophistication of th Susiana prhistoric pottry form, dcoration, and manu-factur tchniqu roughly corrsponds with th growth of Chogha Mish as a rgional cntr. Th dvlopmnt of ChoghaMish as a rgional cntr did not, of cours, occur in isolation. Th stady ris in rgional population in th Archaic priodand th sharp population ris of th early and Middl Susiana priods sms to b associatd with th frtility of th land,ampl watr supplis, improvd agricultural practics and tools, and prhaps th rduction of th aggrading rgim of thrgion’s main watr courss as wll as population donation from th intrmontan vallys of th Zagros.
Capter 5 is dvotd to th vidnc of administrativ tchnology throughout th prhistoric squnc and thProtolitrat priod. In th first volum, Hln Kantor offrd an xtnsiv and dtaild tratmnt of th Protolitr-at glyptic art. Hr w limitd ourslvs to th dscription and valuation of som nw typs of salings and somglyptic dsigns not addrssd in th first volum.
Clay and ston figurins of all phass ar prsntd and discussd in Capter 6 . Capter 7 dals with smallobjcts, including mtal and bon objcts, as wll as ston tools and ston vssls. Th vidnc of basktry is dis-cussd at th nd of this chaptr. Th similaritis of th typs of objcts discussd in this chaptr to thos publishdin th first volum ar th rason for th brvity of Capter 7 . Th radr, thrfor, is advisd to consult th firstvolum for mor dtails.
Appendix 1 dals with instrumntal nutron activation analysis (INAA) of som Susiana shrds, which was pro-vidd by Royal Ghazal and Nick Kouchoukos of th Univrsity of Chicago’s Dpartmnt of Anthropology and thircollagus at th Univrsity of Missouri Rsarch Ractor (MURR). Th radr should bar in mind that th rsultsof Ghazal’s INAA and his prsnt contribution must b considrd a work in progrss, sinc th final analysis anddtaild discussions will appar in his doctoral thsis. Th rational for Ghazal’s INAA of crtain classs of pottryfrom th Lat Susiana 2 and Protolitrat phass — in th cours of which stat organizations prsumably dvlopd
in th rgion — is ultimatly to tst th validity of Johnson’s (1973) and Wright and Johnson’s (1975) hypoth-sis that sociopolitical and conomic volution affctd th production of crafts, spcially pottry. Judith Brmanprformd a similar analysis (1986, 1989) by dividing hr sampls of 1,021 shrds from 104 Susiana sits intocompositionally similar groups, but hr rsults wr inconclusiv (Brman 1989: 262). In his contribution, Ghazaldiscusss improvd INAA tchniqus and argus that his initial analysis is promising in stablishing a link btwncompositionally similar cramic groups and hypothtical archaological groups. Th most intrsting conclusion ofthis analysis was th possibility that, dspit Johnson’s hypothsis (Johnson 1973), Chogha Mish, Susa, and AbuFandowh wr not th only cntrs of pottry manufactur.
Appendix 2 consists of a mastr list of all th availabl information on th xcavatd aras, various loci withinths aras, thir lvations, and th typ of archaological contxts that dfind th loci or wr found associatdwith thm. Th data providd in this list prtain primarily to th loci not dpictd on th top plans, though som arincludd. Information about th loci missing from th list can asily b found on th top plans and in Capter 2.
Appendix 3 prsnts th faunal information.Th txt concluds with two indics, an Index o loci and Istrated finds and an Index o georapica
Names.
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