all about harp

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HarpFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeHarp (disambiguation).

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Harp

A medieval harp (left) and a single-action pedal harp (right)

String instrument

HornbostelSachs

classification

322-5

(Compositechordophonesounded by thebare

fingers)

Playing range
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(modern pedal harp)[1]

Related instruments

Chang

eng

Lyre

The harp is a multi-stringed instrumentwhich has the plane of its strings positionedperpendicularlyto

thesoundboard. Organologically, it is in the general category of chordophones (stringed instruments) and

has its own sub category (the harps). All harps have a neck,resonatorandstrings. Some, known as frame

harps, also have a pillar; those without the pillar are referred to as open harps. Depending on its size,

which varies, a harp may be played while held in the lap or while it stands on a table, or on the floor. Harp

strings may be made ofnylon,gut,wireorsilk. On smaller harps, like the folk harp, the core string materialwill typically be the same for all strings on a given harp. Larger instruments like the modern concert harp

mix string materials to attain their extended ranges. A person who plays the harp is called

a harpist orharper. Folk musicians often use the term "harper", whereas classical musicians use "harpist".

Various types of harps are found inAfrica,Europe,NorthandSouth Americaand inAsia. In antiquity,

harps and the closely relatedlyreswere very prominent in nearly all cultures. The harp also was

predominant with medievalbards, troubadors and minnesingers throughout the Spanish Empire. Harps

continued to grow in popularity due to improvements in their design and construction through the beginning

of the 20th century.

Contents

[hide]

1 Etymology

2 Terminology

3 Origins

4 Structure and mechanism

5 Development and history
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o 5.1 Europe

o 5.2 Latin America

o 5.3 Africa

o 5.4 Asia

6 Modern European and American instruments

o 6.1 Concert harp

6.1.1 Technique

6.1.2 Use in music

o 6.2 Folk, lever, and Celtic instruments

o 6.3 Wire-strung instruments ("clrsach")

o 6.4 Multi-course

o 6.5 Modern electric harps

7 As a symbol

o 7.1 Political

o 7.2 Corporate

o 7.3 Religious

8 See also

o 8.1 Related categories

9 References

10 Additional sources

11 External links

o 11.1 Celtic harp

[edit]Etymology

Harp player,Cycladic art, 2800-2700 BC.
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The word harpderives fromOld Englishhearpe, ofGermanicorigin; related to Dutch harpand

German Harfe.[2]

[edit]Terminology

A number of non-harp-like instruments are colloquially referred to as "harps". Chordophones like

theaeolian harp, (wind harp) and theautoharp(with thepianoandharpsichord) are not harps, butzithers,

because their strings are not perpendicular to their soundboard. Similarly, the many varieties ofharp

guitarandharp lute, while chordophones, belong to thelutefamily and are not true harps. All forms of

thelyreandkitharaare also not harps, but belong to the fourth family of ancient instruments under the

chordophones, the lyres.

The term "harp" has also been applied to many instruments which are not chordophones.

Thevibraphonewas (and is still) sometimes referred to as the "vibraharp," though it has no strings and its

sound is produced by striking metal bars. In blues music, the harmonicais often casually referred to as a

"blues harp" or "harp", but it is afree reedwind instrument; not a stringed instrument, and is therefore not a

true harp.

[edit]Origins

The origin of the harp goes back toMesopotamia, The earliest harps and lyres were found inSumerc,

3500 BCE[3]Several harps were found in burial pits and royal tombs in Ur.[4]The oldest depictions of harps

without a forepillar are from 500 BCE, which was the Persian harp of Perspolis/Persia in Iranand from 400

BCE inEgypt. The Harp (Persian: Chang) flourished inPersiain many forms from its introduction,about 3000 BCE, until the 17th century. The original type was the arched harp as seen at Chogh Mi and

on later third millennium seals (fig. 1a-c). Around 1900 BCE they were replaced by angular harps with verti-

cal (fig. 2) or horizontal (fig. 3) sound boxes. By the start of the Common Era, "robust, vertical, angular

harps" (fig. 2), which had become predominant in the Hellenistic world, were cherished in

theSasaniancourt. In the last century of theSasanianperiod, angular harps were redesigned to make

them as light as possible ("light, vertical, angular harps," fig. 4); while they became more elegant, they lost

their structural rigidity. At the height of thePersiantradition of illustrated book production (1300 to 1600

C.E.), such light harps were still frequently depicted, although their use as musical instruments wasreaching its end.[5]

Ancient Persian harps carved in stone
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ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English


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Anancient Egyptianharp on display in theBritish Museum

[edit]Structure and mechanism

The basic structural elements and terminology of a concert harp

Harps are essentiallytriangularand are made primarily ofwood. Modern harp strings are often nylon or gut

for the strings that are the A above low G and metal for low G and down ; tuning pins are also metal

components. The bottom ends of each string is fed through a small metaleyeletand tied in aknoton the

inside of thesounding-board, which is the upward-facing surface of the resonating cavity (the sound box or

body). The body is hollow and when atautstring is plucked, the bodyresonates, projecting sound

both inward towards the harp player through a series of usuallyovalopenings (whose principal purpose is

to allow access to the strings and only secondarily to enhance resonance) and, much more importantly and

powerfully, outward through the flexible and taut-strung sounding board. The crossbar, orneck, contains

the mechanism orleverswhich determine thepitchalteration (sharps and flats) for eachstring. The upper

ends of the strings are attached to pins in holesdrilledthrough the neck at specific intervals and at specific

distances from the soundboard.

The longest side of the harp is called the column or pillar. In those harps which have pedals, this side is a

hollow column and encloses the rods which control the pedal mechanisms. At the base of apedal harpare

seven pedals, which activate the rods when the pedals are downwardly pressed. The modern sophisticated

instrument spanning 6 octaves in virtually allkeyswas perfected by the 19th-century French
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makerSbastien rardand because of its pedal-driven ability to play allsharps and flatsof all notes within

itsrange, it continues today as the standard style of most large professional concert grand harps.

Lever harps, however, do not have pedals or rods, and the pillar's only purpose in these instruments is to

hold up the neck against the great strain of the strings. Lever harps use a shortening lever (usually shapedlike acapitalletterL) on the neck next to each individual string which is to be activated (i.e., turned)

manually to shorten the string and raise the tone ahalf step. A string tuned to natural may be played in

sharp, but not flat. A string tuned to flat may be played in natural, but not sharp. Also, in order to change a

string from one tone to another during a performance, a harp player must take one entire hand off the harp

for a moment and switch the leverthis may cause an acoustic gap in a performance, as for a brief

moment only one hand will be in use. Lever harps are considerably lighter inweightthan pedal harps and

are smaller in size and number of strings. They are also much easier to manufacture, less easily damaged,

easier to repair, and far less expensive to produce and maintain.

Finally, many harps are built without either pedals or levers. These harps can only play in a single key

during any given performance, though any string on a harp can be tuned to a corresponding sharp or flat

before a performance and then be returned to its regulartension(key) afterwards with little effort.

[edit]Development and history

[edit]Europe

A medieval European harp (the Wartburg harp) with buzzing bray pins.
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Harp on a Tarsia panel by BaronHenry de Triqueti(18031874), dated 1863, photo c. 1870.

Angle harps and bow harps continue to be used to the present day. In Europe, however, there was further

development.[when?] Adding a third structural member, the pillar, to support the far ends of the arch and

sound box. The Triangular Frame harp is depicted in sculpture from the 8th century Pictish stonesin

Scotland[6][7]and in manuscripts (i.e. the Utrecht Psalter) from the early 9th century France.[8]The curve of

the harp's neck is a result of the proportional shortening of the basic triangular form to keep the strings are

equidistant. If the strings were proportionately distanced, the strings would be farther apart.

European harps in medievalandRenaissancetimes usually had a bray pin fi tted to make a buzzing sound

when a string was plucked. By thebaroqueperiod, in Italy and Spain, more strings were added to allow for

chromatic notes; these were usually in a second line of strings. At the same time single-row diatonic harps

continued to be played.[citation needed]

The first primitive form of pedal harps were developed in the Tyrol region of Austria. Hochbrucker was thenext to design an improved pedal mechanism, followed in succession by Krumpholtz, Nadermann, and the

Erard company, who came up with the double mechanism. In Germany in the second half of the 17th

century, diatonic single-row harps were fitted with manually turned hooks which fretted individual strings to

raise their pitch by a half step. In the 18th century, a link mechanism was developed connecting these

hooks with pedals, leading to the invention of the single-action pedal harp. Later, a second row of hooks

was installed along the neck to allow for the double-action pedal harp, capable of raising the pitch of a

string by either one or two half steps. The idea was even extended to triple-action harps, but these were

never common. The double-action pedal harp remains the normal form of the instrument in the Western

classical orchestra. There was a chromatic harp developed in the late 19th century that only found a small

number of proponents, and was mainly taught in Belgium. [citation needed]

[edit]Latin America

InLatin America, harps are widely but sparsely distributed, except in certain regions where the harp

traditions are very strong. Such important centers includeMexico,Andes,VenezuelaandParaguay. They

are derived from theBaroqueharps that were brought fromSpainduring the colonial period.[citation needed]

In Per harp is used commonly in andean music calledHuayno.
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Detailed features vary from place to place. Paraguayan harps and harp music have gained a worldwide

reputation, with international influences alongside folk traditions. Mexican "jarocha" harp music of Veracruz

has also gained some international recognition, evident in the popularity of "la bamba". In southern Mexico

(Chiapas), there is a very different indigenous style of harp music. Travel between the ports of Veracruz

and Venezuela afforded an opportunity for transmission of harp traditions between these areas.[citation needed]

In Venezuela, there are two distinct traditions, the arpa llaneraand the arpa central(orarpa mirandina).

The modern Venezuelan arpa llanera has 32 strings of nylon (originally, gut). The arpa central is strung

with wire in the higher register. An authoritative source in Spanish is Fernando Guerrero Briceno, El Arpa

en Venezuela(The Harp in Venezuela).[citation needed]

Paraguayan harps have a wide and deep soundbox which tapers to the top. Like Baroque harps, but unlike

modern Western harps, they do not stand upright when unattended. The harp is Paraguay's national

instrument. It has about 36 strings. Its spacing is narrower and tension lighter than that of modern Westernharps. It is played with the fingernails.[citation needed]

[edit]Africa

Africankora- a double-bridge-harp-lute.

AMangbetuman playing a mangbetu harp.
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There are many different kinds of harps in Africa. They do not have forepillars and are either bow harps or

angle harps. As well as true harps such asMauritania's ardin. There are a number of instruments that are

difficult to classify, often being labelledharp-lutes. Another term for them is spike harps. The West

Africankorais the most complicated and best known of these instruments. It doesn't fit into any one

category, but several, and must be awkwardly classified as a "double-bridge-harp-lute." The strings run in

two divided ranks making it a double harp, they do not end in a soundboard but are held in notches on a

bridge making it a bridge harp, they originate from a string arm or neck and cross a bridge directly

supported by a resonating chamber making it a lute too.[citation needed] Another type is simply known as

anAfrican harp.

[edit]Asia

ASassanidera mosaic excavated atBishapur

In Asia, there are very few harps today, though the instrument was popular in ancient times; in that

continent, zithers likeChina'sguzhengandguqinandJapan'skotopredominate. However, a few harps

exist, the most notable beingBurma'ssaung-gauk, which is considered the national instrument in that

country.Turkeyhad a nine-string harp called theengthat has also become extinct. There was an ancient

Chinese harp calledkonghou; the name is also now used for a modern Chinese instrument which is being

revived. This double bridge harp has the unusual ability to pitch bend the notes while playing. The paired

strings are joined at opposite ends of freely moving short levers so that while playing, manually tensioning

one of the strings raises the pitch of its linked pair.[citation needed]

In the Middle East there are several forms of Harps that predate modern harps and some that are still in

existence and use today. An example of this is in the Nuristan providence of Afghanistan where theKafir

Harphas been part of the musical traditional for many years.

[edit]Modern European and American instruments

Most European-derived harps have a single row of strings with strings for each note of the C

Majorscale(over severaloctaves).
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Harpists are aided in telling which strings they are playing because all F strings are black or blueand all C

strings are red, and the wire strings are silver or bronze if C or F.

The instrument rests between the knees of the harpist and along their right shoulder. The Welsh triple

harpandearly Irish and Scottish harps, however, are traditionally placed on the left shoulder.

The first four fingers of each hand are used to pluck the strings; the little fingers are too short and cannot

reach the correct position without distorting the position of the other fingers, although on some folk harps

with light tension, closely spaced strings, they may occasionally be used. The fifth finger may also have

been used on earlier, more lightly strung modern harps: Madame de Genlis, for example, in herMthode,

published in Paris in the early nineteenth century, promotes the use of all five fingers,[9]while Roslyn

Rensch suggests that Mlle de Gunes, the harpist for whomMozartwrote hisConcerto for Flute and Harp,

might occasionally have used all five fingers when playing the harp.[10]In more modern music, the fifth

finger is used very rarely, for example in simultaneous cluster chords, such as in DanielKessner's Sonatina.[11]Plucking with varying degrees of force createsdynamics. Depending on finger

position on the string, different tones can be produced: a full sound in the middle of the string, and a nasal,

guitar-like sound at the very bottom of the string. Tone is also affected by the skin of the harpist, how much

oil and moisture it contains, and the amount of thickening by callous formation and its surface texture.

[edit]Concert harp

Main article:Pedal harp

The concert harp is large and technically modern, designed for classical music and played solo, as part of

chamber ensembles, and in symphony orchestras as well as in popular commercial music. It typically has

six and a half octaves (47 strings), weighs about 80 pounds (36 kg; 5.7 st), is approximately 1.85 metres

(6 ft 1 in) high, has a depth of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in), and is 55 centimetres (22 in) wide at the bass end of the

soundboard. The notes range from three octaves below middle C to three and a half octaves above,

usually ending on G. Usingoctave designations, the range is C1 to G7. At least one manufacturer

gives the harp a 48th string, a high A.

Tudor Tulok - Glissando

Imprecision for 2 Harps

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The concert harp is a pedal harp.Pedal harpsuse the mechanical action of pedals to change thepitchesof

the strings. There are seven pedals, each affecting the tuning of all strings of onepitch-class, and each

pedal is attached to a rod or cable within the column of the harp, which then connects with a mechanism

within the neck. When a pedal is moved with the foot, small discs at the top of the harp rotate. The discs

are studded with two pegs that pinch the string as they turn, shortening the vibrating length of the string.

The pedal has three positions. In the top position no pegs are in contact with the string and all notes areflat;

thus the harp's native tuning is to the scale ofC-flat major.

The tip of a string is shown in blue. Points in contact with the string are shown in red. Points not in contact with the

string are in green.

In the middle position the top wheel pinches the string, resulting in anatural, giving the scale ofC majorif

all pedals are set in the middle position. In the bottom position another wheel is turned, shortening the

string again to create asharp, giving the scale ofC-sharp majorif all pedals are set in the bottom position.

Many other scales, both diatonic and synthetic, can be obtained by adjusting the pedals differently from

each other; also, many chords in traditional harmony can be obtained by adjusting pedals so that some

notes areenharmonicequivalents of others, and this is central to harp technique. In each position the pedal

can be secured in a notch so that the foot does not have to keep holding it in the correct position.

Three strings on the pedal harp have no pedal tuning mechanism: the two lowest strings (contrabass C and

D) and the highest string (G).[12]These strings are normally tuned to C, D and G natural respectively.

However, they can be manually tuned to sharp or flat throughscordaturaprior to performance. This can be

indicated by verbal statements at the beginning of a composition, for example, "Tune Low C to C flat", or "If

necessary, tune high G to G sharp".[13]

This mechanism is called the double-action pedal system, probably invented bySbastien rardin 1810.

Earlier pedal harps had a single-action mechanism that allowed strings to play sharpened notes.

The tension of the strings on the sound board is roughly equal to 10kN(a ton-force) or 2,000 pounds. The

lowest strings are made of copper or silver-over-silk over steel, the lower-middle strings ofgut (from sheep

or cows)and the upper-middle or highest of either gut or nylon.

[edit]Technique
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HarpistElaine Christyplays with both hands approaching the strings from either side of the harp; foot pedals (not shown)

can change the pitch of specific strings by a half step.

The pedal harp is played with the fingertips, with force from the hand and arm, and ultimately the upper

body. The fingertips are drawn in to meet the palm of the hand, thus releasing the string from whatever

pressure was placed upon it by the fingers. The fingers are naturally curved or rounded as they touch the

strings, and the thumb is gently curved as the tip rises to the string as an arc from its base; this is called

plucking. There are differing schools of technique for playing the pedal harp. The largest are the various

French schools, and there are specific Russian schools, Viennese and other schools from differing regions

of Europe. One is called the Attl technique after Kajetan Attl, in which apparently only the uppermost parts

of the fingers move and the hand is largely still. There is a St. Petersburg school (more than one) in Russia

in which the thumbs are moved in a circular fashion rather than in and out toward the hand.

The differences between the French schools lie in the posture of the arms, the shape of the hand and the

musical aesthetics. The traditional French schooling allows for the right arm to be lightly rested against the

harp using the wrist to sometimes bring the hand only away from the string. The left arm moves more freely.

Finger technique and control are the emphasis of the technical approach, with extensive use of exercises

and etudes to develop this. Two very influential 20th-century teachers of this approach wereHenriette

RenieandMarcel Grandjany, who both studied withAlphonse Hasselmans.

The other major French school is the Salzedo school, developed byCarlos Salzedo, who also studied

withAlphonse Hasselmansat the Paris Conservatoire. Salzedo's technique generally calls for the arms to

be held horizontally[14]and emphasises the role of aesthetic hand and arm gestures after the string has

been plucked: "Each of the thirty-seven tone colors and effects of the harp calls for a gesture

corresponding to its sonorous meaning."[15]

[edit]Use in music

The harp found its early orchestral use in concerti by many baroque and classical composers (Handel, J. C.

Bach, Mozart, Albrechtsberger, Schenck, Dussek, Spohr) and in the opera houses of London, Paris and

Berlin and most other capitals. It began to be used in symphonic music by Hector Berlioz but he found

performances frustrating in such countries as Germany where few harps and sufficiently proficient harpists

were to be found. Franz Liszt was seminal in finding uses for the harp in his orchestral music, and
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Mendelssohn and Schubert used it in theatrical music or oratorios. The French and Russian Romantic

composer particularly expanded its symphonic use. In opera, the Italian composers used it regularly, and

Puccini was a particular master of its expressive and coloristic use. Debussy can be said to have put the

harp on the map in his many works that use one or more harps. Tchaikovsky also was of great influence,

followed by Rimsky-Korsakov, Richard Strauss and Wagner. The greatest influence on use of the harp has

always been the availability of fine harps and skilled players, and the great increase of them in the U.S. of

the 20th century resulted in its spread into popular music.

The first harpist known to play jazz wasCasper Reardon, a pioneer in the world of "hot" music. Dorothy

Ashby(sampled by hip-hop artists) andAlice Coltraneare other jazz harpists.

Harpist performing

Many passages for solo harp can be found in 19th century ballet music, particularly in scores for the ballets

staged for theMariinsky TheatreofSt. Petersburg, where the harpistAlbert Zabelplayed in the orchestra.

In ballet, the harp was utilized to a great extent in order to embellish the dancing of theballerina. Elaborate

cadenzas were composed byTchaikovskyfor his balletsThe Nutcracker,Swan Lake, andThe Sleeping

Beauty; as well asAlexander Glazunovfor his score for the balletRaymonda. In particular, the scores

ofRiccardo Drigocontained many pieces for harp in such works asLe Talisman(1889),Le Rveil de

Flore(1894) andLes Millions d'Arlequin(1900).Cesare Pugniwrote extensively for the harp as wellhis

balletoline, ou La Dryadeincluded music written for harp to accompany the ballerina's numerous

variations and enhance the atmosphere of the ballet's many fantastical scenes.Ludwig Minkuswas

celebrated for his harp cadenzas, most notably the Variation de la Reine du jourfrom his ballet La Nuit et le

Jour(1881), the elaborateentr'actecomposed for Albert Zabel from his ballet Roxana(1878), and

numerous passages found in his score for the balletLa Bayadre, which in some passages were used to

represent aveenawhich was used on stage as a prop.

French ballet composers such as Delibes, Gounod, and Massenet made use of the harp in their music.
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There is a prominent harp part in "She's Leaving Home" by The Beatlesin their 1967 albumSgt. Pepper's

Lonely Hearts Club Band. In the 1970s, a harp was common in popular music, and can be heard in such

hits asCher's "Dark Lady", the intro of"Gypsies, Tramps & Thieves", and "Boogie Nights" byHeatwave.

Most often this was played by Los Angeles studio harpistGayle Levant, who has played on hundreds of

recordings. Irish bandClannadfeatured the harp heavily in their music during the 1970s and 1980s. In

current pop music, the harp appears relatively rarely.Joanna Newsom,Dee Carstensen,Darian

Scatton,Habiba Doorenbos, andJessa CallenofThe Callen Sistershave separately established images

as harp-playing singer-songwriters with signature harp and vocal sounds.Canadiansinger-

songwriterSarah McLachlanplays the harp in her 2006 holiday album,Wintersong. In Hong Kong, a

notable example of harp in pop music is the song "Tin Shui Walled City" () performed byHacken

Leewith harp played by Korean harpistJung Kwak(Harpist K).

Harp use has recently expanded in the "alternative" music world of commercial popular music. A pedal

harpist,Ricky Rasura, is a member of the "symphonic pop" band,The Polyphonic Spree.

Also,Bjrksometimes features acoustic and electric harp in her work, often played byZeena Parkins.

Philadelphia based Indie Pop BandBr'eruses a pedal harp as the foundation for their cinematic live

sets.Art in Americawas the first known rock band featuring a pedal harp to appear on a major record label,

and released only one record, in 1983. The pedal harp was also present in theMichael

KamenandMetallicaconcert and album,S&M, as part of theSan Francisco Symphonyorchestra. R&B

singerMaxwellfeatured harpistGloria Agostiniin 1997 on his cover ofKate Bush's "This Woman's Work".

On his 7th solo albumFinding Forever,Hip- HopartistCommonfeatures harpistBrandee Youngeron the

introductory track, followed by aDorothy Ashbysamplefrom her 1969 recording ofBy the Time I Get to

Phoenix. Some Celtic-pop crossover bands and artists such asClannadandLoreena McKennittinclude

folk harps, followingAlan Stivell's work. RecentlyFlorence Welchhas begun to incorporate harps into her

songs, notably on "Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)".The Webb Sistersfrom UK use different size harps in

almost all their material during live performances. Sierra Casady, of the freak-folkgroupCocoRosieplays

harp on several of their songs.

Aside from its use in music, the harp occasionally appears in theMarx Brothers' movies whenHarpoplays

it. Sometimes entire scenes focus on his harp-playing.

[edit]Folk, lever, and Celtic instruments
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_%26_Thieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_%26_Thieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_%26_Thieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayle_Levant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayle_Levant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayle_Levant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Newsomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Newsomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Newsomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Carstensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Carstensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Carstensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habiba_Doorenbos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habiba_Doorenbos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habiba_Doorenbos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessa_Callenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessa_Callenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessa_Callenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callen_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callen_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callen_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintersonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintersonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintersonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Shui_Walled_City&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Shui_Walled_City&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Shui_Walled_City&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Kwak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Kwak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Kwak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Rasura&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Rasura&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Rasura&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polyphonic_Spreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polyphonic_Spreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polyphonic_Spreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeena_Parkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeena_Parkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeena_Parkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%27er&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%27er&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%27er&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_in_America_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_in_America_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_in_America_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26M_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26M_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26M_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip-_Hop&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip-_Hop&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip-_Hop&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(artist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(artist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(artist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandee_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandee_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandee_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Ashbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Ashbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreena_McKennitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreena_McKennitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreena_McKennitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Webb_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Webb_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Webb_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak-folkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak-folkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak-folkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CocoRosiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CocoRosiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CocoRosiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harp&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harp&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harp&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harp&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CocoRosiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak-folkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Webb_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreena_McKennitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannad_(musical_group)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Time_I_Get_to_Phoenixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Ashbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandee_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_(artist)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hip-_Hop&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_(musician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26M_(album)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kamenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_in_America_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Br%27er&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeena_Parkinshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Polyphonic_Spreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Rasura&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jung_Kwak&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacken_Leehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Shui_Walled_City&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintersonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_McLachlanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer-songwriterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callen_Sistershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessa_Callenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habiba_Doorenbos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darian_Scatton&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Carstensenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Newsomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clannadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gayle_Levant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsies,_Tramps_%26_Thieveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lady_(song)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles


15/46

New Salem Villagere-enactorsplaying Celtic harps

The Celtic harp, the instrument of thebards

Thefolk harpor Celtic harp is small to medium-sized and usually designed for traditional music; it can be

played solo or with small groups. It is prominent in Welsh, Breton, Irish, Scottish and other Celtic cultures

within traditional or folk music and as a social and political symbol. Often the folk harp is played by

beginners who wish to move on to the pedal harp at a later stage, or by musicians who simply prefer the

smaller size or different sounds.Alan Stivell, with his fatherJord Cochevelou(who recreated the Breton

Celtic harp), were at the origin of the revival of the Celtic harp (in the 1970s) .[16]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Salem_(Menard_County),_Illinoishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0rsachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0rsachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A0rsachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stivellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jord_Cochevelou&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jord_Cochevelou&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jord_Cochevelou&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp#cite_note-ReferenceA-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp#cite_note-ReferenceA-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp#cite_note-ReferenceA-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oona_plays_the_Celtic_Harp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oona_plays_the_Celtic_Harp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_harps.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_harps.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oona_plays_the_Celtic_Harp.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oona_play

Documents

all about harp