Upload
phamnga
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fiz; vf/koDrk]
bl ijh{kki;ksxh lkexzh dk mís'; vkidks vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa lgk;rk
iznku djuk gSA leLr lkexzh esa 20 fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gSA
blls igys fd vki izdYi dks i<+uk 'kq: djsa] ge vki ls fuosnu djsaxs fd vki vf[ky
Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ls lacaf/kr bl xkbM dk v/;;u djsaA ;g vkidks ijh{kk dh rS;kjh esa lgk;rk
iznku djsxh] bldh lgk;rk ls vki vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ls lacaf/kr y{; dk Bhd rjg ls
fu/kkZj.k dj ik,sxk] vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ekSfyd ;ksX;rkvksa dk ijh{k.k gsA bldk mís'; Hkkjr esa
fof/k O;olk; ds fy, U;wure ekud r; djuk gSA
vkbZ;s vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh lajpuk rFkk dk;Ziz.kkyh ij ppkZ djrs gSaA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh
v-Hk-ck-i- esa 100 cgqfodYih; iz'uksa dk lekos'k gksxk] ;g iz'u ckj dkWmfly vkQ bafM;k }kjk lq>k;s
3 o"khZ; o 5 o"khZ; ikB~;Øe ds fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA
bu fo"k;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA igyh Js.kh esa ewy ;k vk/kkj fo"k;ksa dks
j[kk x;k gSA tks dh fof/k ds cgqr cM+k Hkkx gS rFkk nwljh Js.kh esa fof/k O;olk; ls tqM+s uohu fo"k;ksa
dks LFkku fn;k x;k gSA
ijh{kk i= esa izFke Js.kh esa fo"k;ksa esa ls de ls de lkr iz'u izR;sd fo"k; ij vk/kkfjr gksxsA
f}rh; Js.kh ds leLr fo"k;ksa esa ls 23 iz'u fy, tk,saxsA ;s 23 iz'u f}rh; Js.kh ds de ls de ikWp
fo"k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gksaxsA izFke Js.kh ds fo"k;ksa ds iz'u i= ds Hkkx ,d gksaxs rFkk f}rh; Js.kh ds fo"k;ksa
ds iz'u iz'u i= ds Hkkx f}rh; esa gksxasA
Js.kh izFke o Js.kh f}rh; ds fo"k; fuEufyf[kr gSA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
rkfydk
Øe
la-
fo’k; dqy iz”u
1- oSdfYid fookn lek/kku 7
2- flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ,oa ifjlhek vf/kfu;e 7
3- laoS/kkfud 7
4- lafonk dkuwu 7
5- fØfeuy ykW&I % Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk 7
6- vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk 7
7- izk:i.k] vfHkopu rFkk vfHkgaLrkrj.k 7
8- lk{; fof/k 7
9- fof/k”kkL= 7
10- fof/kd vkpkj ,oa vf/koDrkvksa dh vkpkjlafgrk 7
11- lEifr dkuwu 7
Js.kh I I
12- iz”kklfud dkuwu dqy 23 iz”u] ;g
iz”u Js.kh 2 ds
de ls de ik¡p
fo’k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr
gksaxsA
13- dEiuh ykW
14- i;kZoj.k ykW
15- ifjokj ykW
16- ekuo vf/kdkj dkuwu
17- Je rFkk vkS|kSfxd dkuwu
18- vid`R; fof/k
19- dkjk/kku ds fl)kUr
20 yksd vUrjkZ’Vªh; dkuwu
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh lajpuk cgqfodYih; iz'uksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ¼vFkkZr~ lgh fodYi dks
OMR 'khV esa fpfUgr djuk gksxk½ ;g iz'u Kku rFkk rdZ ij vk/kkfjr gksxsA rkfd vkidks vf[ky
Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk i= gy djus ds fy, 3 ?k.Vk 30 feuV dk le; iznku fd;k tk,xkA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk vksiu cqd iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA vFkkZr~ vki viuh lgk;rk ds fy, ikB~;
lkexzh] fdrkcs gLrfyf[kr uksV~l] Treatises rFkk ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh Hkh ijh{kk esa yk ldrs gSa
ijUrq vki dks fo|qr midj.k tsls fd ySiVkWi] eksckbZy Qksu] jsfM;ksa VªkUlfloj] istj vkfn ijh{kk dsUnz
esa ykus dh vkKk ugha gSa ijh{kk ifj.kke mRrj iqfLRdkvksa dh tkWp ds i'pkr~ ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,xkA blesa
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
flQZ ;g crk;k tk,xk fd ijh{kkFkhZ fof/k O;olk; ds fy, ;ksX; gS ;k ugha ¼vFkkZr~ ijh{kkFkhZ ijh{kk esa
mRrh.kZ gqvk gS ;k ugha½ fdlh Hkh izdkj ds izfr'kr ij lsUVkby Rank] rFkk vadksa dh ?kks"k.kk ugha dh
tk,xhA
ijh{kk ifj.kke ?kksf"kr gksus ds rhl fnol ds Hkhrj lQy vf/koDrkvksa dks ckj dkWmfly bafM;k ds
ps;jeSu }kjk gLrk{kfjr izek.k i= tkjh fd;k tk,xkA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk dh rS;kjh ds fy,
dqN lq>ko vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kkdk mís'; ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dh dkuwu dh le> dk ijh{k.k djuk gS u
fd muds fu;eksa dks d.BLfk djus dh ;ksX;rk dkA vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk ds 100 iz'u Kku rFkk
rdZ dh Js.kh esa foHkkftr gksaxsA
Kkr vk/kkfjr rFkk rdZ vk/kkfjr iz'uksa ds uewus fuEufyf[kr gSaA
Kku vk/kkfjr iz'u ¼Js.kh ^A* iz'u½
Js.kh ^A* iz'u vkidh fof/k dh le> dk ijh{k.k gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, iz'u % fuEufyf[kr esa ls ml
fodYi dks pqfu;s tks] Indra Sawhney Vs Union of India AIR 1993 SC 477) ds ekeys esa Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dks mfpr :i ls O;kf[kr djrk gSA
fodYi
& vuqPNsn 32 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fjV tkjh djus ds vf/kdkj dks vkikrdky dh
?kks"k.kk esa Hkh fujLr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
& flQZ uSlfxZd O;fDr gh ukxfjd ekus tkrs gSa rFkk flQZ uSlfxZd O;fDr;ksa dks gh lafo/kku ds
vUrxZr ewy vf/kdkj izkIr gSA
& vkijkf/kd vUos"k.k ekeys esa Narcolepsy ds iz;ksx fu"ks/k gS
& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 ds vuqlkj leku yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj gks rkfd
vleku O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk vleku O;ogkj gksA
& ^vkj{k.k* ds izko/kku ij Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUrxZr fu"ks/k gS D;ksafd ;g lekurk ds vf/kdkj
vuqPNsn 14 dk mYy?ku gSA
lgh mRrj 'd'
rkfdZd iz'u ¼Js.kh B iz'u½
Js.kh B ds iz'u rkfdZd ;ksX;rk ds ijh{k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] rFkk lkFk gh lkFk ;g vkidh le>
{kerk dk ijh{k.k gSA
mnkgj.k
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
A ,d vf/koDrk dks X Private Limited us U;k;ky; esa dEiuh dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, lEidZ
fd;kA ;fn X izkbosV fyfeVsM ;g dsl gkjrh gS rks mls Hkkjh gtkZuk nsuk iM+sxk rFkk lEHkor og
viuk ykblsal Hkh [kks nsA X izkbosV daiuh iwjh rjg ls Y izkbosV fyfeVsM dh lgk;d daiuh gS rFkk
vf/koDrk A Y izkbosV fy- dk funsZ'kd gSA
fodYi
& vf/koDrk A ekeys esa izfrfuf/kRo dj ldrk gS D;ksafd mlds X B izkbosV fyfeVsM esa /ku
laca/kh fgr ugha gSA
& vf/koDrk A ekeys esa izfrfuf/kRo ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd os Y izkbosV fy- ds funsZ'kd gksus ds
ukrs X izkbosV fy- ds deZpkjh ekus tk ldrs gSaA
& vf/koDrk A ds ekeys esa /ku laca/khr fgr fufgr gS D;ksafd ,d foijhr ifj.kke X izkbosV fy-
dks izHkkfor djsxk rFkk blls Y izkbosV fy- izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor gksxh ftldk dh A funs'kd gSA
& vf/koDrk A ekeys dk izfrfuf/kRo dj ldrs gSa D;ksafd og izR;{k ls X izkbosV fy- ds funs'kd
in ij ugha gSA
& vf/koDrk A dks ekeys esa dksbZ vkfFkZd fgr ugha gS] D;ksafd Y izkbosV fy- dk X izkbosV fy- ls
fHkUu O;kikfjd fgr gks ldrs gSaA vr% X ds fo:) fojks/k fu.kZ Y ij izHkko ugha MkysxkA
lgh tokc C
X izkbosV fyfeVsM ds fo:) foijhr fu.kZ; ds dkj.k dEiuh viuk ykblsal [kks ldrh gS ftlls Y
dks izR;{k :i ls izHkkfor gks ldrh gS rFkk pwafd X iw.kZ :i ls Y dh lgk;d gSA vr% A ds ekeys
esa /ku laca/kh fgr gSA
vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd bu iz'uksa dk lgh tokc dSls fn;k tk,\ blesa dqN lk/kkj.k fu;e vkidh
lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
fu;e 1 & le>s vfirq dBLFk u djsa
vf/koDrkvksa ds fy, vko';d gS fd os ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh ds fu;eksa dks dBLFk u djsa vfirq mUgsa
le>us dk iz;kl djsa] bl izi= dh le> vkidks iz'uksa dk tokc nsus esa enn dj ldrh gSA
fu;e 2 & iz'u dks /;ku ls i<+saA
dbZ ckj ge iz'u dks fcuk iwjk i<+s] tokc nsus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA d`Ik;k ,slk u djsa] D;ksafd ,slk u
djus ij vki iz'u rkfd fl)kar csgrj <ax ls ugha i<+ ik,sxkA dbZ ckj vkidks ,d ls vf/kd fodYi
lgh yxrs gSa bl ifjfLFkfr esa fodYiksa esa ekewyh varj gksrk gS] ftldk lek/kku mls /;ku ls i<+us ls
gksxkA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fu;e 3 & dIk;k ;g /;ku j[ksa dh iz'uksa dk tokc nsus ds fy, vius ikl fuf'pr le; gSA ;g
vko';d gS fd iz'uksa ds lgh tokc fn;s tk,sa ijUrq ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd T;knk ls T;knk iz'uksa ds
lgh tokc fn, tk,A vkidks rhu ?k.Vk rhu feuV dks mfpr <ax ls ckaVuk gksxkA
& igys ds 05 feuV esa iz'u i= dh Ldsafuax djds ;g lqfuf'pr dj ysa] fd mlesa iwjs 100 iz'u
gSaA
& vxys 2 ?k.Vksa 30 feuV Hkkx 1 ij yxk;saA
& 'ks"k le; esa ls 50 feuV Hkkx II iz'ui= ds Hkkx II esa yxk;s
& vafre 05 feuV esa ;g lqfuf'pr djsa dh vkius mRrj iqfLrdk esa leLr vko';d lwpuk izfo"V
dj fns gSA
;g vko';d gS fd vki vH;kl iz'ui= dks gy dj le; izca/k djus dk iz;kl djsaA
fu;e 4 & vius detksj i{k dks tkus rFkk mls lQy djsA tc vki AIBE dh rS;kjh djsaxs rks ik,sxs
fd vkids dqN {ks= detksj gS] tgk¡ vkidks vad gkfly djus esa ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gSA ;gh vkids
detksj i{k gSA detksj i{k izR;sd O;fDr ds vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA ;g tkuuk dh dkSu lk {ks=
;k i{k vkiuk detksj gS cgqr vko';d gSA vc vxyk pj.k ml detksj i{k dks etcwr djuk gSA
leL;kvksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lVhd jgs
& D;k ;g xfr dk iz'u gS\ vkids fy, vko';d gS fd vki izR;sd iz'u ij r; le; nks feuV
gh [kpZ djs vU;Fkk vki ladV esa vk ldrs gSaA blds fy, vko';d gSA fd vki igys iz'uksa ds
NksVs&NksVs lsV~l ds lkFk vH;kl djsaA
& D;k leL;k fof/k ds fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= ls gS\ ml iz'u fo'ks"k dks var esa gy djus ds fy, j[ks
rFkk 'ks"k iz'ui= dks gy j[kuk tkjh j[ksa rFkk vUr esa vkdj ml iz'u dks gy djsaA
& D;k vkidks tYnh ls iz'u i<+us esa ijs'kkuh vkrh gSA dbZ ckj leL;k iz'u i= esa u gksdj dgha
vkSj gksrh gSA
bl ekeys esa vkidks ,d vke lek/kku fudkyuk gksxk vkidks viuh Reading Speed ds Åij dke djus
dh vko';drk gS d`Ik;k v[kckj] ukscy vkfn i<+sA
& D;k vkidks yxkrkj rhu ?k.Vs rhl feuV è;ku dsfUnzr djus esa leL;k gksrk gS vkidh dYiuk
ls ijs ;g ,d T;knk O;kid leL;k gSA AIBE bl ifjis{; esa dkQh dfBu ijh{kk gS D;ksafd yxkrkj
rhu ?k.Vk rhl feuV /;ku yxkuk vklku ugha gSA bldk ,d vke mRrj ^vH;kl* gS] ijUrq vki
iz;kl djs dh mckm gksus dh fLFkfr esa tYnh ls vius eu dks okil fo"k; ij yxk;saA v/;;u ds
le; nksLrksa ds lkFk v/;;u djsa] lkewfgd v/;;u dk iz;kl djsaA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;g lHkh lq>ko ;k lykg izR;sd O;fDr ds ifjis{; esa dk;Z ugha djrh gS] vkidks bl ij iz;kl djuk
gksxkA ;fn dksbZ leL;k vkids ekxZ esa :dkoV gS rks ml ij fopkj dj mls nwj djsaA
ijh{kki;ksxh lkexzh ds iz;ksx laca/kh xkbM
;g lkexzh fu;eksa] fl)kUrksa rFkk n`"Vkarksa dk ladyu gSA izdYi dk mís'; vHkh rd vkius tks Hkh i<+k
gS ;k lh[kk gS mldk LFkkiUu djuk fcYdqy ugha gS vfirq bldk mís'; vkids fof/k ds ewy Kku dks
fQj ls rktk djuk gSA
d`I;k vki www.barcouncilofindia.org ij fu;fer visit djsaA ;gk¡ ekWMy iz'ui= rFkk vU;
egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh miyC/k gSA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
vè;;u lkexzh
fo"k; 1% oSdfYid fookn lek/kku
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku (^^lafo/kku**) dk vuqPNsn
39d jkT; dks funsZ'k nsrk gS fd og lqfuf'pr
djsxk fd fof/kd ra= bl izdkj dke djs fd
leku volj ds vk/kkj ij U;k; lqyHk gks vkSj
og] fof'k"Vr;k] ;g lqfuf'pr djuss ds fy,
fd vkfFkZd ;k fdlh vU; fu;kZsX;rk ds dkj.k
dksbZ ukxfjd U;k; izkIr djus ds volj ls
oafpr u jg tk,] mi;qDr fo/kku ;k Ldhe
}kjk ;k fdlh vU; jhfr ls fu%'kqYd fof/kd
lgk;rk dh O;oLFkk djsxkA
mPpre U;k;y; us Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21
esa fufgrkFkZ ds :i esa ^^Rofjr U;k; ds
vf/kdkj** dk mYys[k fd;k gSA (gqlSujk [kkrwu
cuke fcgkj jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1979 ,llh 1360)
bl nkf;Ro dks fuHkkus ds fy, laln us fofHkUu
oSdfYid fookn lek/kku (^^,Mhvkj**½ O;oLFkkvksa
dks ekU;rk nh gS] tSls ekè;LFke~] lqyg]
eè;LFkrk] ,oa U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks lqn`<+ cukus
ds fy, yksd vnkyrA
flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼^^lafgrk**½ dh
/kkjk 89 Li"V :i ls ,Mhvkj ds ekè;e ls
fooknksa ds fuiVkjs dk izko/kku djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 89¼1½ esa izko/kku gS fd tgka
U;k;ky; dks ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd fuiVkjs ds
,sls rRo fo|eku gSa tks i{kdkjksa dks Lohdk;Z gks
ldrs gSa] ogka U;k;ky; fuiVkjs ds fuca/kuksa dks
fuf'pr djsxk vkSj mUgsa i{kdkjksa dks muds
laijh{k.k ds fy, nsxk vkSj i{kdkjksa ds
laijh{k.k dks izkIr djus ds i'pkr~] U;k;ky;
laHkkfor fuiVkjs ds fuca/kuksa dks iqu% fuf'pr
djsxk vkSj mUgsa ekè;LFke~] lqyg] eè;LFkrk
rFkk U;kf;d fuiVkjk] ftlesa yksd vnkyr ds
ekè;e ls fuiVkjk 'kkfey gS] ds fy, fufnZ"V
djsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 89¼2½ esa izko/kku gS fd tgka
fookn dks bl rjg fufnZ"V fd;k x;k gS%
& ekè;LFke~ vFkok lqyg ds fy,] ekè;LFke~
,oa lqyg vf/kfu;e] 1996 ¼^^vf/kfu;e 1996**½
ds izko/kku ykxw gksaxs] ekuks iapkV ;k lqyg ds
fy, dk;Zokgh ml vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds
varxZr fuiVkjs ds fy, fufnZ"V dh x;h gks;
& yksd vnkyr ds fy,] U;k;y; mls fof/kd
lsok izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1987 ¼^^vf/kfu;e
1987**½ dh /kkjk 20 dh mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds izko/kkuksa
ds vuqlkj yksd vnkyr dks fufnZ"V djsxk vkSj
ml vf/kfu;e ds lHkh vU; izko/kku yksd
vnkyr dks bl izdkj fufnZ"V fookn ds lacU/k
esa ykxw gksaxs;
& U;kf;d fuiVkjs ds fy,] U;k;ky; mls
mi;qDr laLFkku ;k O;fDr dks fufnZ"V djsxk
vkSj ,sls laLFkku ;k O;fDr dks yksd vnkyr
gksuk ekuk tk,xk vkSj vf/kfu;e 1987 ds vU;
lHkh izko/kku ykxw gksaxs] ekuks fookn ml
vf/kfu;e ds izko/kkuksa ds v/hu yksd vnkyr
dks fufnZ"V fd;k x;k gks;
& eè;LFkrk ds fy,] U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa ds
eè; le>kSrk izofrZr djsxk vkSj ,slh izfØ;k
dk vuqlj.k djsxk] tSlk fd fofgr fd;k
tk;A
lafgrk ds vkns'k 10 fu;e 1d esa izko/kku gS
fd LohÑfr vkSj izR;k[;ku dks vfHkfyf[kr
djus ds i'pkr~] U;k;y; i{kdkjksa dks U;k;ky;
ds ckgj fuiVkjs ds fdlh rjhds dks pquus dk
funs'k nsxk] ftlds fy, i{kdkjksa }kjk fodYi
fn;k tk ldrk gSA lafgrk dk vkns'k 10 fu;e
1[k lqyg Qksje vFkok izkf/kdkjh ds le{k
mifLFkfr dh frfFk fu;r djus dk izko/kku
djrk gS] tcfd vkns'k 10 fu;e 1x esa lqyg
ds iz;klksa dh foQyrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fufnZ"V
i{kdkjksa ds iqu% U;k;ky; ds le{k mifLFkfr
gksus dk izko/kku gSA
lafgrk fofHkUu vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ,Mhvkj
gsrq izko/kku djkrh gSA vkns'k 32&d] tks
dqVqEc ls lEcU/k j[kus okys fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr
oknksa ls lac) gS] ,sls ekeyksa esa fookn ds
fuiVkjs ds fy, i{kdkjksa dh lgk;rk djus dks
U;k;ky; dk nkf;Ro ekurk gS] tgka ,slk djuk
ekeys dh izÑfr vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lqlaxr
gks] rFkk mls ,sls mn~ns'; ds fy, dY;k.k
fo'ks"kK ls lgk;rk ysus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
blh rjg] vkns'k 27] fu;e 5¼[k½ esa izko/kku gS
fd ,sls izR;sd okn ;k dk;Zokgh esa ftlesa
ljdkj vFkok viuh inh; gSfl;r esa dk;Z
djus okyk dksbZ yksd vf/kdkjh i{kdkj gS]
U;k;ky; dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd og okn dh
fo"k;&oLrq ds ckjs esa fuiVkjk djkus esa i{kdkjksa
dh lgk;rk djus ds fy, gj laHko iz;kl
izFker% djs] tgka ,slk djuk ekeys dh izÑfr
vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lqlaxr gksA
ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku
fu;e
vf/kfu;e 1996 ,oa vf/kfu;e 1987 ,slh fLFkfr
dk mYys[k ugha djrk gS tgka U;k;ky;
i{kdkjksa ls] ekè;LFke~] lqyg vFkok yksd
vnkyr uked ,Mhvkj O;oLFkkvksa esa ls fdlh
,d dk p;u djus ds fy, dgrk gSA vr% ;s
vf/kfu;e lafgrk dh /kkjk 89 ds varxZr fufnZ"V
fd;s tkus ds i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr esa ykxw gksrs gaSA
¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr
la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa fufgr ^^Rofjr U;k;
ds vf/kdkj** ds ifjizs{; esa] rFkk yksd eqdneksa
esa mfpr] Rofjr vkSj lLrk U;k; miyC/k djkus
ds fy, mPpre U;k;y; us mPp U;k;ky;kssa dks
Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s
ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku
fu;eksa dks viukus dks dgk gSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk
ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj
2005 ,l lh 3353½
Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj fd;s x;s
ekWMy flfoy izfØ;k oSdfYid fookn lek/kku
fu;e i{kdkjksa dks fuiVkjs ds oSdfYid izk:iksa
¼ekWMy½ dk p;u djus ds funs'k nsus dk
izko/kku djrs gSaA muds fodYi dks fuiVkjs ds
fdlh fo'ks"k izk:i ds :i esa dk;kZfUor djus ls
igys] U;k;ky;ksa dks] ,sls lqlaxr dkjdksa ij
è;ku nsrs gq, ftUgsaa i{kdkjksa }kjk mBk;k tkuk
gS] i{kdkjksa ds fy, ,slk ekxZn'kZu djus ds
funs'k gSa ftls oss Bhd le>saA fu;e U;k;ky;
}kjk fuiVkjs ds fofHkUu izk:iksa dks fufnZ"V djus
dh izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrs gSa] lkFk gh
,Mhvkj O;oLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls fookn fuiVkus
esa foQyrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fufnZ"V i{kdkjksa
dh U;k;ky; okilh] vkSj iqu% U;k;ky; ds
le{k mifLFkfr gksus dk izko/kku djrs gSaA
¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr
la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½
mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks lafgrk ds Hkkx 5 ds v/hu]
,slh jhfr dks 'kkfey djrs gq, ftlesa ,Mhvkj
O;oLFkkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk p;u djus dk
fodYi gks] fu;e cukus dh vuqefr gSA mPp
U;k;ky;ksa }kjk bl rjg cuk, x;s fu;e
ifjokj U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e] 1984 ds varxZr
cuk;s x;s fu;eksa ds fy, iwjd gSaA ¼lsye
vf/koDrk ckj ,lksfl,'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k]
,vkbZvkj 2005 ,l lh 3353½
ekè;LFke~
ekè;LFke~ ,d U;k; fu.kZ;u izfØ;k gS tgka
i{kdkj vkius fookn dks fu.kZ; ds fy, ,d
rVLFk rhljs i{k ¼eè;LFk½ ds le{k izLrqr djrs
gSaA ;|fi izfØ;k ,oa lk{; ds fu;eksa ds
ifjisz{; esa ,d eè;LFk dks ,d U;k;k/h'k ls
vf/kd yphykiu izkIr ugha gksrk gS] ekè;LFke~
izfØ;k eqdnesckth dh izfØ;k ds leku gksrh
gSA
,d fof/kekU; ekè;LFke~ ls igys ,d ,slk
ekè;LFke~ djkj gksuk vko';d gS tks fd
Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e] 1872 ¼^^lafonk
vf/kfu;e**½ ds vuq:i fof/kekU; gksuk pkfg,A
djkj ds i{kdkj lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11
,oa 12 ds v/hu lafonk djus esa l{ke gksus
pkfg,A
,d fyf[kr djkj dh oS/kkfud vko';drkvksa]
fo|eku vFkok Hkfo"; ds fookn] vkSj mUgsa
ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V djus dh ea'kk ¼/kkjk 7]
vf/kfu;e 1996½ ds vfrfjDr] fdlh djkj dks
ekè;LFke~ djkj ekuus ds fy, izLrqr dh tkus
okyh vU; fo'ks"krk,a gSa%
& ekè;LFke~ djkj esa izko/kku vo'; gksuk
pkfg, fd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dk fu.kZ; djkj
ds i{kdkjksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxk;
& i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk fu.kZ; djus ds fy,
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk ;k rks
i{kdkjksa dh lgefr ls] ;k U;k;ky; ds vkns'k
ls] dkuwu ls] ftlds izko/kku ;g Li"V djrs
gkas fd fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds v/khu fd;k
tk,xk;
& djkj esa ;g vo'; izko/kku gksuk pkfg, fd
i{kdkjksa ds ewy vf/kdkj ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k
}kjk fuf'pr fd;s tk,axs;
& ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks] nksuksa i{kksa ds izfr
fu"i{krk dh leku izfrc)rk j[krs gq,]
i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkj fu"i{k ,oa U;kf;d <ax ls
fu/kkZfjr djus pkfg, ;
& muds fooknksa dks ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ds
fu.kZ; gsrq fufnZ"V djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dk
djkj dkuwuh :i ls ykxw gksuk pkfg, ;
& djkj esa izko/kku gksuk pkfg, fd vf/kdj.k
ml fookn ij fu.kZ; nsxk tks vf/kdj.k dks
fufnZ"V djrs le; igys gh fu#fir dj fn;k
tkrk gS; vkSj
& djkj esa izko/kku gksuk pkfg, fd vf/kdj.k
nksuksa i{kksa ls lk{; izkIr djsxk] mudh nyhyas
lqusxk] ;k de ls de] i{kdkjksa dks mUgsa viuk
i{k j[kus dss fy, ,d volj nsxkA
¼ds- ds- eksnh cuke ds- ,u- eksnh] ,vkbZvkj
1998 ,llh 1297; Hkjr Hkw"k.k clay cuke
mÙkj izns'k y?kq m|ksx fuxe] ,vkbZvkj 1999
,llh 899; mÙkj izns'k jktdh; fuxe fyfeVsM
cuke banqj ¼ih½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1996 ,llh
1373½
& fdlh ekè;LFke~ djkj dks ljdkj ds lkFk
i=kpkj djds lafonk cukuk laHko gSA ¼ih ch
jk; cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 1973 ,llh
908½ fdUrq ljdkj ds lkFk i=kpkj djds cuh
,slh lafonk esa Hkh lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 299 ds
varxZr ljdkj dh vksj ls lafonk esa 'kkfey
gksus ds fy, fof/kor izkf/kÑr vf/kdkjh dks
izfo`"V djuk gksxkA bl rjg ls izkf/kÑr u
gksus okys O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ lafonk 'kwU;
gksxhA ¼iatkc jkT; cuke vkse izdk'k] ,vkbZvkj
1988 ,llh 2149½
ekè;LFke~ ,oa fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k
^fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k* ls vk'k; fdlh fookn dks
fdlh ,sls rhljs Lora= i{k dks fufnZ"V djuk gS
tks fookn ds fuiVkjs esa viuh n{krk dk
mi;ksx djrk gSA ,slk vo/kkj.k] ewY;kadu]
ckSf)d lEink] ;k ys[kk laca/kh fooknksa ds
vo/kkj.k ds fy, lgk;d gSA fo'ks"kK dks vius
vo/kkj.k ds fy, dkj.k crkus dh vko';drk
ugha gksrh gSA ;|fi] fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k ekè;LFke~
iapkV ds leku ykxw ugha gksrk gSA u gh bls
fdlh U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA
;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd ,d djkj
ekè;LFke~ dks vuqè;kr djrk gS u fd fo'ks"kK
vo/kkj.k] U;k;ky;ksa us fuEufyf[kr ij cy
fn;k gS%
& Hkfo"; esa fooknksa ls cpus dh ea'kk ds foijhr
,d ^fu#fir fookn* dh ekStwnxhA
& vf/kdj.k ;k bl izdkj p;fur Qksje vius
le{k lqlaxr lk{; ,oa i{kdkjksa }kjk mlds
le{k fd;s x;s fuosnu dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq,
U;kf;d :i ls dk;Z djsxkA
& fu.kZ; i{kdkjksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA
& i{kdkjksa }kjk izLrqr dh x;h 'kCnkoyh
fu.kZ;kRed ugha gks ldrh gSA djkj ds vk'k;
vkSj mís'; dk ijh{k.k djuk iM+rk gSA
'kCnkoyh ^^eè;LFk** ;k ^^eè;LFke~** izcks/kd gSa]
fdUrq lnSo fu.kZ;kRed ughaA
n`"Vkar% ,d ifjokj ds nks lewg vius xgu
fooknksa ,oa er Hksnksa ds lek/kku ds fy, ,d
lgefr&Kkiu ij igqaprs gSaA bl Kkiu dk
izklafxd [k.M nksuksa lewgksa ds eè; vkxs fdlh
fooknksa dks jksdus dk mYys[k djrk gS] lgefr
okys Hkkxksa esa lEifÙk;ksa ds foHkktu ds laca/k esa
ukekafdr fudk; }kjk muds ewY;kadu fd;s
tkus ds i'pkr rFkk vU; ukekafdr fudk; }kjk
foHkktu dh ,d ;kstuk ds varxZr ;g vU;
fdlh ,slh leL;kvksa ds fu"iknu dk mYys[k
djrk gS tks djkj ds dk;kZUo;u esa mRiUu gks
ldrh gSaA bls foÙkh; fuxe ds vè;{k ds
fu.kZ; gsrq NksM+rs gq,] tks vU; iz'u dk
fofu'p; djus ds fy, vU; O;fDr dks euksuhr
djus dk gdnkj gSA ;g [k.M fdlh U;kf;d
vo/kkj.k ;k lk{; ds vfHkys[ku dks vuqèk;kr
ugha djrk gSA bls fo'ks"kK vo/kkj.k dk ekeyk
ekuk x;k gS u fd ekè;LFke~ dk] ;|fi i{kdkj
vius i=kpkj esa ^ekè;LFke~* 'kCnkoyh dk
mi;ksx djrs gSaA ¼ds- ds- eksnh cuke ds- ,u-
eksnh] ,vkbZvkj 1998 ,llh 1297½
laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~
i{kdkjksa ds eè; fdlh lafonk esa izk;% ,d
ekè;LFke~ [kaM gksrk gS tks iwoZ fu/kkZfjr fu;eksa
ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k dks iz'kkflr ,oa
lapkfyr djus ds fy, ,d laLFkk dks inkfHkfgr
djrk gSA bl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa ds mnkgj.k]
baVjuS'kuy pSEclZ vkWQ dkWelZ ¼vkbZlhlh½ dk
ekè;LFke~ U;k;ky;] yanu dksVZ vkWQ
baVjuS'kuy vkfcZUVªs'ku ¼,y lh vkbZ ,½] ,oa
vesfjdu vkfcZUVªs'ku ,lksfl,'ku ¼,,,½ gSaA
laLFkk dh iz'kklfud ykxr] tks dkiQh gks
ldrh gS] cM+h fpark dk fo"k; ugha gksuh pkfg,]
laLFkkxr n`f"Vdks.k dks lkekU;r% rjthg nh
tkrh gSA muds fy, tks mls ogu dj ldrs
gS] laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ds ykHk gS%
& iwoZ LFkkfir ,oa leqfpr mi;qDr fu;e ,oa
izfØ;k,a] tks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd ekè;LFke~
rRdky izkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj lqxerk ls dk;Z
djrk gS;
& iz'kklfud ,oa rduhdh lgk;rk;
& ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh eè;LFk;
& laLFkk }kjk eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr] i{kdkjksa dks
bldk fuonu djuk pkfg, ;
& ekè;LFkeksa ds lapkyu ds fy, HkkSfrd
lqfo/kk,a ,oa lgk;d lsok,a;
& vfuPNqd i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds lkFk
vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksRlkgu esa lgk;rk;
& lqxe ekU;rk ,oa izorZu lqfuf'pr djrs gq,
vafre leh{kk ,oa fof/kekU; iapkV;
& dk;kZRed ykHk tks lqfuf'pr djrs gSa lnSo
mfpr è;ku fn;k tkrk gS; vkSj
& ;fn fu;qDr dks pqukSrh nh tkrh gS] ;k dksbZ
eè;LFk bLrhiQk ns nsrk gS] ;k cny fn;k
tkrk gS] rks lgkjs ds fy, eè;LFkksa ds iSuy dh
miyC/rk;
laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ls izkFkfed gkfu%
& ;g /heh ,oa dBksj O;oLFkk gS;
& lqfo/kkvksa ds mi;ksx ,oa lsokvksa ds fy,
iz'kklfud 'kqYd cM+h jde laca/h fooknksa esa
cgqr vf/kd gks ldrs gSa] fo'ks"k:i ls tgka
'kqYd fookfnr jde ls lacaf/kd gksaA fookfnr
jde de gksus ij laLFkkxr 'kqYd fookfnr
jde ls vf/kd gks ldrs gSa_ rFkk laLFkk dh
ukSdj'kkgh vfrfjDr ykxr vkSj foyEc dk
dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
rnHkZ ekè;LFke~
^rnHkZ ekè;LFke~* ,dek=k ml fo'ks"k ekeys ds
fy, l`ftr fu;eksa ds lkFk Lo;a i{kdkjksa ¼vkSj
u fd dksbZ vtuch ;k laLFkk½ }kjk iz'kkflr
,d dk;Zokgh gSA
i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ ds leLr igyqvksa ds laca/k esa
[kqn O;oLFkk djrs gSaa] ftuesa dkuwu] ekè;LFke~
ds lapkyu gsrq fu;e] eè;LFk ds p;u dh
jhfr] ekè;LFke~ dk LFkku] Hkk"kk] ,oa vafre vkSj
lcls egRoiw.kZ ekè;LFke~ ds ekè;e ls fuiVk;s
tkus okys eqís ,oa nk;jkA ;fn i{kdkj lg;ksx
dh Hkkouk ls ,d ekè;LFke~ n`f"Vdks.k viukrs
gSa] rks rnFkZ dk;Zokfg;ka vf/kd yphyh]
mi;qDr] lLrh ,oa laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ dh
vis{kk vf/kd Rofjr gks ldrh gSaA
rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ ls gkfu;ka%
& mPp Lrjh; i{kdkj fu;a=.k ftlesa var rd
i{kdkj lg;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd
iwoZ LFkkfir fu;e ugha gksrs gSa] i{kdkj fuf"Ø;
ekè;LFke~ [kaMksa okyk elkSnk rS;kj djus dk
tksf[ke mBkrs gSaA [kaM izk;% yEcs fooj.k okys]
'kk;n gh dHkh O;kogkfjd gksus okys vkSj
fofHkUu O;k[;kvksa ds fy, vfr laosnu'khy ,oa
eqdnesckth dh vksj ys tkus okys gksrs gSa;
& ekè;LFke~ iapkV vizorZuh; jg tkrk gS] ;fn
xyr izfØ;k ij lgefr cuh gS vkSj mls
viuk;k x;k gS;
& blesa lwphc) lquokbZ] 'kqYdksa ,oa vuqokndksa
dh layXurk ds fy, iz'kklfud fuxjkuh dk
vHkko jgrk gS; rFkk blesa i;kZIr lqfo/kkvksa ,oa
volajpuk dk vHkko jgrk gSA
rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ dks laLFkkxr ekè;LFke~ ls iw.kZ
:i ls vyx djus dh vko';drk gSA i{kdkj
fdlh laLFkk ds iw.kZ ls v/khu gq, fcuk mlds
fu;eksa dks viukus dk p;u dj ldrs gSaA
blds foijhr i{kdkj fdlh laLFkk dks ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ksa ds iz'kklu gsrq inkfHkfgr dj ldrs
gS; fdUrq blds fu;eksa dh iz;ksT;rk dks NksM+
ldrs gSaA i{kdkjksa dks lkekU;r% dsoy eè;LFk
dh fu;qfDr gsrq laLFkk dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
tgka rnFkZ ekè;LFke~ esa i{kdkj vius [kqn ds
fu;e viukrs gSa] muds fy, vius ekeys esa l-
jk- va- O;k- fo- vk- ¼la;qDr jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh;
O;kikj fof/k vk;ksx½ vkn'kZ fof/k viukus dk
fodYi lnSo [kqyk gSA
oS/kkfud ekè;LFke~
cM+h la[;k esa ,sls dsnzh; ,oa jkT; vf/kfu;e
ekStwn gaS] tks mu vf/kfu;eksa ds varxZr vkus
okys ekeyksa ds laca/k esa mRiUu gksus okys fooknksa
esa fo'ks"k :i ls ekè;LFke~ ds fy, izko/kku
djrs gSaA fo|qr vf/kfu;e] 1910 ,oa fo|qr
¼vkiwfrZ½ vf/kfu;e] 1948 ,sls vf/kfu;eksas ds
mnkgj.k gSaA pawfd ,sls fdlh ekè;LFke~ dks
vf/kfu;e 1996 }kjk Hkh fu;af=r fd;k tk;sxk]
,sls fo/kkuksa esa oS/kkfud ekè;LFke~ ds fy,
izko/kku ,d ekè;LFke~ djkj ekuk tkrk gSA
¼fxzM dkiksZjs'ku vkWQ mM+hlk cuke bafM;u pSat
Økses fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1998 vksvkjvkbZ 101½
QkLV Vªsd ekè;LFke~@dsoy nLrkost ekè;LFke~
i{kdkjksa dks lger gksuk pkfg, fd dksbZ Hkh
ekSf[kd lquokbZ vk;ksftr ugha dh tk,xh]
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vius okn ds i{k esa
i{kdkjksa }kjk tek fd;s x;s nLrkostksa ds
vk/kkj ij iapkV nsrs gq, ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k dks
QkLV Vªsd cuk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~
ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940] ekè;LFke~ ¼izksVksdky
,oa vfHkle;½ vf/kfu;e] 1937 ,oa fons'kh
iapkV ¼igpku ,oa izorZu½ vf/kfu;e] 1961 esa
'kkfey ekè;LFke~ ij dkuwuksa dks vf/kfu;e
1996 us fujflr dj fn;kA
vf/kfu;e 1996 ns'kh ekè;LFke~] varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ vkSj fons'kh ekè;LFke~
iapkVksa ds izorZuksa ls lacaf/kr fof/k dks lesfdr
vkSj la'kksf/kr djus ds fy, rFkk lqyg ls
lacaf/kr fof/k dks Hkh ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, gS]
l- jk- va- O;k- fo- vk- ¼la;qDr jk"Vª varjkZ"Vªh;
O;kikj fof/k vk;ksx½ vkn'kZ fof/k dks n`f"Vxr
j[krs gq,A ;|fi vknZ'k fof/k ,oa fu;e
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx ugha curs gSa] fdUrq
vf/kfu;e 1996 esa izko/kkuksa ij Vhdk djus ds
fy, lkg;d gSaA ¼Hkkjr la?k cuke bZLV dksLV
cksV fcYMlZ ,aM baftfu;lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj
1999 MhbZ,y 44½
vf/kfu;e 1996 ,Mhvkj dh fn'kk esa ,d cM+k
dne gSA ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds v/khu
vfHkfuf.kZr oknksa dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr
fu.kZ; ds fy, vkus okys ekeyksa ds vo/kkj.kk esa
lrdZrk ls ykxw djuk iM+rk gSA ¼QeZ v'kksd
VªMlZ cuke xq:eq[k nkl lywtk] ¼2004½ 3
,llhlh 155½ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izko/kkuksa dk
fuoZpu Lora= ,oa ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds
v/khu LFkkfir fl)krksa ds lanHkZ ds fcuk gksuk
pkfg,A ¼lqanje Qkbusal fyfeVsM cuke ,u bZ
ih lh bafM;k fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,l,l
565½
ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 nk;j djus ,oa
iapkV nsus dh izfØ;k dks U;k;ky; dk fu;e
gksus dk izko/kku djrk gS; tks fd ,d
vfHkfu.kZ; gS] iapkV nsus ds ckn ,oa blds
dk;kZUo;u ls igysA pwafd vf/kfu;e 1996 dk
mn~ns'; fookn dks Rofjr ,oa oSdfYid lek/kku
miyC/k djkuk gS] izfØ;k dk vf/kfu;e 1996 esa
mYys[k ugha fd;k x;k gSA ;gka rd fd fdlh
fons'kh iapkV ds izorZu ds fy, i`Fkd
dk;Zokfg;ksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] ,d
iapkV dks U;k;y; dk fu;e ;k vfHkfuZ.k;
cukus gsrq mlds izoZru ds fofu'p; ds fy,]
vkSj nwljh mlds ckn dk;kZUo;u ds fy,A
fons'kh iapkV dk izorZu djus okyk U;k;ky;
,d dk;Zokgh esa lEiw.kZ ekeys dk laKku ys
ldrk gSA ¼QLVZ Ms ykWlu fyfeVsM cuke
ftany ,DliksV~lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2001
,llh 2293½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dk izkjaHk
;|fi vf/kfu;e 1996 dks ekè;LFke~ ,oa lqyg
vè;kns'k dh fujarjrk ds :i esa 16 vxLr
1996 dks jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr feyh] fdUrq ;g
25 tuojh 1996 ls ykxw gqvk ekuk x;k tksfd
og frfFk gS tc vè;kns'k dks ykxw fd;k x;k
FkkA ¼QLVZ Ms ykWlu fyfeVsM cuke ftany
,DliksV~lZ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2001 ,llh
2293½ blfy, ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940] ds
izko/kku mu ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fy, ykxw
jgsaxs tks 25 tuojh 1996 ls igys izkjaHk gqbZA
¼'ksV~Vht daLVªD'ku dks- ¼ih-½ fyfeVsM cuke
dksad.k jsyos daLVªD'ku] ¼1998½ 5 ,llhlh
599½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 85 ¼2½¼d½ esa izko/kku
gS fd ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e] 1940 ds fujLr gksrs
gq, Hkh blds mica/k] ,slh ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa
ds laca/k esa] tks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds 25 tuojh
1996 dks izkjaHk ls iwoZ vkjaHk gqbZ Fkha] rc rd
ykxw gksaxs tc rd fd i{kdkjksa }kjk vU;Fkk
djkj u fd;k x;k gksA /kkjk 21 ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;kas ds izkjaHk gsrq vU; frfFk fuf'pr
djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ,d fodYi dk
izko/kku djrh gSA vr% ;fn ekè;LFke~ esa
i{kdkj lger gks tkrs gSa fd ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ka 25 tuojh 1996 ds ckn izkjaHk gksuh
pkfg,] rks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds mica/k yxw gksaxsA
,sls ekeyksa esa tgka ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds ykxw gksus ls igys izkjaHk gks
pqdh Fkha] rFkk eè;LFkksa ds le{k yfEcr gSa] ogka
i{kdkj bl ij lger gksus ds fy, Lora= gSa
fd vf/kfu;e 1996 ,slh ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa
ij ykxw gksxkA ¼FkkbZlsu bLVkgy;wfu;u
th,ech,p cuke Hkkjrh; bLikr izkf/kdj.k]
¼1999½ ,llhlh 334½
ns'kh ekè;LFke~
vfHkO;fDr ^^ns'kh ekè;LFke~** dks vf/kfu;e 1996
esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa
vk;ksftr ekè;LFke~] ftldk fu.kZ; bl
vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx 1 ds varxZr ns'kh iapkV gS]
ns'kh ekè;LFke~ gSA ¼/kkjk 2¼2½ & /kkjk 2 ¼7½½
vr% ns'kh ekè;LFke~ og gS tks Hkkjr esa ?kfVr
gksrk gS] tgkaa i{kdkj Hkkjrh; gksrs gaS rFkk
fookn dk fu.kZ; Hkkjr ds ewy dkuwu ds vuq:i
gksrk gS ¼/kkjk 28¼1½¼d½½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 1
Hkkx ,d Hkkjr esa ekè;LFke~ dh fof/k ,oa izfØ;k
ls lacaf/kr gS] ekè;LFke~ djkj ls] ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k dh fu;qfDr] ekè;LFke~ dk lapkyu]
ekè;LFke~ iapkV nsuk] iapkVksa dks ekU;rk ,oa
izorZu rd ekè;LFke~ ds izR;sd pj.k ds ekè;e
ls dkyØe ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksrs gq,A tc
,d ckj i{kdkj fdlh fookn dks ekè;LFke~ dks
fufnZ"V djus ds fy, lger gks tkrs gSa] rks
muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k ls ,drjQk
okilh ugha dj ldrkA ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k
,d iapkV nsxk tks vafre ,oa nkok djus okys
i{kdkjksa ,oa O;fDr;ksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA
¼/kkjk 35½ vkSj ,slk iapkV] l{ke vf/kdkfjrk
okys U;k;ky; }kjk vikLr fd;s fcuk ¼/kkjk
34½] lafgrk ds v/khu mlh jhfr ls izofrZr
fd;k tk;sxk ekuks og U;k;ky; dk vfHkfu.kZ;
gksA ¼/kkjk 36½
lhfer U;kf;d eè;{ksi
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr U;k;ky; eè;{ksi
}kjk ekè;LFke~ ds izfr lanHkZ gsrq dksbZ mica/k
ugha gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 5 ekè;LFke~
ds ekeyks esa U;k;ikfydk dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer
djrh gS] tks U;k;ky; ds U;wure eè;{ksi ds
lkFk fooknksa ds Rofjr ,oa de [kphZys lek/kku
dks izksRlkgu nsuk ds fy, bl vf/kfu;e ds
mís'; ds vkuq:i gSA ¼ih vkuan xtiFkhjkt
cuke ihchth jktw] ,vkbZvkj 200 ,llh 1886½
ekè;LFke~ djkj
^ekè;LFke~ djkj* dh fo|ekurk vf/kfu;e 1996
dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr eè;LFkksa dh fu;qfDr
djus dh 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d
iwoZ 'krZ gSA ^ekè;LFke~ djkj* dh fo|ekurk ,oa
oS/krk dk eqn~nk ewy lafonk ls iw.kZr% fHkUu gS
ftlesa ;g fufgr gSA ^ekè;LFke~ djkj* eq[;
lafonk ds fu"izHkko dks cuk;s j[krk gS] D;ksafd
;g lafonk ds vU; [kaMksa ls fo;ksT; gSA
ekè;LFke~ [kaM Lo;a esa ,d djkj dk fuekZ.k
djrk gSA ¼QeZ v'kksd VªMlZ cuke xq:eq[k
nkl lyqtk] ¼2004½ 3 ,llhlh 155½
,sls ekeyksa esa tgka ,d ekè;LFke~ [kaM ekStwn
gS] vf/kfu;e 1996 ds v/khu U;k;ky; dk ;g
nkf;Ro gS fd og muds ekè;LFke~ djkj ds
lanHkZ esa i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V
djs ¼/kkjk 8½A gkykafd] vf/kfu;e ,sls ekeys esa
fookn dk fu.kZ; djus dh flfoy U;k;ky; dh
vf/kdkfjrk lekIr dj nsrk gS tgka ekè;LFke~
djkj ds i{kdkj vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 }kjk
vuqèk;kr mfpr dne ugha mBkrs gSaA blh rjg]
dksbZ U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 8 ds varxZr
i{kdkjksa dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, dsoy ,sls fo"k;
ds lanHkZ esa fufnZ"V dj ldrk gS ^^tks ekè;LFke~
djkj dh fo"k;&oLrq** gSA tgka dksbZ okn ^^,sls
fo"k;** ds esa izkjaHk gksrk gS tks ekè;LFke~ djkj
ds varxZr ugha vkrk rFkk dqN ,sls i{kdkjksa ds
eè; gS tks ekè;LFke~ djkj esa i{kdkj ugha gS]
rks /kkjk 8 ds ykxw gksus dk dksbZ iz'u ugha
mBrk gSA 'kCn ^^,d fo"k;** n'kkZrk gS fd okn
dh laiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq ekè;LFke~ djkj ls lacaf/kr
gksuh pkfg, ¼lqdU;k gksfYMaXl izkbosM fyfeVsM
cuke t;s'k ,p ikM~;k] ¼2003½ 5 ,llhlh 531
½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 dsoy ekè;LFke~
;ksX; fooknksa ij ykxw gksrh gS ftudk fu.kZ; esa
,d eè;LFk l{ke rFkk l'kDr gksA
n`"Vkar% dfri; i{kdkj ,d daiuh can djus dk
iz'u ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V fd;s tku ds fy,
lger gq,A gkykafd fdlh daiuh dks can djus
dk vkns'k nsus dh 'kfDr daiuh vf/kfu;e ds
varxZr daiuh U;k;ky; dks izkIr gSA pwafd
eè;LFk dks ,d daiuh can djus ds fy, dksbZ
vf/kdkfjrk izkIr ugha gS bl fy, U;k;ky;
/kkjk 8 ds varxZr bl ekeys dks ekè;LFke~ ds
fy, fufnZ"V ugha dj ldrk gSA ¼gfj;k.kk
VsyhdkWe fyfeVsM cuke LVªykbV baMLVªht
¼bafM;k½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 2354½
n`"Vkar% dfri; i{kdkj ekè;LFke dks ,d iz'u
fufnZ"V fd;s tku ds fy, lger gq, fd D;k
olh;r nh tkuh pkfg, ;k ughaA pwafd Hkkjrh;
mRrjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds varxZr olh;r okn
esa fu.kZ; ^bu jse* ekuk tkrk gS] blfy, ,slk
iz'u ekè;LFke~ dks fufnZ"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ¼fpjathyky Jhyky xks,adk cuke tlthr
flag] ¼1993½ 2 ,llhlh 507½
bl okn esa vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 ds
varxZr vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkok mlh
U;k;ky; ds le{k Lora= :i ls vkosnu fn;k
tk ldrk gSA
lkekU;r% lacaf/kr okn esa fyf[kr dFku fn;s
tkus ls igys vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 8 ds
varxZr ,d vkosnu djuk iM+rk gSA fdUrq tc
izfroknh] fyf[kr dFku tek djus ds okn Hkh]
ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V djus gsrq vkosnu
djrk gS vkSj oknh dks bl ij dksbZ vkiÙkh ugha
gksrh gS] rks U;k;ky; okn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy,
fufnZ"V dj ldrk gSA ekè;LFke~ le>kSrs dks
dkjZokbZ U;k;ky; esa ykus ls iwoZ vfLrRo esa
ykus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] fdUrq dkjZokbZ
yafcr gksus dh fLFkfr esa bldks vfLrRo esa yk;k
tk ldrk gSA fo"k; dks ,d ckj ekè;LFke~ ds
fy, fufnZ"V fd;s tkus ij flfoy okn esa
dk;Zokfg;ka lekIr dj nh tkrh gaSA og
U;k;ky; ftlesa i{kdkj iapkV dks pqukSrh ns
ldsaxs og vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼M½ esa ifjHkkf"kr
U;k;ky; gksxkA u dh og U;k;ky; ftlesa
/kkjk 8 ds varxZr vkosnu fd;k tkrk gSA ¼ih
vkuan xtiFkh jktw cuke ihohth jktw]
,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1886½
tgka] U;k;ky; ds le{k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds yafcr
gksus ds nkSjku] i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ ds fy,
le>kSrk djrs gaS] rks mUgsa vf/kfu;e 1996 ds
mica/kksa ds vuq:i dk;Z djuk gksxkA
n`"Var% mPp U;k;ky; dks viuh ;kfpdk
vf/kdkfjrk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fo"k; dks ,d
eè;LFk ds fy, fufnZ"V djus vkSj mlds le{k
izLrqr fd;s x,s iapkV ij vfHkfu.kZ; nsus dk
dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gSA ¼rfeyukMq fo|qr cksMZ
cuke 'kqekFkh] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1603½
U;k;ky; }kjk varfje mik;
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 9 ds varxZr U;k;ky;
dks varfje vkns'k tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr
gS] ;gka rd fd ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka izkjaHk gksus
ls igys HkhA ,sls varfje vkns'k ekè;LFke~ [k.M
ykxw djus okys uksfVl ds iwoZxkeh gks ldrs gSaA
¼lqUnze Qkbusal fyfeVsM cuke ,ubZihlh bafM;k
fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh 565½ /kkjk 9 ds
varxZr U;k;ky; dsoy varfje mik;ksa dk
l`tu dj ldrk gS] rkfd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k
ds le{k U;k;fu.kZ;u ds varxZr vf/kdkj dks
detksj iM+us ls cpk;k tk ldsA ¼QeZ v'kksd
VsMlZ cuke xq:eq[k nkl lywtk] ¼2004½ 3
,llhlh 155½
;fn varfje jkgr ds fy, vf/kfu;e 1996 dh
/kkjk 9 ds varxZr U;k;ky; esa vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 21 ds varxZr vkosnu fd;k tkrk gS] rks
U;k;ky; dks igys larq"V djuk gksxk fd ,d
fof/kekU; ekè;LFke~ le>kSrk gqvk gS rFkk
vkosnudrkZ fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, ys
tkuk pkgrs gSaA bl rjg ,d ckj larq"V gksus
ij U;k;ky; dks /kkjk 9 ds varxZr okn okjaV
ds rF;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;kas ds vuq:i ,slk
varfje laj{k.k iznku djrs gq, vkns'k nsus dh
vf/kdkfjrk izkIr gksxhA ,slk vkns'k nsrs gq,
rFkk ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gq, fd ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ka izkjaHk djus ds fy, izHkkoh dne
mBk, tkrs gSa] U;k;ky; /kkjk 9 ds varxZr
viuh vf/kdkfjrk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, vkosnd
dks ,slh 'krksZ ds v/hu djrs gq, n'kkxr vkns'k
ns ldrk gSA tks ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
;g mfpr ekuh tkrh gS fd vkosnd }kjk
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka vkjaHk djus esa izHkkoh
dne mBk, tkrs gSa ¼lqUnze iQkbusal fyfeVsM
cuke ,ubZihlh bafM;k fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj
1999 ,llh 565½
dksbZ fo"k; ekè;LFke~ esa igqapus ij] mPp
U;k;ky; eè;LFk vFkok ekè;LFke~ }kjk
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds nkSjku tkjh fd;s x,
vkns'kksa esa eè;Lr{ksi ugha djsaxkA i{kdkjksa dks
dsoy vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 37 rFkk 34 ds varxZr
U;k;ky; tkus dh vuqefr gksxh ¼,,lchih ,aM
dEiuh cuke iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005
¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½½
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk
,d ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k] tSlk fd vf/kfu;e
1996 dh /kkjk 2 ?k esa of.kZr gS] ls ,d ek=k
eè;LFk ;k eè;LFkksa dk dksbZ iSuy vfHkizsr gS]
tks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 10 ,oa 11 ds
mica/kksa ds vuq:i fu;qDr gksrs gSaA eè;LFkksa dh
la[;k le la[;k ugha gksuh pkfg,_ ;g
lqfuf'fpr djus ds fy, fd ,slk ^gax* fu.kZ; u
gksa] ftlesa eè;LFkksa dh leku la[;k fdlh
fookn fdlh Hkh <+x ls fuf.kZr djsA
eè;LFk Lora=k vkSj i{kikr jfgr gksuk pkfg,A
,d laHkkfor eè;LFk dks mldh Lora=krk ;k
fu"i{krk ds laca/ esa fdlh U;k;ksfpr lansg dks
tUe nsus okyh fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds mRiUu
gksus dh laHkkouk ls i{kdkjaks dks fyf[kr esa
izdV djuk pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 12 ¼1½] vf/kfu;e
1996½ vf/kfu;e 1996 eè;LFk ij vk{ksi djus]
mlds vkns'k dh lekfIr] vkSj u;s eè;LFk ds
lkFk mlds izfrLFkkiu dh izfØ;k dk izko/kku
djrk gSA ¼/kkjk 13&15½
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ lgefr
dk fo"k; gS] vkSj i{kdkj lkekU;r% viuh bPNk
ls mfpr djkj djus ds fy, Lora=k gSaaA
i{kdkjksa dks u dsoy vius eè;LFk dk p;u
djus cfYd ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k esa 'kkfey
eè;LFkksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr djus dh Hkh
vf/kdre Lora=krk nh tkrh gSA
fdlh iapkV dks pqukSrh nsus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj
ugha gS] ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k
ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k i{kdkjksa ds djkj ds vuq:i
gS] ;gka rd fd ,slh lajpuk ;k izfØ;k
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 1 ds foijhr gksus ij
HkhA lkFk gh] iapkV dks pqukSrh ugha nh tk
ldrh gS] ;fn lajpuk ;k izfØ;k i{kdkjksa ds
eè; djkj ds foijhr gS fdUrq vf/kfu;e 1996
ds izko/kkuksa ds vuq:i gSA ;fn ,sls ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k ekè;LFke~ izfØ;k ds
ckjs esa i{kdkjksa ds eè; dksbZ djkj ugha gS] rks
iapkV dks bl vk/kkj ij pqukSrh nh tk ldrh
gS fd lajpuk ;k izfØ;k vf/kfu;e 1996 ds
izko/kkuksa ds foijhr gSA ¼ukjk;.k izlkn yksfg;k
cuke fudqat dqekj yksfg;k] ¼2002½ 3 ,llhlh
572½
tgka i{kdkjksa ds eè; djkj nks eè;LFkksa dh
fu;qfDr dk izko/kku djrk gS] og [kqn 'kwU;
gksus ds dkj.k djkj ugha ns ldrk gSA bl <+x
ls fu;qDr nksuksa eè;LFk ihBklhu vè;{k ds :i
esa dk;Z djus ds fy, rhljs eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr
djsaxsA ¼/kkjk 13 ¼3½] vf/kfu;e 1996½
tgka i{kdkjksa us fcuk vkifÙk ds ,d ,sls
ekè;LFke~ esa Hkkx fy;k gS] ftlesa ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k esa i{kdkjksa dh nks ;k le la[;k gS]
gkykafd] ,sls vf/kdj.k }kjk bl vk/kkj ij fn;s
x;s lk>k iapkV dks pqukSrh nsus dh ,d i{k dks
NwV ugha gS fd i{kdkjksa dh la[;k le ugha
gksuh pkfg, FkhA vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 4 ds
varxZr i{kdkjksa ds ,sls vf/kdkj dk vf/kR;tu
ekuk tkrk gSA ¼ukjk;.k izlkn yksfg;k cuke
fudqat dqekj yksfg;k] ¼2002½ 3 ,llhlh 572½
eè;LFkksa dh la[;k dk vo/kkj.k] vkSj eè;LFkksa
dh fu;qfDr nks fHkUu ,oa Lora=k izdk;Z gSaA
izFker% eè;LFkksa dh la[;k dk vo/kkj.k i{kdkjksa
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj Lor% dhs fLFkfr esa
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ,dek=k eè;LFk ls feydj
cusxkA gkykafd eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr i{kdkjksa
ds djkj ds vuq:i] ;k Lor% dhs fLFkfr esa
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr miyC/
O;oLFkk ds vuq:i gksxhA
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k fu;qDr djus dh eq[;
U;k;ewfrZ dh 'kfDr ,d U;kf;d 'kfDr gSA pwafd
U;k;fu.kZ;u ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k lajpuk esa
fufgr gS] blfy, ;g U;kf;d vkns'k gSA eq[;
U;k;ewfrZ ;k mlds }kjk inkfHkfgr O;fDr fuEu
fu.kZ; djus ds fy, vkc¼ gS%
& D;k mls vf/kdkfjrk izkIr gS_
& D;k dksbZ ekè;LFke~ djkj gqvk gS_
& D;k vkosnd ekè;LFke~ djkj esa i{kdkj gS_
& D;k 'kfDr mi;ksx djus ds fy, 'krsZ iwjh dh
xbZ gS_ vkSj
& D;k ,d eè;LFk fu;qDr fd;k tkuk gS]
fu;qDr gksus okys O;fDr dh mi;qDrrkA
¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke iVsy baftfu;fjax
fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj 285
¼,llh½A
U;kf;d izÑfr dh gksus ds dkj.k ;g izfØ;k
xSj&U;kf;d laLFkkvksa ;k xSj&U;kf;d izkf/kdj.k
dks ,slk dk;Z djus ls csn[ky djds eq[;
U;k;ewfrZ dh inkfHkfgr djus dh 'kfDr dks
izfrcaf/kr djrh gSA blfy, Hkkjr dk eq[;
U;k;k/h'k ,slh 'kfDr dsoy loksZPp U;k;ky; ds
vU; U;k;k/h'k dks lkSai ldrk gS] tcfd mPp
U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'k ,slh 'kfDr dsoy
mPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;k/h'k dks lkSai
ldrk gSaA ,slh 'kfDr fdlh ftyk U;k;k/h'k dks
lkSaiuk vuqfpr gSA ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke
iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch
,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ds varxZr eè;LFk
fu;qDr djus ls iwoZ xSj&vkosnd dks mls lqus
tkus dk ,d volj nsus ds fy, uksfVl tkjh
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke
iVsy baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch
,yvkj 285 ¼,llh½A
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ¼6½ ds varxZr
fdlh vkosnu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjr ds
eq[; U;k;k/h'k ;k mlds }kjk inkfHkfgr ds
fu.kZ; ds fo#n dksbZ vihy ugha dh tk ldrh
gS] vkSj ,slk fu.kZ; vafre gSA gkykafd] i{kdkj
dks mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/h'k ;k mlds
}kjk inkfHkfgr ds fu.kZ; dks lafo/kku ds
vuqPNsn 136 ds v/hu pqukSrh nsus dh Lora=krk
gSA ¼,lchih ,aM dEiuh cuke iVsy
baftfu;fjax fyfeVsM] 2005 ¼3½ ,vkjch ,yvkj
285 ¼,llh½A
tgka vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 11 ¼2½ ds varxZr
eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr ds fy, fdlh varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ esa vkosnu fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj foi{k ;g vfHkokd~ nsrk gS fd ekeys dks
ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V djus gsrq dksbZ
vfuok;Z izko/kku ugha gS] rks Hkkjr ds eq[;
U;k;k/h'k dks ;g fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gS
fd D;k djkj ekè;LFke~ }kjk fookn lek/kku
dk izko/kku djrk gSA ;fn djkj esa ^lduk*
'kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj ;g
i{kdkj dks viuh bPNk vuq:i okn nk;j djus
;k ekè;LFke~ ds fy, tkus dh Lora=krk nsrk gS]
rks LkoksZPp U;k;ky; dks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh
/kkjk 11 ¼12½ ds varxZr ,d eè;LFk fu;qDr
djus dh vf/kdkfjrk dk bLrseky ugha djkuk
pkfg,A ¼osfYyaxVu ,lksflLV~l fyfeVsM cuke
fdfjr esgrk] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1379½
tgka eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh gS] ogka
LkoksZPp U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa dh lqfo/kk ij fopkj
djus ds ckn fu;qfDr esa vius funsZ'k dk
mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA ¼MksyfiQu baVjuS'kuy
fyfeVsM cuke jksukdZ baVjizkbZtst bad-] ¼1998½
5 ,llhlh 724½
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks viuh vf/kdkfjrk ds
ckjs esa Lo;a fofu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr iznku dh
x;h gS] ftlds varxZr ekè;LFke~ djkj dh
fo|ekurk ;k fof/kekU;rk dh ckcr fdlh
vkis{k ij fofu.kZ; Hkh gSA ml iz;kstu ds fy,
dksbZ ekè;LFke~ [kaM] tks fdlh djkj dk
Hkkx:i gS] djkj ds vU; fuca/uksa ls Lora=k
fdlh djkj ds :i esa ekuk tk,xk] ;|fi ;g
ml djkj dk Hkkx gSA blfy, ;g Li"V gS fd
;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ,slk dksbZ fofu'p; Hkh
djrk gS fd djkj vÑr vkSj 'kwU; gS] rks Hkh
;g ekè;LFke~ [kaM dks fof/kr% vfof/kekU; ugha
djsxkA ¼vksfYkeil lqijLVªDplZ ¼ih-½ fyfeVsM
cuke ehuk fot; [ksrku] ,vkbZvkj 1999 ,llh
2102½
fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk ij
vkis{kksa dks ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k ds le{k mBk;k
tk;sxkA ;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vf/kdkfjrk
dh deh ds vfHkokd~ dks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS]
rks ;g vkxs ;ksX;rk ij ekè;LFke~ ds lkFk dk;Z
ugha djsxk] vkSj vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 32
¼2½ ¼x½ ds varxZr ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka lekIr
dj nh tk;saxhA gkykafd] ,slk fu.kZ; vf/kfu;e
1996 dh /kkjk 37 ¼2½ ¼d½ ds varxZr vihyuh;
gSA ;fn ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k vf/kdkfjrk ds
vfHkokd~ dks fujLr dj nsrk gS] rks ;g
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa dks tkjh j[ksxk vkSj
ekè;LFke~ iapkV nsxk] ftls vlarq"V i{kdkj
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 ¼2½ ds varxZr
pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA U;k;ky; dks fdlh
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk dh deh ds
iz'u ij U;k;fu.kZ;u dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA
gkykafd] vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 16 eq[;
U;k;k/h'k dks /kkjk 11 ds varxZr fdlh dk;Zokgh
esa ;g fofu'p; djus dh 'kfDr ls oafpr ugha
djrh gS fd D;k ekè;LFke~ djkj fof/kekU; gS
;k ugha] ;g fofu'p; fd;s tkus ls igys fd
D;k fookn dks ekè;LFke~ ds fy, eè;LFk dks
fufnZ"V fd;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼osfYyaxVu
,lksflLV~l fyfeVsM cuke fdfjr esgrk]
,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 1379½
dksbZ ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k] ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;kas
ds nkSjku] fookn dh fo"k;&oLrq ds laj{k.k ds
fy, avarfje mik; djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gS]
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 17 ds varxZr ,sls
mik; ds laca/ esa leqfpr lqj{kk miyC/ djkus
dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA avarfje mik; djus ds
fy, ,slk vkns'k vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 37
¼2½ ds varxZr vihyuh; gksxkA
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 17 ds varxZr
ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks izkIr avarfje mik;
djus dh 'kfDr lhfer gSA vf/kdj.k U;k;ky;
ugha gksrk gS] vkSj mlds vkns'k U;kf;d vkns'k
ugha gksrs gSaA vf/kdj.k dksbZ ,slk funsZ'k tkjh
ugha dj ldrk gS tks lanHkZ ;k ekè;LFke~ djkj
ds nk;js ls ckgj gksA varfje vkns'k dsoy
ekè;LFke~ ds fy, i{kdkj ds laca/ esa fn;k tk
ldrk gSA bldk izorZu ,sls i{kdkjksa ds fo#¼
ugha fd;k tk lerk gS tks ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa i{kdkj ugha gSaA bl /kkjk ds
varxZr ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dks ,slh dksbZ 'kfDr
ugha nh x;h gS vkSj u gh ;g mlds U;kf;d
izorZu dk izko/kku gSA ¼,e Mh vkehZ osYiQs;j
gkmflax vkWxsZukbts'ku cuke lqeaxy lfoZlst
¼ih½ fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2004 ,llh 1344½
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 18&27 esa ekè;LFke~
izfØ;k esa laca/ esa foHkUu fu;eksa dk izko/kku gSA
/kkjk 19 izfØ;ka laca/h Lok;Rrk LFkkfir djrh
gS] izfØ;k ds fu;e fu/kkfjr djus ds fy,
i{kdkjksa dh Lora=krk dks ekU;rk nsrs gq,]
i{kdkjksa ls leku crkZo ds fy, /kkjk 18 dh
ewy vko';drkvksa ds vuq:iA /kkjk 20 i{kdkjksa
ds ekè;LFke~] ekè;LFke~ ds LFkku ij lger
gksus ds vf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr gSA dksbZ ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k lafgrk esa fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k ls ckè;
ugha gSA izfØ;k ij lger gksuk i{kdkjksa ij
fuHkZj gS] vkSj ;fn i{kdkj ewd jgrs gSa] rks
eè;LFk dks izfØ;k lq>kuh iM+rh gS] bl rjg
lq>kbZ gqbZ izfØ;k izkÑfrd U;k; ds vuq:i
gksuh pkfg, izkÑfrd U;k; dk fl¼kar ekè;LFke~
dh izfØ;k fof/k esa fo|eku gS D;ksafd bldk
vuqikyu dkjZokbZ esa fu"i{krk dh O;kogkfjd
vko';drk gSA
ekè;LFke~ iapkV
iapkV nsus dh izfØ;k vfuok;Z :i ls vf/kfu;e
1996 ds vizfr"Br izko/kkuksa vkSj U;wure cukrk
gS rFkk eq[; :i ls iapkV fn;s tkus ds laca/ esa
ekè;LFke~ dh Hkwfedk ls lacaf/kr gSA ¼/kkjk
28&33½
/kkjk 28 fookn ds lkj ds fy, ykxw fu;eksa ds
vo/kkj.k ls lacaf/kr gS]
/kkjk 29 vf/kdj.k ds varxZr fu.kZ; ysus dh
izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrh gSA
/kkjk 30 Lo;a i{kdkjksa }kjk fookn ds fuiVkjs ls
lacaf/kr gS] rFkk mYys[k djrh gS fd i{kdkjksa
dh lgefr ls ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k le>kSrk
djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djus gsrq] ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ksa ds nkSjku] fdlh le; eè;LFkrk]
lqyg ;k vU; izfØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk
gSA
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 31 ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds
izk:i vkSj mldh fo"k; oLrq dk mYys[k djrh
gSA 1940 ds vf/kfu;e ds foifjr vf/kfu;e
1996 fdlh ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds fy, mu dkj.kksa
dk vfHkdfFkr djuk vfuok;Z cukrk gS ftu ij
og vk/kkfjr gSA i{kdkjksa us ;g djkj u fd;k
gks fd dksbZ dkj.k ugha fn, tkus gSa] ;k izpkV]
/kkjk 30 ds v/hu djkj ik, x, fuca/uksa ij
ekè;LFke~ iapkV gSA
/kkjk 32 ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vo/kkj.k ls
lacaf/kr gS tcfd /kkjk 33 iapkV ds lq/kkj vkSj
fuoZpu] rFkk lkFk gh vfrfjDr iapkV nsus ls
lacaf/kr gSA
ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds fo#¼ mik;
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds
fo#¼ mik; dk izko/kku djrh gSA ,d
ekè;LFke~ iapkV vikLr djus ds fy, lhfer
vk/kkj fuEu gS%
&fdlh i{kdkj dh vleFkZrk_
&djkj dh vfof/kekU;rk_
&i{kdkj dks mfpr lwpuk dk vHkko_
&iapkV dk lanHkZ ds nk;js ls cgkj gksuk_
&ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k dh lajpuk ;k ekè;LFke~
izfØ;k esa voS/kkfudrk_
&fookn dk ekè;LFke~ ;ksX; u gksuk_ vkSj
&iaPkkV dk lkoZtfud uhfr ls fojks/kkHkklh
gksukA
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 34 la- jk- va- O;k- fo-
vk- vkn'kZ fof/k vuqPNsn 34 ij vk/kkfjr gSA
iapkV dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds varxZr vikLr
djus dk nk;jk vf/kfu;e 1940 dh /kkjk 30 ;k
/kkjk 33 ds varxZr fn;s x, bl izko/kku ls
cgqr de gSA ¼vksfYkeil lqijLVªDplZ ¼ih-½
fyfeVsM cuke ehuk fot; [ksrku] ,vkbZvkj
1999 ,llh 2102½
eè;LFk i{kdkjksa ds eè; fookn dk vafre
U;k;drkZ gS] vkSj ;g bl vk/kkj ij vk{ksfir
ugha fd;k tk ldrk dh eè;LFk us vius Lo;a
ds fu"d"kZ fudkys gaS ;k og rF;ksa dks le>us
esa ysus esa foiQy jgk gSA ¼lqn'kZu VªsfMax
dEiuh cuke dsjy ljdkj] ,vkbZvkj 1989
,llh 890½
eè;LFk lk{;ksa dh xq.koRrk vkSj ek=kk dk
,dek=k tkapdrkZ gS] vkSj U;k;ky; eè;LFk ds
le{k izLrqr lk{; dh iqu% tkap ugha djsxk]
;|fi ;g laHko gS fd ,d leku lk{; ij
U;k;ky; dk fu"d"kZ eè;LFk }kjk fn;s x;s
fu"d"kZ ls fHkUu gks ldrk gS ¼,e lh Mh cuke
txu ukFk v'kksd dqekj] ¼1987½ 4 ,llhlh
497½
blh rjg ;fn dksbZ dkuwu dk iz'u eè;LFk
dks fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gS vkSj og fdlh fu"d"kZ
ij igqark gS rks bl iapkV dks bl vk/kkj ij
pqukSrh ugh nh tk ldrh dkuwu dk oSdfYid
n`f"Vdks.k laHko gSA ¼vyksih izlkn ,aM lal
fyfeVsM cuke Hkkjr la?k] ¼1960½2 ,llhvkj
719½
ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ksa ds laca/ esa ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k dh iapkV nsus dh 'kfDr dk;kZRed
vkns'k ,oa funs'k nsus dh 'kfDr ls fHkUu gSA
,sls vkns'k vkSj funs'k iapkV ugha vkSj blfy,
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 34 ds varxZr bls pqukSrh
ugha nh tk ldrh gS] ;|fi oss fdlh iapkV dks
vikLr ;k ifjgkj ds fy, vk/kkj miyC/ djk
ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i fdlh ekè;LFke~
vf/kdj.k dh vf/kdkfjrk] ;k ykxw gksus ;ksX;
ewy dkuwu ds fodYi ls lacaf/kr iz'uksa dk
vo/kkj.k ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk fd;k tk
ldrk gS] vkSj iapkV fn;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh
vksj] lk{; ds LofÑfr] ;k [kkst ls lacaf/kr
iz'u izfØ;kRed izÑfr ds gSa] vkSj vo/kkj.kh;
;ksX; gSa vkns'k ;k funs'k nsrs gq, u fd iapkV
}kjkA
lgefr ,oa foca/u ds fl¼kar dks n`f"Vxr j[krs
gq, fdlh i{kdkj ds fy, fdlh ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus ds ckn ekè;LFke~ [k.M
vk{ksi dh vuqefr ugha gSaA
n`"Vkar% tgka dksbZ i{kdkj ekè;LFke~ [k.M ds
vuq:i ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk ekè;LFke~ ds
fy, lger gks tkrk gS] vkSj ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ysrk gS] rks ;g ckn esa ;g
vfHkokd~ ugha yk ldrk fd dksbZ ,slk ekè;LFke~
[k.M ugha FkkA ¼HkkX;k tky fuxe fyfeVsM
cuke th gjh'k pUnz jsM~Mh] ¼2007½2 ,llhlh
720½
gkyafd dk fl¼kar ogka ykxw ugha gksrk tgka dksbZ
eè;LFk vuqfpr :i ls ekè;LFke~ viuh 'kfDr
esa o`f¼ dj ysrk gS vkSj ,sls fo"k; ij
vf/kdkfjrk izkIr dj ysrk gS tks mlds le{k
fo|eku ugha gSA
n`"Vkar% lgefr n'kkZrs gq, dqN i{kdkj fdjk;k
dsoy 'kqYdksa dk Hkqxrku ds fy, nkoksa gsrq
ekè;LFke~ ds fy, fufnZ"V fd;s x,A eè;LFk us
lekfo"V lanHkZ ij blds nk;js esa o`f¼ dj nhA
pwafd eè;LFk us ,sls vfHko`f¼ okys nk;js ij
vk{ksi ds okotwn U;k;fu.kZ;u tkjh j[kk] rks
i{kdkjksa ds ikl dk;Zokfg;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds
vfrfjDr dksbZ fodYi ugha jgkA ,slh Hkkxs nkjh
ij lgefr ugha ekuh tk,xhA fUk;fqDr gksus ij
eè;LFk dk nkf;Ro dsoy i{kdkjksa }kjk mlds
le{k yk, x, fo"k; ij U;k;fu.kZ;u djuk gSA
;g iapkV vikLr fd;s tkus ds ;ksX; gS D;ksafd
eè;LFk us Lo;a dks xyr funsf'kr fd;k gS rFkk
vuqfpr dkuwuh O;ogkj fd;k gSA ¼Hkkjr la?k
cuke th ,l vVoky] ,vkbZvkj 1996 ,llh
2965 ½
iapkVksa dh vafrerk vkSj mudk izorZu
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 35 izko/kku djrk gS]
fd vf/kfu;e ds Hkkx ,d ds mica/kksa ds v/hu
ekè;LFke~ iapkV vafre gksxk vkSj i{kdkjksa rFkk
;FkkfLFkfr] muds v/hu nkok djus okys
O;fDr;ksa ij ckè;dkjh gksxkA fdlh izpkV ds
laca/ esa ^vafre* 'kCn] tSlk fd bl /kkjk esa
mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS] dks ^vafre iapkV*
vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk Hkzfer ugha fd;k tkuk gSA
^vafre* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS] fd iapkV ij fdlh
liQy vk{ksi ds fcuk ;g mu ekeyks ds fy,
fu.kkZ;d gS ftuls ;g lacf/kr gS] i{kdkjksa ds
vkSj nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds eè; lanHkZ ds
vuq:iA bl fy, iapkV dk izorZu fd;k tk
ldrk gS] ;|fi lanHkZ esa vU; egRoiw.kZ eqíksa dk
mYys[k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 36 izo/kku djrh gS fd dksbZ
ekè;LFke~ iapkV mlh rjg ifjorZu ;ksX; gS
ekuks ;g U;k;ky; dk vfHkfu.kZ; gks] ;fn bl
ds fo#¼ vk{ksi djus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr le;
lhek ds vanj dksbZ vk{ksi u fd;k x;k gks] ;k
tc vk{ksi fd;k x;k gks rks mls fujLr dj
fn;k gksA ;g rF; gS fd ekè;LFke~ iapkV ,sls
izofrZr fd;k tk,xk ekuksa og U;k;ky; dk
vfHkfu.kZ; gks gkykafd og ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokgh
dks ,d okn ugha cukrk gS
vf/kfu;e /kkjk 34 ds varxZr iapkV ij vk{ksi
djus dh le; lhek lekIr gksus ij
ekè;LFke~ iapkV U;k;ky; dh fdlh vU;
dkjZokbZ ds fcuk rqjUr ykxw gks tkrk gSA ;fn
/kkjk 34 esa iz;ksx dh xbZ Hkk"kk ds fuoZpu ij
dksbZ lansg 'ks"k jgrk gS] rks vf/kfu;e 1996 dh
;kstuk ekeys dk fuLrkj.k ifjlhek vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 5 ds izfØ;k dks cgkj djds U;k;ky;
dh 'kfDr;ksa dks de djus ds i{k esa djsxhA
¼Hkkjr la?k cuke ikWiqyj daLVªD'kal] ¼2001½ 8
,llhlh 470½
tc ekè;LFke~ dk;Zokfg;ka 1996 ds vf/kfu;e ds
izkjaHk gksus ls iwoZ vkjaHk gqbZ] fdUrq iapkV 1996
ds ykxw gksus ds ckn fn;k x;k rks iapkV
ekè;LFke~ vf/kfu;e 1940 ds varxZr ykxw
gksxkA ¼FkkbZlsu LVkgy;wfu;u cuke Hkkjrh;
bLikr izkf/kdj.k] ¼1999½ ,llhlh 334 ½
varjkZ"Vªh; okf.fT;d ekè;LFke~ ,oa fons'kh iapkV
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 2 ¼p½ esa ^varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.fT;d ekè;LFke~* dks ,d ,sls fooknksa ls
lacaf/kr dksbZ ekè;LFke~ vfHkizsr gS tks ,sls
fo/sd laca/kksa ls] Hkkjr esa izo`Ùk fof/k ds v/hu
okf.kfT;d le>s x, gksa] mn~Hkwr i{kdkjksa esa ls
de ls de ,d%
& dksbZ fons'kh ukxfjd] ;k ,slk dksbZ O;fDr
tks Hkkjr ls fHkUu fdlh ns'k dk vH;klr%
fuoklh gS_
& Hkkjr ls fHkUu fdlh ns'k esa fuxfer fudk;
_
& ,slh dksbZ daiuh ;k laxBu ;k O;fDr fudk;
gS ftldk dsUnzh; izca/ vkSj fu;a=k.k Hkkjr ls
fHkUu fdlh ns'k ls fd;k tkrk gS_ ;k
& dksbZ fons'k dh ljdkj gSA
lafonk ds vk/kkj ij ykxw gksus okyk dkuwu
Hkkjrh; dkuwu ;k fons'kh dkuwu gks ldrk gSA
¼/kkjk 2 ¼1½ ¼p½ ,oa /kkjk 28 ¼1½ ¼[k½] vf/kfu;e
1996 ½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 1 ,sls varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa ij Hkh ykxw gksxk tks
Hkkjr ds cgkj gksrs gS] c'krZs dh i{kdkjksa us
djkj] vfHkO;Dr ;k fufgr] }kjk blls ;k
blds fdlh mica/ dks cgkj u j[kk gksa
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 2 ¼1½ ¼p½varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ dh ifjHkk"kk Hkkjr esa vkSj
Hkkjr ls cgkj gksus okys varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d
ekè;LFke~ ds eè; dksbZ fHkUurk dk izko/kku ugha
djrh gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 2 dsoy ,sls
eè;LFkeksa ij ykxw gksrk gS tks fdlh vfHkle;
ns'k esa gksrs gSA gkykafd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFke~ fdlh xSj vfHkle; ns'k esa
gks ldrk gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 ;g izko/kku ugha
djrk gS fd Hkkx 1 ds mica/ ,sls varjkZ"Vªh;
okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa ij ykxw ugha gksrs gSa tks
xSj&vfHkle; ns'k esa gksrs gSaA vf/kfu;e mís';
varjkZ"Vªh; okf.kfT;d ekè;LFkeksa esa mRiUu gksus
okys fooknksa dk fu"i{k vkSj mfpr fuiVkjs ds
fy, ,d leku oS/kkfud dk;Z izk:i dh
LFkkiuk djuk gS ¼HkkfV;k baVjuS'kuy cuke
cYd VªsfMaXl] ,vkbZvkj 2002 ,llh 1432 ½
n`"Vkar% ;|fi ekè;LFke~ djkj ds ifjizs{; esa]
nks fons'kh i{kdkjksa ds eè; ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ka Hkkjr ls cgkj vkbZlhlh fu;eksa ds
varxZr vk;ksftr dh tk jgh Fkh] ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa ,d i{kdkj vHkh Hkh vf/kfu;e
1996 dh /kkjk 9 ds varxZr ljdkjh daiuh]
vkW;y ,aM uspqjy xSl dfe'ku] ds fo#¼
varfje O;kns'k tkjh djus dh ekax dj ldrk
gS] rkfd mls i{kdkjksa ds eè; yfEcr ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ka iw.kZ gkus rd foi{k dks dksbZ Hkqxrku
djus ls jksdk tk ldsA ,slk O;kns'k] pwafd ;g
Hkkjr ds Hkw{ks=k ds varxZr laifÙk;ksa ds ckjs esa
gS] la/kk;Z gSA ;fn] gkykafd ;g O;kns'k ns'k ds
cgkj fLFkr laifÙk;ksa ds fy, ekaxk tkrk gS] tks
,slk vkosnu /kkjk 9 ds varxZr Hkkjrh;
U;k;ky; esa la/kk;Z gksxkA
¼vksysDl iQksdl ihVhokbZ ,yVhMh cuke
LdksMk,DliksVZ dks- fyfeVsM] ,vkbZvkj 2000
MhbZ,y 161½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dk Hkkx 2 dfri; fons'kh
iapkVksa ds izorZu ls lacaf/kr gS] vkSj blesa nks
vè;k; gSaA vè;k; 1 U;w;kdZ vfHkle; iapkVksa
ls lacaf/kr gS] ftls vf/kfu;e 1996 dh igyh
vuqlwph ls vuqiwfjr fd;k x;k gSA vè;k; 2
thusok vfHkle; iapkVksa ls lacaf/kr gS ftls
vf/kfu;e dh nwljh vkSj rhljh vuqlwph ds
lkFk iM+k tkrk gSA vfHkO;fDr ^fons'kh iapkV* ls
,slk ekè;kLFke~ iapkV vfHkizr gS tks O;fDr;ksa
ds chp mu fof/kd laca/kksa ls] ftUgsa Hkkjr esa
izo`Ùk fof/k ds v/hu okf.kfT;d le>k x;k gSA
mRiUu gksus okys erHksnksa ds ckjs esa gSA dksbZ
iapkV ^fons'kh* dsoy bl fy, ugha gksrk fd
blls fdlh fons'kh jkT; ds Hkwfe {ks=k esa fn;k
x;k gS] cfYd blfy, Hkh gksrk gS fd ;g ,sls
Hkwfe {ks=k esa vkSj ,sls ekè;LFke~ djkj ds ckjs esa
fn;k x;k gS tks Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds varxZr ugha
vkrk gSA ¼,u- Vh- ih- lh- cuke flaxj daiuh]
,vkbZvkj 1993 ,llh 998½
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds ykxw gksus ds ckn fn;s x;s
fons'kh iapkV dks vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 2 ds
varxZr izofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] fons'kh
iapkV ¼ekU;rk ,oa izorZu½ vf/kfu;e] 1961 ds
varxZr bls izofrZr djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugh
fn;k x;k gSA ;g izklafxd gS fd ekè;LFke~
dk;Zokfg;ka vf/kfu;e 1996 ds izkjaHk ls iwoZ
fons'kh vf/kdkfjrk ds varxZr vkjaHk gks pqdh
FkhA ¼FkkbZlsu LVkgy;wfu;u cuke Hkkjrh;
bLikr izkf/kdj.k] ¼1999½ ,llhlh 334 ½
eè;LFkRkk
eè;LFkrk ,d LoSfPNd] fookn&dsfUnzr] xSj
ckè;dkjh xksiuh; vkSj lajfpr izfØ;k gS ftls
,d ,sls rVLFk vkSj fo'oluh; rrh; i{k }kjk
fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS tks fo"ks'k lalwpukvksa]
ckrphr ,oa lkekftd dkS'ky dk mi;ksx djrs
gq, Lo;a fookfn;ksa }kjk ckè;dkjh okrkZ lek/kku
dks lqxe cukrk gSA eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dk
ifj.kke ,d fuiVku le>kSrk gS u fd ,d
fu.kZ;A eè;LFkrk esa è;ku vfrr dh ?kVuk ds
fy, nks"k flf¼ dh vis{kk laca/kksa ds fuekZ.k ij
cy nsrs gq, Hkfo"; ij gksrk gSA eè;LFkrk dk
iz;kstu nks"kh funksZ"k dh ij[k djuk ugha gS
cfYd le> dks c<+kok nsuk] i{kdkjksa dks vius
fgrksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr djus ds fy, rFkk mUgsa
viuh lgefr ls Lo;a le>kSrk djus izksRlkfgr
djuk gSA eè;LFkrk ds cqfu;knh fu;e ksa esa
lkfey gaS%
& rVLFkrk% ,d eè;LFk dks fookn esa ;k fdlh
i{kdkj esa dksbZ fnypLih u j[krs gq, rVLFk
gksuk pkfg,A
& Lo;a n<+ ladYi% eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa ds Lo;a
n<+ ladYi ij vk/kkfjr gS] blls vfHkizsr gS fd
izR;sd i{kdkj eqDr vkSj fodYi pqurk gSA bl
fy, eè;LFk izfØ;k das lapkyu ds fy,
mÙkjnk;h gS tcfd i{kdkjksa dk ifj.kke ij
fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
& xksiuh;rk% ;g liQy eè;LFkrk dk lkj gS]
vkSj i{kdkjksa dks ,slh fdlh vk'kadk ds fcuk
lqlaxr fo"k;ksa dks izLrqr djus esa l{ke gksuk
pkfg, fd budk [kqyklk ckn esa muds fo#¼ Hkh
bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fLFkfr gksuh
pkfg, vU;Fkk csbZeku i{kdkj eè;LFkrk izfØ;k
dk fo'kky ,oa naM eqDr [kkst izfØ;k ds :i esa
iz;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx dj ldrs gaSA
eè;LFk dks iz;kl djuk pkfg,%
& fd og vkSj i{kdkj eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa ls
lacaf/kr lHkh fo"k;ksa dks xksiuh; j[ksaxs] vkSj fd
xksiuh;rk fuiVkjk le>kSrk ij Hkh ykxw gksxh]
flok; mlds tgka blds dk;kZUo;u ,oa izkorZu
ds mís'; ls bldk izdVhdj.k vfuok;Z gksA
&fd tc rd vU;Fkk i{kdkj lger ugha gksrs
gS] mls ,sls fookn ls lacaf/kr fdlh ekè;LFke~
;k U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa U;kf;d :i ls ,d
eè;LFk ;k xokg ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh
vuqefr ugha gksxh tks eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa dk
fo"k; gS] vkSj fd i{kdkjksa dks ,sls lk{; dks &
u rks rF;ksa ¼tSls dfri; izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj
djus ds fy, fdlh i{kdkj dh bPNk½ esa vkSj
u gh eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku fn;s x;s fopkjksa]
lq>koksa] izfof"V;ksa ;k izLrkoksa esa & izdV djus
dh vuqefr ugha gSA
& fd og O;ogkj ftldh lwpuk nh tk ldrh
gS bl laca/ esa lalwpuk gS fd D;k i{kdkj
fu/kkZfjr eè;LFkrk esa mifLFkr gq, rFkk D;k os
lek/kku ij igaqps ;k ughaA
&fu"i{k izfØ;k% eè;LFkrk izfØ;k ifj.kke ds
leku gh egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g egRoiw.kZ dh
i{kdkjksa dks yxs fd muds lkFk fu"i{k O;ogkj
fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj mudh fparkvksa dk
lek/kku fd;k tk jgk gSA
& LoSfPNd izfØ;k% eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa ds
lger gksus ij gh laHko gS] tks eè;LFkrk ds
nkSjku le>kSrs ij ,d ckj gLrk{kj djus ij
blesa ckè; gks tkrs gSA
iwoZ eè;LFkrk rS;kjh
,d eè;LFk Lo;a dks fookn ls ifjfpr djus ds
fy, izk;% i{kdkjksa ls ,d iwoZ eè;LFkrk
lkjka'k ds fy, dgrk gSA eè;LFkrk esa izfØ;k esa
Hkkx ysus okyksa dk dsoy okLrfod fooknh gksuk
vfuok;Z :i ls vko';d ugha gS] cfYd ,sls
lHkh i{kdkj Hkkx ys ldrs gSa tks fuiVkjs dks
lqxe cuk ldrs gSa ;k ^CykWd* dj ldrs gaSA
fdlh okn dks rS;kj djrs le; eè;LFk
vkSj@;k i{kdkjksa ds fy, fookn dk fo'kys"k.k
djuk ykHkizn gksxkA blds fy, eè;LFk dks
izpfyr dkuwu ,oa izfØ;k ls vo'; ifjfpr
gksuk pkfg,] vkSj Lo;a dks rF;ksa ij nksuksa i{kksa
ds fopkjksa ls rFkk izR;sd i{kdkj ds lcls fpark
okys eqíksa ls voxr djuk pkfg,A
eè;LFk dk vkpj.k
eè;LFk dks viuh rVLFkrk LFkkfir djus ,oa
izfØ;k ij fu;a=k.k djus dk iz;kl djuk
pkfg,] rFkk ,slk djrs gq, ,slh Hkk"kk dk
mi;ksx djuk pkfg, tks ikjLifjDrk ds
lk/kkj.k 'kCnksa lfgr rVLFk gS] tks lHkh
i{kdkjksa ij ykxw gksrh gSA mlds Loj 'kkar]
eè;e] O;olk; dh rjg vkSj fopkj 'khy gksus
pkfg, vkSj mlds gko Hkko f'k"V gksus pkfg,A
fudVrk] vkW[k laidZ ,oa JO;rk lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, cSBus dh O;oLFkk dks vo';
egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
'kqHkkjaHk oDrO;
eè;LFkrk dh izfØ;k eè;LFk }kjk 'kqHkkjaHk
oDrO; ds lkFk izkjaHk gksrh gSA ;g oDrO;
lk/kkj.k gksuk pkfg, ,oa i{kdkjksa dh i`"BHkwfe
ds vuq:i Hkk"kk ,oa 'kSyh esa gksuk pkfg,A vius
'kqHkkjaHk oDrO; esa ,d eè;LFk%
&[kqn] viuh fLFkfr] izf'k{k.k ,oa eè;LFk ds
:i esa liQy vuqHko dk ifjp; nsrk gS_
&i{kdkjksa ls viuk ifjp; nsus dk fuosnu
djrk gS_
&i{kdkjksa ls mudh ilan dh Hkk"kk rFkk ml
rjhdk dh tkudkjh ysrk gS ftlesa os lEcksf/kr
gksuk ialn djsaxs_
&i{kdkjksa ds dkmalYl dk Lokxr djrk gS_
&i{kdkjksa vkSj dkmalYl ls muds fdlh vU;
eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa igys vuqHko dh tku dkjh
djrk gS_
&fu"i{krk ,oa rVLFkrk dh ?kks"k.kk djsxk] rFkk
eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djrk gS_
&mfpr vkW[k laidZ] 'kCnksa ,oa 'kkjhfjd gkoHkko
dk mi;ksx djrs gq, xksiuh;rk ,oa rVLFkrk
dh ckr djrk gS_
& izfØ;k ds xSj&fojks/kkRed igyw ij cy nsrk
gS] tSls lk{kh dk vfHkys[ku] fu.kZ; dh ?kks"k.kk
;k iapkV] ;k vkns'k_
& eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh LoSfPNd izÑfr ij cy
nsrk gS_
& i{kdkjksa ,oa dkmaly dks lwfpr djrk gS fd
og cgl ls ijs tk ldrk gS vkSj vU; fooknksa
dks lafefyr dj ldrk gS_
& ml izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djrk gS ftldk
ikyu ¼,d [kkadk izLrqr djrk gS½ fd;k tk,xk
vkSj futh l=kksa ds vk;kstu dh laHkkouk dh
O;k[;k djrk gS_
&mu lqlaxr izfØ;kvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS tks
fuiVkjs vkSj fcuk fuiVkjs ekeyksa esa iz;qDr gks
ldrs gSa_ rFkk
&i{kdkjksa dks lalwfpr djrk gS fd U;k;ky;
'kqYd fuiVkjk gksus ij okil dj fn;k tk,xkA
eè;LFk dks ;g Hkh iqf"V djuh pkfg, fd
i{kdkj eè;LFkrk pgkrs gSaA eè;LFk ij fdlh
foLiQksVd okrkoj.k dk izca/u djus]
iz'kklfud ekeyksa dks laHkkyus] tSls varjky ;k
izLrqfrdj.k dk vkns'k] rFkk ;g lqfu'pr djus
fd i{kdkj vey esa vkus oyh izfØ;k ds ckjs
Li"V gSa] dk Hkh nkf;Ro gksrk gSA dksbZ lk i{k
Hkh igys viuh ckr j[k ldrk gS] vkSj nksuksa
i{kksa dks leku volj feyus dk vk'koklu
fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
eè;LFkrk ds pj.k ,oa l=k
ifjp; ds ckn fuEu pj.k vkrs gaS%
& leL;k le> pj.k_
& vko';drk,a ,oa fgr le> pj.k_
& leL;k ifjHkk"kk pj.k_
& eqn~ns igpku pj.k_
& fodYi igpku pj.k_ vkSj
& fodYi ewY;kadu pj.kA
bu pj.kksa ds ckn la;qDr l=k ,oa futh l=k
¼dkWdl½ nksuks dk vk;kstu gksrk gSaA ,d
la;qDr l=k esa%
& i{kdkj vkSj muls lacaf/kr dkmalYl
mifLFkr gksrs gSa_
& i{kdkjksa@dkmaly ¼odhy½ dks fcuk foèu ds
cksyus dh vuqefr nh tkrh gS_
& vke rkSj ij i{kdkj igys cksyrk gS] odhy
dkuwuh eqn~nksa ds lkFk i{kdkjksa dh izLrqfr;ksa dks
vuqiwfjr djrk gS_
& i{kdkjksa ds fdlh Hkh fe=k ;k laca/h dks Hkh
lquk tk;sxk_
& izR;sd i{kdkj@odhy dks lquus ij eè;LFk
izR;sd i{kdkj dh lacaf/kr izLrqfr;ksa dk lkj
izLrqr djrk gS vkSj Li"Vhdj.k pkgrk gS] ;fn
dksbZ gks_
& i{kdkj@odhy viuh izLrqfr;ksa ds ckn dksbZ
vfrfjDr tkudkjh ns ldrs gSa_
& eè;LFk dks mu i{kdkjksa ds fuosnu dks
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, tks ckr djuk pkgrs gSa_
vkSj
& izLrqfr;ksa ds nkSjku fdlh foèu dh vuqefr
ugha gS rkfd eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh e;kZnk vkSj
xfjek dks cuk, j[kk tk ldsA
tgkaa dksbZ i{k ,d futh l=k dk fuosnu djrk
gS] eè;LFk dks futh :i ls cSBd djus igys
la;qDr l=k dks lekIr djuk pkfg,A ,d i{k
ds lkFk ,d futh l=k ds ckn nwljs i{k ds
lkFk ,d futh l=k dk vk;kstu gksuk pkfg,A
,d eè;LFk dks ;g igys ls Li"V dj nsuk
tkuk pkfg, fd ,d i{k ds lkFk ,d futh
l=k esa nwljs i{k dh vis{kk vf/kd le; yx
ldrk gSA
dksbZ eè;LFk ,d futh l=k dk vk;kstu dj
ldrk gS%
& ,sl futh ekeyksa ,oa lwpuk dh tkudkjh ds
fy, ftldk la;qDr l=kksa esa o.kZu ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gS_
&iqu% fu;a=k.k izkIr djus ds fy, tc fdlh
i{k dk vkpj.k fu;a=k.k ls ckgj gks jgk gks_
&tgka eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa i{kdkj xfrjks/ ;k
foèu dk lkeuk djrs gSa_
&i{kdkjksa dks viuh Hkkouk,a jpukRed <+x ls
izLrqr djus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy,_
& vokLrfod vis{kkvksa dks mtkxj djus ds
fy,_
& ppkZ ls leL;k lek/kku dh vksj c<+us ds
fy,_
& fuiVkjs ds fy, fodYi ryk'kus ds fy,_
vkSj
& izLrko ,oaa izfrizLrkoksa dks lalwfpr djus ds
fy,A
eè;LFk dks futh l=k ls cpuk pkfg,%
& tgka fdlh i{k dks lh/s euk;k tk ldrk
gS_ ;k
& tgka dksbZ i{k nwljs i{k ds le{k Li"V :i
ls viuh lgh fLFkfr dks izLrqr dj ldrk gSA
eè;LFkrk rduhd
eè;LFkrk iwjh rjg fooknksa dks ifjofrZr djus
ls lacaf/kr gSA eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa ds eè;
dM+okgV dks nwj djuk pkfg, rFkk rVLFk iqu%
fu:i.k dh rduhdh viukus] i{kdkj ds
vØked vFkok HkM+dkmQ c;ku esa ldkjkRed
t:jrksa ij è;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq, fujkin <+x
ls lq/kkj djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% eè;LFkrk esa i{kdkj d dgrk gS fd]
^^og bruk izHkqRo'kkyh gS fd og eq>s lc dqN
nck dj j[kus ds fy, ckè; djrs gq, eq>ls
dHkh ckr ugha djrk gSA**
eè;LFk mRrj nsrk gS% ^^vkidks lquuk ilan
djuk pkfg,----A**
bl rjg eè;LFk us u dsoy udkjkRed dFku
dks ldkjkRed esa cny fn;k] cfYd mlus nwljs
i{k dks dFku dh egRkk dk mYys[k djrs gq,
ldkjkRed vko';drk ¼lquus dh½ dks mtkxkj
fd;kA
vU; eè;LFkrk rduhd gaS%
lkjka'k% eè;LFk i{kdkjksa }kjk fn;s x;s dFkuksa
ds lkj dk iqu% mYys[k djr gq, laf{kIr]
lVhd ,oa iw.kZ :i ls lkjka'k izLrqr djrk gSA
ekU;rk% eè;LFk bl <+x ls tks ml i{kdkj ds
ifjizs{; dks ekU;rk nsrk gS] i{kdkj ds dFku
dk iqu% mYys[k djrk gSA
iqu%funs'ku% ,d eè;LFk fooj.k ij è;ku dsafnzr
djus ds fy, ,d i{kdkj dk è;ku ,d fo"k;
ls nwljs ij fo"k; dh vksj dsafnzr djrk gS] ;k
fdlh i{kdkj }kjk mPp :i ls vfLFkj dFku
ij izfrfØ;k djrk gSA
vkLFkxu% ,d eè;LFk fdlh ,tsaMs ij vey
djus] ;k vfrfjDr lwpuk ,d=k djus ;k
izfrdqy fLFkfr dks 'kkar djus ds fy, fdlh
i{k ds iz'u ds mRrj dks vkLFkfxr dj ldrk
gSA
,tsaMk fu/kkZj.k% eè;LFk ,d ,slh O;oLFkk
LFkkfir djrk gS ftlesa eqn~nksa] fLFkfr;ksa ,oa
nkoksa dk lek/kku fd;k tkrk gSA
izfrfØ;k'khy voewY;u izca/u% ,d eè;LFk
,dek=k lwpuk ds lzksr ds vk/kkj ij vU;
i{kdkj dks ,slh lwpuk ;k dFku ij izfrfØ;k
djus ls igys gh jksd nsus ds fy,] fdlh
i{kdkj dh lwpuk ;k dFku ij LokfeRo j[krk
gSA
eè;LFk dks bl rjg i{kdkjksa ds fgrksa dh
fLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko ykus dk iz;kl djuk
pkfg,%
& muds nh?kZdkyhu fgrksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus ds
fy, ls okrkZ djds] vkSj bl izfØ;k esa i{kdkjksa
ds lk>k fgrksa dh igpku djus dk iz;kl
djuk pkfg,_
& vf/kd rF;ksa dks iz;kl esa ykus ds fy, [kqys
iz'uksa dk mi;ksx djds_
& fuiVkjs ds mn~ns'; dks ysdj i{kdkjks ls
fodYi vkeaf=kr djds_
& izR;sd fuiVkjk fodYi dks izLrqr djuk] pkgs
tkfgj rkSj ij og fdruk gh ux.; gks_
& izR;sd O;fDrxr fodYi dk lrdZrk ls
ijh{k.k djds] D;ksafd dksbZ fn;k gqvk fodYi
xgu fo'ys"k.k ij gh fdlh i{kdkj dks ilan
vk ldrk gS_ vkSj
& fdlh yfEcr izLrko dh fuEu ls rqyuk
djuk djds lR;rk ijh{k.k djuk%
&loZJs"B ifj.kke ftls dksbZ i{kdkj eqdnes
esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼ch- ,- Vh- ,u- ,-] ;k
okrkZ djkj ds fy, loksZRre fodYi½_
&lcls cqjk ifj.kke ftls dksbZ i{kdkj
eqdnes esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼MCY;w- ,- Vh- ,u-
,-] ;k okrkZ djkj ds fy, lcls cqjk fodYi½_
vkSj
&lcls vf/kd laHkkouk okyk ifj.kke ftls
dksbZ i{kdkj eqdnes esa izkIr dj ldrk gS ¼,e-
,y- ,- Vh- ,u- ,-] ;k okrkZ djkj ds fy,
lcls vf/kd laHkkouk okyk fodYi½A
Hkkoukvksa dk izca/u
Hkkoukvksa dk lkeuk djrs le; mudh Lo;a dh
izfrfØ;k ls ifjfpr gksuk visf{kr gSA Hkkoukvksa
ds izca/u ds fy, j.kuhfr;ksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
& dqN izdVhdj.k Lohdkjuk] ;|fi vf/kekur%
futh l=k esa_
& Hkkoukvksa dh bZekunkjh lR;kfir djus ds
fy, lfØ; lquokbZ dk mi;ksx djuk_
& Hkkouk ds lzksr ;k dkj.k dh igpku djuk
vkSj dkj.k dk lek/kku djuk] u dh O;ogkj
dk_
& O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus ij cy nsuk_
& fdlh nh gqbZ fLFkfr ds HkkoukRed izHkko ds
izdVhdj.k gsrq ;k ,d nwljs ds izfr viuh
Hkkoukvksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa
dks vkeaf=kr djuk_ vkSj
&foJke lq>kukA
eè;LFkrk esa pqIih dh Hkwfedk
eè;LFkrk esa pqIih dh Hkwfedk ij vf/kd cy
ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA ,d eè;LFk dks
eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku Vgjko vkSj i{kdkjksa dh
pqIih dh izklafxdrk dks vo'; le>Kuk
pkfg,A dbZ ckj pqIih dh vof/k ds i'pkr
lwpuk dk egRoiw.kZ va'k izdV gksrk gSA
pqIih oDrk ds fy, ykHkizn gks ldrh gS D;ksafd
;g%
& oDrk dks ckrphr dh xfr dks fu;af=kr
djus dh vuqefr nsrh gS_
& cksyus ls igys lkspus ds le; dh vuqefr
nsrh gS_ vkSj
& oDrk dks ckrphr esa vkxs c<+uk pkfg, ;k
ugha bldk pquko djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA
pqIih ,d Jksrk ds fy, ykHkizn gks ldrh gS]
viuh fuEu {kerk ds dkj.k%
& #fp] lEeku ,oa /S;Z dk izn'kZu djus ds
fy,_ vkSj
& oDrk dks le>us dk volj iznku djus vkSj
xSj&ekSf[kd ladsrksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,A
eè;LFkrk esa ekiQh vkSj ^psgjk lgstuk*
n`f"Vdks.k dk mi;ksx
ekiQh fcuk j{kk ds xyrh ekuuk vkSj [ksn
vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rF; ij cy gksrk gS fd
fd;s gq, dk;Z xSj&fd;k ugha gks ldrk gS]
fdUrq fd bls è;ku jfgr ugha jgus nsuk
pkfg,A
psgjk [kksus dk Mj Hkh ,d l'kDr Hkkouk gS tks
viuh fLFkfr esa cus jgus ;k eqdnes dks tkjh
j[kus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ckè; djrh gSA ,d
eè;LFk ,sls fuiVkjk fodYiksa dh [kkst djuh
pkfg, tks ,d lEekutud lekfIr dh vuqefr
nsrs gSaA
xfrjks/ izca/u
xfrjks/ dk lkeuk djrs gq, bu n`f"Vdks.kksa esa
ls ,d ;k vf/kd dks viukuk pkfg,%
& dk;Zokgh dks futh ,oa la;qDr l=kksa ds eè;
ifjofrZr djrs gq, i{kdkjksa ls ;g lR;rk tkap
djkuk fd mudk ekeyk dSls ^iQqyizwiQ* gS_
& fdlh i{kdkj ds odhy ds lkFk futh l=k
vk;ksftr djuk] ;fn mlus vius eqofDdy dks
viq"V lykg nh gS] tks eqdnes esa vlR; :i ls
liQyrk ds izfr vk'oLr gks ldrk gS_
& izfrHkkfx;ksa dks psrkouh nsuk @ fLFkfr dks
Lohdkj djus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dks ,d lkFk
ykuk_
& fLFkfr ds fuLrkj.k ds fy, vafre iz;klksa dks
mtkxj djuk_
& okrkoj.k dks cnyuk] ;k ekgkSy dks 'kkar
djus ds fy, gkL; dk mi;ksx djuk_
& le>kSrs ds eqíksa ;k {ks=kksa dks fiQj
nkSgjkuk_
& vf/kekur% vklku eqís ds lkFk dk;Zokgh vkxs
c<+kuk_
& i{kdkjksa ls xfrjks/ ds dkj.k ds ckjs esa
tkuuk_
& i{kdkjksa ls xfrjks/ lekIr djus gsrq fodYi
lq>kus dks dguk_
& i{kdkjksa ds dk;Z vkSj miyC/h dh iz'kalk
djuk_
& Hkwfedk iyVys dh dksf'k'k djuk_
& dkYifud lek/kkuksa dk izLrko djuk_
& eè;LFkrk dks lekIr djus dk lq>ko ¼;k
/edh½ nsuk_
& rhljs i{k @ fo'ks"kK ds gLr{ksi dk lq>ko
nsuk_
& Hkkoukvksa dks mtkxj gksus dh vuqefr nsuk_
vkSj @ ;k
& eè;LFkrk izfØ;k esa vfLFkkbZ vUrjky ysukA
fuiVkjk djkj
fuiVkjk djkj fyf[kr esa gksuk pkfg, vkSj blesa
pkfg, fd%
& i{kdkjksa ds Hkfo"; esa laca/ ds ckjs esa dFku
'kkfey gks_
& fuiVkjk dk;kZUo;u izR;sd i{kdkj ds nkf;Ro
dk o.kZu gks_
& Li"V] laf{kIr] iw.kZ] Bksl] ;FkkFkZoknh] vkSj
O;kogkfjd gks_
& larqfyr gks vkSj izR;sd i{kdkj ds ykHk dks
n'kkZrk gks_
& ldkjkRed gks] fcuk fdlh nks"k ewY;kadu
ds_ vkSj
& xSj&vkykspukRed Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr gksA
,d fuiVkjk djkj dk elkSnk vf/kekur%
eè;LFk }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;|fi
bls i{kdkjksa }kjk Hkh rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
djkj dk elkSnk rS;kj djus okys eè;LFk dks
fuiVkjs ds fu;eksa dk ekSf[kd :i ls ikBu
djuk pkfg,] fu;eksa dks Li"V djuk pkfg,
rFkk mUgsa fy[kus ls igys mudh iqf"V djuh
pkfg,A djkj dk elkSnk rS;kj djrs le;
eè;LFk dks fof'k"V jguk pkfg, vkSj vLi"V
'kCnksa dk bLrseky djus ls cpuk pkfg,A bl
rjg ds 'kCnksa esa ^mfpr*] ^'kh?kz*] ^vDlj*]
^lgdkjh*] ;k ^lkè;* tSls 'kCn 'kkfey gSaA mls
Li"V :i ls ^dkSu* ^D;k* djsxk] ^dc*] ^dgk*]
^dSls*] ^fdruk^] ^fdruk yEck*] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
bls lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa gksuk pkfg,] vf/kekur%
i{kdkjksa dh Hkk"kk esa] vkSj dkuwuh 'kCntky ls
cpk tkuk pkfg,A djkj esa i{kdkjksa dks izR;sd
i`"B ij gLrk{kj djus pkfg, tcfd odhy dks
vafre i`"B ij gLrk{kj djds vius eofDdy
ds gLrk{kj dks izekkf.kr djuk pkfg,A fuiVkjk
djkj nksuksa i{kksa ds gLrk{kj gksus ij eè;LFk dks
djkj ij gLrk{kj djus pkfg, vkSj izR;sd
i{kdkj dks ,d izfrfyfi izLrqr djuh pkfg,A
eè;LFkrk dh lekfIr
eè;LFkrk izfØ;k] tks fd i{kdkjksa ds iz;klksa dk
izfriQy gS] fd lqxe lekfIr eè;LFk dks
lqfu'pr djuh pkfg,A ;fn izfØ;k esa 'kkfey
i{kdkj vafre fu.kZ; ij ugha igqaprs gSa] rks
eè;LFk dks bl vk'kk ds lkFk i{kdkjksa dks
izxfr ds fy, c/kkbZ nsuh pkfg, fd fuiVkjk gks
tk,xkA foiQy eè;LFkrk tSlh dksbZ ckr ugha
gSA
;fn i{kdkj vafre fu.kZ; esa igqap tkrs gSa] rks
eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa dks c/kkbZ nsuh pkfg,A
eè;LFkrk fuiVkjk djkj dh rhfFk dks lekIr
gksrh gSA
vkn'kZ flfoy izfØ;k eè;LFkrk fu;e] 2003
tcfd Hkkjr esa eè;LFkrk ds lapkyu gsrq dksbZ
O;kid fo/kku ugha gS] loksZPp U;k;ky; us mPp
U;k;ky;ksa dks] lq/kkj ds lkFk ;k lq/kkj ds fcuk]
Hkkjrh; fof/k vk;ksx }kjk rS;kj vkn'kZ flfoy
izfØ;k eè;LFkrk fu;eksa dks viukus dgk gSA
¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,slksfl'ksal cuke Hkkjr
la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,llh 3353½
;s fu;e eè;LFk dh fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k] eè;LFk
dh ;ksX;rk,a] vkSj eè;LFkrk ds fy, izfØ;k
dk izko/kku djrs gSaA fu;e 12 izko/kku djrk
gS fd eè;LFk lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 vkSj
lafgrk ls ckè; ugha gS] fdUrq i{kdkjksa ds
vf/kdkjksa ,oa izfrc¼rkvksa] dk;Z uhfr] ;fn dksbZ
gS] vkSj fookn dh izÑfr dk lEeku djrs gq,
fu"i{krk ,oa U;k; ds fl¼karksa ls funsf'kr gksuk
pkfg,A fu;e 16 eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu
djrk gS rFkk mYys[k djrk gS fd eè;LFk dks
i{kdkjksa }kjk fookn ds LoSfPNd lek/kku dks
lqxe cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj izR;sd
i{kdkj ds n`f"Vdks.k dks nwljs ds lkFk lalwfpr
djuk pkfg,] eqqíksa dh igpku esa mudh lgk;rk
djuh pkfg,] xyriQgfe;ksa dks de djrs gq,]
izkFkfedrkvksa dks Li"V djrs gq,] le>kSrss ds
{ks=kksa dh [kkst djrs gq,] vkSj fookn lek/kku
ds iz;kl esa fodYiksa dk l`tu djrs gq,] bl
ij cy nsrs gq, dh ,slk fu.kZ; ysuk i{kdkjksa
dk nkf;Ro gS tks mUgsa izHkkfor djrk gS_
eè;LFk dks i{kdkjksa ij djkj dh fdlh 'krZ dks
ykxw ugha djuk pkfg,A fu;e 17 bl ckr ij
cy nsrk gS fd i{kdkj vius fu.kZ; ds fy,
Lo;a ftEesnkj gaS] vkSj fd eè;LFk dksbZ fuiVkjk
ykxw ugha djsxk vkSj u gh dj ldrk gSA ;k
,slh dksbZ okajVh ugha nsxk fd eè;LFkrk ekeys
dk fuiVkjk djsxhA bu fu;eksa esa eè;LFkrk
izfØ;k dh xksiuh;rk ds ckjs esa dBksj izko/kku
fd;s x;s gaSA tgka fu;e 11 eè;LFk dks izR;sd
i{kdkj ls vyx vyx feyus vkSj lalwfpr
djus esa l{ke cukrk gS] ogha fu;e 20 eè;LFk
dks vU; i{kdkjksa ds lkFk fdlh i{kdkj }kjk
mls nh xbZ fdlh lwpuk dks izdV djus ls
jksdrk gS] ,d fo'ks"k n'kk ds v/hu fd ;g
xksiuh; j[kh tkrh gSa] eè;LFk ,oa i{kdkjksa dks
eè;LFkrk izfØ;k ds laca/ esa iw.kZ xksiuh;rk
j[kus dk funs'k nsrk gS] vkSj izko/kku djrk gS
fd i{kdkj ,slh lwpuk dks fdlh vU;
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa izdV djus esa fo'okl ugha j[krs
gSa tSls%
& eè;LFkrk dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fdlh i{k }kjk
vfHkO;Dr fopkj ;k LohdkjksfDr_
& xksiuh; nLrkost] fVIif.k;ka] elkSnk ;k
eè;LFkrk ds nkSjku izkIr lwpuk_
& eè;LFk }kjk fn;s x;s izLrko ;k vfHkO;Dr
fopkj_ ;k
& ;g rF; fd fdlh i{kdkj us fuiVkjs ds
fy, fdlh izLrko dks Lohdkj djus dh bPNk
dk ladsr fn;k Fkk ;k ugha fn;k FkkA
fu;e 21 eè;LFk ,oa U;k;ky; ds eè; fdlh
i{kdkj dh mifLFkr gksus esa foiQyrk] vkSj
i{kdkjksa ds lkFk lgefr] mldk ewY;kadu fd
;g ckr eè;LFkrk ds ekè;e ls fuiVkjs ds fy,
mi;qDr ugha gS] ;k fd i{kdkjksa us viuk fookn
fuiVk fy;k ds ckjs esa U;k;ky; dks lalwfpr
djus ds fy, lapkj dks lhfer djrk gSA
fu;e 24 djkj dks i{kdkjksa ds eè; ,d
fyf[kr] i{kdkjksa }kjk vfHklE;d~ :i ls
gLrk{kfjr] fuiVkjk djkj ds :i esa ykus dk
izko/kku djrk gSA
fuiVkjk djkj dks eè;LFk }kjk ,d vkoj.k
i=k ds lkFk U;k;ky; dks izsf"kr fd;k tkrk
gSA U;k;ky; rc fu;e 25 ds varxZr fuiVkjs
ds laca/ esa vfHkfu.kZ; nsrk gSA
D;k fuiVkjk dsoy ckn esa dfri; eqíksa dk
fuLrkj.k djus ds fy, gksuk pkfg,] vU; eqíksa
ls vyx D;k gksuk pkfg,] U;k;ky; lh/s mu
eqíksa ij fuiVkjs ds vuq:i vfHkfu.kZ; ns ldrk
gS] fcuk U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh izfr{kk fd;s
fuiVkjk u gksus okys eqíksa ijA ;fn eqís
i`FkDdj.kh; ugha gS] rks U;k;ky; dks ,sls eqíksa
ij U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dh izfr{kk djuh gksxhA
fu;e 27 fdlh eè;LFk ds vkpj.k laca/h ekud
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS tks fd bl rjg gksus pkfg,%
& fu;eksa dks dM+kbZ ,oa deZBrkiwoZd ekuuk ,oa
ikyu djuk_
& ,slh fdlh xfrfof/k ;k vkpj.k dks u djuk
tks ,d eè;LFk ds vuqi;qDr O;ogkj ds :i esa
ekuk tk ldrk gS_
&eè;LFkrk izfØ;k dh fu"i{krk vkSj v[kaMrk
dks cuk,a j[kuk_
& ;g lqfu'pr djuk fd eè;LFkrk esa 'kfey
i{kdkj mfpr :i ls lwfpr gS vkSj izfØ;k ds
izfØ;kRed igyqvksa dh i;kZIr le>k j[krs gaS_
&[kqn dks larq"V djuk fd og is'ksoj <+x ls
eè;LFkrk lapkfyr ,oa iw.kZ djus ds ;ksX; gS_
& fdlh ,sls fgr ;k laca/ dk [kqyklk djuk
ftlls fu"i{krk izHkkfor gks ldrh gk] vkSj
i{kikr ;k iwokZxzg dk vkHkkl gksrk gks_
& i{kdkjksa ds lkFk lapkj djrs le; fdlh
vukSfpR; ;k vukSfpR; dh mifLFkfr ls cpuk_
& eè;LFk ds in ls lacaf/kr fo'okl ,oa
xksiuh;rk ds laca/ ds izfr ciQknkj jguk_
& fdlh fookn ls lacaf/kr lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk
lapkyu izpfyr dkuwu ds vuq:i djuk_
& bldks ekU;rk nsuk fd eè;LFkrk i{kdkjksa
}kjk Lo;a vo/kkj.k ds fl¼karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS]
vkSj fd eè;LFkrk izfØ;k i{kdkjksa dh fdlh
LoSfPNd le>kSrs ij igqapus dh ;ksX;rk ij
fuHkZj djrh gS_ vkSj
& i{kdkjksa dh mfpr vis{kkvksa dks cuk, j[kuk
tSls xksiuh;rk] okns ;k ifj.kkeksa dh xkjaVh nsus
ls cpukA
lqyg
lqyg ,d ,slh 'kCnkoyh gS ftldk mi;ksx
izk;% eè;LFkrk ds lkFk vny cny dj fd;k
tkrk gS_ dqN dkuwuh fo'ks"kK lqyg dks
eè;LFkrk ds iwoZ&lfØ; :i esa ekurs gS tgka
dksbZ rVLFk rhljk i{k okfn;ksa dks muds fooknksa
ds fuiVkjs gsrq lq>ko nsus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA ¼lsye vf/koDrk ckj ,slksfl'ksal
cuke Hkkjr la?k] ,vkbZvkj 2005 ,llh 3353½
lqyg lapkyu dk <+x] cqfu;knh fu;e ,oa
vkpj.k ekud eè;LFkrk ds leku gh gSA
Hkkjr esa lqyg ij igyk O;kid fo/kku
vf/kfu;e 1996 ds Hkkx 3 esa dqN la'kks/u ds
ckn la- jk- v- O;k- fo- vk- lqyg fu;e] 1980
dks viuk;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e 1996 lqyg
dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vkjaHk ds fy, izfØ;k dk
izko/kku djrk gS] okfn;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds
vkea=k.k ij ¼/kkjk 62½] vkSj lqygdrkZ dks
dFkuksa dk fn;k tkuk] fookn dh lk/kkj.k
izÑfr dk vkSj fookn ds iz'uksa dk o.kZu djrs
gq, ¼/kkjk 65½A lqygdrkZ lafgrk ;k Hkkjrh;
lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 }kjk ckè; ugha gksxk
¼/kkjk 66½A
lqygdrkZ dh Hkwfedk
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 67 lqygdrkZ dh
Hkwfedk dk fuEu izdkj o.kZu djrh gS_
& lqygdrkZ] i{kdkjksa dh muds fookn ds
lkSgknzZiw.kZ le>kSrs ij igaqpus ds muds iz;kl
esa] Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k jhfr ls lgk;rk djsxk_
& lqygdrkZ] oLrqfu"Bk] vkSfpR; vkSj U;k; ds
fl¼karksa ls ekxZnf'kZr gksxk ftuesa vU; ckrksa ds
lkFk&lkFk] i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj ckè;rkvksa]
lacaf/kr O;kikj dh izFkkvksa vkSj fookn dh
ifjorhZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk] ftuesa i{kdkjksa ds chp
dksbZ iwoZorhZ dkjckjh O;ogkj Hkh 'kkfey gS]
è;ku j[kk tk,xk_
&lqygdrkZ] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu ,slh
jhfr ls djsxk] tks og leqfpr le>s] ftlesa
ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ka] os bPNk,a tks i{kdkj
O;Dr djsa] ftlesa fdlh i{kdkj dk dksbZ ,slk
vuqjks/ Hkh 'kkfey gS fd lqygdrkZ ekSf[kd
dFku lqus vkSj fookn ds 'kh?kz fuiVkjs dh
vko';drk dk è;ku j[ks_
&lqygdrkZ] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fdlh Hkh
izØe ij fookn ds fuiVkjs ds fy, izLrko
rS;kj dj ldsxkA ,sls izLrkoksa dk fyf[kr esa
gksuk vko';d ugha gksxk vkSj mlds fy,
izLrko rS;kj dj lkdsxkA ,sls izLrkoksa dk
fyf[kr esa gksuk vkp';d ughaa gksxk vkSj mlds
fy, dkj.kksa ds fdlh dFku dk lkFk gksuk
vko';d ugha gksxkA
xksiuh;rk lqyg dk vfHkUu vax gSA tgka
vf/kfu;e 1996 dg /kkjk 69 lqygdrkZ dks
i{kdkjksa ls ,d lkFk ;k muesa ls izR;sd ds
lkFk i`Fkd~r% feyus esa l{ke cukrh gS ogha /kkjk
70 lqygdrkZ dks mls fdlh i{kdkj }kjk nh
xbZ fdlh lwpuk dks fdlh vU; i{kdkj ds
leq[k izdV djus ls jksdrh gS] bl fofufnZ"V
'krZ ds v/hu jgrs gq, mls xksiuh; j[kk tk,A
/kkjk 75 izko/kku djrh gS fd rRle; izoÙk
fdlh vU; fof/k esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh]
lqygdrkZ vkSj i{kdkj] lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ls
lacaf/kr lHkh ckrsa j[ksaxsA mlds flok; fd tgka
fØ;kUo;u vkSj laizorZu ds iz;kstuksa ds fy,
mldk izdVhdj.k vko';d gks] xksiuh;rk dk
foLrkj le>kSrk djkj rd Hkh gksxkA
tc rd fd i{kdkjksa }kjk vU;Fkk djkj u
fd;k x;k gks] lqygdrkZ vf/kfu;e 1996 ds
varxZr fdlh ,sls fookn ds ckjs esa tks fdlh
lqyg dk;Zokgh dh fo"k; oLrq gS] fdlh
ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa ekè;LFke~ ds
:i esa ;k fdlh i{kdkj ds izfrfuf/k ;k ijke'khZ
ds :i esa dk;Z ugh djsxk_ lkFk gh mls
i{kdkjksa }kjk fdlh ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa lk{kh ds :i esa Hkh is'k ugha
fd;k tk,xkA ¼/kkjk 80½
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 81 esa izko/kku gS fd
i{kdkj] ekè;LFke~ ;k U;kf;d dk;Zokfg;ksa esa]
pkgs ,slh dk;Zokfg;ka ml fookn ls lacaf/kr gksa
;k u gksa] tks lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa dh fo"k;&oLrq
gSa%
& fookn ds laHkkO; fuiVkjs dh ckcr nwljs
i{kdkj }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkjksa ;k fn, x,
lq>koksa ij_
& lqyg dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vuqØe esa nwljs i{kdkj
}kjk dh xbZ LohÑfr;ksa ij_
& lqygdrkZ }kjk fn, x, izLrkoksa ij_ ;k
& bl rF; ij fd nwljs i{kdkj us lqygdrkZ
}kjk fuiVkjs ds fy, fn, x, izLrko dks
Lohdkj djus dh viuh jtkeanh minf'kZr dh
FkhA fuHkZj ugha djsaxs ;k mUgsa lk{; ds :i esa
iqu%LFkkfir ugha djsaxsA
vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 73 esa funs'k gS fd
i{kdkjksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr le>kSrk djkj vafre
gksxk vkSj i{kdkjksa rFkk muds v/hu nkok djus
okys O;fDr;ksa ij vkc¼dj gksxkA le>kSrk djkj
lqygdrkZ }kjk vo'; vf/kizekf.kr gksuk
pkfg,A
/kkjk 74 le>kSrk djkj dks ogh izkfLFkfr vkSj
izHkko iznku djrh gS] ekuks og fookn ds lkj
ij djkj ik, fucU/uksa ij /kkjk 30 ds v/hu
fdlh ekè;LFke~ vf/kdj.k }kjk fn;k x;k dksbZ
ekè;kLFke~ iapkV gS] tks fd U;k;ky; ds
vfHkfu.kZ; dh izkfLFkfr dk gSA
,d liQy lqyg izfØ;k rHkh lekIr gksrh gS
tc i{kdkjksa }kjk gLrk{kfjr le>kSrk djkj
vfLrRo esa vk tkrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk djkj gS
ftls vf/kfu;e 1996 dh /kkjk 74 varxZr ,d
ekè;LFke~ iapkV ds dkuwuh ifo=krk dh
izkfLFkfr vkSj izHkko izkIr gksxkA ¼gjs'k n;kje
Bkdqj cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 2000
,llh 2281½
vU; fo/kkuksa ds varxZr lqyg
fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ds mica/ lqyg ds ekè;e ls
fookn fuiVkjs dk izko/kku djrs gaS] tSls
vkS|ksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e] 1947] fgUnw fookg
vf/kfu;e] 1948] xzke U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e]
2008A vf/kfu;e 1987 /kkjk 20 yksd vnkyrksa
ds ekeyksa dk laKku j[krh gS vkSj funs'k nsrh
gS fd izR;sd yksd vnkyr vf/kfu;e ds varxZr
vius le{k fdlh lanHkZ dk vc/kkj.k djrs gq,]
i{kdkjksa ds eè; le>kSrk ;k fuiVkjk djkus ds
fy, iw.kZ 'kh?kzrk ds lkFk dk;Z djsxh] rFkk
U;k;] lekurk] fu"i{krk] ,oa vU; U;kf;d
fl¼karksa ls funsf'kr gksaxhA vf/kfu;e 1987
eqdnek iwoZ lqyg ,oa fuiVkjs dk Hkh izko/kku
djrk gS vkSj LFkkbZ yksd vnkyr ds le{k
lqyg ds fy, fo"k; ds fufnZ"V fd;s tkus dh
izfØ;k fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA LFkkbZ yksd vnkyr
dks Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k <+x ls fdlh fookn ds
lkSgkniw.kZ fuiVkjs igqapus ds fy, i{kdkjksa dh
lgk;rk djuh gksxhA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;% 2 flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ,oa ifjlhek
vf/kfu;e
foLrkj ls dgs rks fof/k ds nks izdkj gksrs gS!
¼1½ ekSfyd] lkjHkwr] ewy fof/k ¼2½ izfØ;k fof/k
ogk¡ ekSfyd fof/k i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa o
nkf;Roksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gS] ogh izfØ;k fof/k
ra= o izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk djrh gS i{kdkjksa ds
vf/kdkj o nkf;Roksa dk fØ;kUo;u djrk gSA
flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ,d izfØ;k fof/k
gS! bl lafgrk esa le;≤ ij dbZ la'kks/ku
fd;s x;s gS] ijUrq 1976] 1999 o 2002 ds
la'kks/ku dkQh egRoiq.kZ gS! bl vf/kfu;e dk
foLrkj fuEufyf[kr ds flok; lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ij
gksxk&
¼1½ tEew o d'ehj ¼2½ ukxkyS.M jkT; vkSj
tutkfr; {ks=! lafgrk dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS!
¼1½ lafgrk dk fudk;] ftlesa 158 /kkjk,sa gS!
¼2½ vuqlwph ftlesa 51 vkns'k gS vkSj muds
vUrxZr fofHkUu fu;e gS! izFke Hkkx esa ewy
mica/k gS] ftlesa lkekU; fl)kUrksa dk mYys[k
gS vkSj os {ks=kf/kdkj dk l`tu djrs gS] tcfd
f}rh; Hkkx ls ,sls mica/k fn;s x;s gS tks
izfØ;k lacf/kr gS] ;s ml jhfr dk mYys[k djrs
gSA ftlesa lafgrk ds fudk; }kjk l"V fd;s
x;s {ks=kf/kdkj dk iz;ksx djrk gksxk gSA /kkjk
esa fo/kkf;dk la'kks/ku dj ldrh gS ijUrq
vkns'kksa o fu;eksa esa la'kks/ku djus dk vf/kdkj
gkbZdksVZ dks gSA /kkjkvksa rFkk vkns'kksa ,d lkFk
iBuh; gS ;s ijLij lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gS!
;fn fdlh ifjfLFfr esa /kkjkvksa o vkns'kksa ds
e/; dksbZ laxfr gks rc loZnk /kkjk,sa izcy
gksxhA
{ks=kf/kdkj o ifjlheu
;fn fdlh O;fDr dk nwljs O;fDr ls O;ogkj
fookn gS] rks ml ifjfLFkfr es og O;fDr
O;ogkj U;k;ky; esa vihy nk;j dj ldrk gS
ijUrq mu okn dk fopkjkf/kdkj vfHkO;Dr
vyf{kr :i ls oftZr u gksA ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk
9½ (See Vankamamidi Venkata Subba Rao
V. Chatlapalli Seetharamaratna
Ranganayakamma, (1997) 5 SCC 460;
Dhruv Green Filed Ltd. V. Hukam Singh,
(2002) 6 SCC 416)
og O;fDr tks okn nk;j djrk gS ;k fdlh ds
fo#) U;k;ky; esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh djrk gS
oknh dgykrk gS] og O;fDr ftlds fo#) okn
nk;j fd;k x;k gS izfroknh dgykrk gS fof/kd
dk;Zokgh o okn nk;j djus ds fy, oknh ds
ikl izfroknh ds fo#) okn dkj.k dk gksuk
vko';d gS! ;gh okn dkj.k okn dh
vk/kkjf'kyk j[krk gSA ;g okn dkj.k rF;
vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg, o oknh dks izfroknh ds
fo#) lQy gksus ds fy, bu rF;ksa dks lkfcr
djuk vko';d gS! (See Sadanandan Bhadran
V. Madhavan Sunil Kumar, (1998) 6 SCC
514; Rajasthan High Court Advocates
Association V. union of India, (2001) 2SCC
294; Maharashtra, (2000) 7 SCC 640
oknh dks izfroknh ds fo#) ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/k esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh djuk pkfg,] ;g
dkykof/k fookn ds LoHkko ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksrh
gS! blh dkykof/k dks ifjlhek vf/kfu;e]
(Period of Limitation) dgrs gSA
ifjlhek vf/kfu;e] 1963 ;g vf/kfu;e okn o
vU; dk;Zokfg;ksa dh ifjlhek ds lEc/k esa
izko/kku nsrk gSA blds vykok ;g vf/kfu;e
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
U;k;ky; esa fofHkUu dk;Zokfg;ksa] okn vkosnu ds
ifjlheu dky dks Hkh fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA (The
Schedule of the Limitation Act.)
vkerkSj ij os lHkh okn tks ys[kk] lafonk]
pylaifÙk ¼taxe laifÙk½] vkKkfIr ?kks"k.kk] o
izi= ls lEcaf/kr gS es ifjlhek dky rhu o"kZ
fu/kkZfjr gSA ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc okn vpy
laifÙk ls lacf/kr gS ifjlhek dky 12 o"kZ
gksxk! ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc ^okn* cU/kddrkZ
}kjk nk;j dh xbZ gSA
¼d½ ml vpy lEifÙk dh eqfDr ds fy, tks
cU/kd gSA mldk ifjlhek dky 13 o"kZ gksxkA
¼[k½ ml ifjfLFkfr es tc vf/k'ks"k laxzg
jsgunkj ds }kjk izkIr dj fy;k x;k gks o
ca/kd larq"V dj fn;k x;k gks ifjlhek dky
03 o"kZ dk gksxkA
tc okn jsgunkj }kjk iqu% ca/ku ds fy, nk;j
fd;k tk,sxk] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ifjlhek dky
30 o"kZ gksxkA
vi—R; ls lEcaf/kr okn dk ifjfleu dky 01
;k 03 o"kZ gks ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g vi—R; ij
vk/kkfjr gksxkA
og okn o vkosnu ftudk ifjlhek dky]
ifjlheu vf/kfu;e 1963 esa of.kZr ugha gS] dk
ifjlhek dky rhu o"kZ gksxk] okn ykus ds
vf/kdkj ls vuq- A ;fn fof/kd dk;Zokgh]
ifjlhek vf/kfu;e o vU; dkuwu es mYysf[kr
ifjlhek dky ds e/; nk;j dh xbZ gS] rks ml
ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; okn dks [kkfjt dj
ldrk gS] fQj pkgs izfroknh us blds fo#)
vihy dh gS vU;Fkk ughaA ijUrq U;k;ky; okn
dks fofgr dky ds i'pkr~ xzg.k dj ldsxk
;fn vihykFkhZ ;k vkosnd U;k;ky; dk ;g
lek/kku dj ns fd mlds ikl ,sls dky ds
Hkhrj vihy ;k vkosnu u djus ds fy, i;kZIr
gsrqd FkkA
ml ifjfLFkfr esa tc pkyw jgus okys lafonk
Hkax ;k vi—R; dh n'kk esa ,d u;k ifjlhek
dky ml le; ds nkSjku izfr{k.k pyuk izkjEHk
gksrk jgsxk ftlesa ;FkkfLFkfr] ,slk Hkax ;k
vi—R; pkyw jgsA
(S 22 of the Limitation Act.)
oknh dks O;ogkj okn esa fof/kd dk;Zokgh ls
igys gh ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk pkfg, fd ns'k ds
fdl O;ogkj U;k;ky; ds U;k;&{ks=kf/kdkj eas
mldk okn vkrk gSA
vkerkSj ij nks izdkj ds vf/kdkj {ks= ;k
{ks=kf/kdkj gksrs gSA
¼1½ izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj & izR;sd U;k;ky; ds
vius HkkSxksfyd izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj gksrs gS
buds ckgj U;k;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj ugha gksrkA
ftl izdkj ftyk U;k;k/kh'k dk {ks=kf/kdkj ml
ftys ds vanj gh gksrk gS] mlds ckgj ughaA
gkbZdksVZ Hkh mlh {ks= fo'ks"k ds vUnj viuk
vf/kdkj {ks= j[krk gS] mlds ckgj ughaA
¼2½ vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj & vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj ls
vFkZ gS fd dksbZ U;k;ky; fo'ks"k mls iznRr
fof'k"V jde rd ds ewY; ds oknh dks pquus ds
fy, gh izkf/k—r gksxkA bl izdkj vkfFkZd
{ks=kf/kdkj dk vFkZ gS fd fofHkUu U;k;ky;
fofHkUu vkfFkZd ewY; ds oknksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj
j[krs gSA
{ks=kf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr fuEufyf[kr fu;e
fl)karksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,
/kkjk 15 ds vuqlkj izR;sd okn] blds
fopkj.k ds fy, l{ke lcls fuEu Js.kh
ds U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
bl izdkj oknh dks vius okn dh ewY;x.kuk ds
vuqlkj vius okn dks lEcaf/kr vkfFkZd
{ks=kf/kdkj ds U;k;ky; es nk;j djuk pkfg,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 16 vkfFkZd {ks=kf/kdkj dh
vpy lEifÙk ds okn gsrq
1½ vpy lEifÙk dh iqu% izkfIr ds fy,]
¼fdjk;ksa rFkk ykHkksa ds lfgr ;k fcuk½
2½ vpy lEifÙk ds foHkktu ds fy,
3½ vpy lEifÙk ds cU/kd ;k ml ij Hkkj dh
voLFkk eas ekspu fu"ks/k foØ; ;k ekspu ds fy,
4½ vpy lEifÙk ds fdlh vf/kdkj ;k fgr ds
vo/kkj.kk ds fy,A
5½ vpy lEifÙk ds izkfIr fd, x;s nks"k ds
fy, izfrdj ds fy, okn ,sls U;k;ky; esa
lafLFkr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlds LFkkuh;
{ks=kf/kdkj esa ,slh vpy lEifÙk vofLFkr gks!
6½ tgk¡ dksbZ okn djLFke~ ;k dqdhZ ds vUrxZr
fdlh py lEifÙk dh iqu% ikfjr ds fy, gks
ogk¡ og ,sls U;k;ky; esa lafLFkr fd;k tkuk
pkfg,] ftuds LFkkuh; {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj
,slh py lEifÙk vofLFkr gksA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 16 gkbZdksVZ ds ewy O;ogkj
okn ds {ks=kf/kdkj ij ykxw ughas gksxh] tks dh
mu oknksa ds fy, gS tks lh/ks gkbZdksVZ esa nk;j
dh tk ldrs gSA
vpy lEifÙk ls lacf/kr okn tks fd ,d ls
U;k;ky;ksa ds izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj esa vkrk gS]
muesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d U;k;ky; esa nk;j fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
fdlh O;fDr ;k py lEifÙk ds izfr fd;s x;s
vidkj ds fy, izfrdj gsrq okn ml U;k;ky;
es ftlesa ;k rks nks"k ,d U;k;ky; ds
{ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj fd;k x;k gks] ;k fQj
izfroknh nwljs U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUnj
fuokl djrk gks] dkjckj djrk gks] ;k ykHk ds
fy, Loa; dke djrk gksA ¼519 lafgrk½
n`"Vkar & A psUuSbZ es jgrk gS] B dks tcyiqj
esa ekjrk gSA B, A ds fo#) psUuSbZ ;k tcyiqj
fdlh Hkh LFkku ij okn lafLFr dj ldrk gSA
A psUuSbZ eas jgrk gS] tcyiqj eas B ds fo#)
ekugkfudkjd ys[k izdkf'kr djrk gS] B, A ds
fo#) psUuSbZ o tcyiqj dgha Hkh okn nk;j dj
ldrk gSA
'ks"k vU; okn ¼tks fd mijksDr of.kZr ughaa gS½
fuEufyf[kr es ls fdlh Hkh dksVZ esa lafLFkr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼d½ tgk¡ okn&dkj.k lEiw.kZr% ;k va'kr% mRiUu
gqvk gksA
¼[k½ tgk¡ izfroknh LosPNkiw.kZ jgrk gks] ;k
dkjckj djrk gks] ;k ykHk ds fy, Lo;a dk;Z
djrk gksA
¼x½ tgk¡ fd ,d ls vf/kd izfroknh gks] ogk¡
izfrokfn;ksa esa ls dksbZ okn ds izkjEHk ds le;
okLrfod :i ls vkSj LosPNkiwoZd fuokl djrk
gks ;k dkjckj djrk gks ;k ykHk ds fy, Lo;a
dk;Z djrk gks] ;k rks U;k;ky; }kjk vuqefr ns
nh xbZ gks ;k os izfroknh tks ;FkkiwoZ :i ls
fuokl ughaa djrk gks] dkjckj ugha djrs gks ;k
ykHk ds fy, Lo;a ugha djrs gksA ¼lafgrk dks
/kkjk 20½
n`"Vkar A cSaXkykSj esa ,d O;kikjh gS B psUuSbZ esa
viuk dkjckj pykrk gSA B cSaXkykSj esa vius
,d vfHkdrkZ ds ek/;e ls B ls eky [kjhnrk
gS o mls East India Railway Company ls
okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
n`"Vkar A nktZfyax esa jgrk gS] B dydRRkk esa
vkSj C eqEcbZ esa A, B vkSj C bykgckn esa
feyrs gS B vkSj C ekax fd;s tkus ij ns; A
la;qDr opui= fy[kdj A dks ifjnRr dj nsrs
gS] A, B o C ij bykgckn esa tgk¡ fd okn
dkj.k mRiUu gqvk] okn yk ldrk gSA og mu
ij dydRrk esa tgk¡ B jgrk gS ;k eqEcbZ esa
tgk¡ C jgrk gS] okn yk ldrk gS] ijUrq
izR;sd ,slh voLFkk esa ;fn fuokl u djus okyk
izfroknh vifÙk djs rks fcuk U;k;ky; dh
vuqefr ds okn ughaa py ldrkA
;gk¡ ;g lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg, fd S 20 esa
of.kZr izko/kku gkbZdksVZ ds ewy O;ogkj
{ks=kf/kdkj ij ykxw ugha gksxkA (S 120)
,d vke fu;e ds rgr u rks lgefr o NwV
vkSj u gh jtkeanh ij ,d vnkyr ds vf/kdkj
{ks= iznku dj ugha ldrs gSA ,slk djus ij
oknh okn nk;j djus ;ksX; ugha jgsxk (
)
gkykafd ;g nyksa ds e/; ,d ekU; vuqca/k dh
vof/k ds fy, fo"k; gks ldrk gSA
;gk¡ fdlh okn dkjd ij nks ;k vf/kd
U;k;ky;ksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj gksxk rks ml ;gk¡
fdlh okn dkjd ij nks ;k vf/kd U;k;ky;ksa
dk {ks=kf/kdkj dks {ks=kf/kdkj dksxk rks ml
fLFkfr esa ;fn i{kdkjksa ds e/; lafonk esa fookn
fuiVkjsa ds fy, ,d U;k;ky;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr
fd;k x;k gS og lafonk vlafnX/k] lkQ rFkk
lLi`"V gS] o 'kwU; ugha gS] rFkk Hkkjrh; lafonk
vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 23 ds foijhr ugha gS
rks okn mlh U;k;ky; esa yk;k tk,xk tgk¡ ij
lafonk esa fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA rFkk vU;
U;k;ky;ksa dk ml ekeys es dksbZ {ks=kf/kdkj
'ks"k ugha jgsxkA fQj pkgs okn dkjd ml
U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa gh ?kfVr D;ksa u
gqvk gksA
&lafgrk fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa oknh dks okn
nk;j djus ls izfr"ksf/kr djrh gSA
&;gk¡ ij okn izkM~U;k; }kjk izfrcaf/kr gksA
& mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh
vkKfIr dks U;k;ky; ds izknsf'kd {ks=kf/kdkj
ij pqukSrh nh xbZ gks] (S 21)
& ogk¡ tgk¡ lacf/kr okn dh fØ;kUo;u] eqfDr]
;k larqf"V dks ysdj iz'u gks
& fdlh vihyh; vFkok iqujh{k.k U;k;ky;
}kjk okn lafLFkr
fopkjk/khu U;k;k rFkk izkM~U;k;
fdlh O;fDr ds okn nk;j djus ls iwoZ
fopkjk/khu U;k; o izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar ij
t:j /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 10 fopkjk/khu U;k; ds fl)kar
dk o.kZu djrh gSA blds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh
U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls okn dk fopkj.k djus ds
fy, vxzlj ughaa gksxk ftles oknin ds fo"k;
ogh gS tks izR;{k jhfr ls ,oa lkjoku :i ls
iwoZ
bl /kkjk dk mn~ns'; leorhZ {ks=kf/kdkj okys
U;k;ky;ksa dks ¼ml ifjfLFkfr esa tgk¡ ,d ls
T;knk U;k;ky;ksa dk {ks=kf/kdkj gks½ nks leku
oknksa dk lekUrj :i ls xzg.k djus ;k mu ij
U;k;fu.kZ; djus ls jksduk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk AA izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar dk
mYys[ku djrh gS! blds vuqlkj dksbZ
U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls okn fcUnq dk fopkj.k ughaa
djsxk] ftlds okn in esa og fo"k;] mUgha
i{kdkjksa ds e/; fdlh iwoZorhZ okn es izR;{k
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
rFkk lkjoku :i ls jgk gks vkSj lquk tk pqdk
gks] rFkk vafre :i ls U;k;ky; }kjk fu.khZr gks
pqdk gks ,d gh okn ckj&2 ugha nk;j fd;k
tk ldrk
bl fl)kar dk eq[; mn~ns'; U;k;ky; ds
fu.kZ;ksa dh vafrerk nsuk gS] o ,d gh O;fDr
dks ,d gh ekeys es nks ckj ltk ls cpkuk gSA
n`"Vkar& A B ds fo#) lafonk ds mYya?ku ds
fy, gtkZuk olwyus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk
gS] okn dks U;k;ky; fujLr dj nsrk gS] vc A
iqu% mlh fcUnq ij okn nk;j djrs gq, gtkZuk
ughaa ekax ldrkA
fopkjk/khu U;k; ds fl)kar izk;ksT;rk ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr 'krksZ dk ikyu gksuk vko';d gS&
& nks oknksa dk gksuk vko';d gS ¼,d okn tks
iwoZ lafLFkr gks i'pkroknh okn½
& nksuksa oknkas esa okn in xzLr fo"k; dk lkjr%
,d gksuk pkfg,A
& nksuks oknkas ,d gh i{kdkj o muds
izfrfuf/k;ksa ds e/; gksus pkfg,
& iwoZ lafLFkr okn dks mlh U;k;ky; esa ftlesa
fd i'pkronhZ okn yk;k x;k gS] ;k Hkkjr es
fdlh vu; U;k;ky; es ;k Hkkjr dh lhekvksa
ds ckgj okys ,sls fdlh U;k;ky; es] tks fd
dsUnzh; ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir ;k pkyw j[kk x;k
gSA ;k mPpre U;k;ky; ds le{k yfEcr gksuk
pkfg,A
& og U;k;ky; ftlesa iwoZ dk okn yfEcr gS]
i'pkronhZ okn dk Hkh {ks=kf/kdkj j[krk gksA
& ,sls i{kdkjksa dk nksuks oknkas es ,d gh gd ds
v/khu eqdnescth djuk vko';d gSA
izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar dh izk;ksT;rk ds fy,
fuEufyf[kr 'krksZ dk iwjk gksuk vko';d gS&
¼1½ ijorhZ okn ;k oknin esa izR;{kr% vkSj
lkjr% okninxzLr fo"k;] ogh fo"k; gksuk pkfg,
tks ;k rks okLrfod :i esa ;k vUo;kfJr :i
esa (actually or constructively) iwoZorhZ okn esa
oknxzLr FkkA
¼2½ iwoZorhZ okn dk mUghaa i{kdkjksa ds chp ;k
,sls i{kdkjksa ds chp] ftuds v/khu os ;k muesa
ls dksbZ nkok djrs gS] gksuk vko';d gSA
¼3½ ;FkkiwokZsDr i{kdkjksa dk iwoZorhZ okn esa mlh
gd ds v/khu eqdnesckth djuk vko';d gSA
iwoZorhZ okn dks fofuf'pr djus okys U;k;ky;
dk ,slk U;k;ky; gksuk vko';d gS tks
i'pkr~orhZ okn dk ;k ml okn dk] ftlesa
,lk oknin ckn esa mBk;k tk,] fopkj.k djus
ds fy, l{ke gksA
¼5½ i'pkr~orhZ okn esa izR;{kr% vkSj lkjr%
okninxzLr fo"k; dk U;k;ky; }kjk iwoZorhZ
okn esa vfUre:is.k fofuf'pr fd;k x;k gksuk
vko';d gSA
fons'kh fu.kZ; %
lafgrk dh /kkjk 13] 14 izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr
dks fons'kh fu.kZ; ds laca/k esa tksM+ dj pyrh
gSA fdlh dks fookn ds ifjizs{; esa fons'kh l{ke
U;k;ky; }kjk tkjh fu.kZ; dks Hkkjrh;
U;k;ky; ykxw dj ldrk gS rFkk ;g nksuksa
i{kdkj ds e/; izkM~U;k; dh rjg gksxk ijUrq
fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa es fons'kh fu.kZ;
fu'pk;d ughaa gksxk
U;k;ky; es okn lafLFkr dj U;kf;d dk;Zokgh
dk xfr iznku dh tk ldrh gSA izR;sd okn]
nks izfr;ksa es okn i= izLrqr dj lafLFkr fd;k
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
tk,xkA okn i= esa vafdr rF;ksa dks 'kiFki=
}kjk lkfcr fd;k tk,xkA vFkkZr~ izR;sd okn
i= ds lkFk mlds rF;ksa dh lR;rk iznf'kZr
djus okyk 'kiFki= layXu djuk vko';d
gksrk gSA xyr] vlR; ;k >wBk 'kiFki= izLrqr
djuk ,d vijk/k gSA (S 191 of India Penal
Code). U;k;ky; esa dksbZ Hkh vf/koDrk rc rd
fdlh O;fDr ds fy, ;k LFkku ij mifLFkr ;k
dke ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd og O;fDr
}kjk ;k mlds vfHkdrkZ }kjk gLrk{kj dj
fu;qDr u fd;k x;k gksA Fks leLr fu;qfDr;ka
U;k;ky; esa gksuh pkfg,A
fof'"V ekeyksa esa okn
¼1½ ljdkjh ;k yksd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk ;k
fo#) mudh inh; gSfl;r lafLFkr fd;k tkuk
gks] blds iwoZ mls lwpuk fn;k tkuk vko';d
gS] ,slh lwpuk de ls de nks ekg iwoZ nh tkuh
pkfg,A ,slh lwpuk esa oknh dks okn dkjd]
oknh dk uke] irk vkfn rFkk okafNr vuqrks"k
dk mYys[k djuk pkfg,A
vkns'k 27 ljdkjh ;k yksd inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds
}kjk ;k fo#) mudh inh; gS fu;r es okn
dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu djrk gSA
¼2½ vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa }kjk okn & izR;sd ,sls
O;fDr ds ckjs esa tks fd ,sls fons'k esa fuokl
djrk gS] ftldh ljdkj Hkkjr esa ;qnjr gS vkSj
tks ml n'kk es ,lh vuqKfIr ds fcuk Kkr dj
jgk gS] tks fd dsUnzh; ljdkj us bl fufer
vuqnr dh gS] ml O;fDr dks vU;ns'kh; 'k=q
le>k tk,xkA
,slh vU;ns'kh; 'k=q tks fd dsUnzh; ljdkj dh
vuqKk ls Hkkjr esa fuokl dj jgs gS vkSj
vU;ns'kh; fe= fdlh ,sls U;k;ky; es tksa fd
okn dk fopkj.k djus ds fy, vU;Fkk l{ke gS]
mlh izdkj okn yk ldrs gS tSls Hkkjr ds
ukxfjdA
ijUrq og vU;ns'kh; 'k=q tk ljdkj dh vuqKk
ds fcuk Hkkjr esa jg jgs gS ok okn ugha yk
ldrsA
(S 83 of Code)
& fons'kh jkT;ksa }kjk okn
fons'kh 'kkldksa] jktnwrksa o nwrksa ds fo#) okn&
vO;Ld rFkk fodrkfpr okys O;fDr;ksa }kjk ;k
fo#) okn nk;j djukA
,d vO;Ld }kjk okn dh 18 o"kZ ls de mez
dk gks] ftlds fy, ;k mldh lEifÙk ds fy,
U;k;ky; us oknkFkZ laj{kd Fkk okn fe= fu;qDr
fd;s gks ;k ftldh lEifÙk Counts of wards
ds funsZ'ku ds gks og vO;Ld O;fDr vius uke
ls vius okn fe= ;k okn laj{kd ds }kjk okn
nk;j dj ldrk gSA fdlh vO;Ld dh vksj ls
mlds okn fe= }kjk lafLFkr fd;s tkus ij
U;k;ky; mls izfroknh ds [kpZs ds fy, izfrHkwfr
nsus dk vkns'k ns ldsxkA ¼lafgrK dk vkns'k
32 fu;e 2A) tc fdlh vO;Ld ds fo#)
okn nk;j fd;k x;k gS rks U;k;ky; vO;Ld
ds fy, okn laj{kd) fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA
¼lafgrk dh vkns'k 32 o fu;e 3½
,slk O;fDr tks O;Ld o LoLFk gks rFkk ftldk
fgr vO;Ld ds fgr ds izfrdwy u gks dh okn
fe= ;k okn la;{kd fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA lafgrk dh vkns'k 32 fo—rfpr yksxksa ij
Hkh ykxw gksrk gS flok; fu;e 2A dks NksM+dj
&n"Vkar& A vius vfHkdrkZ B ds ikl vius
tokgjkr vekur ds :i esa j[krk gS] C pqukSrh
nsuk gS fd mu tokgjkrksa ij mldk dCtk gS
o B ls tokgjr ekaxrk gSA C ifjfLFkfr es B
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
vUrjkfHkopuh; okn A o C ds fo#) nk;j
ughaa dj ldrkA
&fu/kZu O;fDr;ksa }kjk okn
vkns'k 33 fu/kZu O;fDr dks fcuk U;k;ky;
'kqYd ds ckn ykus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA
vpy lEifÙk ds ca/kd ds lEca/k esa okn&
laf{kIrokn& ;fn oknh dks ,slk yxrk gS fd
izfroknh vius cpko esa dksbZ cpko fcUnq ugha
yk ldrk tks lafgrk dh vkns'k 37 ds vuqlkj
og laf{kIr okn nk;j dj ldrk gSA laf{kIr
okn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ laf{kIr izfØ;k ls gSA
vkns'k 37 ds vuqlkj egRoiw.kZ ij—R; fyf[kr
opu i=] gq.<h] fofue; i=] fyf[kr lafonk]
/ku ds izR;qnj.k vkfn ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa dks
laf{kIr izfØ;k ds rgr fy;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
vkns'k okn ds LoHkko dks rFkk U;k;ky; ds
{ks=kf/kdkj ij dksbZ izHkko ugha MkyrkA laf{kIr
okn esa izfroknh dks cpko dk dksbZ vf/kdkj
ugha gksrk ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd mlds
ikl cpko ds fy, fnu ds Hkhrj mls rF;ksa
lfgr U;k;ky; dks lwfpr djuk gksxkA ;fn
U;k;ky; ;g le>s dh rF;ksa esa cy gS rks
izfroknh dks cpko dh vuqefr fey ldrh gSA
(A118 of the Schedule of the limitation Act.
1961 order XXXVII Rule 3 of Code, Mech
Engi.)
yksd iwrZ lacaf/kr okn ij ;s fujarjrk esa gksus
pkfg,A
&fo'ks"k ekeyksa /kkjk 90 vkns'k 36 ds vuqlkj
rF; ;k fof/k ds fdlh iz'u ds fofu'p; es
fgr j[kus okys i{kdkj ,d ys[kuc) djkj
}kjk jk; ds fy, vius ekeyksa dks U;k;ky; ds
izLrqr dj ldsaxsA mlesa vko';d rF;ksa]
nLrkostksa ,ao fo"k; oLrq djsxk rFkk lk/kkj.k
jhfr ls mldk fopkj.k djsxkA ekeyksa dk
Lo:i ¼1½ /ku ds Hkqxrku ds fy, ¼2½ fdlh
fof'k"V lEifÙk ¼py] vpy½ ds ifjnku ds fy,
¼3½ fdlh fof'k"V dk;Z djus ;k djkus ls
izfrfoK jgus ds fy, ¼/kkjk 90 vkns'k 36½ okn
dk ykSVuk okn dh lquokbZ ds fdlh Hkh pj.k
ij ;fn U;k;ky; dks ,slk yxrk gS fd ;g
okn mlds vf/kdkj {ks= ds ckgj gS rks og okn
oknh dks lacaf/kr l{ke U;k;ky; ds fy, ykSVk
ldrk gSA
tc oknh okn nk;j djrk gS rks izfroknh dks
bldh lwpuk nh tkuh pkfg, ;g lwpuk leu
dgykrh gSA ;g ,d nLrkost gS tks U;k;ky;
ds dk;kZy; ls tkjh gksrk gS U;k;ky; es
mifLFkr gksus ds fy, fyf[kr tokc og mÙkj
gksrk gS tks izfroknh oknh }kjk tkjh okn ds
izfrmÙkj esa nk;j djrk gSA tc okn ds
izfrmÙkj esa gj ml rF; dk tokc gksrs gS tks
oknh }kjk okn esa nk;j fd;s tkrs gSA ;g
izfroknh dh izfrlqj{kk esa u;s rF;ksa dk mYys[k
Hkh dj ldrk gSA ;g izfrmÙkj ;k tokc leu
dh rkehy ds 30 fnol ds vUnj nkf[ky gks
tkus pkfg,A ;g tokc oknh dh ,d izfr
layXu ds lkFk nk;j fd;s tkus pkfg,A
izfrmÙkj tek djus ds fe;kn dks U;k;ky; 30
fnol ls c<+k ldrh gSA ijUrq ;g fe;kn 90
fnol ls T;knk ughaa gks ldrhA ¼vkns'k fu;e
1, rFkk vkns'k 8] fu;e 01½
okn ds i{kdkj
lafgrk ds vkns'k 01 ds fofHkUu fu;eksa esa okn
es ds i{kdkjks dk mYys[k fd;k fd;k gSA tgk¡
fd ;fn os O;fDr ftuds ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfFkr
gS fd ,d gh dk;Z ;k laO;ogkj ;k dk;kZs ;k
laO;ogkjksa dh Ja[kyk ds fy; ;k] ls iSnk gksus
okys vuqrks"k ikus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj muesa
la;qDrr% ;k i;kZIrr% orZeku gS] iFkd okn
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
ykrs rks dksbZ lkekU; fof/k ;k rF; dk iz'u
iSnk gksrk] ogk¡ ,sls lc O;fDr okfn;ksa ds :i
esa ,d okn esa la;qDr fd;s tk ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k
1 fu;e 1½
n`"Vkar & ,d lafonk Y/Z ds lkFk djrk gS]
blds varxZr X dks Y Z dks ,d fu;e fof/k
dks cky fo;fjx iznku djus gSA ijUrq ml
fnol ij X, Y Z dks cky fo;fjx iznku ugha
dj ikrk rFkk YrFkk Z dks Hkkjh rqdlku
mBkuk iM+rk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa Y/Z dks ;g
vf/kdkj gS fd os X fo#) eqvkot+k clwyus ds
fy, okn yk ldrs gSA bl vf/kdkj mUgs
lafonk }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA bl izdkj Y/Z ,d
lkFk X ds fo#) eqvkot+k clwyus ds fy, okn
nk;j dj ldrs gSA
tgk¡ fd ;fn mu O;fDr;ksa ds fo#)] ftuds
ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfFkr gks fd ,d gh dk;Z ;k
muds fo#) la;qDr%] i`Fkdr% ;k i;kZir%
orZeku gS] i`Fkd~ okn yk;s tkrs rks dksbZ
lkekU; fof/k ;k rF; dk iz'u iSnk gksrk] ogk¡
,sls lc O;fDr izfrokfn;ksa ds :i esa la;qDr
fd; tk ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 1] fu;e 3½
n`"Vkar & Z ,d Vsªu ls ;k=k dj jgk gSA rc
rsth ls vk jgk ,d Vªd Vªsu ls Vdjk tkrk
gSA blls Z dks Hkkjh {kfr iagqprh gSA Z ,d gh
okn es Vªd Mªkboj rFkk Vªsu Mªkboj dks
izfroknh crk ldrk gS] blds fy, mls vyx
ls okn tkus dh vko';drk ughaA
vko';d rFkk mfpr i{kdkj&
,d okn lHkh vko';d i{kdkjksa ds fo#) nk;j
fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks dh og yksx ftudh
mifLFkfr es okn dk gksuk vko';d gS] ok
i{kdkj ftuds mifLFkfr es okn dk gksuk
vko';d gS] okn i{kdkj ftuds fo#) {kfriw.kZ
dh ekax dh xbZ gSA oks i{kdkj ftuds fcuk
dksbZ vkKfIr ikl ugha fd tk ldrhA
blds vykok ,d vkSj i{kdkj tks dh mfpr
i{kdkj dgykrk gS gksrk gSA ;g oks i{kdkj
gksrh gS ftldh vuqifLFkr esa izHkkoh fu.kZ;
fn;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ftudh mifLFkfr
vafre fu.kZ; ds oDr vko';d gksrh gSA (See
Ramesh Hirachand Kundanmal V. Corporation
of Gr. Babey (1992 2SXX (524))
;gk¡ ,d O;fDr tks fd vko';d i{kdkj ;k
fQj mfpr i{kdkj gS ;fn ;g nksuks okn esa
la;qDr i{kdkj ugha gS rks ;g ifjfLFkfr
vla;kstu dgykrh gSA ogh nwljh vksj ,d
O;fDr tk uk rks vko';d i{kdkj gS ;k mfpr
i{kdkj gS dks okn esa i{kdkj cu;k x;k gS rks
;k ifjfLFkfr dqla;kstu dgykrh gS (order I
Rule 9 of the Code)
fdlh okn dks flQZ dqla;kstu ;k vla;kstu ds
vk/kkj ij fujLr ugha fd;k tk ldrk ;g
fu;e vla;kstu ds vko';d i{kdkj ij ykxw
ugha gksrkA vla;kstu rFk dqla;kstu ds vk/kkj
ij mBk;s tkus okys leLr fojks/k izkjfEHkd
voLFkk esa gh mBk,s tkus pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g
lHkh fojks/k 'kwU; le>s tk,saxsA ¼vkns'k 1 fu;e
13½ ;fn ;g fojks/k izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa mBk;k
x;k ijUrq oknh ds vko';d i{kdkj dks 'kkfey
djus ls euk dj fn;k rks oknh dks ckn esa ;g
deh iwjh ughaa djuh nh tk ldrhA
izfrfuf/kRo okn & fdlh okn esa ds fgrc)
leLr O;fD;ksa dks okn esa i{kdkj dh gSfl;r
ls lfEefyr fd;k tkuk vko';d ughaa gSA
muesa ls dksbZ ,d ;k ,dkf/kd mu lcdk
izfrfuf/kRo djus gq, okn lafLFkr dj ldrk gS
;k izfrj{kk dj ldrk gSA 10 ¼vkns'k1] fu;e
8½A
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
izfrfuf/kRo okn esa okn dks mu yksxksa dh iwoZ
vuqefr ysus dh vko';drk ugha gS ftudk os
izfrfuf/kRo dj jgs gSA
okn dh jpuk & vkns'k 2 ds fu;e 2 ds
vUrxZr dh xbZ O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj ¼1½ izR;sd
okn ds vUrxZr og iwjk nkok gksxk] ftls fd
okn&dkj.k ds lEcU/k esa djus ds fy, oknh
vf/kd`r gSA fdUrq okn dks fdl U;k;ky; ds
{ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr ykus dh n`f"V ls oknh
vius nkos ls fdl izHkkx dk ifjR;kx dj
ldsxkA ¼tgk¡ fd okn vius nkos ds fdlh
izHkkx ds fy, okn ykus esa pwd djrk gS ;k
mldk lk'k; ifjR;kx dj nsrk gS] ogk¡ og bl
izdkj pwd fd;s x;s ;k R;kx fd;s x;s izHkkx
ds lEcU/k esa okn lafLFkr ughaa dj ldsxkA½
okn dkj.kksa dk la;kstu & vkns'k 2 dk fu;e
3 okn & dkj.kksa ds la;kstu (joinder of
causes of action) ls O;ogkj djrk gSA ;g
fu;e ^okn dh cgqyrk* dks jksdus dk ,d
izHkko'kkyh mik; izLrqr djrk gSA ;Fkk vU;Fkk
micfU/kr dks NksM+dj dksbZ oknh mlh izfroknh
;k mUgha izfrokfn;ksa ds fo#) fofHkUu okn
dkj.kksa dk la;kstu dj ldrk gSA
vfHkopu & lafgrk ds vkns'k 6 ds fu;e 1 esa
vfHkopu dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blds
vuqlkj ^^vfHkopu ls okni= ;k fyf[kr dFku
vfHkizsr gSA** bl izdkj vfHkopu esa okni=
rFkk fyf[kr dFku nksuksa dksa lfEefyr fd;k
x;k gSA
vfHkopr dk ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ fu;e gS fd
vfHkopu esa flQZ rF;ksa ;k ?kVukvksa dk mYys[k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,] fof/k dk ughaaA U;k;ky;
Lo;a fof/k dk irk yxkus fy, ck/; gSA ¼vkns'k
6] fu;e 2½
lafgrk dh vuqlwph A esa dbZ vfHkopuksa dk
mYysa[k gS] ftudk dh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrkA
,sls lc ekeyksa esa] ftuesa vfHkopu
feF;k&O;is'ku diV U;kl&Hkax lk'k; pwd ;k
vuqfpr izHkko ij voyfEcr gks] ogk¡ mudk
fooj.k vko';d enksa vkSj rkjh[kksa lfgr
vfHkopu esa mfYyf[kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 4½A
izR;sd vfHkopu i{kdkj ,oa mlds vf/koDrk ds
}kjk gLrk{kfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A i{kdkj dh
vuqifLFkfr esa ;g mlds }kjk izkf/kdr fd;s x;s
O;fDr ds }kjk gLrk{kfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 14½A
izR;sd vfHkopu mls djus okys i{kdkj }kjk
lR;kfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vfHkopu dk lR;kiu & izR;sd vfHkopu dks
i{kdkj ;k i{kdkjksa }kjk ;k U;k;ky; ds
lEeq[k mfpr izfrfuf/k }kjk vfHkopu ds uhps
dksus es lR;kfir djuk pkfg, ;gk¡ lR;kiu
dqy vuqPNsn lwpuk o izkIr tkudkjh dk gksuk
pkfg,A
lR;kiu djus okyk O;fDr dks vfHkopu
lR;kiu es lanHkZ esa 'kiFk i= nk;j djuk
pkfg,A
vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku & ¼vkns'k 4 fu;e 17 o
18½ U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh ds fdlh Hkh izØe ij
mlesa ds fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dks mlds vfHkopu
esa ,slh jhfr ls vkSj ,slh 'krksZa ij tks U;k;iw.kZ
gksa] la'kks/ku djus dh vuqefr ns ldsxk ,oa ,sls
lHkh la'kks/ku] tks i{kdkjksa ds chp fdlh
fooknkLin iz'u ds vo/kkj.kk ds fy, vko';d
izrhr gks] fd;s tk,saxsA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e 17½
gkykafd la'kks/ku dh dksbZ dh vthZ lquokbZ ds
vUr gksus ds ckn Lohdkj ugha gh tk ldrhA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
,slk izR;sd la'kks/ku ;k rks U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r
fd;s x;s le; ds vUnj ;k vkns'k ls 14 fnuksa
ds vUnj fd;k tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 6] fu;e
18½A ;fn i{kdkj ,slk ugha djrs rks mUgs
la'kks/ku dh vuqefr ugha gksxh] ijUrq U;k;ky;
le; lhek c<+k ldrk gSA
okni=& vkns'k 7 fu;e 1 ;g izko/kku djrk
gS fd okni= esa fuEufyf[kr vukoLrq,sa gksuh
pkfg,A
1½ ml U;k;ky; dk uke ftlesa okn yk;k
tkrk gS(
2½ oknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q] O;olk;
,oa fuokl&LFkku(
3½ izfroknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q]
O;olk; ,oa fuokl&LFkku(
4½ ;fn oknh vFkok izfroknh nksuksa esa ls dksbZ
vo;Ld gS rks bl vk'k; dk dFku(
5½ os rF; ftuls okn&dkj.k (cause of
action)
6½ ;g lanfHkZr djus okys rF; fd U;k;ky;
dks {ks=kf/kdkj gS(
7½ og vuqrks"k (relief) ftldk oknh nkok
djrk gS(
8 oknh }kjk izfrlknu (set off) ds fy,
Lohdkj dh xbZ /kujkf'k vFkok NksM+s x;s nkok
dk dksbZ Hkkx(
9½ tgk¡ oknh /ku dh olwyh ds fy, okn
lafLFkr djuk pkgrk gS] ogk¡ okni= esa nkok
dh tkus okyh fuf'pr jde dk mYys[k fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
10 tgk¡ oknh e/;orhZ ykHkksa ;k vfu/kkfjr ys[kksa
(unsettled accounts) ds vk/kkj ij fdlh jde
vFkok izfroknh ds dCts esa dh fdlh ,slh py
lEifr ds fy, ftldks fd ;qfDr;qDr ifjJe
ds ckn Hkh ewY; fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk] okn
lafLFkr djrk pkgrk gS] ogk¡ okni= esa ml
jkf'k dh yxHkx (approximately) ek=k dk
mYys[k fd;k tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 7] fu;e 2½
okn dk vLohdk;Z gksuk &
tgk¡ oknh izfrfuf/k ds :i esa okn ykrk gS] ogk¡
ml okni= esa mYys[k djuk gksxk fd&
vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 11 esa mu vk/kkjksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftu ij dksbZ U;k;ky;
okni= dks vLohdkj dj ldrk gSA ;s vk/kkj
fuEufyf[kr gS&
1½ tgk¡ fd okni= esa dksbZ okn&dkj.k (cause
of action) izdV ughaa gksrk gks( 12
2½ tgk¡ fd nkokdr vuqrks"k dk ewY;kadu de
fd;k x;k gks vkSj oknh U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r
le; ds vUnj mls Bhd djus esa vlQy jgrk
gS(
3½ tgk¡ fd nkokdr vuqrks"k dk ewY;kadu rks
lgh gS] ijUrq okni= vi;kZIr eqnzk&i= ij
fy[k x;k gks vkSj oknh U;k;ky; }kjk fu;r
le; ds vUnj visf{kr eqnzk&i= nsus esa vlQy
jgrk gks(13
4½ tgk¡ fd okni= esa dFku ls gh ;g izrhr
gksrk gS fd okn fdlh fof/k }kjk oftZr gSA14
5½ tgk¡ fd og nks izfr;ksa esa is'k ughaa fd;k
tkrk(
6½ tgk¡ ij U;k;ky; }kjk okn i= izkIr fd;s
tkus ij oknh dks izfr tgk¡ izfrfuf/k ds :i esa
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
okn ykrk gS] ogk¡ ml okni= esa mYys[k djuk
gksxk fd&
1½ fo"k;&oLrq esa mldk okLrfod fo|eku fgr
(actual existing interest) gS] ,oa
2½ og mlds fy, okn ykus esa leFkZ gksus ds
fy, vko';d dne (steps) ¼;fn dksbZ gks½
mBk pqdk gSA ¼vkns'k 7] fu;e 4½
fyf[kr dFku & izfroknh dks viuh izfrj{kk esa
mu lHkh fo'ks"k ckrksa dk mYys[k djuk pkfg,
tks ;g lanf'kZr djrh gksa fd oknh dk okni=
la/kkj.k ;ksX; (maintainable) ughaa gS ;k og
fdlh fof/k dh nf"V ls ;k 'kwU;dj.kh;
laO;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr gSA
mls izfrj{kk dh mu ckrksa dk Hkh mYys[k djuk
pkfg, tks diV] e;kZnk] lEekspu] nsuxh] feF;k
O;ins'ku] izkM~ U;k;] focU/ku vkfn dks lanf'kZr
djrs gS( D;ksafd izfrj{kk ds ;s vk/kkj rF; ds
,sls okni= [kM+s djrs gSa tks okni= ds dFku
ls ughaa iSnk gksrs vkSj ;fn os ughaa mBk;s x;s rks
lEHkkO;rk gS fd muds lglk lkeus vkus ls
fojks/kh i{kdkj ijs'kkuh esa iM+ tk,xkA ¼vkns'k
8] fu;e 2½
izfrlkn & /ku ds izR;q)j.k ds fy, tks fd
oknh ds izfroknh }kjk oS/k:is.k izR;q}j.kh; gS]
oknh dh ekax ds fo#) izfrlknu djus dk
nkok djrs gSA vkSj nksuksa i{kdkj ogh gSfl;r
j[krs gSA tks fd mudh oknh ds okn esa gS ogk¡
izfroknh pkgs x;s izfrlknu dh fof'kf"V;ksa
vUrfoZ"V djus okyk fyf[krdFku lafLFkr dj
ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 8] fu;e 6½
n`"Vkar & v c ds fo#) 500 #- ds
fofue;&i= (Bill of exchange) ds vk/kkj ij
okn lafLFkr djrk gSA c v ds fo#) 100 #-
dk ,d fu.kZ; /kkj.k djrk gSA nksuksa ,d
fuf'pr vkfFkZd ekax gksus ds dkj.k izfrlkfnr
gks ldrs gSA
n`"Vkar & v] c ij fofue; i= ds fy, okn
nk;j djrk gS] ftlds fy, og v ls eqvkotk
ys ldrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa fuf'pr ugha g
blfy, izfrlkn lEHko ughaA
n`"Vkar & v c vkSj l ds fo#) 1000 #- ds
fy, okn lafLFkr djrk gSA c dsoy v }kjk
mldh ns; _.k dk izfrlknu ughaa dj ldrk
gSA
Counter - Claims - tc izfroknh fdlh okn esa
oknh ds fo#) ,slk nkok j[krk gks] ftlds
fy, og ,d i`Fkd okn lafLFkr dj ldrk gks]
16 ogk¡ og ,sls nkok ds fo|eku ekeys esa
izfrnkos (Counter - Claims) ds :i esa ml
rF; dk mYys[k djrs gq, ftl ij fd og
vk/kkfjr gS] vius fyf[kr dFku esa mBk ldrk
gSA
ysfdu ,slk izfrnkok ml U;k;ky; ds vkfFkZd
{ks=kf/kdkj dh lhek ls vf/kd dk ughaa gksuk
pkfg,A ¼;g izfrokn izfroknh }kjk ,d fyf[kr
dFku gks ldrk gS½A
oknh }kjk nLrkostksa dk izLrqr fd;k tkuk &
lafgrk ds vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 14 ls 18 rd esa
oknh }kjk nLrkostksa ds izLrqrhdj.k ds ckjs esa
izko/kku fd;k x;k gS&
1½ oknh }kjk okn i= ds lkFk os lkjs nLrkost
vkSj mudh izfrfyfi;k¡ is'k dh tk,xh ftu ij
oknh dk okn vk/kkfjr gSA lkFk gh oknh dks
vius nLrkostksa dh ,d lwph Hkh is'k djuh
gksxhA
2½ tks nLrkost oknh ds dCts esa ughaa gS muds
ckjs esa oknh dks ;g crkuk gksxk fd os fdlds
dCts esa gSA rRi'pkr~ lk{; ds nkSjku oknh }kjk
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
dksbZ nLrkost 29 U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ds fcuk
is'k ughaa fd;s tk ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 14½
izfroknh dks viuh izfrj{kk esa mu lHkh fo'ks"k
ckrksa dk mYys[k djuk pkfg, tks ;g lanf'kZr
djuh gksa fd oknh dk okni= la/kkj.k ;ksX;
(maintainable) ughaa gS ;k og fdlh fof/k dh
n`f"V ls ;k 'kwU;dj.kh; laO;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr
gSA
mls izfrj{kk dh mu ckrksa dk Hkh mYys[k djuk
pkfg, tks diV] e;kZnk] lEekpu] nsuxh]
feF;k] O;ins'ku] izkM~U;k;] focU/ku vkfn dks
lanf'kZr djrs gS( D;ksafd izfrj{kk ds ;s vk/kkj
rF ds ,sls okni= [kM+s djrs gSa tks okni= ds
dFku ls ughaa iSnk gksrs vkSj ;fn os ughaa mBk;s
x;s rks lEHkkO;rk gS fd muds lglk lkeus
vkus ls fojks/kh i{kdkj ijs'kkuh esa iM+ tk,xkA
¼vkns'k 8 fu;e 2½
i{kdkjksa dh milaKkfIr& oknh }kjk okn nk;j
gksus ds ckn rFkk izfroknh dks lnu dks ikfjr
gksus ds ckn] vxyk pj.k U;k;ky; es /;ku esa
j[kuk pkfg,A
1½ izfroknh dks fn;s x;s lEeu esa lquokbZ ds
fy, fu;r fd;s x;s fnu oknh rFkk izfroknh
nksuksa gh U;k;ky; lnu esa ;k rks Lo;a ;k
vfHkoDrk }kjk mifLFkr jgsaxsA ¼vkns'k 9] fu;e
1½
2½ tgk¡ lEeu lE;d~ :i ls rkehy fd;k x;k
gks (duly served) vkSj izfroknh mifLFkr ughaa
gks] ogk¡ U;k;ky; ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vxzlj
gks ldsxk vkSj ,di{kh; vkKfIr ikfjr dj
ldsxkA blh izdkj ;fn izfroknh leu izkfIr
ds gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj dj ns rFkk
jftLVªhdr i= dks Hkh ysus ls euk dj ns rc
,sls izfroknh ds fo#) ,d&i{kh; dk;Zokgh dh
tk ldsxhA
3½ ,di{kh; vkKfIr ds fo#) fuEufyf[kr
mipkj miyC/k gksrs gSa&
(i) izfroknh }kjk vihy ¼/kkjk 96 ¼2½½
(ii) iqjfoZyksdu (Review) ¼/kkjk 114 ,oa
vkns'k 47 ds vUrxZr½
(iii) vkosnu vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 13 ds vUrxZr
vkKfIr ikfjr djus okys U;k;ky; esa
vkKfIr ikfjr gksus dh frfFk ls ;k lEeu
rkehy gksus dh voLFkk esa ml fnukad ls
tcfd vkosnd dks vkKfIr dk Kku gqvk]
30 fnu ds vUnj izfroknh }kjk vkosnu
fd;k tkukA
(iv) Ny ds vk/kkj ij okn nk;j djukA
4½ okn dh izFke lquokbZ ij U;k;ky; izR;sd
i{kdkj ls vFkok muds vfHkoDrk ls ;g
vfHkfuf'pr djus ds fy, i`PNk dj ldsxk fd
D;k og okni= vFkok fyf[kr dFku esa
vfHkfyf[kr vkjksiksa dks Lohdkj djrk gS ;k
bUdkj A1 U;k;ky; ,slh LohdkjksfDr;ksa vFkok
bUdkjh ds dFku dks vfHkfyf[kr djsxkA ¼vkns'k
10] fu;e 1½
5½ ;fn izfroknh dksbZ izfrj{kk ughaa djrk gS rks
U;k;ky; ds fy, okn&inksa dh jpuk djus dh
vko';drk ughaa gksrhA ¼vkns'k 14] fu;e 1½
vfHkopu ds nk;j gksus ds ckn] fdlh Hkh ,d
i{kdkj dks ,slk lkn`'; gks ldrk gS fd mlds
ikl nwljs i{kdkj us vko';d tkudkjh
miyC/k ugha djkbZ gSA okn esa lHkh i{kdkjksa dks
okn 'kq: gksus ls iwoZ ;g tkuus dk gd gS fd
okn ls lEcfU/kr D;k nLrkost ;k lkefxz;k¡ gSA
,d i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj ls lEcfU/kr nLrkost
;k lkexzh ds fy, izxLVhdj.k ekax ldrk gSA
bl tkudkjh dqN lEcfU/kr iz'uksa ds :i es
ekaxh tk ldrh gS] ftls iz'uekyk dgrs gSA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
nwljk i{kdkj iz'uekyk ds ;k mÙkj ij vkifÙk
trk ldrk gSA izR;sd i{kdkj dks mu ckrksa dks
izdV djus ds fy, ck/; dj ldrk gS ftldks
fd izdV djuk vfHkopu dks Li"V djus ds
fy, ,oa mldk mÙkj nsus ds fy, vko';d gSA
lkekU;r% ,slh tkudkjh fojks/kh i{kdkj dks
iz'uekyk,a nsdj izkIr dh tkrh gSA
okn dk dksbZ i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj dks 13
fook|dksa dh fojpuk ds fnu ;k mlls iwoZ
fdlh ,sls nLrkost dks vius fujh{k.k ds fy,
izLrqr fd;s tkus ds fy, lwpuk ns ldrk gS]
tks fd nwljs i{kdkj ds vius vfHkopu ;k
'kiFki=ksa esa fufnZ"V gks ;k vfHkopu ds lkFk
layXu nLrkostksa dh lwph esa vafdr gksA
;fn dksbZ i{kdkj izdVhdj.k ds vkns'k dk
ikyu ughaa djrk gS vkSj iz'uekykvksa dk mÙkj
ughaa nsrk gS ;k nLrkostksa ds fujh{k.k ds vkns'k
dk ikyu ughaa djrk gS rks okn mlds fo#)
fofuf'pr fd;k tk ldsxk] vFkkZr ;fn ,slk
i{kdkj oknh gS rks okn [kkfjt dj fn;k
tk,xk vkSj ;fn izfroknh gS rks mldk izfrokn
fudky fn;k tk,xkA
LohdkjksfDr;k¡
okn ds nk;j gksus ds ckn rFkk vafre fu.kZ;
vkus ls igys U;k;ky; Interim order ns
ldrk gSA bldk mn~ns'; vafre fu.kZ; vkus ls
igys i{kdkjksa ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuk gksrk gSA
vkns'k rFkk fMØh esa varj gksrk gSA vkns'k
fdlh Hkh okn ;k vkosnu esa nk;j fd;s tk
ldrs gSA
fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Interim order ikl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1½ [kpksZa ds fy, izfrHkwfr & okn dh fdlh Hkh
pj.k esa U;k;ky; oknh dks izfroknh ds fy,
[kpkZs ds fy, izfrHkwfr ds fy, vknsf'kr gSA
U;k;ky; ;g vkns'k rc ikfjr dj ldrk gS
tc oknh Hkkjr ds ckgj fuokl djrk gks rFkk
Hkkjr esa mldh mfpr lEifÙk okn ds vyok u
gksA
Commissions deh'ku (S5 75-78 rFkk vkns'k XXVI)
& U;k;ky; ds ikl ;g vf/kdkj gS fd ok ;k
rks i{kdkjksa ds izkFkZuk i= ;k vius bPNk ij
fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas Commission tkjh dj
ldrs gSA
1½ fdlh O;fDr dh ijh{kk ds fy,
2½ LFkkuh; vuqla/kku ds fy,
3½ ys[kkas dh ijh{kk ,oa lek;kstuk ds fy,
4½ caVokjs ds fy,
5½ oSKkfud] rduhdh vFkok fo'ks"kuh;
vuqla/kku ds fy,
6½ dk;ZkRo;u vFkok fyfidh; dk;Z ds
vuqikyu ds fy,
7½ ml laEifÙk dks cspus ds fy, tks U;k;ky;
dh dCth;r esa rFkk 'kh?kz [kjkc gksus dh fLFkfr
esa gSA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr tks ijh{kk ds fy,
Commission tkjh djus okys U;k;ky; ds
vykok ¼gkbZdksVZ dks NksM+dj½ nwljs jkT; esa
jgrk gks] ;k U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj
gks dks tkjh dj ldrk gSA
(i) dfe'uj ,sls fo"k;ksa esa tks mls fufnZ"V fd;s
x;s gS] i{kdkjksa dh] lkf{k;ksa dh ;k ,sls
vU; O;fDr;ksa dh ijh{kk dj ldsxk ftUgs
fd og lk{; nsus ds fy, cqykuk le>rk
gSA
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
(ii) tkp¡ ds fo"k; ls laxr nLrkostksa vkSj
vU; phtksa dks ek¡x ldsxk vkSj mudh
ijh{kk dj ldsxkA
(iii) fdlh ;qfDr;qDr le; ij ,sls Hkou ;k
Hkwfe esa izos'k dj ldsxk vkSj ftldk mYys[k
vkns'k esa fd;k x;k gSA
(iv) i{kdkj ds mlds le{k milatkr ughaa gksus
ij dfe'uj ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vxzlj gks
ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 26] fu;e 18½
fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ & fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ dk
vkns'k dc fn;k tk ldsxk %
okn ds fdlh Hkh izØe ij U;k;ky; dk
'kiFki= ij ;k vU;Fkk ;g lek/kku gks tk,
fd&
izfroknh vius fo#) ikfjr dh tkus okyh
vkKfIr ds &
(i) fu"iknu esa vojks/k iSnk djus vFkok
(ii) foyEc djus( ds vk'k; ls &
(i) viuh lEifÙk dk O;;u djus okyk gS]
;k
(ii) U;k;ky; ds LFkkuh; {ks=kf/kdkj ls
viuh lEifÙk dks gVkus okyk gS] rks
U;k;ky; izfroknh dks ;g vkns'k ns
ldsxk fd&
(i) og ;g gsrq lanf'kZr djs fd og
izfrHkwfr D;ksa u ns]
(ii) og mDr lEifÙk dks ;k mlds
ewY; dks ;k fdlh i;kZIr Hkkx dks izLrqr
djus ;k U;k;ky; ds O;;uk/khu (at the
disposal of) ds fy, izR;kHkwfr ns]
fu.kZ; ls iwoZ dqdhZ & oknh Lo;a ;k rks
U;k;ky; ds dgus ij dqdhZ ds fy, lEifÙk
fpfUgr dj ldrk gS o mldk ewY;kand ns
ldrk gSA ;fn izfroknh fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj
izfrHkwfr nsus esa vlQy gksrk gS ;k ;s dkj.k
U;k;ky; dks nsus esa l{ke gksrk gS fd oks
izfrHkwfr D;ksa u ns] rks ml ifjfLFkfr esa
U;k;ky; lEifÙk dh dqdhZ dk vkns'k ns ldrk
gSA U;k;ky; fdlh dh fdlku ls ikl dh
d`"kd mRiknu dh dqdhZ ugha dj ldrkA
lafgrk dh vkns'k 38 o fu;e 5 dk mn~ns';
izfroknh dks vkKfIr dk erO; iwjk djus ds
fy, gS tks nh dh oknh dks lgk;d gksA
gkykafd bl dqdhZ ls iwoZ U;k;ky; dks ;g
fuf'pr oj ysuk pkfg,A bl okn esa vkKfIr
tkjh djrh dh O;ogkfjd laHkkouk gS rFkk oknh
dks ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk gksxk fd izfroknh
vkKfIr ds tkjh gksus ls iwoZ oknh dh lEifÙk
dks uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gS vkns'k 38 o fu;e
5 U;k;ky; dks ,d cgqr cM+h 'kfDr gS] blfy,
bldk iz;ksx lko/kkuhiwoZd fd;k tkuk pkfg,
rFkk fu;eksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A (See
Raman Tech & Processs engg. co. V.
Solanki Traders (2008))
vLFkk;h O;kns'k & ¼lafgrk dk vkns'k 390½
O;kns'k dk vkns'k] U;k;ky; dk og vkns'k gS
ftlesa i{kdkjksa ¼oknh izfroknh½ dks fu'p; dR;
dks djus ¼vko';d O;kns'k½ rFkk dqN dR; dks
u djus ¼fu"ks/kkRed O;kns'k½ tkjh dj ldrk
gSA O;kns'k ;k ns LFkkbZ gks ldrk gS ;k vLFkk;h
gks ldrk gSA vLFkk;h O;kns'k dks vkns'k
U;k;ky; fuEu ifjfLFkfr es nk;j dj ldrk
gSA
1½ okn esa dh oknxzLr lEifÙk ds okn ds fdlh
i{kdkj }kjk u"V fd;s tkus] mls uqdlku
igq¡pk;k tkus ;k vUrfjr fd;s tkus dk [kjrk
gS] ;k
2½ izfroknh _.knkrkvksa ds lkFk diV djus ds
fy, viuh lEifÙk dks gVkus ;k O;;u djus dh
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
/kedh nsrk gS ;k ,slk djus dk vk'k; j[krk
gS( ;k
3½ izfroknh oknh dks oknxzLr lEifÙk ls
csdCtk djus vFkok mls vU;Fkk {kfrxzLr djus
dh /kedh nsrk gSA 20
4½ tgk¡ izfroknh lafgrk dks mYya?ku ;k vU;
uqdlku djus okyk gksA
5½ ;fn U;k;ky; dks yxs dh ;g U;k;fgr ds
fy, vko';d gS ¼vkns'k 39 fu;e 1] 2½
O;kns'ktkjh djus ls igys U;k;ky; dks ;g
fu/kkZfjr djus pkfg, fd
1½ i{kdkjksa ds chp ,d ln~HkkoukiwoZd fookn
(bonafide contention) orZeku gS vkSj oknh ds
mlesa lQy gksus dh iw.kZ lEHkkouk gSA
2½ tk¡p ds fy, ,d lkjoku~ iz'u orZeku gS
vkSj tc rd mldk vfUre fu.kZ; ughaa gks
tkrk rc rd ekeys dks ;FkkfLFkfr esa j[kuk
vko';d gSA
3½ ;fn izfroknh dks ,sls dk;Z ls ughaa jksdk
x;k rk oknh dh ,slh vikj ;k xEHkhj {fr gksus
dh lEHkkouk gS ftldh iwfrZ ughaa dh tk ldrh
gSA
4½ ;fn izfroknh dks ,sls dk;Z ls ughaa jksdk
x;k rks oknh dh ,slh vikj ;k xEHkhj {kfr
gksus dh lEHkkouk gS ftldh iwfrZ ughaa dh tk
ldrh gSA
O;kns'k tkjh djus ls iwoZ U;k;ky; dks fy,
vko';d og nwljs i{k dks bldh lwpuk izsf"kr
djs] ijUrq ;fn U;k;ky; dks ;g izrhr gksrk gS
fd ,slh lwpuk Hkstus ls foyac gksxk vkSj ,sls
foyac ds dkj.k O;kns'k tkjh djus dk mn~ns';
vlQy gks tk,xk rks U;k;ky; ds fy, lwpuk
i= tkjh djuk vko';d ugha gksxk ¼vkns'k 39
fu;e 3½
vkns'k 39 ds fu;e 1 ,oa 2 ds vUrxZr tkjh
fd;k x;k O;kns'k i{kdkjksa ij ck/;dj gksrk gSA
;fn dksbZ i{kdkj bldh vogsyuk vFkok Hkax
djrk gS rks&
1½ mldh vU; lEifÙk dks dqdZ dj fy;k
tk,xkA
2½ mls O;ogkj dkjkokl esa fu#) fd;k tk
ldsxk] ysfdu ;g vof/k rhu ekg ls vf/kd
dh ughaa gksxhA ¼vkns'k 39] fu;e 2,½39
okndkyhu vkns'k & ,d okn dkyhu vkns'k
vLFkk;h vkns'k gksrk gSA U;k;ky; dk ,slh
fdlh py lEifÙk] tks fd ,sls okn dh
fo"k;&oLrq gS ;k ,sls okn esa fu.kZ; ds iwoZ dqdZ
dh xbZ gS vkSj tks 'kh?kzr;k vkSj izd`R;k
{k;'khy (speedy and natural decay) gS ;k
fdlh vU; mfpr vkSj i;kZIr gsrq ds fy, ;g
okaNuh; gS fd og rqjUr csp nh tk,] ds foØ;
ds fy, vkns'k( rFkk ,slh fdlh lEifÙk tks ,sls
okn dh fo"k;oLrq gS ;k ftlds ckjs esa fd dksbZ
iz'u mn~Hko gks ldrk gS] fujks/k (detention)]
ifjj{k.k (preservation) ;k fujh{k.k
(inspection) ds fy, vkns'k(
izkid ¼vkns'k 40½ ,d fu"il O;fDr gksrk gS
tks fd okn xzLr lEifÙk dh lqj[kk ds fy,
U;k;ky; dks ;g U;k;ksfpr yxs fd okn xzLr
lEifÙk dh lqj{kk fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; izkid dh fu;qfDr
dj ldrk gS rFkk vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc
U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks izkid dh fu;qfDr dh
tk ldrh gSA fdlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa es U;k;ky;
dks ;g yxs fd nksuk i{kdkjksa es ls dksbZ Hkh
lEifÙk dh ns[kHkky ds fy, mi;qDr ugha gksxk
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
rc U;k;ky; izkid dks fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr
iznku dj ldrk gSA
1½ okn nk;j djus rFkk mldh j{kk djus
2½ iz'uxr lEifÙk dh eqfDr] izcU/k] lqj{kk
lja{k.k rFkk laoZ/ku ds fy,A
3- equkQk rFkk fdjk;k bdV~Bk djus ds
fy,
4- nLrkostksa ds fu"iknu ds fy,A
5- og lc vU; 'kfDr;ksa fd U;k;ky;
mfpr le>sA
ijh{k.k
/kkjk 30 ls 32 rFkk vkns'k XVI ls XVIII
xokgks ds cqykus] mudh lafgrk dh mifLFkfr
rFkk mUgsa ijh{k.kksa ls lacaf/kr gSA ;g leu
tkjh djus dh izfØ;k] lk{; nsus ls lacaf/kr gSA
U;k;ky; i`PNk ds le; lk{kh }kjk dh tkus
okyh Hkko&eqnz dks] ;fn lkjHkwr le>s]
U;k;ky; vfHkfyf[kr dj ldsxkA
¼vkns'k 18 fu;e 12½
;|fi lkf{k;ksa ds dFku [kqys U;k;ky; esa
ys[kc) fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA ysfdu ;fn
U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks fdlh lk{kh ds dFku
vkns'k 26 fu;e 4d ds vUrxZr deh'ku ij
ys[kc) fd;s tk ldsaxsA ¼vkns'k 18 fu;e 19½
lkekU;r;k% izFker% oknh ,oa rRi'pkr~
izfroknh viuk lk{; izLrqr djrs gSa ,oa mudh
ijh{kk dh tkrh gS] fQj Hkh U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh
izØe ij (at any stage) okn ds fdlh Hkh
i{kdkj dks fdlh Hkh lk{kh ls iPNk djus dk
funs'k ns ldsxk vkSj ,sls dkj.kksa dks
vfHkfyf[kr fd;k tk;sxkA ¼vkns'k 18] fu;e 2½
LFkxu ¼lafgrk dk vkns'k 17½
U;k;ky; okn ds fdlh izØe esa (at any stage)
;fn i;kZIr dkj.k lanf'kZr fd;k tk; rks
i{kdkjksa ;k muesa ls fdlh dks le; iznku dj
ldsxk vkSj okn dh lquokbZ dks le;≤ ij
LFkfxr dj ldsxkA
ysfdu fdlh Hkh i{kdkj dks ekeysdh lquokbZ
ds nksjku fdlh Hkh n'kk esa rhu ckj ls vf/kd
LFkxu vuqKkr ughaa fd;k tk;sxkA
tc dksbZ i{kdkj] ftls le; iznku fd;k x;k
gS &
viuk lk{; izLrqr djus esa( ;k vius lkf{k;ksa
dh milatkr djus esa(
,slk dksbZ vU; dk;Z djus esa tks fd okn dh
vfxze izxfr ds fy, vko';d gS] ftlds fy,
le; vuqKkr fd;k x;k gS] vlQy jgrk gS]
ogk¡ ,slh pwd ds gksrs gq, Hkh U;k;ky;
;fn i{kdkj mifLFkr gS rks okn ds fofu'p;
ds fy,] vkSj
;fn i{kdkj ;k muesa ls dksbZ vuqifLFkr gs rks
fu;e 2 ds vUrxZr vxzlj gks ldsxkA ¼vkns'k
17] fu;e 3½
U;wuhdj.k
i{kdkj dh e`R;w dh n'kk esa & oknh rFkk
izfroknh dh e`R;q dh n'kk esa okn dk mi'keu
ughaa gksxk] ;fn okn lafLFkr fd;s tkus dk
vf/kdkj cpk gSA vkns'k XXII fu;e 1½
;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd e`rd ds izfrfuf/k dks
vfHkys[k ij ykus ds fy, vkosnu i=
vuko';d foyEc ds fcuk is'k fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ;g ,d vkKkid O;oLFkk gSA ,slk u
gksus dh n'kk esa U;k;ky; okn dk vi'keu
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
fd;k tk ldrk gSa tc okn dks vkns'k XXII
ds vUrxZr mi'keu fd;k tkrk gS] rc dksbZ
u;k okn ugha yk;k tk ldrk gSA
;fn okn ds yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku
oknh;k izfroknh ls okn esa dk dksbZ fgr fdlh
vU; O;fDr dks varfjr gks x;k gS rks U;k;ky;
dh vuqefr ls mls vU; O;fDr ds }kjk ;k
fo:) okn pkyw j[kk tk ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 22]
fu;e 10½
i=dkj ds fookg ds dkj.k %
fdlh efgyk oknh vFkok izfroknh ds fookg ds
dkj.k okn dk mi'keu ughaa gksxk vkSj vdsys
fdlh efgyk&izfroknh ds fo:) vkKfIr dk
fu"iknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 22] fu;e
7½
oknh dh 'kks/k{kerk dk izHkko &
oknh ds 'kks/kk{ke gks tkus ij ;fn okn mlds
vfHkgLrkafdrh (assignee) ;k izkid (receiver)
}kjk la/kkfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS rks mldk
mi'keu ughaa gksxk] ijUrq ;fn vfHkgLrkafjrh ;k
izkid okn dks pkys j[kus ls badkj dj nsrk gS
;k [kpksZa ds fy;s izfrHkwfr ughaa nsrk gS rks okn
[kkfjr dj nf;k tk;sxkA ¼vkns'k 22] fu;e 8½
okn ds fu"d"kZ
fdlh Hkh okn dk fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
gy fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
1- okn dk izR;kgj.k ¼vkns'k 23 fu;e 1½
oknh lc ;k fdUgha izfrokfn;ksa ds
fo:) vius okn dk izR;kgj.k fdlh
Hkh le; dj ldrk gSA okn ds
izR;kgj.k dh izkFkZuk dks rc Lohdk;Z
ughaa fd;k tk ldrk tc oknxzLr
lEifr esa oknh dk vf/kdkj 'kkfey gksA
tgk¡ oknh }kjk okn dk izR;kgj.k dj
fy;k tkrk gS vkSj izfroknh mlesa oknh
ds :I esa izfLFkr gksus ds fy, vkosnu
djrk gS] rc U;k;ky;bl iz'u ij
fopkj djsxk fd D;k vkosnudrkZ dk
,slk dksbZ lkjHkwr iz'u orZeku gS
ftldk vU; izfrokfn;ksa ds fo:)
fufup'; fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA
2-okn esa le>kSrk & U;k;ky; ds
lek/kku ds fy, ;g lkfcr dj fn;k
tk; fd i{kdkjksa us ,d fyf[kr ,oa
gLrk{kfjr :i ls] lEiw.kZ okn vfkok
mlds fdlh Hkkx ds ckjs esa] fdlh
fof/kiw.kZ djkj ds }kjk dksbZ le>kSrk ;k
lek;kstu dj fy;k gS] ogk¡ U;k;ky;
,sls djkj ;k le>kSrs dks vfHkfyf[kr
djsxk vkSj mldh 'krksZa ds vuqlkj
vkKfIr ikfjr dj ldsxkA ¼vkns'k 23]
fu;e 3½
fu.kZ; & fdlh Hkh okn dk vfUre
pj.k fu.kZ; ;k vkKkfIr gksrh gSA okn
dh lquokbZ iw.kZ gksus ds ckn
U;k;ky;fu.kZ; [kqyh U;k;ky; esa
lqukrk gS] ;k rks fu.kZ; mlh fnu lquk
fn;k tkrk gS ;k mls Hkfo"; dh frfFk
ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA
ijUrq bldh lwpuk U;k;ky; i{kdkjksa
dks nsrk gS ¼?kkjk 33 o vkns'k 20 fu;e
01 ½
vkKfIr & fu.kZ; mn~?kksf"kr fd;s tkus
ds ,d fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj fMØh
rS;kj dj yh tkuh pkfg,A
tc dksbZ vihy fcuk fMØh ds lyXu
lafLFkr dh xbZ gks] rc fMØh cu tkus
ij mldh izfr vihyh; U;k;ky;esa is'k
dh tk;sxh ¼vkns'k 20 fu;e 6d½
fu.kZ;] vkKfIr rFkk vkns'k esa la'kks/ku
&
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
lafonk dh /kkjk 152 ;g izko/kku djrh
gS fd fyfidh; ;k xf.rh; Hkwy gksus
ij mls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS] ,slk
U;k;ky; ;k rks Lo;a dj ldrk gS] ;k
i{kdkjksa dh izkFkZuk ij
U;k;ky; ds ckgj fookn dk fuiVkjk
?kkjk 89 ds vuqlkj ;fn ekeys dh
lquokbZ djrs le; U;k;ky;kas dks dqN
,sls rRo fn[krs gS] ftu ij dh
i{kkdkj lqyg dj ldrs gSa] rc ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; ;g rRo i{kdkjksa
dks lq>krk gS] rFkk vkSj ;fn i{kdkj
mu rRoksa ij jkth gksrs gSa rc U;k;ky;
i{kdkjksa ds eè; lqyg djk ldrk gSa
U;k;ky; iap fu.kZ;] eè;LFkrk] lqyg
rFkk yksd vnkyr ds ekè;e ls lqyg
djk ldrk gSA
flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 151 ;g
izko/kku djrh gS fd U;k;ky; dks ;g
'kfDr gS fd og ,sls vkns'k tkjh dj
lds tks U;k; ds fy, vko';d gS] rFkk
ftuls U;k; izfØ;k dk nq:i;ksx jksdk
tk ldrk gSA U;k;y; fdlh Hkh
ifjfLFkfr esa viuh bl 'kfDr ij fucZa/k
ughaa yxk ldrkA
fu.kZ; rFkk vkKfIr;ksa dh izekf.kr
izfr;k¡
i{kdkjksa dks fu.kZ; ,oa vkKfIr;ksa dh
izekf.kr izfr;k¡ mlds }kjk vkosnu fd;s
tkus ij vkSj muds [kpksZa ij miyC/k
djkbZ tk ldrh gSA ¼vkns'k 20 fu;e
20½
C;kt & tgk¡ vkKfIr /ku ls laca/khr
gksrh gS] ogk¡ U;k;ky; /ku ij C;kt
iznku dj ldrk gS ¼/kkjk 34½A C;kt
fuEufyf[kr Js.kh;ksa esa iznku fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
1- okn lfLFkr djus dh rkjh[k rd
2- okn lafLFkr djus dh frfFk ls
vkKfIr tkjh djus dh frfFk rd
3- vkKfIr tkjh djus dh frfFk ls
nsuxh dh rkjh[k rd
[kpsZ & U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og
U;f;d izfØ;k ds [kpksZa dks yxk ldrh gSa ;g
izko/kku /kkjk 35 ds vuq:i gSA /kkjk 35A esa
izfrdkjkRed [kpksZa dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA
;g nkos dk feF;k gksusls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dk
vkns'k 20A izdksZ.k [kpksZa dk izo/kku djrk gSA
fu"iknu & U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fMfØ;ksa dk
fØ;kUo;u gh fu"iknu dgykrk gSA og O;fDr
ftlds leFkZu esa vkKkfIr tkjhdh xbZ gS] mls
vkKkfIr /kkjh dgrs gSa o og O;fDr ftlds
fojks/k esa vkKfIr tkjh dh xbZ gS mls fuf.kZr
_.kh dgrs gSaA fu"iknu ds lanHkZ esa lafgrk dh
/kkjk 36 ls 74 izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 38 ds
vuqlkj vkKfIr dk fu"iknu ;k rks U;k;ky;
djrk gS ;k fQj og O;fDr drk gS ftls
U;k;ky; ;g 'kfDr nsA vkKfIr dh fu"iknu
mldks 2 o"kZ ds Hkhrj gks tkuk pkfg,A ¼A136
of Limitation Act½
vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy, izkFkZuk ekSf[kd o
fyf[kr nksuksa :I esa fd;k ldrh gSA
fuEufyf[kr O;fDr fu"iknu ds fy, vkosnu
dj ldrs gSA
1- vkKfIr /kkjh ¼vkns'k XXI fu;e 10)
2- vkKfIr /kkjh dh e`R;q dh ifjfLFkfr esa
mldk fof/kd izfrfuf/k (S 146)
3- vkKfIr /kkjh dk fof/kd izfrfuf/k
4- vkKfIr /kkjh ds v/khuLFk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy, vkosnu i= dks
gLrk{kfjr gksuk pkfg,A rFkk mlesa okn dh
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
la[;k] i{kdkjksa ds uke rFkk vkKfIr dh frfFk
dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A
D;k vkKfIr ds fo:) dksbZ vihy dh xbZ gS%
D;k vkKfIr ds i'pkr~ dksbZ nsuxh dh xbZ gS
vkSj ;fn dh xbZ gS rks fdruh dh xbZ gS ;k
D;k i{kdkjksa esa fooknkLin okn dk dksbZ vU;
lek;kstu gks pqdk gS(
D;k vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fy;s dksbZ vkosnu
igys fn;k x;k Fkkvksj ;fn fn;k x;k Fkk rks
dkSu&lk fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj ,sls vkosnu dk
fnukad vkSj mlds ifj.kke(
vkKfIr ij ns; jde] ;fn dksbZ c;kt gks rks
mlds lfgr ;k mlds vfrfjDr vuqnÙk vU;
vuqrks"k ,slh fdlh izfr&vkKfIr dh fof'kf"V;ksa
ds lfgr] Hkys gh og ml vkKfIr ds fnukad ls
iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ ikfjr dh xbZ gks(
;fn dksbZ vf/kfu.khZr [kpsZ gksa rks mudh jkf'k(
ml O;fDr dk uke ftlds fo:) vkKfIr dk
fu"iknu pkgk x;k gS(
;FkksfYyf[kr :i ls vkKfIr'kqnk fdlh lEifÙk
ds ifjnku(
fdlh lEifÙk dh dqdhZ ;k foØ; vkSj dqdhZ ;k
dqdhZ ds fcuk foØ;( ¼lu~ 1976 ds vf/kfu;e
la[;k 104 }kjk la'kksf/kr½
fdlh vU; O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh vkSj dkjkokl
esa fujks/k(
izkid dh fu;qfDr(
vU;Fkk ,slh jhfr ls tslk fd vuqnÙk vuqrks"k
ds Lo:i ls visf{kr gks] eSa ls ftl jhfr esa Hkh
U;k;ky; dh lgk;rk visf{kr gks ¼fu;e 11¼2½A
vkns'k 21 rFkk fu;e 20 ds vuqlkj vkKkfIr
tkjh djus okyk U;k;ky; ml lhek rd
vkKfIr ij jksd yxk ldrk gS ;fn vkKfIr
dk Hkh dh vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds fo"k; esa
vihy djuh gks rksA
vkns'k XX: rFkk fu;e 46A ls 46I ml
izfØ;k dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa ftlds vuqlkj
vkKfIr /kkjh] vkKfIr _.kh O;fDr ls lEifr o
/ku okil ysxkA
;fn dksbZ Hkh O;fDr U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ls
larq"V ughaa gS rks og cM+h vnkyr esa vihy ds
fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA ;k fQj og mlh
vnkyr us U;kf;d iqujh{k.k rFkk iquZjoyksdu
ds fy, vkosnu dj ldrk gSA v/khuLFk
U;k;ky; laca/kh ekeys esa mPp U;k;ky; dk
gokyk ns ldrs gSaA
vihy &
ewy :i ls vihy fu.kZ; dk ,d U;kf;d
ijh{k.k gS tks dh cM+h vnkyr }kjk v/khuLFk
U;k;ky; ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA izFke vihy
ewy U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj }kjk tkjh vkKfIr
ds fo:) dh tk ldrk gSA f}rh; vihy
vihyh; vkKkfIr ds fo:) dh tk ldrk gS]
izFke vihy mPp U;k;ky; ds vfrfjDr dh tk
ldrh gS] ijUrq nwljh vihy flQZ mPp
U;k;ky; esa nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA izFke
vihy dks rF; ds iz'u ij] ;k fof/k ds iz'u
ij ;k fof/k o rF; nksuksa ds iz'u ij fopkj.kh;
fy;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq f}rh; vihy fof/k
ds lk[kku i{k ij /ku dh mxkgh ds lanHkZ esa
rFkk mxkgh dk ewY; 25 gtkj :i;s ls T;knk
gksuk pkfg,A ¼/kkjk 102½
vihy dk QkeZ
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
izR;sd vihy] ,d fuf'pr Lo:i esa gksuh
pkfg, rFkk ml ij vihydrkZ rFkk mlds
odhy ds gLrk{kj vko';d gS rFkk vihy dks
U;k;ky; ds leq[k nk;j djuk pkfg, ;k
U;k;y; }kjk fu;qDr fdlh vf/kdkjh ds fo:)
vihy ds lkFk fu.kZ; dks izfr layXu djuk
vko';d gksA Kkiu laf{kIr gksuk pkfg, mlesa
vkKkfIr ds fojks/k dk vk/kkj mYysf[kr gksuk
pkfg, ijUrq Kkiu esa rdZ dk mYys[ku ughaa
gksuk pkfg,A
lhek
U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) mPp
U;k;ky; esa 90 fnu rFkk vU; U;k;y;ksa esa 30
fnu] vihy ds nk;j djus dh frfFk ls gksuh
pkfg, ¼ifjfleu vf/kfu;e dk /kkjk 116½
;fn U;k;ky; esa vihy fu;r frfFk ds
ckn dh tkrh gS rc bl fLFkfr esa Kkiu ls
lkFk vihydrkZ dks ,d vkosnu i= layXu
djuk gksxk ftlesa fuf'pr le; ds Hkhrj
vihy u dj ikus dk dkj.k mYysf[kr gksuk
pkfg,A
vihy esa vfrfjDr lk{; is'k fd;s tkus dk
izko/kku fd;k x;k gSa% ysfdu dsoy rHkh tc
izkFkhZ }kjk ;g lek/kku dj fn;k tk;s fd &
og lk{; lE;d rRijrk cjrh tkusij Hkh
fopkj.k ds nkSjku miyC/k ughaa gks ikbZ Fkh] RkFkk
lk{; fo'oluh;] lqlaxr ,oa ekeys ds xq.kkxq.k
ij fuiVkjs ds fy, lkjoku gSA
fQj dksbZ ij&O;fDr (stranger) ,slk izkFkZuki=
izLrqr ughaa dj ldrk gSA vfrfjDr lk{; dk
izkFkZuki= dsoy ekeys ds i{kdkjksa }kjk gh
izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼vkns'k 41 fu;e
27½
vihfy; U;k;ky;dh 'kfDr & vihfy;
U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os ekeys ls
lacaf/kr vkKfIr o vU; vkns'k tkjh dj ldsA
;g vkKfIr vihy u djus okys i{kdkjksa ls Hkh
lacaf/kr gksuk pkfg,A ¼vkns'k XLI Rule 33½
os vkns'k ftuesa vihy gSa &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 104 ¼1½ ds varxZr mu vkns'kksa
dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] ftuds fo:) vihy
dh tk ldrh gSA vkns'k fuEufyf[kr gSa &
1- /kkjk&, ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkns'k & lafgrk
dh /kkjk 35&, fo'ks"k [kpsZ leuqKkr
(allow) djus ds ckjs esa O;oLFkk djrh
gS %
2- /kkjk 91 ,oa /kkjk 92 ds vUrxZr okn
lafLFkr djus dh vuqefr ds fy, badkj
fd;s tkus okyk dksbZ vkns'k%
lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ,oa /kkjk 92 esa
Øe'k% yksd&vinw"k.k rFkk [kSjkrh
U;klksa ds laca/k esa oknlafLFkr fd;s tkus
dh O;oLfkk dh xbZ gS%
3- /kkjk 95 ds vUrxZr dksbZ vkns'k &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 95 esa mi;kZIr vk/kkjksa
ij fxj¶rkjh] dqdhZ ;k O;kns'k vfHkizkIr
djus ds fy, izfrdkj ds ckjs esa
O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS%
4- fdlh vkKfIr ds fu"iknu ds vfrfjDr
lafgrk ds v/khu dksbZ tqekZuk vf/kjksfir
djus okyk ;k fdlh O;fDr ds fujks/k
;k mldh fxj¶rkjh dk funs'k djus
okyk dksbZ vkns'k
5- ,sls fu;eksa ds vUrxZr fn;k x;k dksbZ
vkns'k] ftuls fu;eksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr
:i ls vihy leuqKkr dh xbZ gks
¼/kkjk 104½
lafgrk ds vkns'k 43 ds fu;e 1 ds vUrxZr
dfri; ,sls vkns'kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS]
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
ftuls vihy dh tk ldrh gSaA ;s vkns'k
fuEufyf[kr gSa &
¼1½ vkns'k 7 ds fu;e 10 ds vUrxZr fdlh
okni= dks mfpr U;k;ky;ksa esa ykSVkus
dk vkns'k] flokl blds tgk¡ fd
vkns'k 7 ds fu;e10&, esa fufnZ"V
izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA
;g viokn lu~ 1976 ds vf/kfu;e
la[;k 104 }kjk lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
¼2½ vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 9 ds vUrxZr ,sls
fdlh vkosnui= dks vLohdr djus dk
vkns'k tks okn dh [kkfjth (dismissal)
dks vikLr (set aside) djus ds fy,
¼,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa vihy gksrh gS½
fn;k x;k gSA
¼3½ vkns'k 9 ds fu;e 13 ds vUrxZr fdlh
,sls vkosnui= dks vLohdr djus dk
vkns'k tks ,di{kh; (ex-parte) vkKfIr
dks vikLr djusds vkns'k ds fy, ¼,sls
ekeyksaesa ftuesa vihy gksrh gS½ fn;k
x;k gSA
¼4½ vkns'k 11 ds fu;e 12 ds vUrxZr dksbZ
vkns'kA
¼5½ vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 34 ds vUrxZr
nLrkost ds ;k i`"Bkadu
(endorsement) ds iz:i ij vkifÙk dk
dksbZ vkns'kA
¼6½ vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 72 ;k fu;e 92 ds
vUrxZr foØ; dks vikLr djus ;k
vikLr djus ls badkj djus dk vkns'kA
¼7½ vkns'k 21 ds fu;e 106 ds mifu;e
¼1½ ds vUrxZr fdlh vkosnui= dks
vLohdkj djusdk vkns'kA
¼8½ vkns'k 22 ds fu;e 9 ds vUrxZr okn
ds mi'keu (abatement) ;k [kkfjth
(dismissal) dks vikLr djus ls badkj
dk vkns'kA
'kCn ^^okn** esa ^^vihy** Hkh lfEefyr gS(
vr% fdlh vihy ds mi'keu dks
vikLr (set aside) djus ls badkj djus
ds vkns'k ds fo:) vihy lafLFkr dh
tk ldsxhA
¼9½ vkns'k 22 ds fu;e 10 ds vUrxZr
vuqefr nsus ;k vuqefr nsus ls badkj
djus dk vkns'kA
¼10½ vkns'k 25 ds fu;e 2 ds vUrxZr okn
dh [kkfjth dk vikLr djus ds vkns'k
ds fy, ¼,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa vihy
gksrh gS½ vkosnu dks vLohd`r djus
okyk vkns'kA
¼11½ vkns'k 33 ds fu;e 5 ;k fu;e 7 ds
vUrxZr fu/kZu O;fDr ds :i esa okn
lafLFkr djus dh vuqefr ds fy,
vkosnu i= dks vLohd`r djus dk
vkns'kA
¼12½ vkns'k 35 ds fu;e 3 ;k 4 ;k 6 ds
vUrxZr vUrjkfHkopuh; oknksa
(interpleader suit) esa vkns'kA
¼13½ vkns'k 38 ds fu;e 2 ;k 3 ;k 6 ds
vUrxZr vkns'kA
¼14½ vkns'k 39 ds fu;e 1 ;k 2 ;k 2&, ;k
4 ;k 10 ds vUrxZr vkns'kA
¼15½ vkns'k 40 ds fu;e 1 ;k 4 ds vUrxZr
vkns'kA
¼16½ vkns'k 41 ds fu;e 19 ds vUrxZr
vihy dks iqu% xzg.k djus ;k vkns'k
All India Bar Examination Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. all rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicalble civil and criminal law remedies
41 ds fu;e 21 ds varxZr vihy dks
iqu% lquus ls badkj djusokyk vkns'kA
¼17½ vkns'k 41 ds fu;e 3 ;k 23&, ds
vUrxZr ,sls ekeys dks izfrizsf"kr
(remand) djus dk vkns'k tgk¡ fd
vihyh; U;k;ky; dh vkKfIr ls vihy
gksrh gksA
¼18½ vkns'k 47 ds fu;e 4 ds vUrxZr
iquZoyksdu (review) ds fy, vkosnu
dks Lohd`r djus dk vkns'kA
tSlk fd Åij mYys[k fd;k tk pqdk gS
fd vihyh; U;k;ky; }kjk vius vihyh;
{ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr fn;s x;s fdlh vkns'k ds
fo:) f}rh; vihy lafLFkr ughaa dh tk
ldsxhA
vkns'k 41 ds fu;e] vkns'kksa ls vihyksa
dks ;koRlkè; (as far as may be) ykxw gksaxsA
¼vkns'k 43] fu;e 2½
vUrfoZ"V micU/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,
mPp U;k;ky; ds fdlh fu.kZ;] vkKfIr vFkok
vfUre vkns'k ls vihy mPpre U;k;ky; esa
dh tk ldsxh] ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ;g izekf.kr
dj nsrk gS fd%
ekeys esa lkekU; egRo dk fof/k dk dksbZ
lkjHkwr iz'u vUrZxzLr gS( ,oa
mPp U;k;ky; dh jk; esa ,sls iz'u dk
fofu'p; mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fd;k tkuk
vko';d gSA
/kkjk 114 o vkns'k 47 ds vUrxZr iqufoZyksdu
dk mís';
fdlh ,sls U;k;ky; }kjk] ftlus dksbZ fu.kZ;]
vkKfIr vFkok vkns'k ikfjr fd;k gS ,sls fu.kZ;]
vkKfIr vFkok vkns'k esa fof/k] rF; ;k izfØ;k
laca/kh dksbZ xyrh ;k =qfV jg xbZ gS] ml ij
iqu% fopkjfd;k tk dj ml xyrh vFkok =qfV
dks nwj fd;k tkukA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k; 3&laoS/kkfud dkuwu
Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dh izLrkouk (Preamble)
mu vkn”kks± rFkk y{;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gS]
ftUgsa lafo/kku ds fuekZrkvksa us izkIr djuk
pkgkA tc lafo/kku ds fdlh izko/kku esa iz;qDr
Hkk’kk dh O;k[;k djus ds laca/k esa dksbZ lansg
mRiUu gksrk gS rks U;k;ky; izLrkouk dh tk¡p
iM+rky dj ldrk gSaA ;g ifjfLFkfr rc
mRiUu gksrh gS tc iz;qDr Hkk’kk dk ,d ls
vf/kd i;kZ; fudy ldrk gSA ijUrq tgk¡
lafo/kku ds vU; izko/kkuksa dh Hkk’kk Li’V ,oa
fuf”pr vFkZ (unambiguous) iznku djrh gS]
ogk¡ ij izLrkouk dh “krks± dk iz;ksx ml fo/kku
dh fo”ks’krk crkus ;k mlesa dVkSrh djus ds
fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izLrkouk esa mYysf[kr mís”; lafo/kku
ds ewy <k¡ps dk fgLlk gS vkSj ewy <+k¡ps dk
mYya?ku dj lafo/kku dh “kfDr;ksa esa la”kks/ku
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼ds”kokuan Hkkjrh cuke
dsjy jkT; AIR 1973 SC 1461) bldk vFkZ
;g gqvk fd izLrkouk esa la”kks/ku fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ijUrq ewy <k¡ps o lafo/kku dh vkRek
ls f[kyokM+ lEHko ughaA O;k[;k&izkLrkouk esa
mYysf[kr /keZ fujis{krk dk vk”k; ;g gS fd
jkT; dk viuk dksbZ /keZ ugha gksxk ,oa lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dks leku :i ls vUrdj.k dh
Lor=rk ,oa vius ilan ds /keZ dks viukus]
vkpj.k djus ,oa izpkj djus dk vf/kdkj
gksxkA (S R Bommai and others V.
Union of India, AIR 1994 SC 1918)
Hkkx 1&la?k ,oa mldk jkT;{ks=&Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku ;g mn~?kks’k.kk djrk gS fd Hkkjr jkT;ksa
dk ,d la?k gS ¼vuq- 1½ (Article 01) bl
izdkj ;g LFkkfir gksrk gS fd lafo/kku ds
ewyHkwr lajpuk dh izÑfr la?kh; ;k v)Zla?kh;
gSA ¼vkWVkseksckby VªkUliksVZ½ ¼jktLFkku½ fyesVsM
cuke jktLFkku jkT;] AIR 1962 AC
1406)
laln dks la?k esa u;s jkT;ksa dh LFkkiuk
djus dk vf/kdkj gS ¼vuq- 02½
laln dks lkekU; cgqer }kjk ikfjr
dkuwu ds }kjk jkT;ksa dh LohÑfr ;k lgefr
fcuk mlds Hkw&Hkkx] uke] {ks= rFkk lhekvksa esa
ifjorZu djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ¼vuq- 03½
Hkkx 2&ukxfjdrk % lafo/kku dk Hkkx 2
ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/kr gS] ;g Hkkx lafo/kku ds
izkjEHk ij izR;sd O;fDr dks Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=
dh ukxfjdrk izkIr djus ds rjhdksa dk fu/kkZj.k
djrk gSA vuq- 11 laln dks fof/k cukdj
ukxfjdrk laca/kh ckrksa ds fofu;eu dh “kfDr
iznku djrk gS bu “kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
Hkkjrh; laln us ukxfjdrk vf/kfu;e 1955 dk
l`tu fd;kA Lkafo/kku Li’V :i ls ,d O;fDr
,oa ,d ukxfjd esa varj djrk gSA dqN ekSfyd
vf/kdkj dsoy ukxfjdksa dks izkIr gS] tcfd
vU; lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr gksrs gSaA fQj pkgs
og ukxfjd gks vU;Fkk ugha ¼t;iqj m|ksx
cuke Hkkjr la?k AIR 1969, 281)
Hkkx 3&ekSfyd vf/kdkj % lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 ds
mís”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, vuq- 12 ^jkT;* dks
Hkkjr dh ljdkj ,oa laln rFkk izR;sd jkT;ksa
dh ljdkj ,oa fo/kkf;dk] lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjr
ds Hkw&Hkkx ds Hkhrj ;k Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu
lHkh LFkkuh; ;k vU; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa
ifjHkkf’kr djrk gSA mlds fu/kkZj.k dh dksbZ
fudk; jkT; gS ;k ugha bl rF; ij fu/kkZfjr
gksxk fd fudk; vkfFkZd] dk;kZRed ,oa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
iz”kklfud :i ls ljdkj ds izHkqRo esa ;k
fu;a=.k esa gS ;k ugha flQZ fu;kRed fu;a=.k
(Regulatory control) fQj pkgs oks oS/kkfud
gks ;k ugha fdlh fudk; dks jkT; ugha cukrkA
(Zee Telefilms Ltd. v. Union of India
AIR 2005 SC 2677)
n`’Vkar % ^d* ;g nyhy nsrs gq, ,d lekns”k
;kfpdk nk;j djrk gS fd Hkkjrh; fØdsV
daVªksy cksMZ vuqPNsn 12 ds varxZr ,d jkT;
gSA cksMZ dk fuekZ.k fdlh vf/kfu;e ds varxrZ
ugha fd;k x;k gSA cksMZ dh “ks;j iwath ds fdlh
Hkh fgLls ij ljdkj dk vf/kdkj ugha gS o
O;ogkfjd :i ls cksMZ ds laiw.kZ [kpZ dk
Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk dksbZ vkfFkZd
lgk;rk iznku ugha dh tkrhA ns”k esa fØdsV
ij cksMZ dk vf/kdkj jkT; iznÙk ;k jkT;
lajf{kr gSA ljdkj dk fu;a=.k ;fn gS oks
fu;ekad gS u fd iz'kklfud vr% vuq- 12 ds
varxrZ ^fØdsV cksMZ* jkT; ugha gSA Hkkjr ds
Hkw&Hkkx esa lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds iwoZ izpfyr
dkuwu % tgk¡ rd fd os Hkkx 2 ds izko/kkuksa ds
izfr vlaxr gS] ,slh vlaxÙkk ds izfr cgqr lhek
rd vekU; gSa] blds vfrfjDr jkT; dks Hkkx 3
esa iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dk vigj.k djus ;k laf{kIr
djus okys fdlh dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k djus ls
izfrcaf/kr fd;k x;k gS bu fu;eksa dk mYya?ku
dj fufeZr dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ,slh valxdÙkk dh
lhek rd] bl mís”; ds fy, vekU; dkuwu
gksrs gSa] ftlesa dksbZ Hkh fo/ks;d] vkns”k 34 &
fu;e] fofu;e] vf/klwpuk] Hkkjr ds Hkw&Hkkx ds
Hkhrj dkuwu ds leku “kfDr okys izFkk ;k jhrh
“kfey gksrs gSaA vuq- 13 ds varxZr ;g fu;e
vuq- 368 ds varxZr fufeZr fdlh lafo/kku
la”kks/ku ds fy, ykxw ugha gksxkA
lekurk dk vf/kdkj & vuqPNsn 14 ;g iznÙk
djrk gS fd jkT; fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks dkuwu
ds le{k lekurk ,oa Hkkjr dh lhek ds Hkhrj
dkuwu ds leku laj{k.k ls oafNr ugha dj
ldrk gSA ;gk¡ lekurk dk vFkZ gS dkuwuh
lekurk vkSj u fd izkÑfrd lekurk % dkuwu
ds le{k lekurk dk vFkZ gS fd leku yksxksa ds
chp dkuwu leku gksuk pkfg, vkSj mldk
leku :i ls ikyu gksuk pkfg,] vFkkZr lHkh
O;fDr;ksa ls leku O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
U;k;ky;ksa us Li’V :i ls HksnkRed izko/kkuksa
okys dkuwu ij jksd yxk fn;k gS] ftuesa
HksnHkko ,d rdZlaxr vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA
n`’Vkar & A tks dh ,d iq#’k gS mls ,d
“kklfd; efgyk egkfo|ky; esa izkpk;Z dk in
nsus ls euk dj fn;k tkrk gSA A egkfo|ky;
dh bl jhfr dks dh efgyk gh izkpk;Z ds in
ij inLFk gks ldrh gS U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ns
ldrk gSA U;k;ky; bl okn dh lquokbZ esa ;g
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd pwafd egkfo|ky;
efgykvksa dk gSA blfy, bl izdkj dk Hksn
;qfDr ;qDr vk/kkj ij gSA blfy, egkfo|ky;
dh uhfr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 RkFkk
16 dk mYy?kau ugha djrhA (Vijay Lakshmi
V. Punjab University, (2003) 8 SCC 440)
vuq- 15 jkT; dks ukxfjdksa ds eè; /keZ] tkfr]
fyax] tUe LFkku rFkk vU; vk/kkj ij Hksn ugha
dj ldrkA
gkWykafd jkT; fuEufyf[kr ds fy, fo”ks’k
izko/kku cuk ldrk gSA
efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fy,
¼vuq- 15 ¼3½
lkekftd ,oa “kS{kf.kd :i ls
fiNM+s oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ;k
vuq&tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa dh rjDdh ds fy,
¼vuq- 15 ¼4½
lkekftd ,oa “kS{kf.kd :i ls fiNM+sa
oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh rjDdh
ds fy,] muds “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa] futh
“kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa lfgr] pkgs os jkT;
}kjk vuqnku izkIr gS ;k ugha ijUrq
vYila[;d “kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa ds vykok
¼15½¼5½ ds fy,A
n`’Vkar & ,d fpfdRlk egkfo|ky; ds fu;eksa
esa ;g izko/kku Fkk fd jkT; ds vfuokfl;ksa]
ftl jkT; esa egkfo|ky; Fkk] dks izos”k ikus ds
fy, capitation fee fodkl “kqYd dk Hkqxrku
djuk iM+sxk tcfd fuokfl;ksa dks ughaA bl
ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; us ;g ekuk fd HksnHkko
fuokl LFkku ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkfjr gS u fd
tUe LFkku ds vk/kkj ij vkSj blls vuq- 15¼1½
dk mYy?ku ugha gksrk ¼Mh-ih-tks”kh cuke eè;
Hkkjr AIR 1960 AC 1208).
vuq- 16&lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jkT; ds v/khu
fdlh dk;kZy; esa jkstxkj ;k fu;qfDr izkIr
djus ds ekeys esa volj dh lekurk dk
izko/kku djrk gSA gkWykafd mi[k.M 4 ;g
izko/kku djrk gS fd ;g jkT; dks fdlh fiNM+s
oxZ ds ukxfjdksa ds fgr esa fu;qfDr;ksa esa ;k inksa
ds vkj{k.k ds fy, izko/kku djus ls ugha jksd
ldrkA bu vkj{k.kksa dk U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu
rc laHko gS tc fdlh fiNM+h Js.kh ;k tkfr
dk izek.k iwoZd fodr igpku gks rFkk mUgs
v;qfDr;qDr vkj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k gks
(Indira Sawhney V. Union of india, AIR
1993 SC 477)
n`"Vkar & ,d jkT; ljdkj us jkT; dh fofHkUu
fof/k egkfo|ky;ksa esa DydZ ds in ds fy,
vkosnu i= vkeaf=r fd;s A ftlus bl
izfr;ksxh ifj{kk esa 70 izfr'kr vad izkIr fd;s
mls ;g ukSdjh ugha feyh ijarq B ftlus bl
ifj{kk esa 50 izfr'kr vad izkIr fd;s Fks mudks
ukSdjh fey xbZ jkT; us ;g rdZ fn;k fd
D;ksfd B vU; fiNM+k oxZ ls gS blfy, mls A
ds eqdkcys ukSdjh feyh U;k;ky; us lquokbZ ds
ckn ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd jkT; dks bl izdkj ds
vkj{k.k djus dk vf/kdkj gS tks fd dqN
fuf'pr oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy, gks
Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj & vuq- 19¼1½
Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks fuEufyf[kr
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA
Okkd~ &Lora= vkSj vfHkO;fDr Lokar= dk
¼vuq- 19¼1½(a) (Freedom of Speech
and Expression)
laxe ;k la?k cukus dk ¼vuq- 19 ¼1½(c)
(To form association and unions)
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= esa loZ= vck/k
lapj.k dk ¼vuq- 19 ¼1½(d) (To move
freely throughout the territory of
India)
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= ds fdlh Hkkx esa
fuokl djus ;k cl tkus dk ¼vuq-
19¼1½(c) (To reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India)
dksbZ o`fÙk] mithfodk] O;kikj ;k
dkjksckj djus dk ¼vuq- 19¼1½(g)(To
practise any profession or to carry on
any occupation, trade or business)
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd ;s lHkh vf/kdkj
Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa ds fy, gSa u fd lHkh
O;fDr;ksa ds fy,A mijksDr Lora=rk,sa vkR;kafrd
ugha gSA vFkkZr~ bu ij ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/ku
yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
jkT; ^Hkkjr dh izHkqrk vkSj v[k.Mrk] jkT; dh
lqj{kk fons”kh jkT;ksa ds lkFk eS=hiw.kZ laca/kksa]
yksd O;oLFkk] f”k’Vkpkj ;k lnkpkj ds fgrksa esa
vFkok U;k;ky; & vieku] ekugkuh ;k vijk/k
& m}hiu ds laca/k esa* ;fn mfpr le>s rks
;qfDr;qDr fucZU/ku (reasonable restrictions)
yxk ldrk gSA ¼vuq- 19 ¼2½&19(6).
;qfDr;qDr dk dksbZ fuf”pr ;k lkekU; ekun.M
ugha fd;k tk ldrk tks lHkh ekeyksa esa lkekU;
:i ls ykxw gks ldsA bldk fu/kkZj.k izR;sd
ekeys ds rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSa
;g ekun.M ml vf/kdkj dks izÑfr] ftldk
mYya?ku fd;k x;k gS] yxk;s x;s fucaZ/ku ds
varfuZfgr iz;kstu cqjkbZ dh ek=k vkSj mlds
nwj djus dh vfuok;Zrk] fucZU/ku yxkus ds
vuqikr esa fHkUurk ledkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
vuqlkj cnyrk jgrk gS U;kf;d fu.kZ; ds fy,
bu lHkh ckrksa ij fopkj djuk vko”;d gSA
fucZU/kuksa dh ;qfDr;qDÙkk ds fu/kkZj.k esa
U;k;ky;ksa dk nf’Vdks.k oLrqfu’B ¼Objective½
gksuk pkfg,] O;fDrfu’B ¼subjective½ ugha gSA
enzkl jkT; cuke ch-th-jko] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952
,l-lh- 1961½ ;fn ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij
fu/kkZj.k djuk gS rks fucZU/ku ml vuqikr esa
gksxk tks fd U;k;ky; fo’k; ds laca/k esa ykuk
pkgrk gSA (Arunachal Nadar V. State of
Madras)
n`’Vkar & A us fjV nk;j djrs gq, ;g nkok
fd;k fd ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks frjaxk Qgjkus
dh vuqefr ugha nh tkrh rks ;g mlds
Lora=rk ds vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku gS ¼vuq- 19¼1½
dk mYya?ku gSA lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g
fuf”pr fd;k fd fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk frjaxs
dks lEeku Qgjk, tkuk ¼vuq- 19¼1½ esa “kkfey
gS] ijUrq U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd frjaxs
dks tyk;k tkuk ;k mldk vkieku okD;~
Lora=rk rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk dk fgLlk
ugha gks ldrkA ¼Union of India V. Naveen
Jindal) ¼2004 25CC 570½
n`’Vkar & A ,d lkoZtfud vke lHkk esa /kkfeZd
Hkkoukvksa dks vkgr djus okyk Hkk’k.k nsrk gS]
laoS/kkfud rkSj ij ,slk O;ogkj ltk dk ik=
gSA D;ksafd O;fDr dh okD;~ Lora=rk ;fn
tu”kakfr Hkax djrh gS rks ;g ekSfyd vf/kdkj
vuq- 19¼1½ rgr ugha vkrk ¼jketh yky eksnh
cuke m-iz-jkT;½
n`’Vkar & jkT; }kjk ikfjr dkuwu ftlds rgr
leLr nks ifg;k pkydksa dks gsyesV iguuk
vfuok;Z fd;k x;kA ;g dkuwu loZ= vck/k
lapj.k vuq- 19¼1½¼d½ dk mYya?ku ugha gSA
D;ksafd ;g izfrca/k ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij gSA
n`’Vkar & jkT; ljdkj ,d dkuwu cukrh gS
ftlds varxZr fuf”pr {ks= esa jgus okys Ñ’kd
etnwjksa dks chM+h fuekZ.k ls fu’ks/k fd;k tkrk gSa
bl dkuwu dk mÑ’kd etnwjksa dks chM+h fuekZ.k
ls fu’ks/k fd;k tkrk gSa bl dkuwu dk mís”;
Ñf’k dk;Z ds fy, i;kZIr ekuo Je miyC/k
djkuk gSA bl dkuwu dh lquokbZ U;k;ky; us
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dkuwu dk mís”; Ñf’k
dky ds nkSjku chM+h fuekZ.k ij izfrca/k yxkdj
Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us bl
dkuwu dks vkR;kafrd rFkk v;qfDr;qDr djkj
fn;kA D;ksafd ;g O;fDr ds ekSfyd vf/kdkj
o`fr] mithfodk O;kikj ;k dkjksckj djus ds
ewy vf/kdkj dk guu djrk gSA ¼fpUrkeu jko
cuke eè; ljdkj ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1951 ,l- lh-
118½
vuq- 20 mu O;fDr;ksa dks ftu ij
vijk/k djus dk vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;k
gS] mUgsa dk;ksZÙkj fof/k;ksa ls ¼ex-post
facto½ 20 (1) nksgjs n.M ls laj{k.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
(Double Jeopardy) 20 (2) rFkk vkRe
vfHk”kalu (Self-incrimination) ls
laj{k.k iznku djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & jkT; 1957 esa ,d dkuwu ikl djrk
gS ftlds vuqlkj os fu;ksDrk tks viuk
izfr"Bku cUn dj jgs gS mUgs vius deZpkfj;ksa
dks eqvkotk nsuk gksxkA ;g dkuwu uoEcj
1956 ls izHkkfor gqvk eqvkotk u nsus dh
fLFkfr esa fu;ksDrk dks tsy Hkh tkuk iM+ ldrk
gSA lquokbZ ds nje;ku U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k
fd ;g flfoy nkf;Ro gS rFkk flfoy nkf;Roksa
dks iw.kZ u djuk dksbZ vijk/k ugha gSA
(Hathising Manufacturing Co. V. Union of
India, AIR 1960 SC 923)
n`’Vkar & A dks Sea Customs Act 1878 ds
rgr fl) gksus ij nafMr fd;k x;kA ckn esa
mls S120B Indian Penal Code ds rgr Hkh
Prosecute fd;k x;kA U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nwljs vfHk;kstu dks jksdk
ugha tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g leku] vijk/k ds
fy, ugha gSA (Leo Ray Frey Vs.
Superintendent, District Jail Air 1958 SC
119)
n`’Vkar & ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius v¡xwBs dk
fu'kku ;k gLrk{kj dk uewuk nsrk gS rks og
dksbZ oS;fDrd vfHklk{; ugha nsrk gSA D;ksafd ;s
oLrq,¡ dsoy rqyuk ds mís”; ls yh tkrh gS aA
blh rjg [kkst ds ifj.kkeLo:i tCr dh x;h
phtsa ;k vfHk;qDr dk fp=] vaxqfy;ksa ds fu'kku
,oa uewus ds fy, gLrk{kj vuqPNsn 20¼3½ ds
varxZr oftZr ugha gksaxsA vuqPNsn 20¼3½ vius
fo:) yxk;s x;s vfHk;ksx ds laca/k esa dsoy
oS;fDrd Kku ls dqN dgus ds fy, ckè; djus
dks oftZr djrk gSA (State of Bombay V.
Kathi kalu Oghad, AIR 1961 SC 1808).
fØfeuy ekeyksa ds iM+rky ds nje;ku lafnX/k
ij Narcoanalisis rFkk Polygraph
Examination dks djuk O;fDr ds Lo;a nks"kh
Bgjkuk ds vf/kdkj ds fo#) gS gkykafd
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vuqefr nh dh bu
rduhdkas dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq
dqN ,gfr;kr ds lkFk (Selvi and othes V.
State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SC 1974)
vuq- 21 ;g micfU/kr djrk gS fd ^fdlh
O;fDr dks mlds izk.k ;k nSfgd Lok/khurk ls
fof/k }kjk izfØ;k ds vuqlkj gh oafpr fd;k
tk;sxk vU;Fkk ughaA izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk
flQZ nSfgd ;k “kkfjfjd vfLrRo ls gh ugha gS
vfirq bldk vFkZ llEeku thou dk laca/k
vtZu ls gSA (Maneka Gandhi Vs. Union of
India AIR 1978 SC 597)
izk.k o nSfgd Lora=rk ds vf/kdkj (A21) ds
rgr U;k;ky; us f”k{kk ds ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks
Hkh “kkfey fd;k gSA (Unikrishnan V. State of
A.P. 1993 SCC 645) mPpre U;k;ky; us vuq-
21 dh O;kid O[kk[;k dh gS mnkgj.k ds fy,
tkuus ds vf/kdkj dks U;k;ky; us vuq- 21
rgr ekU;rk D;ksafd ;g yksdra= dk ,d
egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS (Reliance Petrochemicals
Ltd. V. Proprietors, Indian Express
Newspapers Bombay (P) Ltd., (1988) 4 SCC
592)
n`’Vkar & fnYyh ,f'k;kbZ [ksyksa dh fofHkUu
ifj;kstukvksa esa dk;ZjÙk etnwjksa dh etnwjh dk
U;wure nSfud HkÙkk ugha feykA U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g muds izk.k o nSfud
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Lora=rk ds ewy vf/kdkjksa dk guu gSA
(Peoples Union fofr Democratic Rights V.
Union of India AIR 1982 SC 1473)
vuq- 22 dqN fuf”pr ekeyksa esa canhdj.k ,oa
fujks/k ds fo:) laj{k.k nsrk gSA vuq- 22 fdlh
vijk/k ds laca/k esa fxj¶rkj gq, O;fDr;ksa dks
fuEufyf[kr vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSa
fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.kksa dk
“kh?kzkfr”kh?kz crk;s tkus dk
vf/kdkjA
viuh :fp ds odhy ls ijke”kZ
djus vkSj cpko djus dk
vf/kdkj
fxj¶rkjh ds ckn 24 ?kaVksa ds
vanj fdlh eSftLVªsV ds le{k
is”k fd;s tkus dk vf/kdkj
24 ?kaVs ls vf/kd eSftLVªsV ds
vkns”k ds fcuk fujks/k ls
Lora=rkA
mPpre U;k;ky; us fxj¶rkjh o fujks/k ls
lacaf/kr O;kid fn”kk funsZ”k lq>k,sa gSA (D.K.
Basu V. State of West Bengal, (1977) 1
SCC 416).
n`’Vkar & A dks vijkf/kd vfrpkj (Criminal
Trespass) CPC ds rgr fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk
gS rFkk ml ij U;k; iapk;r tks fd jkT; ds
iapk;r vf/kfu;e ds rgr dk;Z dj jgh gS esa
eqdn~ek pyk;k tkrk gSA vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj
U;k; iap;kr ds lEeq[k dksbZ Hkh vf/koDrk dsl
ugha yM+ ldrkA U;k;ky; us bl vf/kfu;e
dks vYVªk ok;jl ?kksf’kr fd;k D;ksafd ;g vuq-
22¼1½ ds fo:) gSA (State of Madhya Pradesh
V. Shobhram AIR 1966 SC 1910).
“kks’k.k ds fo:) vf/kdkj
vuq- 23 ekuo dk nqO;kZikj vkSj csxkj rFkk blh
izdkj ds vU; cykrJe dks fu’ks/k djrk gSA
vuq- 24 cky Je fu’ks/k djrk gSA ;g vuq-
ukjh Ø;&foØ; rFkk csxkjh dh leL;k ij
fu;a=.k yxkus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
n`’Vkar & ,d fo/ks; ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
nwljs O;fDr dks bl vk/kkj ij dke nsus ls euk
ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd og vuq- tkfr rFkk tu
tkfr dk gSA tcfd og O;fDr Hkh dk;Z dks
fdlh vU; fgUnw ls djok ldrk gSA U;k;ky;
us bl ifjizs{; esa ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;g
fo/ks;d vuq- 23 dk mYy?kau ugha gSA D;ksafd
;g fo/ks;d fdlh O;fDr dks tkfr ds vk/kkj
ij dk;Z ls fu’ks/k djrk gSA ;g cykrJe dh
Js.kh esa ugha vkrk gSA (State V. Banwari, AIR
1951 All 615).
/kkfeZd Lora=rk dk vf/kdkj
lafo/kku Hkkjr ds leLr ukxfjdksa dks vUrdj.k
dh Lora=rk rFkk /keZ ds vck/k :i ls ekuus
vkpj.k djus rFkk izpkj djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk
gSA ¼vuq- 25½
/keZ ds izpkj djus ds vf/kdkj esa fdlh ds /keZ
dks ifjofrZr djk dj vius /keZ esa “kkfey djus
dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA og dkuwu tks cykr~
/keZifjorZu] /kks[ks ls /keZifjorZu rFkk ykyp ls
/keZifjorZu ij jksd yxkrk gS og dkuwu vuq-
25 ds fo:) ugha gSaA (Rev. Stanislaus V.
State of M.P. (1971)1 SCC 677).
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 26 /kkfeZd dk;Z ds izca/k dh Lora=rk dks
micaf/kr djrk gSA vuq- 28 ;g micaf/kr djrk
gS fd jkT;fuf/k ls iwjh rjg ls iksf’kr fdlh
f”k{kk laLFkk esa dksbZ /kkfeZd f”k{kk u nh tk,xh
rFkk jkT; ls ekU;rk izkIr ;k jkT;fuf/k ls
iksf"kr gksus okyh f”k{kk laLFkk esa mifLFkr gksus
okys fdlh O;fDr dks /kkfeZd f”k{kk ;k mikluk
esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ckè; u fd;k tk,xk] tc
rd fd ml O;fDr us ;k ;fn ;g vko”;d gS
rks mlds laj{kd us blds fy, viuh lEefr u
ns nh gksA
n`"Vkar & xq:ukud ;wfuoflZVh fo/ks;d dk 4
;g izko/kku djrk gS fd jkT; xq:ukud nso
dh f'k{kkvks rFkk thou ds mij v/;;u rFkk
[kkst dh O;LFkk djsxk bl izko/kku ds lanHkZ es
;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd D;kasfd fo'ofo|ky;
jkT; fuf/k ls pyrk gS blfy, ,slk dksbZ Hkh
izko/kku lafo/kku ds vuq- 28 mYya?ku gS ekeys
dh lquokbZ us U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
fd xq:ukud nso dh f'k{kkvks rFkk thou dk
v/;;u dksbZ /kkfeZd elyk ugha gS rFkk u gh
;g fdlh /keZ ds izpkj ds fy, gS (A.V.
College V. State of Punjab, (1971) 2 SCC
269)
laLÑfr vkSj f”k{kk laca/kh vf/kdkj
vuq- 29 Hkkjr {ks= esa jgus okys uxkfjdksa ds
fdlh Hkh oxZ dks] ftudh viuh fo”ks"k Hkk’kk]
fyfi ;k laLÑfr gS] mls cuk;s j[kus dk
vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh “kS{kf.kd
laLFkku esa tks fd jkT; }kjk LFkkfir gS ;k
jkT; }kjk iksf’kr gS] /keZ] tkfr] Hkk’kk ds vk/kkj
ij nkf[kys ls euk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
English Medium Students 'Parents'
Association V. State of Karnataka and oters,
AIR 1994 2 SC 1702 dh lquokbZ esa mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dukZVd
ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k ;g fu;e ftlds rgr
NBoha d{kk rd f'k{kk dk ek/;e ekr` Hkk"kk
gksxk] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 29 ;k 30 dk
mYya?ku ugha gSA
T.M.A. Pai Foundation V. State of
Karnataka (2002) us ;g ?kksf’kr fd;k fd
fdlh Hkh vYila[;d leqnk; ds laLFkku esa] tks
fd vYila[;d leqnk; }kjk LFkkfir] iz”kkflr
;k jkT; }kjk iksf’kr gks] esa 50 izfr”kr rd
lhVsa ml leqnk; ds fy, vkjf{kr dh tk
ldrh gaSA ijUrq St. Stephen’s College V.
University of Delhi esa Supreme Court dh
lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k
fd ;fn jkT; pkgs rks lhVksa dh vkjf{kr la[;k
esa ;qfDr;qDr ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS tks
fd ml laLFkku ds izdkj] vYila[;d tu
leqnk; dh tula[;k rFkk mu dh “kS{kf.kd
vko”;drkvksa ds vuqlkj gks ldrk gSA
vuq- 30¼1½ ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd /keZ ;k
Hkk"kk ij vk/kkfjr lHkh vYila[;d oxks± dks
viuh :fp dh f”k{kk&laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj
izca/k dk vf/kdkj gksxkA jkT; bu laLFkkvksa dks
foÙk lgk;rk nsus esa dksbZ Hksn ugha djsaxsaA bl
vuqPNsn esa of.kZr vf/kdkj vkR;kafrd ugha gSA
(Sidharjbhai Sabbai V. State of Gujarat 1963
SC 540)
n`’Vkar & lkslkbVh vkQ Jesus tks fd St.
Xavier College vgenkckn dks iz'kkflr dj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
jgh gSA bldk mís”; fØlfp;u cPpksa dks mPp
f”k{kk iznku djuk gS] gkykafd laLFkku esa vU;
/keZ] tkfr leqnk; ds cPps Hkh i<+ jgs gSaa jkT;
ljdkj ,d ,DV ikl djrh gS ftlds vuqlkj
izR;sd dkyst viuh Governing rFkk
Selection bodies esa University nominees
dks j[ksxhA Univesity Nominee dks mís”;
disciplinary issue dks lqy>kuk rFkk teachers
of Management ds eq[; fookn lqy>kus esa
eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkuk Fkk U;k;ky; us ;g
ik;k fd ;g ,DV vuq- 31 dk mYya?ku gS
(Ahmedabad St. Xavier’s College Society
V. State of Gujarat (1974) 1 SCC 717)
n`"Vkar & ,d jkT; ljdkj jkT; ds Ldwy ds
deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, vkpkjlafgrk dh ?kks"k.kk
djrh gS blds v/khu deZpkfj;ksa ds
vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokfg;ksa dh izfØ;kvkas dk
fu/kkZj.k rFkk muds osru HkÙkksa dk izko/kku
'kkfey gS ;g dkuwu vYila[;d leqnk; ds
vlgk;rk izkIr laLFkkvksa ij ykxw ugha gksrk
ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd
;g dkuwu lekurk ds vf/kdkj vuq-14 dk
mYya?ku gS vr% bl dkuwu dks fujLr fd;k
x;kA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vYila[;dksa
ds vf/kdkj vuq- 30 ds vrxZr vkR;kafrd ugha
gSA (Frank Anthony Public School
Employees' Association V. Union of India,
(1986) 4 SCC 707)
dqN vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dk fof/kekU;dj.k
(3 Validation of Certain Act & Regulations)
dqN vf/kfu;eksa ,oa fofu;eksa dk fof/kekU;dj.k
lafo/kku dh uoha vuqlwph esa 'kkfey gS rFkk
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 31¼[k½ vuqPNsn ;g
mica/k djrk gS fd uoha vuqlwph esa mYysf[kr
fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks bl vk/kkj ij “kwU;
ugha le>k tk;sxk fd os lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3 ds
fdUgha mica/kksa }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa esa ls fdlh
ls vlaxr gSa ;k mudks Nhu ysrs gSa ;k U;wu
djrs gSaA
;fn fo/kkf;dk uoha vuqlwph esa dksbZ la'kks/ku
djrh gS rks ;g la'kks/ku Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds
vuq- 31¼[k½ laj{k.k es ugha vk,xk rFkk blds
oS|rk dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gS (Venkata
Rao V. State of Bombay, (1969) 2 SCC 81)
mPpre U;k;ky; ds 9 U;k;k/kh'kksa dh ihB us
;g O;oLFkk dh fd os lHkh dkuwu tks
ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh ekeys ls igys vFkkZr 2 vizSy
1973 ls igys uoha vuqlwph es 'kkfey fd;s x,
gS mUgs ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu esa pqukSrh ugha nh
tk ldrh ijarq mijksDr frfFk ds ckn 'kkfey
fd;s x, dkuwuksa dks ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa
rFkk lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk ds fl)kar ds
ifjis{; esa pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS (I.R.
Coelho V. State of Tamil Nadu, (1999) 7
SCC 580)
laoS/kkfud mipkjksa ds vf/kdkj
vuqPNsn 32 ¼1½ ukxfjdksa dks lafo/kku ds Hkkx 3
}kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy,
mPpre U;k;ky; dks leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ksa }kjk
izpkfyr djus ds vf/kdkj dh xkjUVh djrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; dks bu vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr
djkus ds fy, leqfpr funZ s’k ;k fjV] ftuds
vUrxZr canh&izR;{khdj.k] ijekns”k] izfr’ks/k]
vf/kdkj&iPNk vkSj mRizs{k.k ds izdkj ds fjV
Hkh lfEefyr gS] tkjh djus dh “kfDr iznku
djrk gSA vuq- 32 esa of.kZr vf/kdkjksa dks
laoS/kkfud izko/kku ds vykok fujLr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
vuq- 32 of.kZr 'kCn leqfpr dk;Zokfg;k¡ fdlh
fo'ks"k izdkj dh iz.kkyh dh vksj bafxr ugha
djrh gS vfirq leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ka oks
dk;Zokfg;k¡ gS tks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fØ;kUo;u ls laEcf/kr gS leqfpr dk;Zokfg;k¡
xjhc] rFkk vlgk; yksxksa ds ewy vf/kdkjksa ls
lEcf/kr gS ihfM+r O;fDr }kjk U;k;ky; dks
fy[kk gqvk ,d lknk i= Hkh ewy vf/kdkj ds
lanHkZ esa leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ksa ds v/khu vk,xkA
mPpre U;k;ky; us tufgr ;kfpdk dsUnzksa dh
LFkkiuk blh mn~ns'; ls dh gS blh lsy esa
U;k;ky; dks fy[ks lkjs i= vkrs gS rFkk NVuh
ds ckn bu i=ksa dks eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds leq[k
j[kk tkrk gS ;g i= fu"ks/kkRed uk gksdj
ftKklq Hkh gks ldrs gS (Bandhua Mukti
Morcha V. Union of India, (1984)3 SCC
161)
vkerkSj ij vuq- 32 dh dk;Zokfg;ksa esa mPpre
U;k;ky; rF; ds iz'u ij fopkj ugha djrk
ijarq ;fn U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks og ,slk
dj Hkh ldrk gSA (Laxmi Shankar Pandey V.
Union of India, (1991) 2 SCC 488)
fdlh fjV ;k izkFkZuk i= dh lajpuk ds fo"k;
esa mPpre U;k;ky; dks O;kid foosdkf/kdkj gS
fdlh fjV dks flQZ blhfy, fujLr ugha fd;k
tk ldrk fd og mfpr Lo:i esa ugha fy[kh
xbZ ;k mlesa mPp mipkj dh ekax ugha dh
xbZA (Charanjit Lal Choudhury V. Union of
India, AIR 1951 SC 41)
vuq- 32 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj
flQZ fjV tkjh djus rd gh lhfer ugha gS dks
U;k;ky; ewy vf/kdkjksa ds leqfpr fØ;kUo;u
ds fy, fn'kk funZ'k Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ka flQZ fu"ks/kkRed gh ugha
gS vfirq ;g fuokjd Hkh gS D;ksafd U;k;ky;
ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds ckn leqfpr mipkj
Hkh ns ldrk gSA (M.C. Mehta V. Union of
India, (1987) 1 SCC 395)
;fn ewy vf/kdkj izkbZosV O;fDr ds fo#)
miyC/k gks tSls fd vuq- 17] 23] rFkk 24 rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh mPpre U;k;ky; ls Hkh
mipkj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA (People's
Union for Democratic Rights V. Union of
India, (1982) 3 SCC 235)
mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; nksuksa gh
ewy vf/kdkjksa ds lac/k esa mipkj iznku djrs gS
ijarq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ihfM+r igys
mPp U;k;ky; tk,xk mlds ckn gh og
mPpre U;k;ky; tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A vius ewy vf/kdkjksa ds guu ds
ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tkrk gS
vVksuhZ tujy ;g rdZ izLrqr djrs gSa fd ;g
fjV igys mPp U;k;ky; esa vuq- 226 ds rgr
nk;j djuh pkfg, rnqijkar mPp U;k;ky; esa
vkuk pkfg, rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq, mPp
U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh dh vuq- 32 ds
lEca/k esa ;g izfØ;k vko';d ugha gSA
(Romesh Thappar V. State of Madras, AIR
1950 SC 124)
os okn tks mPpre U;k;ky; esa nk;j fd;s
tkrs gS os izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar ds v/khu vkrs gS
n`"Vkar & izfroknh fjV ;kfpdk dks vuq- 32 ds
rgr nk;j djus ij fojks/k trkrs gq, dgrk gS
fd ;g leku rF;ksa ij gkbZdksVZ }kjk fujLr
dh tk pqdh gSA lquokbZ esa mPp U;k;ky; us
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr ds
v/khu vkrk gS rFkk ;g fjV ;kfpdk nk;j ugha
gks ldrhA (Daryao V. State of Uttar
Pradesh, AIR 1961 SC 1457)
vuq- 32 ds v/khu izkM~U;k; dk fl)kar vuq-
136 ij Hkh ykxw gksxkA (P.S.R. Sadhanathan
V. Arunachalam, (198 3 SCC 141)
izkM~U;k; dk fl)kar ^cUnh izR;{khdj.k fjV* ij
ykxw ugh gksrk gSA vFkkZr cUnh izR;{khdj.k
izkM~U;k; ds fl)kar esa ,d viokn gSA ;fn
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 226 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; cUnh
izR;{khdj.k fjV dk mipkj [kkfjt dj nsrk gS
rc izkFkh mPpre U;k;ky; ls vuq- 32 ds
v/khu ;g mipkj ekax ldrk gSA (Ghulam
Sarwar Vs Union of India. AIR 1967 SC
1335)
vuq- 32 ds rgr izkFkhZ iqu% ;kfpdk nk;j dj
ldrk gS] blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd cUnh
izR;{khdj.k izkM~U;k; ds fl)kUr esa ,d viokn
gSA (Sunil Dutta Vs Union of India) 1982 3
Scc 405 ijUrq ;fn vuq- 136 rgr cUnh
izR;{khdj.k dh ;kfpdk mPp U;k;ky; }kjk
[kkfjt dj nh tkrh gS rc Hkh izkFkhZ vuq- 32 ds
og fuEu vk/kkjksa ij mPpre U;k;ky; dh
'kj.k esa tk ldrk gSA ¼1½ oLrq fLFkfr rFkk
ifjisz{; es cnyko gksus dh fLFkfr esaA ¼2½ mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh miyC/krk tks iwoZ ;kfpdk ds
le; miyC/k ugha FkhA (TP moideenkaya Vs
Govt. of India (2009) 8 SCC 106)
ijEijkxr :i ls vuq- 32 ds v/khu flQZ og
O;fDr okn nk;j dj ldrk Fkk ftlds ewy
vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gks ijUrq gky ds o"kksZ esa
vuq- 32 ds v/khu okn nk;j djus dk nk;jk
c<+k gS rFkk blls ,d u;h ijEijk dk l`tu
gksrk gS ftls ge ^^yksdfgrokn ds uke ls
tkurs gS blds rgr vc dksbZ Hkh vke vkneh
laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds guu ds lanHkZ esa okn
nk;j dj ldrk gSA (SP Gupta Vs Union of
India 1981 Sopp SC (87)
gkykafd ;g Li"V gS fd vuq- 32 esa dksbZ Hkh
mPpre U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa tk ldrk gSA
ijUrq csgrj ;s gh gksrk gS fd ftl O;fDr ds
vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gS og gh U;k;ky; dh
'kj.k esa tk,A (Bandhua Mukti Morcha Vs
Union of India 1984 3 SCC 161)
n`"Vkar A mPpre U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k vuq- 32
ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; esa B ds fo#)
fØfeuy QSlys ds fo#) fjV nk;j djrk gSA
mPp U;k;ky; B ds QSlys ds fo#) B fjV
nk;j ugha djrk D;kasfd mldh ekU;rk] lksp ds
eqrkfcd fof/k mipkj nsrk gS AB Lo;a
U;k;ky; ls mipkj izkIr dj ldrk gSA D;kasfd
B dh lksp dksbZ fof/kd v{kerk ugha gSA
(Karamjeet Singh Vs Union of India, 1992 4
SCC 660)
cUnh izR;{khdj.k & ;g fjV fdlh O;fDr dks
voS/k :i ls canh cuk, tkus ij mls Lora=rk
iznku djus ds fy, tkjh dh tkrh gSA bl ds
}kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; canhdj.k djus okys
O;fDr dks ;g vkns”k nsrk gS fd og canh fd,
x, O;fDr dks l”kjhj fu;r LFkku rFkk fu;r
le; ij mifLFkr djs rFkk bl fjV ds }kjk
U;k;ky; ;g irk yxkrk gS fd fdu vk/kkjksa
ij O;fDr dks cUnh cuk;k x;k gSA U;k;ky;
;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd ;fn cUnh cuk;s
O;fDr ds Åij dksbZ fof/kd vk/kkj ugha gS rks
mls eqDr fd;k tk,sA
n`’Vkar & iqfyl ,d O;fDr dks mlds ?kj ls
mBk dj ys tkrh gSA mlds ifjtuksa dks dbZ
fnuksa rd ml O;fDr ls u rks feyus fn;k
tkrk gS vkSj u gh mldh tkudkjh gh nh
tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mlds ifjtu mPpre
U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k vuq- 32 ds rgr izkFkZuk
dj ldrs gSaA rc mPpre U;k;ky; iqfyl ds
fo:) canh izR;{khdj.k fjV tkjh djrs gq,
mUgsa ml O;fDr dks l”kjhj mifLFkr djus dk
vkns”k ns ldrh gSA
ijekns'k & ;g fjV ml ifjfLFkfr esa tkjh dh
tkrh gS tc fdlh vkns'k ;k dkuwu }kjk fdlh
ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gqvk gksA bl fjV ds }kjk
loksZPp U;k;ky; fdlh ,sls inkf/kdkjh vFkok
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lkoZtfud laLFkku dks ;g vkns”k tkjh djrk gS
fd og viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuokZgu Bhd
izdkj ls djsA
n`’Vkar & A tks fd ,d ftys dk dySDVj gS
tsy vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vkns”k tkjh djrs gq, ;g
funsZ”k nsrk gS fd vkxkeh pqukoksa esa dksbZ Hkh
dSnh ernku ugha dj ldrkA B tks fd ,d
dSnh gS fo’k; ij vuq- 32 ds rgr mPpre
U;k;ky; dh “kj.k ysrk gSaA mPpre U;k;ky;
dySDVj ds vkns”kksa dks fujLr djrs gq, tsy
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;g funsZ”k nsrk gS fd og
dSfn;ksa dks ernku djus nsA
izfr’ks/k & (Prohibition) ;g fjV loksZPp
U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fuEu
U;k;ky;ksa rFkk U;k;kf/kdj.kksa dks tkjh fd;k
tkrk gSA bl vkns”k ds }kjk U;k;ky;ksa dks ;g
vkns”k fn;k tkrk gS fd og fdlh ekeys esa
vius ;gk¡ dk;Zokgh jksd nsa D;ksafd ;g ekeyk
mu ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj gSA ;g fjV flQZ
U;kf;d rFkk v)Z U;kf;d vfHkdj.kksa ds lanHkZ
es gh miyC/k gSA
n`’Vkar & A vuq- 32 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky;
esa ,d U;kf;d izkf/kdkjh ds fo:) izfr’ks/k dh
ekax djrk gSA ml dk dguk gS fd
U;k;kf/kdjh us mls xyr izko/kku crk;k gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; vthZ dks [kkfjt djrs gq,
;g fu.kZ; nsrk gS fd xyr izko/kku crkus ds
dkj.k izfr’ks/k tkjh ugha dh tk ldrhA izkFkhZ
dks ;g lkfcr djuk gksxk fd U;k;kf/kdkjh us
vius {ks=kf/kdkj dks ckgj tkrs gq, dk;Zokgh
dh gSA (Isha Beevi V. Tax Recovery Officer,
(1976) 1 SCC 70)
vf/kdkj i`PNk & ;g fjV mPpre U;k;ky;
fdlh ,sls O;fDr ds nkos dh tk¡p ds fy, tkjh
djuh gS tks fd fcuk vf/kdkj lkoZtfud ;k
'kkldh; in ij inLFk gks x;k gks nkos dh
vlR;rk fl) gksus ij U;k;ky; ,sls O;fDr dks
gVk Hkh ldrk gSA
n`’Vkar & ,d jkT; dk jkT;iky ,sls O;fDr
dks eq[;ea=h fu;qDr djrk gS tks fd fo/kkulHkk
lnL;rk ds ugha j[krkA A tks fd ml
fo/kkulHkk dk lnL; gSA vuq- 32 ds rgr
mPpre U;k;ky; esa eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr dks
pqukSrh nsrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa mPpre
U;k;ky; vf/kdkj iPNk tkjh dj ldrk gS
vkSj ;fn U;k;ky; ;g ikrk gS fd eq[;ea=h dh
fu;qfDr voS/kkfud gS rks og ml O;fDr dks
rRdky izHkko ls viuk in fjDr djus ds fy,
vkns”k ns ldrk gSA (B.R. Kapur V. State of
Tamil Nadu, (2001 7 SCC 231)
mRizs"k.k & fjV mRizs"k.k fjV izfr"ks/k ls lekurk
j[krh gS! D;ksfd nksuks gh U;kf;d rFkk
v)ZU;kf;d vfHkdj.kksa dks tkjh dh tkrh gS!
;g vkKk i= fdlh fookn dks fuEu U;k;ky;
ls mPp U;k;ky; esa Hkstus ds fy, tkjh fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g fdlh U;k;ky; dks vius
vf/kdkjksa esa lhfer jg dj dk;Z djus dks
dgrk gSA
mRizs{k.k rFkk izfr"ks/k ds e/; ,d egRoiw.kZ
varj ;g gS fd tgk¡ mRizs{k.k U;kf;d rFkk
v)ZU;kf;d fudk;ks ds fu.kZ;ks dks fujLr djrk
gS rks mUgksus vius {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj tkdj
fn;s gS] ogh nqljh vksj izfr"ks/k mUgs ,sls fu.kZ;ksa
dks nsus ls jksdrk gSA bl fjV dk iz;ksx
mPpre bl fjV dk iz;ksx mPpre U;k;ky;
ds vUnj gh ,d cSap }kjk nwljh cSap ds fo:)
ugha fn;k tk ldrkA (A.R. Antulay V. R.S.
Nayak, AIR 1988 SC 153)1
vuq- 33 laln dks fof/k }kjk ;g 'kfDr iznku
djrk gS fd ekSfyd vf/kdkj es ls fdlh dks
l'kL= cyksa vFkok lkoZtfud O;oLFkk Hkkj okys
cyksa ds lnL;kasa ds iz;ksx ds lEcU/k esa fdl
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ek=k rd fucZU/ku ;k fujkdr fd;k tk,] rkfd
os vius dŸkZO;ksa dk mfpr ikyu dj lds vkSj
muesa vuq'kklu cukdj jg ldsA
vuq- 34 laln dks fof/k }kjk lsuk&fof/k ds
v/khu fd;s x;s dk;ksZa dks fof/kekU; cukus dh
'kfDr iznku djrk gSA laln {kfriwfrZ vf/kfu;e
cukdj ,sls {ks= esa la?k ;k jkT; dh ^lsok* esa
fdlh O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ds fo"k;ksa esa
;k lsuk&fof/k ds v/khu fn;s x;s n.Mkns'k]
n.M ;k tCrh ;k vU; dk;Z dks fof/kekU; dj
ldrh gSA
jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rRo & jkT; ds uhfr
funs'kd rRo U;k;ky; esa izoZruh; ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- dqN fuf'pr mn~ns';
fo/kkf;dk dks iznku djrk gSA rFkk fo/kkf;dk
dk ;g drZO; gS fd og uhfr fuekZ.k ds le;
bl mn~ns'; dk /;ku j[ks uhfr funs'kd rRo
;g O;oLFkk djrs gS fd jkT; uhfr fuekZ.k
djrs le; lkekftd] vkfFkZd jktuSfrd U;k;
Hkkjrh; tu dks iznku djsA jkT; ;g O;oLFkk
djs dh lHkh dks thou ;kiu ds leku volj
izkIr gks rFkk jkT; ;g O;oLFkk djs dh /ku dk
dsUnzhdj.k uk gks ik,sA uhfr funsZ'kd rRo rFkk
ekSfyd vf/kdkjkas ds e/; ijLij rkyesy o
lkeatL; gksuk pkfg,A (Minerva Mills Ltd Vs
Union of India)
ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPp U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ewy vf/kdkjksa rFkk uhfr
funs'kd Ùkoksa esa ijLij lkeatL; gksuk pkfg,A
uhfr funs'kd rRoks ds ek/;e ls U;k;ky; ;g
Kkr dj ldrk gS fd ewy vf/kdkj ij fuca/k
;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij yxk;k gS ;k ugh
n`’VkUr & A U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk nk;j djrs
gq, ljdkj ds ml fu;e dks pqukSfr nsrk gS
ftlds rgr jkT; ds vUnj 'kjkc dh fcØh
fu’ks/k gSA U;k;ky; bldk QSlyk djus ds fy,
fd ;g fu’ks/k ;qfDrlaxr gS ;k ugha] vuqPNsn
47 dks jsQj dj ldrh gSA (State of Bombay
v. F.N. Balsara, AIR 1951 SC 318)
Minerva Mills Ltd. V. Union of India,
(1980) 3 SCC 625) ds ekeys esa lquokbZ
djrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us dgk fd lafo/kku
dh ,d fo”ks’krk fufr funs”kd rRo o ewy
vf/kdkjksa ds eè; ijLij lekatL;A
Hkkx IV & A ekSfyd drZO;
ekSfyd drZO; rc rd U;k;ky; }kjk izoZruh;
ugha gS tc rd laln fof/k cukdj mUgas
ioZruh; u cuk;sA ;fn laln }kjk cuk;h fof/k
rFkk ewy drO;ksa ds e/; vlkeatL; gks rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; e/;LFkrk djrk gS]
fjV ijekns'k dks ml O;fDr ds fo#) tkjh
ugh fd;k tk ldrk tks drZO;ksa dk ikyu
Bhd ls ugha dj jgkA (Surya Narain Vs
Union of India AIR 1982 Raj 1)
gkykafd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tc fdlh O;fDr
}kjk vius drZO;ks dk fuoZ?ku u djus ij ;fn
nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dk guu gks jgk gS
rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;ky; ihfM+r O;fDr
dks mipkj iznku dj ldrk gSA (Vishaka Vs
State of Rajasthan (1997) 6 SCC, 241)
dk;Zikfydk Hkkx & 05
vuq- 52 ;g micaf/kr djrk gS fd Hkkjr dk
,d jk"Vªifr esa fufgr gksxh vkSj og bldk
iz;ksx jk"Vªifr dh fu;qfDr ,d fuokZpd e.My
}kjk gksrh gS rFkk vuq- 54 bl fuokZpd e.My
ds lnL;ksa ds fo"k; esa izko/kku djrk gSA vuq-
55 jk"Vªifr ds pquko dh fjfr dh O;k[;k
djrk gSA jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ dk
gksrk gS vuq- 56 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jk"Vªifr ds
in ds fy, dqN 'krksZa dk vuq- 59 esa izko/kku
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
djrk gSA Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks egkfHk;ksx dh
izfØ;k }kjk in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA vuq-
61
Hkkjr dk lafo/kku ,d mijk"Vªifr dh O;oLFkk
djrk gS vuq- 63 tks dh jkT;lHkk dk insu
lHkkifr gksrk gS vuq- 64 jk"Vª ds in ij fjfDr
gksus ij ;k mldh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkkjr dk
mijk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr ds :i es dk;Z dj ldrk
gSA vuq- 65
Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;ky; jk"Vªifr rFkk
mijk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu ls lEcaf/kr fookn dh
lquokbZ djrk gSA vuq- 71
la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj dsUnz
lwph ds fo"k;ksa ls ysdj fdlh laf/k ;k djkj ds
v/kkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk bl izdkj ds
vf/kdkjks] izkf/kdkjksa rFkk vf/kdkfjrk ds iz;ksx
rd gksxkA vuq- 73
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jk"Vªifr dks lykg ds fy,
,d ea=h ifj"kn dks izko/kku djrk gS] iz/kkuea=h
ea=h ifj"kn dk eq[; gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr bl
ea=h&ifj"kn dh lykg ij dk;Z djrk gSA
jk"Vªifr dks ea=h ifj"kn dh lykg ekuuk
vfuok;Z gSA vuq- ¼374½
jk"Vªifr iz/kkuea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk
og iz/kkuea=h dh lykg ij ea=he.My dh
fu;qfDr dj ldrk gSA ea=h&ifj"kn lkeqfgd
:i ls yksdlHkk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA
vuq- 75
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vuq- 76 ds v/khu Hkkjr ds
egkU;k;oknh dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA Hkkjr dk
egkU;k;oknh fof/kd fo"k;ksa ij la?k ljdkj dks
lykg iznku djrk gSA egkU;k;oknh mu lHkh
drZO;ksa dk ikyu djsxk tks mls jk"Vªifr }kjk
le;≤ ij lkSisa tk,xsA egkU;k;oknh
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ds izlknIk;ZUr in /kkj.k
djrk gSA vuq- 76
^^jkT;**
izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksxk ¼vuq- 153½
ftldh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tk,sxh ¼vuq-
153½ rFkk jkT; dh leLr dk;kZRed 'kfDr
jkT;iky esa fufgr gksxh ¼vuq- 154½
jkT;iky dh jkT; dh dk;kZRed 'kfDr;k¡
jk"Vªifr ds dsUnz dks dk;kZRed 'kfDr;ksa ds
rqyukRed gSA
lafo/kku }kjk dqN foosdkf/kdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks
NksM+dj jkT;iky jkT; ds ea=h ifj"n dh
lykg ij dk;Z djrk gSA ¼Samsher Singh Vs
State of Punjab 1974 2 SCC 831½
ftldk mYys[k vuq- 163 esa fd;k x;k gS fd
jk"Vªifr dks lykg iznku djs ijUrq ;g
jkT;iky dk foosdkf/kdkj ea=h&ifj"kn gS dh
og dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa ea=h ifj"kn dh
lykg ekus vU;Fkk ugha jkT; dh fo/kku
'kfDr;k¡ jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa rd gksrh gS]
ijUrq ;fn jkT; leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; ij
dkuwu cukrk gS rFkk mlh fo"k; ij laln }kjk
dkuwu cuk;k tkrk gS] ml Vdjko dh
ifjfLFkfr esa laln }kjk cuk;k fo/kku ekU;
gksxk vuq- ¼162½
izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kkueaMy esa jkT;iky]
fo/kkulHkk vkSj fo/kku ifj’kn~ ¼;fn ml jkT; esa
gS rks “kkfey gksaxs½ fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;ksa fd
fu;qfDr lh/ks turk ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA rFkk
fo/kku ifj’kn~ ds lnL; vizR;{k iz.kkyh ls rFkk
jkT;iky ds }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA
fo/kkulHkk dk dk;Zdky 5 o’kZ dk gksrk gSA
jkT;iky dks lnu dks vkgqr djus rFkk Hkax
djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA jkT;iky fo/kkulHkk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ds l= dks vkgqr dj ldrk gS ijUrq nks l=ksa
ds eè; dh le;kof/k 6 ekl ls T;knk dh ugha
gksuh pkfg,A vkerkSj ij Hkkjr esa ,d o’kZ ds
Hkhrj rhu fo/kkulHkk l= vkgqr fd, tkrs gSaA
jkT; dh eq[;ea=h dh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk
dh tkrh gS rFkk eq[;ea=h dh lykg ij
jkT;iky vU; ea=h dh fu;qfDr djrk gS jkT;
dk eq[;ea=h rFkk vU; ea=h jkT;iky ds
izlkni;ZUr vius in ij dk;Z djrs gS eq[;ea=h
rFkk ea=h ifj"kn lkeqfgd :i ls fo/kkulHkk ds
fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSA vuq- 164
lafo/kku ;g iznÙk djrk gS fd gj jkT; dk
,d jkT; egkf/koDrk gksxk vuq- 165 ;g
egkf/koDrk jkT; dks fof/k lEca/kh ekeyks ij
lykg nsrk gS rFkk egkf/koDrk nks leLr
mÙkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ djrk gS tks mls jkT;iky
rFkk lafo/kku }kjk fdlh&vU; fo/kku }kjk
iznku fd;s tkrs gSA
laln fo/kkf;dk Hkkx
jk"Vªifr] yksdlHkk rFkk jkT;lHkk ,d lkFk
feydj Hkkjrh; laln dk fuekZ.k djrs gS vuq-
79
jkT;lHkk esa dqy 250 lnL; gksrs gS] buesa ls
12 jk"Vªifr }kjk euksuhr fd;s tkrs gS] rFkk
'ks"k 238 lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu jkT; rFkk la?k
jkT; {ks=ks ls fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k laØe.kh; er
iz.kkyh }kjk djrs gSA vuq- 80 yksd lHkk turk
dh lHkk gSA blds lnL;ksa dh vf/kdre la[;k
550 gS ftuesa ls & d- 530 lnL; jkT;ksa ds
ernkrkvksa }kjk izR;{k pquko os fuokZfpr gksaxs]
[k- 20 la?k jkT; {ks=ksa ds izfrfuf/k gksaxs] blds
vfrfjDr] ;fn jk’Vªifr ,saXyks&bf.M;u leqnk;
ds 2 lnL;ksa dks uketn dj ldrk gSA dksbZ
Hkh O;fDr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dk lnL; ugha
jg ldrk gSA
jkT; lHkk ,d mPp LFkk;h lnu gSA bldk
fo?kVu ugha gksrk gSA fdUrq blds ,d&frgkbZ
lnL; izR;sd nwljs o’kZ dh lekfIr ij fuo`Ùk
gks tkrs gSaA jk"Vªifr laln ds izR;sd lnu dks
le;≤ ij vkgr dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr
yksdlHkk dks Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gSA laln dks
nks l=ksa ds e/; 06 ekg ls T;knk dk vUrjky
ugh gksuk pkfg, vuq- 85
lafo/kku laln ds dqN vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr
dk izko/kku djrk gS tSls jkT;lHkk dk mi
lHkkifr] yksd lHkk Lihdj rFkk fMIVh Lihdj
¼As 89&93½
dksbZ O;fDr tks Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj
ds v/khu ykHk dk in /kkj.k djrk gS rks og
laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu dk Hkkx ugha gks
ldrk ¼vuq- 102½
n`’Vkar & A tks fd jkT; lHkk dk lnL; gS m-
iz- Film Development Council ds ps;jilZu
ds in ij Hkh dk;Zjr gS] bl in dks osru o
HkÙks Hkh feyrs gSaA gkaykfd A us bl in ls
dksbZ osru ;k HkÙkk ugha fy;kA ijUrq fQj Hkh os
laln dh lnL;rk ls fu’dkflr fd, tk ldrs
gSaA ¼Jaya Bachchan v. Union of India½A
ykHk dk in ls rkRi;Z ,sls in ls gS ftlls
ykHk fey ldrk gks ;k ftlls O;fDr
;qfDr;qDr :i ls ykHk izkIr djus dh vk'kk dj
ldrk gksA
n`’Vkar & A tks fd laln lnL; gS rFkk jkT;
ljdkj ds v/khu ,d in ij Hkh dk;Zjr gSA
bl in ds fy, mUgsa izrhdkjkRed HkÙks feyrs
gSaA A dks mudh laln lnL;rk ls fu’dkflr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g in dksbZ
ykHk dk in ugha gSA ¼Shivamurthy Swami
Inamdar v. Agadi Sunganna Andanappa½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku laln dks lafo/kku rFkk laln
ds fu;eksa ds v/khu lnL;ksa dks lnu esa cksyrs
dh Lora=rk nsrk gSA Hkkjrh; lnu esa fn;s gq,
c;ku ;k oDrO; ds fo#) fdlh Hkh U;k;ky;
esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksxhA ¼vuq- 105½
n`"Vkar&A tks fd ,d laln lnL; ,d
lkoZtfud O;fDÙko dh Nfo oky O;fDr ds
fo#) oDrO; nsrk gSA ;g ,d vioknkRed
oDÙko gS] ijUrq ds fo#) fdlh U;k;ky; eas
eqdnek ugh pyk;k tk ldrk ijUrq ;fn A us
;gh oDrO; laln ds ckgn fn;k gksrk rc bl
ifjfLFkfr es A ds fo#) okn nk;j fd;k tk
ldrk gSA (Jatish Chandra Ghosh Vs
Harisadhan Mukherjee AIR 1956 Cal 433)
/ku fo/ks;d dks NksM+dj vU; fo/ks;d laln ds
fdlh Hkh lnu esa j[ksa tk ldrs gS rFkk dksbZ
Hkh fo/ks;d rHkh dkuwu curk gS tc mls nksuksa
lnu ikl dj ns ¼vuq- 107½
;fn fdlh fo/ks;d ij nksuksa lnuksa ds e/;
Vdjko dh fLFkfr gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa
jk"Vªifr laln dk la;qDr l= vkgqr dj
ldrk gS ;fn la;qDr cSBd esa fo/ks;d nksuksa
lnuksa ds mifLFkr vkSj er nsus okys lnL;ksa
dh dqy la[;k ds cgqer }kjk ikfjr gks tkrk
gS rks og nkukssa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr le>k
tk,xkA /ku fo/ks;d flQZ yksdlHkk esa izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS yksdlHkk }kjk ikl djus ds ckn
;g fcy jkT;lHkk dks Hkstk tkrk gS jkT;lHkk
dks ;g fcy ,d fuf'fpr le;kof/k esa vius
lq>koksa lfgr ¼;fn dksbZ gks rks½ yksdlHkk dks
okil Hkstuk gksrk gS ijUrq yksdlHkk ds fy,
vko';d ugh dh og bl lq>koksa dk vuqikyu
djs vuq- 109A nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikl gksus ds
ckn ;g fcy jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh ds fy, tkrk
gS jk"Vªifr pkgs rks fcy ij viuh eatwjh ns
ldrk gS vU;Fkk og fcy dks vius fopkjk/khu
j[k ldrk gS ;fn jk"Vªifr fcy dks vius
fopkjk/khu j[krk gS rks mls ,d fuf'pr
le;kof/k esa vius lq>koksa lfgr fcy okil
yksdlHkk dks Hkstuk gksrk gS ijUrq lq>koksa dks
ekuuk yksdlHkk ds fy, vfuok;Z ugh gS blds
ckn yksdlHkk iqu% fcy dks jk"Vªifr dh eatwjh
ds fy, Hkstrh gS bl ckj jk"Vªifr dks fcy ij
gLrk{kj djuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 112 ls 116 rd
fofÙk; fooj.k] fofu;ksx fo/ks;d rFkk vuqnku
vkfn ls lEcaf/kr gS
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡
;fn jk"Vªifr oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls larq"V gks
rFkk laln dk l= vkgqr u gks rc jk"Vªifr
v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS laln dk l= 'kq:
gksus ds 6 lIrkg ds Hkhrj bl v/;kns'k dks
laln ds lEeq[k vuqefr ds fy, j[kuk gksrk gS
vU;Fkk 6 lIrkg ckn ;g v/;kns'k Lor% gh
lekIr gks tk,xkA jk"Vªifr ;fn pkgs rks bl
le;kof/k ls igys ;g v/;kns'k dks okil ys
ldrk gSA ;g v/;kns'k mruk gh izHkkoh gksrk
gS ftruk fd laln dk vf/kfu;eA ¼vuq- 123½
;gk¡ /;ku nsus ckr ;g gS fd jk"Vªifr ;g
v/;kns'k viuh ethZ ls tkjh ugha djrk vfirq
og ea=he.My dh lykg dk vuqlj.k djrk gS
(R.C. Cooper V. Union of India, (1970) 1
SCC 564)
izR;sd jkT; dk viuk ,d fo/kkue.My gksxk
ftles jkT; dk jkT;iky] fo/kkulHkk rFkk
fo/kku ifj"kn 'kkfey gksaxs ¼fo/kku ifj"kn Hkkjr
ds dqN gh jkT;kas esa dk;Zjr gS½ vuq- 168
fo/kkulHkk ds lnL;ks dk pquko izR;{k ernku
ls gksrk gS vuq- 170 rFkk fo/kkuifj"kn ds
lnL;ks dk pquko vizR;{k ernku ls gksrk gS
blds fy, ,d fuokZpd e.My dh O;oLFkk
gksrh gS vuq- 171 fo/kkulHkk izFke vf/kos'ku ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izkjEHk dh frfFk ls ik¡p o"kZ rd cuh jgsxh ;fn
jkT;iky }kjk mls e/; esa gh fo?kfVr u dj
fn;k tk, vuq- 172 jkT;iky jkT;fo/kku
e.Myksa ds lnuks dk le; le; ij l= vkgqr
djrk gS ijUrq 2 l=ksa ds e/; dh vof/k 6 ekg
ls T;knk ugha gksuh pkfg, jkT;iky fo/kkulHkk
Hkax Hkh dj ldrk gS vuq- 174
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 178 ls 186 rd
jkT;fo/kku e.My ds fofHkUu inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh
?kks"k.kk djrs gS ;g inkf/kdkjh fo/kkulHkk dk
Lihdj fo/kku ifj"kn dk v/;{k rFkk mik/;{k
gksrs gSaA
jkT; fo/kkue.My ds lnL;ks dks lafo/kku ds
mica/kksa ds vkSj fo/kkue.My dh izfØ;k dk
fofu;eu djus okys fu;eksa vkSj LFkk;h vkns'kksa
ds v/khu jgrs gq,] izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kkue.My
esa okd~ Lora=rk gksrh gSA
jkT; ds fo/kkue.My esa fdlh lnL; }kjk dgh
xbZ fdlh ckr ;k fn, x, fdlh er ds laca/k
esa mlds fo:) fdlh U;k;ky; esa dksbZ
dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk,xh vkSj fdlh O;fDr ds
fo#) ,sls fo/kkue.My ds fdlh lnu ds
izkf/kdkj }kjk ;k mlds v/khu fdlh izfrosnu
i=] erksa ;k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku ds laca/k esa
bl izdkj dh dkbZ dk;Zokgh ugh dh tk,xhA
¼vuq- 194½
f}lnukRed okys jkT; es /ku fo/ks;d dks
NksM+dj vU; fo/ks;d fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr
fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq fdlh fo/ks;d dks
dkuwu cuus ds fy, mls nksuksa lnuksa }kjk
ikfjr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS vuq- 196A vuq-
197 ml izfØ;k dk izko/kku djrk gS fd tc
dksbZ fo/ks;d ,d lnu }kjk ikfjr gks tk,s
ijUrq nwljs lnu }kjk vLohdkjA vuq- 198
f}lnukRed okys jkT;ks esa /ku fo/ks;d dks
ikfjr djus ds izfØ;k dk o.kZu djrk gSA tc
fo/kkue.My dksbZ fo/ks;d ikl dj nsrs gSa rks
rc og fo/ks;d jkT;iky dh eatwjh ds fy,
Hkstk tkrk gS jkT;iky ml fo/ks;d dks ;k
eatwjh ns nsrk gS] ;k mls vius fopkjk/khu j[k
ldrk gS ;k dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa mls
jk"Vªifr ds fopkjk/khu Hkst ldrk gS ml
ifjfLFkfr esa tc jkT;iky fdlh fo/ks;d dks
vius fopkjk/khu j[krk gS rc jkT;iky dks og
fo/ks;d vius lq>koksa lfgr fo/kkue.My dks
Hkstuk vko';d gksrk gS ijUrq fo/kkue.My ds
fy, ;g vfuok;Z ugha fd og bu lq>koksa dks
ekus vr% ;fn fo/kkue.My fo/ks;d dks ewy
Lo:i iqu% jkT;iky ds ikl Hkstrk gS rc
jkT;iky ds fy, ml fo/ks;d ij gLrk{kj
djuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA vuq- 200 jkT;iky
fo/ks;d dks jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds fy,
vkjf{kr dj ldrk gS jk"Vªifr ml fo/ks;d ij
viuh vuqefr nsxk vFkok jkT;iky dks ml
fo/ks;d ij fo/kku e.My }kjk iqufoZpkj dk
funsZ'k ns ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn fo/kku e.My mls
6 ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj iqu% ikfjr djds
Hkst nsrk gS] rks og iqu% jk"Vªifr dh lgefr ds
fy, j[kk tk,xkA vuq- 201
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 202 ls ysdj 212 rd
izfd;kRed fu;eksa dk lewg gS ftudk
vuqikyu djuk jkT;fo/kku e.My ds fy,
vko';d gSA
jkT;iky dh fo/kk;h 'kfDr;k¡
;fn jkT;iky oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls larq"V gks
rFkk fo/kkue.My dk l= vkgqr u gks rc
jkT;iky v/;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gS
fo/kkue.My dk l= 'kq: gksus ds 6 lIrkg ds
Hkhrj bl v/;kns'k dks fo/kkue.My ds lEeq[k
vuqeksnu ds fy, j[kuk gksrk gS vU;Fkk 6
lIrkg ckn ;g v/;kns'k Lor% gh lekIr gks
tk,xkA dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa esa jkT;iky
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds ckn gh v/;kns'k tkjh
dj ldrk gS ;g v/;kns'k mruk gh izHkkoh
gksrk gS ftruk fd fo/kkue.My dk vf/kfu;eA
vuq- 213
jkT;iky }kjk vuq- 213 ds vrxZr v/;kns'k
tkjh djus dh 'kfDr esa dqN viokn gS bl
'kfDr dks fo/kkue.My }kjk fo/kku cukus ds
iwjd ugha le>k tk ldrkA v/;kns'k dqN
fuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] le; ds vHkko esa rFkk
tc fo/kkue.My dk l= vkgqr u gks rks rHkh
tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gS fo/kkue.My v/;kns'k
dks fo/ks;d es ifjofrZr ugh dj ldrkA (D.C.
Wadhwa V. State of Bihar, (1987) 1 SCC
378)
U;k;ikfydk
la?kh; U;k;ikfydk Hkkx 4
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk 124 ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS
fd Hkkjr esa mPpre U;k;ky; gksxk tks fd ,d
eq[; U;k;k/kh'k rFkk vU; U;k;/kh'kksa ¼vU;
U;k;/kh'kksa dh la[;ka dk izko/kku laln }kjk
fd;k tkrk gS½ dk lewg gksxk mPpre
U;k;ky; dh lHkh ttksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr
}kjk dh tkrh gS jk’Vªifr U;k;k/kh”kksa dh
fu;qfDr mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa
ds ,sls U;k;k/kh'kksa ls ^ijke”kZ* (consultation)
djus ds i”pkr~ ftuls bl iz;kstu ds fy, og
vko”;d le>sA
mPpre U;k;k/kh'k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius
in ij cus jgrs gS os R;kxi= }kjk viuk in
NksM+ ldrs gS vU;Fkk mUgas jk"Vªifr ds vkns'k
}kjk] ftldk fd vuqeksnu lnu ds nksuksa
lnukas esa 2 frgkbZ cgqer ls fd;k gks gVk;k tk
ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k
U;k;ky; gS ¼vuq- 129½ vFkkZr~ blds fu.kZ; vkSj
dk;Zokfg;k¡ fyf[kr gksrh gSA mUgsa loZnk latks;s
j[kk tkrk gS rkfd Hkfo"; esa v/khuLFk
U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k iwoZfu.kZ; (precedent) ds
:i esa izLrqr dh tk ldsaA rFkk ;s vius
voeku ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dks n.M nsus dh
Hkh “kfDr gksrh gSA (Aswini Kumar Ghose v.
Arabinda Bose, AIR 1953 SC 75)
mPpre U;k;ky; u dsoy viuh voekuuk ds
fy, vfirq viuh vf/kuLFk U;k;ky; o
vHkhdj.k dh voekuuk ds fy, Hkh n.Mhr dj
ldrk gSA (Delhi Judicial Services
Associates V. State of Gujarat)
mPpre U;k;ky;] U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds
ekeys esa ,d vf/koDrk dks mlh izdkj nf.Mr
dj ldrk gS ftl izdkj fdlh vke ukxfjd
dks U;k;ky; vf/koDrk ds ykblsal dks fujLr
ugh djrk (Supreme Court Ba4r
Association V. Union of India, (1998)
4 SCC 409) ijUrq R.K. Anand V.
Registrar, Delhi Hidh Court, 2009
(10) SCALE 164) ds ekeys dh lquokbZ esa
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;LFkk nh dh
U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds ekeys esa ;fn mPp
U;k;ky; ltk ds :i esa oknh dks dqN fuf'pr
le; ds fy, lquokbZ ls nwj j[k ldrk gS
n`"Vkar A tks fd ,d ys[kd rFkk i=dkj gS
vius ,d ys[k esa U;k;ky; dh vkykspuk djrk
gS U;k;ky; bl vkykspuk dks U;k;ky; dh
voekuuk ekudj ys[kd dks nf.Mr dj ldrk
gSA (Based on In re, Arundhati Roy,
(2002) 3 SCC 343)
mPpre U;k;ky; dks fuEufyf[kr i{kdkjksa ds
chp fdlh fookn esa izkjfEHkd vf/kdkfjrk gS
la?k rFkk ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd
jkT;ksa ds chp
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
la?k vkSj dksbZ jkT; ,d vkSj
rFkk ,d jkT; nwljh vksj
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds
chp ¼vuq- 131½
mPpre U;k;ky; us State of
Rajasthan V. Union of India, (1977)3
SCC 592 dh lquokbZ esa ;g Li"V fd;k
fd vuq- 131 es of.kZr ^jkT;* 'kCn dh
ifjf/k esaa jkT; ljdkj 'kkfey gksrh gS
n`’Vkar % fcgkj jkT; Vs fgUnqLrku LVhy fy-
ds ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs gq, mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd ;g fookn
U;k;ky; ds okLrfod {ks= vf/kdkj ds varxZr
ugha vkrk D;ksafd fgUnqLrku LVhy fy- dEiuh
,DV ds rgr ,d jft- dEiuh gS blfy, ;g
vuq- 131 ds vuq:i jkT; dk ntkZ izkIr ugha
dj ldrhA (State of Bihar V. Union of
India, 1970 (1 SCC 67)
n`’Vkar % nks jkT; varjkT; ty fookn
vf/kdj.k ds lEeq[k i{kdkj Fks buesa ls ,d
jkT; us vf/kdj.k dh ?kks’k.kk euus ls badkj
dj fn;kA nwljs jkT; us vuq- 131 ds rgr
mPpre U;k;ky; dh “kj.k ekaxhA bl eqís ij
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li’V fd;k fd ;g
okn vuq- 131 ds rgr vkrk gSA (State of
Karnataka V. State of Andhra
Pradesh, (2000) 9 SCC 572)
vU; ekeyksa esa okn dks U;kf;d fu.kZ; ds fy,
igys lk/kkj.k U;k;ky; esa ys tkuk vko';d gS
¼vuq- 131 ds v/khu½ ijUrq i{kdkj dks lEcf/kr
rF;ksa ds lkFk mPpre U;k;ky; esa tk ldrk
gS rFkk mfpr mipkj ekax ldrk gSA (State
of Bihar V. Bihar V. Union of India
(1970) 1 SCC 67)
fdlh mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, flfoy
nk.fMd ;k vU; dk;Zokgh ds fu.kZ;ksa] fMØh ;k
vfUre vkns'k dh vihy mPpre U;k;ky; esa
gksxh ;fn og mPp U;k;ky; vuq- 134 ds
v/khu ;g izekf.kr dj nsrk gS fd mDr ekeys
esa fof/k dk dksbZ lkjoku iz'u lfEefyr gS rFkk
vihydrkZ ;g vihy djrk gS fd mDr iz'u
dh xyr O;k[;k dh xbZ gS ¼vuq- 132½ rc ;g
ekeyk mPpre U;k;ky; ds vihyh;
vf/kdkfjrk es vkrk gS fof/k ds lkjokn iz'u ls
rkRi;Z mu iz'uksa ls gS ftu ij fopkjksa esa
fopyu gks ijUrq ;fn iz'u dks mPpre
U;k;ky; us iw.kZ :i ls lquk gS rFkk fu.kZ;
fn;k gS rc ;g iz'u fof/k iz'u ugh gksxk
mnkgj.k ds fy, i{kdkj ;fn vuq- 14 dh
O;k[;k ij lger gS ijUrq mldh rF;ksa esa
iz;qfDr ij vlger] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vuq-
131 ds v/khu fof/k dk lkjoku iz'u ugh
gksxkA (State of Jammu and Kashmir V.
Thakur Ganga Singh AIR 1960 SC
356)
oks fo"k; mPpre U;k;ky; ds fopkjk/khu Hksts
tkrs gS ftudks dh mPp U;k;ky; fdlh fn;s
x;s fMØh] fu.kZ; rFkk n.Mkns'k dks vuq- 134
¼d½ ds lanHkZ esa izekf.kr djs tSls
1 fof/k ds lkjoku iz'u]
2 oks iz'u ftudks mPp U;k;ky; mPpre
U;k;ky; dh fopkj.k ds fy, mfpr le>saA
vuq- 132 ds vykok ;fn i{kdkj vihy ds
vk/kkjksa esa ;g dgrk gS fd fof/k ds fdlh
rkfRod iz'u dk fofu'p; xyr gqvk gS ml
ifjfLFkfr esa ;g mPpre U;k;ky; dh vihyh;
vf/kdkfjDrk esa vk,xkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 133 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^^fu.kZ;] fMØh rFkk
vafre fu.kZ;** dk vFkZ mPp U;k;ky; ds mu
vkns'kksa ls gS tks fd fdlh fookn esa i{kdkjksa ds
nkf;Roksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa dk fu/kkZj.k djs ,d
vkns'k vafre vkns'k rc gksxk tc og fdlh
flfoy ekeys esa i{kdkjksa ds vf/kdkjksa ls
lEcf/kr gksxkA
n`"Vkar & A mPp U;k;ky; esa ,d izkf/kdkj ds
fu.kZ; ds fo#) vihy nk;j djrk gSA mPp
U;k;ky; lh ih lh dh /kkjk 151 ds rgr
ekeys ij fopkj.k djrk gS vc A blh ekeys
dks vuq- 133 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; ds
ikl ys tkuk pkgrk gS rFkk bl lanHkZ esa ;g
mPp U;k;ky; ls vuq 134 A ds rgr
izek.ki= ekaxrk gS ijUrq mPp U;k;ky; bls
fu"ks/k djrk gS ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd D;ksafd ;g ,d
vafre fu.kZ; ugha Fkk blfy, vuq 134 ds rgr
izek.k i= tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrk (Based
on Jethanand & Sons V. State of Uttar
Pradesh, AIR 1961 SC 794)
fdlh fu.kZ; vafre vkns'k ;k n.Mkns'k dh
fØfeuy ekeyksa esa mPpre U;k;ky; esa vihy
gks ldrh gS ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ¼d½ us vihy
es fdlh vfHk;qDr dks nks"keqfDr ds vkns'k dks
iyVdj e`R;q n.Mkns'k fn;k gS vFkok ¼[k½ u
fdlh v/khuLFk U;k;ky; ls fdlh ekeys dks
e¡xkdj vfHk;qDr dks e`R;q n.Mkns'k fn;k gS
vFkok ¼x½ vuq- 134 d ds v/khu izekf.kr dj
ns fd ;g ekeyk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy ds
;ksX; gS
n`"Vkar & A tks fd vkbZ-ih-lh dh /kkjk 302 ds
rgr gR;k dk nks"kh gS rFkk Vªk;y dksVZ }kjk
/kkjk 304 ds rgr nafMr fd;k x;k gSA mPp
U;k;ky; ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs gq, Vªk;y
dksVZ ds fu.kZ; dks cnydj A dks /kkjk 302
rgr e`R;qn.M nsrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; jkT;
ds bl rdZ dks [kkfjt djrk gS fd vuq- 134
es of.kZr nks"keqfDr dk vFkZ iw.kZnks"keqfDr gS bl
izdkj A dks vuq- 134 ds varxZr izekf.kr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA (Tara Chand Damu Sutar V.
State of Maharashtra, AIR 1962 SC 130)
mPp U;k;ky; vuq- 133¼1½ vuq- 132¼1½ vuq-
134¼1½ ds vuqlkj fMØh] fu.kZ; rFkk vafre
vkns'k ns ldrk gS mPp U;k;ky; fuEu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izek.k i= tkjh dj ldrk gS
¼d½ ;fn og ,slk djuk mfpr le>rk gS] rks
og viuh bPNk ls ,slk dj ldrk gS ¼;fn
vkns'k] fMØh ;k n.Mkns'k ikfjr gks tkus ds
i'pkr O;fDr i{kdkj }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls
ekSf[kd vkosnu djrk gS½
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx 5 dks NksM+dj mPpre
U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; rFkk izkf/kdkj }kjk
fn;s x;s fdlh fu.kZ;] fMØh ;k vo/kkoj.k]
n.Mkns'k dh vihy dh fo'ks"k vuqefr ns ldrk
gS ijUrq ;g l'kL= cyksa ds U;k;ky;ksa ;k muds
}kjk xfBr izkf/kdj.kksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ij ykxw ugha
gksxhA vuq- 136
n`"Vkar & A ,d le>kSrk vf/kdkjh
(Conciliation Officer) ds fu.kZ; ds fo#)
vuq- 136 ds rgr mPpre U;k;ky; ls fo'ks"k
vuqefr ekaxrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; ;g dgrs
gq, vthZ [kkfjt djrk gS fd le>ksrk
vf/kdkjh dksbZ izkf/kdkj ugha gS (Based on
Jaswant Sugar Mills V. Lakshmi
Chand, AIR 1963 SC 677)
vuq- 136 mPpre U;k;ky; dks fo'ks"k vuqefr
ekeys es ,d O;kid Lofoosd dh 'kfDr iznku
djrk gS ijUrq U;k;ky; flQZ dqN fuf'pr
ekeyksa esa tgk¡ O;kid vU;k; gqvk gks ;k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izkd`frd U;k; ds fl)kar dk mYy?ku gqvk gS]
fo'ks"k vuqefr iznku djrk gSA (Narpat
Singh V Jaipur Development
Authority, (2002)4 SCC 666)
mPpre U;k;ky; laln }kjk cuk, x;s fu;eksa
rFkk vuq- 145 ds v/khu mPpre U;k;ky; dks
vius }kjk lquk, x, fu.kZ;ksa dk iqujkoyksdu
djus dh 'kfDr gS ¼vuq- 137½ fuEufyf[kr
vk/kkjksa ij mPpre U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa dk
iqujkoyksdu dj ldrk gS ¼1½ u;s rF;ksa rFkk
lk{;ksa dh [kkst gksus ij ¼2½ fjdkWMZs es xyrh
gksus ij ¼3½ vU; l{ke dkj.kksa lsA
Hkkjrh; laln dkuwu cukdj mPpre U;k;ky;
dks la?klwph ds fo"k;ksa ij vf/kd 'kfDr iznku
dj ldrh gS blds vykok dsanz ljdkj rFkk
jkT; ljdkj fdlh le>ksrs ds }kjk mPpre
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f) dj ldrs gS vuq-
138 blh izdkj laln fof/k cukdj lokZsPp
U;k;ky; dks vuq- 132 ds vfrfjDr vU; fo"k;ksa
ij Hkh fjV tkjh djus dh 'kfDr iznku dj
ldrh gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh okn dks tks fd
mPpre U;k;ky; esa] mPp U;k;ky; esa] ,d ls
vf/kd mPp U;k;ky; esa yafcr gS rFkk mu
ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky; dks Loizsj.kk ls]
egkU;k;oknh }kjk ;k i{kdkj }kjk vthZ nsus ls
;g Kkr gks tkrk gS fd buesaa fof/k dk lkjoku
iz'u 'kkfey gS rc bl ifjfLFkfr esa mPpre
U;k;ky; bl ekeysa dks vius ikl eaxkdj
fuiVk ldrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr dkuwu jk"Vª ds
leLr U;k;ky;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS mPp
U;k;ky;ksa dk ;g drZO; gS fd og mPpre
U;k;ky; ds leLr fu.kZ;ksa dk ikyu djs mPp
U;k;ky; ;g rdZ ugha ns ldrs fd lacf/kr
igyw mPpre U;k;ky; ds Kku es ugha Fkk ;k
mPpre U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; nsrs le; leLr
igyqvks ij fopkj ugh fd;kA (Ballabhdas
Mathurdas Lakhan V. Municipal
Committee, (1970) 2 SCC 267)
mPpre U;k;ky; vius Lo;a ds fu.kZ; ls okn~;
ugha gS og vius iwoZ es fn;s x;s fu.kZ;ksa ds
vuqlkj okn~; ugha gSA (Dwaka Das
Shrinivas V. Sholapur Spinning and
Weaving Co. Ltd., AIR 1954 SC 119)
lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d cM+h csUp }kjk fn;k
x;k fu.kZ; NksVh csUp }kjk ekU; gksrk gS] ijUrq
;fn NksVh csUp pkgs rks og ekeys eq[;
U;k;k/kh'kksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj ldrs gS rFkk
eq[; U;k;k/kh'k cM+h csUp ds lEeq[k j[k ldrk
gS (Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra
Community V. State of Maharashtra,
(2005) 2 SCC 673)
¼1½ mPpre U;k;ky; fdlh ekeys ;k yfEcr
okn esa iw.kZ U;k; ds fy, vko';d viuh
vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fMØh ;k vkns'k
ns ldrk gSA U;k;ky; bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx
rHkh djrk gS tc mls fo'okl gks tk, dh
yfEcr ekeys esa iw.kZ U;k; ds fy, ,slk djuk
t:jh gSA vuq- 142
n`"Vkar & mPpre U;k;ky; ,d ekeys dh
lquokbZ djrs gq, ftles dh dqN iqfyl
vf/kdkfj;ksa ds Åij ,d U;k;k/kh'k dks gFkdM+h
yxkus] nqHkkZoukiw.kZ ekeyk nk;j djuk dk
vijk/k gS ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs oDr mPpre
U;k;ky; us iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa dks u dsoy
nafMr fd;k vfirq vuq- 142 ds v/khu
U;k;k/kh'k ds fo#) nk;j leLr ekeys okfil
ys fy, U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj ,slk djuk iw.kZ
U;k; ds fy, vko';d FkkA (Delhi Judicial
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Service Association V. State of
Gujarat, (1991)4 SCC 406)
fdlh le; jk"Vªifr dks izrhr gksrk gS fd fof/k
;k rF; dk dksbZ ,slk iz'u mRiUu gqvk gS ;k
mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk gS] tks ,slh izd`fr dk
vkSj ,sls O;kid egRo dk gS fd ml ij
mPpre U;k;ky; dh jk; izkIr djuk lekphu
gS] rks og ml iz'u dks fopkj djus ds fy,
ml U;k;ky; dks funZsf'kr dj ldsxkA jk"Vªifr
vuq- 131 ijUrq esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh]
jk; nsus ds fy, mPpre U;k;ky; dks funsZf'kr
dj ldsxk vkSj mPpre U;k;ky;] ,slh lquokbZ
ds i'pkr~ tks og Bhd le>rk gS] jk"Vªifr dks
ml ij viuh jk; izfrosfnr djsxkA vuq- 143
gkykafd vuq- 143 dh Hkk"kk vR;ar O;kid gS
ijUrq fQj Hkh fof/k dk og iz'u tks mPpre
U;k;ky; }kjk lquk rFkk funsZf'kr fd;k tk
pqdk gS ,sls iz'u dks mPpre U;k;ky; dks
nqckjk vuq- 143 ds v/khu fopkj.k ds fy, ugha
Hkstk ldrkA (In the Matter of Cavery
water Disputes Tribunal, 1993 Supp 1
SCC 96) vuq- 143 ds v/khu nh xbZ lykg
jk"Vªifr ij ck/;dkjh ugha gS ijUrq fQj Hkh
vkerkSj ij jk"Vªifr bldk lEeku djrs gS dqN
fuf'pr ekeyksa esa ;fn U;k;ky; pkgs rks og
Hkkjr ds egkU;k;oknh ls bl ckr dk Hkjkslk ys
ldrs gS fd jk"Vªifr U;k;ky; ds lykg dk
lEeku djsaxsA (Special Reference No. 1
of 1998, Re, (1998)7 SCC 739) ;s
U;k;ky; dk foosdkf/kdkj gS fd dqN fuf'pr
ekeyksa esa ftuesa U;k;ky; mfpr le>sa rFkk
ftlds fy, U;k;ky; ds ikl mfpr vk/kkj gks
lykg nsus ds fy, euk dj ldrk gSA
(Kerala Education Bill, 1957, Re, AIR
1958 SC 956)
n`’Vkar & jk’Vªifr ,d eqís ij tks fd laln ds
lEeq[k yfEcr gS fd laoS/kkfudrk d s iz”u ij
mPpre U;k;ky; ls lykg ysrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g
rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd mPpre U;k;ky; dk
fopkj egRoghu gksxk D;ksafd mPpre U;k;ky;
tks Hkh fu’d’kZ mlls laln ds fo/ks;d dks ikl
djus ;k u ikl djus ij QdZ ugha iM+rkA
mPpre U;k;ky; us bl rdZ dks [kkfjt djrs
gq, Li’V fd;k dh U;k;ky; ds fopkj ls laln
ds vf/kdkj ij QdZ ugha iM+rk ij D;ksafd iz”u
fo/ks;d dh laoS/kkfudrk dk gS blfy, laln
U;k;ky; ds lykg dks laKku esa ys ldrh gSA
(Special Courts Bill, 1978, Re, (1979)
1 SC 380).
mPp U;k;ky;
vuq- 124 ds vuqlkj jkT;&U;k;ikfydk jkT;ksa
ds mPp U;k;ky; vkSj mlds v/khuLFk
U;k;ky;ksa ls feydj xfBr gksrh gSA izR;sd
jkT; esa ,d mPp U;k;ky; gksrk gSA mPp
U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gS mls og
lHkh “kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa ftuds vuq:i ;g viuh
voekuuk djus okyksa dks nf.Mr dj ldrk gSA
¼vuq- 215½
mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;/kh”k rFkk vU;
U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr jk’Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh
gS rFkk ;g vius in ij 62 lky dh mez rd
cus jg ldrs gSaA ¼vuq- 217½ vuq- 124 Hkkx 4
o 5 esa of.kZr mica/k] tks dh mPpre U;k;ky;
ds U;k;k/kh'kksa dks in ls gVkus ds fy, gS] os
mPp U;k;ky; ds lanHkZ esa oSls gh ykxw gksaxs
tSls os mPpre U;k;ky; ds laca/k esa ykxw gksrs
gSA ¼vuq- 218½ jk"Vªifr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;/kh'k
ls ijke'kZ djus ds i'pkr fdlh mPp U;k;ky;
ds U;k;/kh'k dk ,d mPp U;k;ky; ls nwljs
mPp U;k;ky; dks varj.k dj ldsxkA ¼vuq-
222½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 226 mPp U;k;ky; dks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa
ls lEcfU/kr canh izR;{khdj.k] ijekns'k] izfr"ks/k
vf/kdkj iPNkvks mRizs"k.k fjV fudkyus dk
vf/kdkj nsrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; ;g fjV
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds vykok fof/kd vf/kdkjksa ds
ifjizs{; esa Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku ds vuq- 226 ¼1½ ds vuqlkj mPp
U;k;ky; dk {ks=kf/kdkj mlds jkT;{ks= dk
ckgj ugh gks ldrk rFkk ftl O;fDr dks fjV
tkjh fd;s x;s gS og mPp U;k;ky; ds
jkT;{ks= ds varxZr gksuk pkfg, (Kusum
ingots and alloys Ltd. V. Union of
India, AIR 2004 SC 2321) vFkkZr og
O;fDr tks dsUnz ljdkj ds fo#) mipkj
pkgrk gS ijUrq og fnYyh esa ugha jgrk rks D;k
ml ifjfLFkfr esa mls mipkj ugha fey ldrk\
ugh ,slk ugh gS ml ifjfLFkfr esa Hkkjrh;
lafo/kku dk vuq- 226 ¼2½ mPp U;k;ky; dks
;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og fdlh Hkh ljdkj
ds fo#) fjV ;k vkns'k tkjh dj lds rFkk
;g vko';d gS fd dk;Zokgh ds dkj.k dk dqN
Hkkx ml mPp U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa ?kfVr
gqvk gksA
vuq- 226 ds varxZr fn;s tkus okys mipkj
mPp U;k;ky; ds Lofoosd ij vk/kkfjr vFkkZr
;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g yxrk fd ihfM+r
i{k dks fjV ds vykok vU; mipkj Hkh miyC/k
gS rc mPp U;k;ky; fjV ds vkosnu dks fujLr
dj ldrk gSA rFkk vU; mipkj iznku dj
ldrk gS (Rashid Ahmed V.
Municiapal Board, AIR 1950 SC 163)
;gk¡ /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd ;g mPp
U;k;ky; dk foosdkf/kdkj gS rFkk og vU;
mipkj miyC/k gksus dh mifLFkfr esa Hkh fjV
tkjh dj ldrk gSA fjV tkjh djrs oDr mPp
U;k;ky; fHkUu igyqvksa ij Hkh fopkj dj
ldrk gSA tSls fd ;fn izfroknh us ,d
fuf'pr le; ds vUnj mipkj dh ekax u
djds le;kof/k ds ckn mipkj ekaxkA (P.S.
Sadasivaswamy V. State of Tamil
Nadu, (1975) 1 SCC 152)
n`’Vkar & ,d O;fDr pquko vk;ksx ds fu.kZ; ds
fo:) mPp U;k;ky; ls vuq- 226 rgr mipkj
ekaxrk gSA tkap djus ij U;k;ky; ;g ikrk gS
fd O;fDr dks 226 ds vykok vU; mipkj Hkh
izkIr gks ldrs gSaA blfy, U;k;ky; vuq- 226
rgr mipkj dh ekax Bqdjk ldrk gSA ijUrq
;g rHkh laHko gS tc izkFkhZ ds ikl oSdfYid
mipkj miyC/k gksaA ¼N.T. Veluswami V.
G. Raja Nainar, AIR 1959 SC 422½
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk fd mPp
U;k;ky; dks vuq- 226 ds varfje jkgr flQZ
vioknkRed ifjfLFkfr esa iznku djuk pkfg,A
(C.C. E. V. Dunlop India Ltd. (1985)1
SCC 260) rnkuqlkj mPp U;k;ky; us Hkh
;g O;oLFkk dh vuq- 226 ds varxZr varfje
jkgr flQZ rHkh iznku dh tkuh pkfg, tc
U;k;ky; ds ;g yxs fd mldh vuqifLFkfr esa
i{kdkj ds lkFk vU;k; gks ldrk gSA (Deoraj
V. State of Maharashtra, (2004) 4
SCC 697)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 227 ;g O;oLFkk
djrk gS fd mPp U;k;ky; vius jkT; {ks= ds
varxZr LFkkfir lHkh U;k;ky; ;k vf/kdj.kksa dk
vf/k{k.k djsxk ;g vf/k{k.k iz'kklfud :i ds
lkFk lkFk U;kf;d Lo:i fy, gq, Hkh gksxkA
(Ram Roop V. Vishwa Nath, AIR
1958 All 456) ;g vf/kdkj mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ykxw ugha gksxk tc vU; mipkj miyC/k
gksxsA fQj pkgs mu mipkjksa ds dkj.k foyEc
gh D;ksa u gksA (Manek Gustedji Burjarji
V. S.N. Mirza, (1977) 1 SCC 227)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar A ,d izkf/kdj.k ds fu.kZ; ds fo#)
vuq- 226 ds varxZr mPp U;k;ky; ds 'kj.k esa
tkrk gS mPpre U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd
mPp U;k;ky; izkf/kdj.k fu.kZ; esa gLr{ksi ugh
dj ldrk ;fn ;g flQZ xyr fu.kZ; gks blds
vfrfjDr dqN ughaA blds vykok tgk¡ 2
vf/kuLFk U;k;ky; rF; ds iz'u ij fu"d"kZ ns
pqds gS ml ifjfLFkfr es mPp U;k;ky; vuq-
227 ds varxZr lk{;ksa dk iquZ ewY;kadu ugha
ldrkA (D.N. Banerji V. P.R.
Mukherjee, AIR 1953 SC 58,;
Visalakshmi V. Anjanuyalu Chetti,
AIR 1958 Mad 242; M.M. Amonkar
V. S. A. Johari, (1984) 2 SCC 354)
mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr dkuwu vf/kuLFk
U;k;ky; rFkk izlklfud vf/kdj.kksa ij ykxw
gksrs gSA (East India Commercial Co.
Ltd. V. Collector of Customs AIR
1962 SC 1893)
tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 226 rFkk 227 esa
varj dk iz'u gS rks mPpre U;k;ky us Li"V
fd;k gS fd vuq- 226 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky;
mRizs"k.k tkjh dj ldrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls
mPp U;k;ky; v/khuLFk vf/kdj.k dk fu.kZ;
fujLr dj ldrk gS ijUrq vuq- 227 ds varxZr
mPp U;k;ky; fu.kZ; fujLr djus ds vfrfjDr
fo"k; ls lEcf/kr fn'kk funZs'k Hkh tkjh dj
ldrk gSA (Hari Vishnu Kamath V. S.
Ahmad Ishaque, AIR 1955 SC 233)
;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk
gS fd fdlh v/khuLFk U;k;ky; esa yfEcr fdlh
ekeys esa fof/k dk dksbZ lkjoku iz'u lfEefyr
gS ftldk Li"Vhdj.k ekeys dks fuiVkus ds
fy, vko';d gS] ml ekeys dks og vius ikl
eaxk ldrk gS vkSj bl ekeys dks ;k rks Lo;a
fuiVk ldsxk vU;Fkk fof/k ds ml iz'u dk
vo/kkj.kk djds ml ekeys dh bl fu.kZ; dh
izfr ds lkFk mDr U;k;ky; dks ykSVk nsxk tgk¡
mldk fuiVkjk gks ldsxkA vuq- 228
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 233 ftyk U;k;/kh'kksa
dh fu;qfDr rFkk inksUufr ls lEcf/kr gS
n`’Vkar & jkT;iky ftyk U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr
ds fy, ,d lfefr dk xBu djrk gS ;g
lfefr dqN ftyk U;k;/kh”k fu;qfDr djrh gSA
A bl fu;qfDr ds fo:) mPpre U;k;ky; esa
tkrk gSA mPpre U;k;kyk; ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk
gS fd ftyk U;k;/kh”kksa dh fu;qfDr ds fy, vuq-
233 ,d vfuok;Zrk gS rFkk bls utj vankt
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,slh fdlh Hkh
lfefr dk xBu tks lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr ugha
gS vlaoS/kkfud gSA (Chandra Mohan V.
State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1966 SC
1987).
la?k jkT; {ks= Hkkx VIII
la?k jkT; {ks= dk iz'kklu jk"Vªifr }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS] ijUrq ;fn jk"Vªifr pkgs rks og fdlh
O;fDr dks ml jkT; dk iz'kkld fu;qDr dj
ldrk gS] iz'kklu ml lhek rd dk;Z djrk gS
ftruk fd jk"Vªifr fdlh la?k jkT;{ks= esa
jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] rks jkT;iky
ml jkT; dh eaf=ifj"kn~ dh lykg ls Lora=
gksdj dk;Z djsxkA ¼vuq- 239½
gkykafd la?k jkT; {ks=ksa dk iz'kklu dsfUnzdr
gksrk gS] ijUrq mUgas dsUnz ljdkj ds lkFk
layXu ugh fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksfd ;g la?k
jkT; {ks= viuh fHkUu laoS/kkfud igpku j[krs
gSA (Satya Dev Bushare V. Padam Dev
AIR 1954 Sc 587)
Hkkx IX iapk;r
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- ¼243&243&0½ rd
iapk;r iz.kkyh dk izko/kku djrk gS ;g iapk;r
iz.kkyh jkT; esa lcls fupys Lrj ij iz'kklu
dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldk mn~ns'; LFkkuh;
Lo'kklu iznku djuk gksrk gSA
uxjikfydk,¡% Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk Hkkx IX
rFkk vuq- 243p 24324 rd ftyk rFkk {ks= esa
uxjikfydkvksa dk izko/kku djrk gSA
Hkkx X vuqlqfpr rFkk tutkfr {ks=
jkT; ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;ksa ds iz'kklu vkSj fu;U=.k ls
lEcaf/kr micU/k lafo/kku dh ik¡poh vuqlwph esa
fn;s x;s gS] rFkk Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 244
244A bu vuqlwfpr tutkfr {ks=ksa ds iz'kklu
ds lEca/k esa izko/kku djrk gSA
dsUnz rFkk jkT; ds e/; lEca/k
fo/kk;h laca/k
vuq- 245 ds vuqlkj laln Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ
jkT;{ks= ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds fy, fof/k cuk
ldsxh rFkk fdlh jkT; dk fo/kkue.My ml
laiw.kZ jkT; ds vykok mlds fdlh Hkkx ds fy,
fof/k cuk ldsxk rFkk laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ
dksbZ fof/k bl vk/kkj ij vfof/kekU; ugha
le>h tk;sxh fd og Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= ls
ckgj Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA bldk ;g rkRi;Z gS fd
laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ fof/k;k¡ u dsoy Hkkjr ds
jkT;{ks= ds Hkhrj fLFkr O;fDr;ksa vkSj laifÙk;ksa
ij ykxw gksaxh cfYd fo”o ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa
fuokl djus okys Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa vkSj mudh
ogk¡ fLFkfr lEifÙk;ksa dks Hkh ykxw gksxhA
n`’Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln ,d dkuwu ikl djrh
gS ftlds rgr dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks Hkkjr dk
ukxfjd viuh igyh iRuh ds ftUnk jgrs gq,
rFkk fcuk mlls rykd ds nwljk fookg ugha
dj ldrk gSA ,d Hkkjrh; ukxfjd tks Ýkal
tkrk gS rFkk viuh nwljh iRuh ds ftUnk jgrs
gq, ogha ,d Ýkalhlh efgyk ls fookg dj ysrk
gSA ml ij Hkkjr esa f}&fookg dk eqdnek
pyk;k tk ldrk gSa (M.P. Singh (Ed.) V.
N. Shukla’s Constitution of India, 11th
ed., 2008, at p. 715)
;g lR; gS fd jkT; fo/kkue.My vius
jkT;kf/kdkj rFkk {ks=kf/kdkj ls ckgj tkdj
dkuwu ugh cuk ldrk gS ijUrq jkT; }kjk
fufeZr fo/kku bl vk/kkj ij ekU; gksxk fd
fo/kku esa jkT; rFkk lEcaf/kr fo"k; ds e/;
mfpr lEca/k gSA
n`’Vkar & A tks fd ,d lekpkj&i=
Sporting Star tks dh cSxyksj ls izdkf”kr
gksrk gS ijUrq mldk O;kid forj.k eqEcbZ esa
fd;k tkrk gSA izdk”kd lekpkj&i= ds ekè;e
ls ,d izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA
ftlds fy, izos”k&i= eqEcbZ esa vfHkdrkZvksa
}kjk ikBdks ls olwy fd, tkrs gSA bl dh
lquokbZ esa vnkyr us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
D;ksafd iSlk vkSj QkeZ eqEcbZ ls bdB~Bk fd;k
x;k gS blfy, eqEcbZ fo/kku ds ikl izdk”kd
ij VSDl yxkus dk iwjk vf/kdkj gS
gkykafd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 245 flQZ
laln rFkk jkT; fo/kku e.Myksa }kjk fufeZr
dkuwu dks gh ekU;rk nsrk gS] ijUrq laln jkT;
fo/kku e.Myksa ds fy, ;g lEHko ugha fd og
;FkkZFkrk ds vuq:i fo/kku fuekZ.k djs blfy,
rkRdkfyd rFkk ;FkkZr fLFkfr ls esy f[kykus ds
fy, dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr dk;Zikfydk dks nh
tkrh gS] ftls ge izR;k;kstu fo/kku dgrs gS]
izR;k;kstu fo/kku ds varxZr dk;Zikfydk mu
lhekvksa esa jgrs gq, dkuwu cukrh gS tks mls
fo/kkue.My us iznku dh gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fo/kku e.My ds fy, ;g vko”;d gksrk gS fd
vf/kfu;e cukdj mu ekxZn”kZd fl)kUrksa dks
fofgr djs ftlds vuqlkj vU; fudk;ksa vFkok
O;fDr;ksa }kjk izR;k;ksftr fo/kku cuk;s tk
ldrs gSaA fo/kkue.My dh egRoiw.kZ “kfDr;ksa
dks izkR;k;kstu ugha fd;k tk ldrk (Delhi
Laws Act 1912, Re, AIR 1951 SC
332)
n`"Vkar & laln ,d fo/kku ikl djrh gS]
ftlesa dh iz'kklu dks fo/kku ds mn~ns'; izkIr
djus gsrq fu;e cukus dh O;kid 'kfDr iznku
dh xbZ gS] iz'kklu ykblsal nsus fuekZ.k forj.k
ifjogu] gd] vkfn ds iz;ksx ls lEcaf/kr
O;kid fu;e cuk ldrk gS] tk¡p djus ij
U;k;ky; us bl fo/kku dks voS/k ?kksf"kr fd;k
D;ksafd fo/kku esa iz'kkld ds fy, fn'kk funsZ'k
ugh fn;s x;s FksA (Harakdand R Banthia
V Union of India (1969) 2 SCC 166)
Hkkjrh; laln dks dsUnz lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij
dkuwu cukus dh O;kid 'kfDr izkIr gS] laln
rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My leorhZ lwph ij fo/kku
cuk ldrs gS] rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My dks jkT;
lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij fo/kku cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA
Hkkjr ds jkT;-------
vuq- 246 ds varxZr laln dh fo/kku cukus dh
'kfDr rc rd vkR;kafrd gS tc rd lafo/kku
ml fo/kku ij fucZU/k ugha yxkrkA Hkkjr ds
jkT; {ks= ds ,sls Hkkx tks fdlh jkT; esa
lfEefyr ugha gS] ds fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds lEcU/k
esa laln dks fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr gSA ¼vuq-
246½
la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds la?k lwph rFkk jkT; lwph ls
lEcaf/kr fo"k;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj dh O;k[;k ds
lanHkZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oFkk nh dh
la?k lwph rFkk jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa dks ,d
lkFk ikBu fd;k tk, rFkk ,d lwph dh Hkk"kk
rnFkZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa dh O;kLFkk djsA O;kLFkk
djs! (Calcutta Gas Co. V. State of
West Bengal AIR 1962 SC 1044) bls
ge Harmonious Construction dk
fl)kUr dgrs gSA
n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln vfHkHkk"kd ,DV 1961
ikl djrh gS tks fd vfHkHkk"kdkas dh ;ksx;rk]
rFkk fof/k O;olk; ls lEcf/kr gSA la?k lwph dh
fo"k; la[;k 77 rFkk 78 mPp U;k;ky; rFkk
mPpre U;k;ky; esa vfHkHkk"kdksa ds fof/k
O;olk; ls lacf/kr gSA rFkk leorhZ lwph dh
fo"k; la[;k 26 fof/k] fpfdRld rFkk vU;
O;olk;ksa ls lEcf/kr gS bl vk/kkj ij
vfHkHkk"kd ,DV dh laoS/kkfudrk dks iz'uxr
fd;k x;k ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us
Harmanious Contruction ds fl)kar dk
vuqlj.k djrs gq, ;g izko/kku fd;k fd laln
dks mPp U;k;ky; o mPpre U;k;ky; esa
vfHkHkk"kdksa ds fof/k O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr fof/k
cukus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk 'ks"k O;olk; ls
lacf/kr fof/k cukus dk vf/kdkj leorhZ lwph
dh fo"k; la[;k 26 ds v/khu vkrk gSA (O.N.
Mahindroo V. Bar Council AIR 1968
SC 888)
;fn fdlh fo/kku dk fo"k; ij lwph dk gS]
ijUrq ;g nwljh lwph ds fo"k;ksa dks Hkh Nwrk gS]
ftl ij fd mls fo/kku cukus dh {kerk ugh gS
,sls ifjfLFkfr es fo/kku ds LoHkko dks ikl
djds ;g irk yxk;k tk,xk fd D;k
fo/kkue.My us ,slk fo/kku cukrs oDr vius
fuf'pr {ks=kf/kdkj dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] ml
ifjfLFkfr esa ;g fo/kku ogk¡ gksxkA bls ge
Pith and Substance dk fl)kar dgrs gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & ,d fo/kkue.My jkT; lwph ds fo"k;
la[;k 06 ij fo/kku cukrs gq, /ofu ;a=ksa ds
iz;ksx ij fucZa/k tkjh djrk gSA A bl fo/kku
dh laoS/kkfudrk gS] D;ksfd ;g dsUnz lwph ds
fo"k; la[;k 32 ij dkuwu cukrk gS tks dh
jkT; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr
esa U;k;ky; us ekeys dh lquokbZ djrs le;
Pith & Sustance ds fl)kar dk vuqlj.k
djrs gq,s ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k jkT; }kjk cuk;k
fo/kku laoS/kkfud gS] D;ksafd jkT;lwph dh fo"k;
la[;k 06 jkT; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gSA
(State of Rajasthan V. G. Chawla AIR
1950 SCC 544)
Hkkjrh; laln dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og ,sls
fo"k;ksa ij tks fd jkT; lwph rFkk leorhZ lwph
esa u gks dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA (vuq- 248)
n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; laln ,d fo/kku cukrs gq,
O;; VsDl yxkrh gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ es
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g O;oLFkk nh D;kasfd ;g
fo"k; fdlh Hkh lwph esa 'kkfey ugh gS] vr%
vuq- 248 ds varxZr ;g ,d loS/kkfud dkuwu
gS rFkk ;g oS| gSA (HH Prince Azam Jha
Bahadur V Expenditure Tax Officer
(1971 3 SCC 621)
jkT; esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk izorZu es gks rks
jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ds laca/k esa laln dks fof/k
cukus dk vf/kdkj gS (vuq- 250) Hkkjrh; laln
nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa ds fy, mudh
lgefr ls fof/k cukus dh 'kfDr j[krh gSA
(vuq- 252) Hkkjrh; laln fdlh vUrjkZ"Vªh;
laf/k djkj ;k vfHkle; ds dk;kZUo;u ds fy,
Hkkjr ds lEiw.kZ jkT;{ks= ;k mlds fdlh
Hkw&Hkkx ds fy, fof/k cukus es l{ke gSA ;fn
jkT; }kjk fufeZr fo/kku laln }kjk fufeZr
fo/kku ds izfrdwy gS rc ml ifjfLFkfr esa ;g
fo/kku ml izfrdwyrk rd voS/k gksxk gkykafd
;fn leorhZ lwph ds fdlh fo"k; ij jkT;
fo/kku cukrk gS rFkk ;g fo/kku jk"Vªifr dh
vuqefr ds fy, yfEcr gS ;k mls jk"Vªifr dh
vuqefr fey xbZ gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa jkT; dk
fo/kku dsUnz ds fo/kku ij iz/kku gksxk gkykafd
Hkkjrh; laln fdlh Hkh le; dkuwu cukdj
jkT; ds fo/kku esa la'kks/ku ifjorZu rFkk
fujfLrdj.k dj ldrh gS (vuq- 254)
n`"Vkar & vle fo/kku e.My 1962 esa ,d
dkuwu ikfjr djrk gS ftlds varxZr vkS|ksfxd
izkf/kdj.k ds ihBklhu vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr
mPp U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ ds ckn gksxhA
Hkkjrh; laln bl leku fo"k; ij 1964 esa
,d fo/ks;d ikfjr djrh gS ftlds vuqlkj
mPp U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ vko';d ugh gS
ekeys dh lquokbZ es mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dsUnz }kjk fufeZr dkuwu
jkT; ds dkuwu ij iz/kku gksxk blds vuqlkj
vklke ,DV izfrdwy rFkk voS/k gSA (State of
Assam V. Horizon Union, AIR 1967
SC 442)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 254 esa of.kZr 'kCn
izfrdwyrk dk vFkZ ;g ugha fd jkT; rFkk dsUnz
ds fo/kkuksa esa izR;{k fookn gks ;gk ij vf/kd`r
{ks= dk fl)kar ;g dgrk gS fd nksuksa fo/kkuksa
ds e/; izfrdwyrk blfy, Hkh gks ldrh gS
D;ksfd leku fo"k;ksa ij dsfUnzr gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d leorhZ lwph ds fo"k; ij jkT;
fo/kku cukrk gS ftles dqN fuf'pr vijk/k ds
fy, 7 o"kZ dh dSn dk izko/kku gS leku fo"k;
ij dsUnz Hkh fo/kku cukrk gS ftlesa fd 3 o"kZ
dh ltk dk izko/kku gS lquokbZ esa mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd jkT; }kjk
fufeZr iz/kku dsUnz ds fo/kku ds izfrdwy gS
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vFkkZr ;g voS/k gSA (Zaverbhai V. State
of Bombay AIR 1954 SC 752)
iz'kklfud laca/k
izR;sd jkT; viuh dk;Zikfydk dk bl izdkj
iz;ksx djsxk ftlls fd laln }kjk cukbZ xbZ
fof/k;ksa dk dk;Zikfydk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djs
(vuq- 256) dqN fuf'pr ekeys tks fd jk"Vª
rFkk lSU;fgr ds gS ij dsUnz jkT; dks lykg
rFkk funsZ'k ns ldsxkA (vuq- 257) laln dkuwu
cukdj fdlh varjkZT;h; unh ty ds forj.k
rFkk fu;a=.k laca/kh fookn ds gy ds fy,
mica/k dj ldsxhA (vuq- 262) varjkZT;h;
jkT; ds fu/kkZj.k ds fy, varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dk
xBu fd;k tk ldsxkA (vuq- 263)
Hkkx 12
foÙk] laifÙk] lafonk,¡ vkSj okn
dksbZ dj fof/k ds izkf/kdkj ls gh vf/kjksfir ;k
lax`ghr fd;k tk,xk] vU;Fkk ughaA (vuq- 265)
vuq- 265 ;g Li"V djrk gS fd fcuk fo/kkf;d
dkuwu ds dksbZ Hkh dj vf/kjksfir ugha fd;k tks
ldrk dj vf/kjksfir djus ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd fo/kku mls ,d fof/kd :i
iznku djs dksbZ dk;Zikfydk dj ugha yxk
ldrhA (Ramjilal V. I.T.O., AIR 1951
SC 97) Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk mxkfgr leLr
jktLo rFkk izkIr /ku dk lap; Hkkjr dh
lafpr fuf/k esa gksxk mlh izdkj jkT; ljdkj
}kjk mxkfgr leLr jktLo rFkk izkIr /ku dk
lap; jkT; dh lafpr fuf/k eas gksxkA lafo/kku
esa lq>k,s x,s izfØ;ka ds vuqlkj gh lafpr fuf/k
ls /ku fudkyk tk ldsxk vU;= rjhdks ls ugh
(vuq- 266)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vuq- 266 ls 281 rd dsUnz
rFkk jkT; ds e/; jktLo ds caVokjs dk
izko/kku djrk gSA
tc eky dk Ø;&foØ; jkT; ds ckgj dj
ugha yxk,xk ;fn og yxkrk gS rks mldh nj
vkfn laln dh fof/k v/khu gksxhA (vuq- 286)
os lHkh lafonk,s tks la?k rFkk jkT; dh lkFk dh
tkrh gS] ;s lHkh lafonk,s jk"Vªifr rFkk jkT; ds
jkT;iky ds uke ls dh tkrh gS! gkykafd
jk"Vªifr rFkk fdlh lafonk dk gLrkarj.k i{k
ds laca/k es oS;fDrd :i ls mÙkjnk;h ugh
gksxkA rFkk u gh og O;fDr tks bl lafonk dk
fØ;kUo;u dj jgk gS] O;fDrxr :i ls
ftEesnkj ugh gksxkA ¼vuq- 299½
bl vuq- dk xSj vuqikyu lafonk dks 'kwU;
?kksf"kr djsxk (Bhikraj V Uniom of India
AIR 1962 SC 113)
n`"Vkar & Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkFk dh xbZ lafonk
bl vk/kkj ij 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj nh xbZ D;ksafd
og vuq- 299 dk vuqikyu ugha dj jgh Fkh]
ijUrq Bsdsnkj us Hkkjr ljdkj dks eky dh
miyC/krk dj nhA loksZPp U;k;ky; us ekeys
dh lquokbZ esa ;g O;oLFkk dh fd gkykafd ;g
djkj 'kwU; gS ijUrq lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
70 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ljdkj dks izkIr eky ds
cnys Bsdsnkj dks iSls nsus pkfg,! (New
Marino Coal Ca, Ctd. V. Union of
India AIR 1954 Sc 152)
Hkkjr ljdkj Hkkjr la?k ds uke ls okn yk
ldsxh ;k ml ij okn yk;k tk ldsxk vkSj
fdlh jkT; dh ljdkj ml jkT; ds uke ls
okn yk ldsxh ;k ml ij okn yk;k tk
ldsxkA (vuq- 300) mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ljdkj ds fo#) dksbZ okn es Hkkjr la?k dks
i{kdkj cuk;k tk,xkA
vuq- 300 ;g Li"V djrk gS fd ljdkj ij
okn pyk;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ljdkjh lsodkas
ds lEca/k esa VªksV dh Hkqfedk d`R; ds fy,
ftEesnkj ugh Bgjk;k tk ldrk! (See
Kasture Lal V State of Uttar Pradesh,
AIR 1965 SC 1039) ijUrq ;g /kkj.kk gky
ds fu.kZ;ksa esa cny xbZ gSA (See Common
Cause, A registered Society V. Union
of India (1999) 6 SCC 2979)
n`"rkar & ,d lsuk dk toku ykijokgh ls lsuk
dk Vªd pykrs gq,] A dks ?kk;y dj nsrk gS
ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g
O;oLFkk gh dh Hkkjr la?k toku ds d`R; ds
fy, ftEesnkj gS] rFkk bl izdkj ihfM+r dks
100000/- # dk eqvkotk feyuk pkfg,
(Pusha Thakuar V. Union of India
AIR 1986 SC 1199)
tgk¡ rd lafonkRed nkf;Roksa dk iz'u rks
ljdkj dk nkf;Ro vkerkSj ij izkbosV O;fDr
ds nkf;Roksa ds leku gksrk gSA ijUrq /;ku nsus
;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd jkT; ds d`R; ds fy,
ljdkj dk dksbZ nkf;Ro ugh gksrkA
lEifr dk vf/kdkj%&
fdlh O;fDr dks mldh laifÙk ls fof/k ds
izkf/kdkj ls gh oafpr fd;k tk ldrk] vU;Fkk
ughA laifÙk ds ewy vf/kdkj 19 ¼1½ rFkk 31 ds
fujLrhdj.k ds ckn Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa vuq-
300 A dks tksM+ x;k ftlds vuqlkj O;fDr dks
mldh lEifr ls fof/k ds vykok fujLr ugha
fd;k tk ldrk ;gk¡ fof/k dk rkRi;Z fdlh
l{ke izkf/kdkj }kjk dkuwu ls gSA
(Bishansan Dayal Chandra )
Hkkjr ds jkT; {ks= ds Hkhrj O;kid okf.kT;
rFkk lekxe lafo/kku ds Hkkx 13 ds vU;
mica/kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,s Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks= esa
dgh Hkh O;kikj] okf.kT; rFkk lekxe vck/k
gksxkA
n`"Vkar & A pk; mxkrk gS rFkk mls vle ds
jkLrs gksrs gq, dydÙkk Hkstrk gSA vle
fo/kkue.My ;g fo/kku ikl djrk gS] ftlds
vuqlkj oks lkjk lkeku tks jkT; ds ty rFkk
lM+d ekXkZ ls xqtjsxk] dj nsuk gksxkA ekeys
dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g ik;k fd
;g fo/kku vuq- 301 dk mYya?ku gS vr% ;g
'kwU; gksxk rFkk jkT; bl vk/kkj ij dksbZ dj
ugh yxk ldrkA (Atiabari Tea Co V.
State of Assam AIR 1961 SC 232)
n`"Vkar & jktLFkku fo/kkue.My ,d dkuwu
ikl djrk gS ftlds vuqlkj jktLFkku jkT; esa
eksVj okgu j[kuk rFkk iz;ksx djus ij dj ns;
gksxkA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g dj flQZ
eqvkotkRed gS vr% ;g vuq- 301 dk mYya?ku
ugh gSA (Automobile Transport Ltd V.
State of Rajasthan AIR 1962 SC
1406)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 39 esa mYysf[kr O;kikj
rFkk nkf;Ro ls rkRi;Z ml xfrfof/k;ksa ls gS tks
fd fof/kd gS rFkk yksduhfr ds fo#) ugh gSA
tqvk] ,d O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; ds vUrxZr ugh
vkrk rFkk ;g vuq- 19¼1½ rFkk 301 ds varxZr
lajf{kr ugh gSA (State of Bambay V
Rmd Chamarbaeeohwala AIR 1957
SC 699)
Hkkjrh; laln] yksdfgr esa] dkuwu cuk dj
O;kikj] okf.kT; ;k lekxe dh Lora=rk ij
fucZa/ku yxk ldrk gSA ¼vuq- 302½ Hkkjrh;
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
laln bl izdkj ds fucZa/k yxkrs le; jkT;ksa
ds e/; HksnHkko ugh djsxh ijUrq fdlh {ks=
fo'ks"k esa fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh deh dk gks rks
laln bl izdkj ds fucZa/k yxk ldrh gSA ¼vuq-
303½ jkT; vU; jkT;ksa rFkk {ks=ksa ls vk;kr
fd;s x,s eky ij dksbZ ,slk dj vf/kjksfir dj
ldrk gS tks ml jkT; esa mRikfnr oSls gh
eky ij yxrk gSA ¼vuq- 304½ bl ds ek/; ls
HksnHkko dh Hkkouk ls dj ugh yxk;k tk
ldrkA (Scc State of Karnataka V.
Hansa Corportation (19880 4 SCC
697)
Hkkx VI la?k rFkk jkT;ksa ds v/khu lsok,s
la?k rFkk jkT; fo/kkue.My] lafo/kku ds mica/kksa
ds v/khu jgrs gq, la?k rFkk fdlh jkT; ds
dk;Zdykiksa ls lacf/kr yksx lsokvksa vkSj inksa ds
fy, HkrhZ dk vkSj fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh lsok dh
'krkZs dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldsaxsA ¼vuq- 309½
lsok dh 'krksZ ls lEcaf/kr fu;eksa dks ljdkj
,d rjQk la'kksf/kr ;k ifjofrZr dj ldrh gS
D;ksafd fu;qfDr ds ckn yksd lsod ds vf/kdkj
rFkk nkf;Ro nksuksa i{kdkjksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr ugh
fd, tk ldrs ijUrq budk fu/kkZj.k ,d fo/kku
}kjk gksxk] ftldk fuekZ.k flQZ ljdkj }kjk
fd;k tk,sxkA ljdkj rFkk yksd lsodksa ds e/;
ijLij fj'rk oS/kkfud gS u fd lafonkRed
(Roshan Lal V Union of India AIR
1967 SC 1889)
n`"Vkar & ljdkj ljdkjh f'k{kdks ds Kkiu ds
ckn fu;e ikl djrh gS ftlesa dh ljdkjh
rFkk foÙk ?kksf"kr laLFkkuksa ds f'k{kdks dh
lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q 55 ls c<+k dj 58 dj nh
xbZA ckn esa iwoZorhZ fu;e dks cnyrs gq,
ljdkj lsokfuo`fr dh vk;q 58 ls ?kVkdj iqu%
55 dj nsrh gSA f'k{kdksa }kjk ;g r; fd;k
x;k fd iwoZ eas tc ljdkj us lsokfuo`fr dh
vk;q c<+kbZ Fkh mlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd
f'k{kdksa o ljdkj ds e/; ,d lafonk gSA rFkk
vc ckn es ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ;g fu.kZ;
lafonk ds fo#) gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh
lafonk vuq- 309 esa ljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks
izHkkfor ugh dj ldrhA
(Sankaranarayanan V State of Kerala
(1971) 2 SCC 361)
lafo/kku esa mYysf[kr micU/kksa ds vykok] izR;sd
O;fDr tks Hkkjrh; j{kk lsok la?k dh flfoy
lsok dk lnL; gS] jk"Vªifr ds izlkn i;ZUr in
/kkj.k djrk gS rFkk izR;sd O;fDr tks fd jkT;
lsok dk lnL; gS ;k jkT; ds v/khu dksbZ
flfoy in /kkj.k djrk gS] ml jkT; ds
jkT;iky ds izlkn i;ZUr in /kkj.k djrk gSA
¼vuq- 310½
vuq- 310 esa mYysf[kr ^^izlkn i;ZUr** ds
fl)kUr dk igyk egRo rks ;s gS] ljdkj dks
vius lsodks ds lsokdky dks fu;a=.k djus dk
vf/kdkj gS] rFkk ;s vf/kdkj lsodksa ds lkFk
fd;s x;s fdlh Hkh lafonk ls eqDr gSA ijUrq
nwljk egRo ;g gS fd ljdkj dk dksbZZ 'kfDr
ugh fd os lsodksa ds lkFk lafonk dks fucZU/k ;k
dksbZ fj;k;r ns mudh lsok ds fujL=hdj.k ds
lEca/k esa gkykafd ;s nksuks gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
ds vU; izko/kkuks ftuesa vuq- 310 ¼2½ 'kkfey gS
ij vk/kkfjr gSA
^^vuq- 310 esa mYysf[kr jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky
ds izlkn i;ZUr dk vFkZ futh {kerk ls ugha
ljdkj ds eqf[k;k gksus dh gSfl;r ls gS] tks
fd ea=hifj"kn dh lgk;rk rFkk lykguqlkj
dk;Z djrk gSA (Union of India Vs.
Tulsiram patel 1985 3 SCC 252)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
og O;fDr tks la?k flfoy lsok ;k vf[ky
Hkkjrh; lsokvkas dk ;k jkT; flfoy lsokvkas dk
lnL; mls ml izkf/kdkj }kjk ugh gVk;k tk
ldrk tks mlds fu;qfDrdrkZ ds vf/kuLFk gksA
vuq- 311¼1½ ds vuqlkj bl in ds fdlh Hkh
O;fDr dks rc rd vinLFk ugh fd;k tk
ldrk rFkk u gh mlds in esa rc rd dVksrh
ugha dh tk ldrh tc rd dh mlds fo#)
tkap u dh xbZ gks] ftlesa mls vius fo#)
vkjksiksa dh lwpuk ns nh xbZ gks rFkk mu vkjksiksa
ds rkjRE; esa lquokbZ dk ;qfDr ;qDr volj
fn;k x;k gks ijUrq tgk¡ tkap ds ckn ml ij
dksbZ 'kfDr vf/kjksfir djus dh izLFkkiuk gS]
ogk¡ ,slh 'kfDr tkap ds nkSjku fn;s x;s lk{;
ds vk/kkj ij vf/kjksfir dh tk ldsxh vkSj
,slh O;fDr dks izLFkkfir 'kfDr ds fo"k; esa
vH;kosnu djus dk volj nsuk vko';d ugh
gksxkA ijUrq ;g vkSj fd ;g [k.M ogk¡ ykxw
ugh gksxkA
1- tgk¡ fdlh O;fDr dks ,sls vkpj.k ds
vk/kkj ij inP;qr fd;k tkrk gS ;k in ls
gVk;k tkrk gS ;k in ls vour fd;k
tkrk gS] ftlds fy, vkijkf/kd vkjksi ij
mls nks"kfl) Bgjk;k x;k gks ;k fQj
2- tgk¡ fdlh O;fDr dks inP;qr djus ;k in
ls ?kVkus ;k in esa vour djus ds fy,
l'kDr izkf/kdkjh dks ;g lek/kku gks tkrk
gSA fdlh dkj.k ls tks ml izkf/kdkjh }kjk
fy[kk tk,xk] ;g ;qfDr ;qDr :i ls lk{;
ugh gS] fd ,slh tkap dh tk,A ;k
3- ;gk¡ jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky dks ;g lek/kku
gks tk, dh jk"Vª dh lqj{kk ds fy, ;g
lehphu ugha gS fd tkap dh tk,A vuq-
311 ¼2½½
n`"Vkar & yksd lsod dks lsdsVªjh }kjk inLFk
fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq fMIVhlsdsVªjh }kjk mls
viLFk fd;k tkrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g
viLFkhdj.k vuq- 311 dk mYya?ku gSA
(Satish Vs State of West Bengal AIR
1960 Cal 278)
vuq- ds vUrxZr fn;k tkus okyk laj{k.k dEiuh
,DV ds rgr LFkkfir izfr"Bkuksa ds lsodksa dks
ugha fn;k tk ldrk tSls dh fgUnqLrku LVhy
fyesVsM ds lsodksa dks D;ksafd ;g ljdkj dk
dksbZ Hkkx ugha gSA SL Agarwal Vs
General Manager, Hindustan Steel
Ltd. (1970) 1 SCC 177)
ogha Council of Scientific of Industrial
Research ds lsodksa ds fy, ftudk fd
laLFkku ljdkj }kjk iz;ksftr rFkk fu;af=r gS]
dks vuq- 311 ds vraxZr lajf{kr ugh fd;k tk
ldrkA D;ksafd ;g lkslkbVh jftLVªs'ku ,DV
ds varxZr jftLVj gS ;g ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkkx
ugh gSA (Sabhajit Tewary Vs Union of
India 1975 1 SCC 485)
vuq- 311 LFkk;h rFkk vLFkk;h lsodksa nksuks ij
leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA (Parshotal Lal
Dhingra Vs Union of India AIR 1958
SC 36)
gkykafd vuq- 311 ;g izko/kku djrk gSA yksd
lsod ds fo#) tkap uSlfxZd U;k; ds vuqlkj
gksrk gSA ijUrq uSlfxZd U;k; ds fdl fl)kar
dk vuqlj.k gks ;g rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA U;k;ky; dk flQZ ;g dk;Z
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
gksrk gS fd uSlfxZd U;k; dk vuqikyu fd;k
x;k gS ;k ughA (State of Uttar pradesh
VOP Gupta (1969) 3 SCC 775)
vuq- 311 ¼2½ ds varxZu fn;k tkus okyk laj{k.k
flQZ inP;qr in ls gVkok rFkk in ls vour
ds ekeys es ykxw gksrk gSA
(Sukhband Singh Vs State of punjab
AIR 1962 SC 1711)
A tks dh ,d 'kkldh; lsod gS] lsok fu;eksa
ds rgr lsokfuo`r gksrk gS] og mlds fo#)
vuq- 311 ds rgr mipkj izkIr ugh dj ldrk
D;ksafd lsokfuo`fr fdlh izdkj dk n.M ugh gSA
(Satish Chandra Anand Vs Union of
India AIR 1953 SC 250)
mlh izdkj ,d flfoy mlds in dh lekfIr
ij tks fd jkT; rFkk dsUnz ds vuqlkj lekIr
fd;k x;k gSA ;g ml flfoy lsod dks n.M
ugha gS ijUrq jkT; dh uhfr gS fd os ml in
dks lekIr djuk pkgrs gS ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa
flfoy lsod dks vuq- 311 ¼2½ ds varxZr
mipkj ugh fn;k tk ldrkA
K. Rajendran Vs State of T.N. 1982
(2) SCC 273)
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuq- 312 ;g izko/kku
djrk gS fd laln vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvks dk
l`tu dj ldrh gS] blds fy, jkT;lHkk }kjk
2@3 cgqer ls ikfjr ladYi ds vk/kkj ij
laln fof/k }kjk vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk
l`tu dj ldrh gSA
yksd lsok vk;ksx
vuq- 315 la?k lsok vk;ksx rFkk fofHkUu jkT;
lsok vk;ksx dk izko/kku djrk gSA vuq- 323
yksd lsok vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr
inP;qDrh rFkk yksd lsok vk;ksx dh
dk;Ziz.kkyh dk izko/kku djrk gSA
Hkkx XII-A vf/kdj.k
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 323 ¼A½ ds vuqlkj
laln dkuwu cukdj la?k] jkT; Hkkjr ds
jkT;{ks= rFkk la?k ds fu;a=.k ds v/khu fdlh
fuxe dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr yksd lsokvksa
rFkk inksa dh HkrhZ] vkSj fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh
lsok dh 'krksZ ds laca/k esa fooknksa vkSj ifjoknksa
ds iz'kklfud vf/kdj.kksa }kjk U;k;fu.kZ;u ;k
fopkj.k ds fy, izko/kku dj ldsxhA
vuq- 323 ¼B½ ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd leqfpr
fo/kku e.My dkuwu }kjk ,sls fooknksa] ifjojksa
ds vf/kdj.kksa }kjk fopkj.k ds fy, izca/k dj
ldsxk tks fd 323 ¼ B ½¼2½ esa mYysf[kr mu
lHkh ;k fdUgh fo"k;ksa ls lacf/kr gS ftlds
rkjrE; es ,sls fo/kkue.My dks fof/k cukus dh
'kfDr gSA 323¼B½¼2½ esa mYysf[kr fo"k; gS dj
mn~xzg.k] fu/kkZj.k laxzg.k rFkk izorZu]
vkS|ksfxd rFkk Jfed lEca/k vkfnA
vuq- 323 A ¼2½¼d½ rFkk vuq- A323&B¼3½¼d½
;g izko/kku djrs gS fd laln ;k leqfpr
fo/kkue.My ifjfLFkfr vuqlkj vuq- 136 ds
rgr mPpre U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjdrk ds
flok; lHkh U;k;ky; dh vf/kdkfjdrk dk mu
lHkh fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa vkiotZu dj ldsxh
tks mDr vf/kdj.kksa dh vf/kdkfjdrk ds
vUrxZr vkrs gSA os lHkh vf/kdj.k ftudk
fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) vuq- 32] 226] rFkk 227 ds
v/kkhu U;k;ky; mipkj lEHko gS (L.
Chandra K. V. Union of India 1947) 3
SCC 261)
pquko
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
pquko vk;ksx
laln rFkk izR;sd jkT; ds fo/kku e.My ds
fy, djk, tkus oky lHkh fuokZpuksa ds fy,
rFkk jk"Vªifr rFkk mijk"Vªifr ds pqukoksa ds
fy, fuokZpd ukekoyh rS;kj djrk gS vkSj mu
lHkh fuokZpuks dk lapkyu] v/kh{k.k] funs'ku]
rFkk fu;a=.k djrk gSA vuq- 324
pquko vk;ksx }kjk
n`"Vkar & erx.kuk ds nkSjku fgalk rFkk minzo
gksus ds dkj.k leLr pquko fujLr fd;k tkrk
gS] rFkk iqu% ernku djk;s tkrs gSA vuq- 324
ds vuqlkj uSlfxZd U;k; ds vuq:i pquko
vk;ksx izR;kf'k;ksa ds fopkjksa dks lqu ldrk gSA
D;ksafd blls muds izR;{k fgr tqM+s gq, gSA
ijUrq ;g vko';d ugh fd pquko vk;ksx
leLr vke tu dks bldh lwpuk ns ;fn
vk;ksx dks ns Hkjkslk gks tk,s dh viukbZ xbZ
izfØ;k esa [kkfe;k¡ FkhA (Mohindra Singh
Gill V. Chief of Election Commision
(1978) 1 SCC 405)
n`"Vkar & pquko vk;ksx ;g funsf'kr djrk gS
fo/kkulHkk pquko esa ernku bySDVªksfud oksfVax
e'khu }kjk djk;k tk;sxkA ijUrq ;g ?kks"k.kk
Representation of People Act 1951
ds izko/kkuks ds fo:} Fkh] tks fd flQZ ekuoh;
ere.kuk dk izko/kku djrk FkkA ekeys dh
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ,d gkjk
gqvk izR;k'kh e'khu ds iz;ksx dh oS/kkfudrk ij
iz'u yxk ldrk gSA U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd vuq 324 esa mfYyf[kr v/kh{k.k]
funs'ku rFkk fu;a=.k 'kCnks dk ihNs ds ifjf'k"V
ls gS u fd mlds oSdfYid fuekZ.k ls bl
izdkj ;g ,d l{ke izkf/kdkjh }kjk fufeZr fof/k
ds fo:} ugh gks ldrk (A.C.Josevs
Sivan Pillai (1984) 2SSCC656).
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 325] ,d lk/kkj.k
fuokZpd ukekoyh dk izko/kku djrk gS] tks fd
laln ds izR;sd lnu ;k fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku
eaMy ds lnu ;k izR;sd lnu ds fy, fuokZpu
ds fy, izR;sd izknsf'kd fuokZpu {ks= ds fy,
gksxk bl fuokZpd ukekoyh esa /keZ] ewyoa'k]
tkfr] fyax] ;k buesa ls fdlh ds Hkh vk/kkj ij
fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks bl ukekoyh esa lfEefyr
fd;s tkus ds fy, vck/k ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gS A
izR;sd O;fDr tks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS rFkk
vBkjg o"kZ ls vf/kd dk gS vkSj lafo/kku ;k
leqfpr fo/kku e.My }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh
fof/k ds v/khu vfuokl] fprfodfr] vijk/k ;k
Hkz"V ;k voS/k vkpj.k ds vk/kkj ij vU;Fkk
fujfgZr ugh dj fn;k x;k gS dks ,sls fdlh
fuokZpu esa ernkrk ds :i esa jftLVªhdr gksus
dk gdnkj gksxkA vuq 326 bl vuqPNsn O;oLd
erkf/kdkj dks ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA
Hkkx 16 dqN oxksZ ds laca/k esa fo'ks"k micU/k
vuq 330 yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks rFkk
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks ds fy, LFkkuks ds vkj{k.k
dk izko/kku djrk gSA blh izdkj dk leku
izko/kku jkT; dh fo/kku e.My esa LFkkuks ds
vkj{k.k ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS vuq 332 vuq
331 yksdlHkk es vEy Hkkjrh; leqnk; ds yksxks
ds izfrfuf/kRo ds fy, izko/kku djrk gS rFkk
vuq 333 jkT;ks dh fo/kkulHkkvksa es vkEy
leqnk; ds izfrfuf/kRo dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd bl
izdkj ds izko/kku lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ds 60
o"kZ ds mijkar lekIr gks tk,sxsA vuq 334
la/k ;k jkT; ds dk;ZDyki ls lacaf/kr lsokvksa
vkSj inksa dh fu;qfDr;ka¡ djus es vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ds nkoksa dk iz'kklu dh n{krk cuk;s j[kus dh
lfefr ds vuqlkj /;ku j[kk tk,A vuq 335
jk"Vªifr la/k jkT; {ks=ksa ds laca/k es rFkk jkT;ksa
esa muds jkT;ikyksa ls ijke'kZ ds i'pkr yksd
vf/klwpuk }kjk] mu tkfr;ks] ewyoa'kks ;k
tutkfr;ks] vFkok tkfr;ks] ewyoa'kks ;k
tutkfr;ks ds Hkkxks ;k mues ls }Fkks dks
fofufnZ"V dj ldsxk] ftUgs bl lafo/kku ds
iz;ktu ds fy, ml jkT; ds laca/k esa vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ka le>k tk,sxkA vuq 341 mlh izdkj
jk"Vªifr fofufnZ"V tutkfr;ks ;k tutkfr
leqnk;ksa vFkok tutkfr;ks ;k tutkfr
leqnk;ksa ds Hkkxkas ;k vues ds ;wFkks dks
fofufnZ"V dj ldsxk A vuq- 342
n`"Vkar & A ds firk tks fd vkU/kz izns'k dh
vuqlwfpr tutkfr oxZ ds gS mUgs blds v/khu
ykHk feyrs gq,s dsUnz ljdkj ds vUrxZr ukSdjh
izkIr gksrh gSA rFkk ckn es og egkjk"Vz pys
tkrs gSA A tks egkjk"Vz es i<rk gS rFkk nl
lky rd ogkaW v/;;u djrk gSA A vuqlwfpr
tutkfr =zs.kh ls egkjk"Vz ds ,d fpfdRlk
egkfo|ky; esa nkf[kys ds fy, vkosnu djrk
gS] ijUrq U;k;ky; ;g fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd A
ftl vuqlwfpr tutkfr dk gS og egkjk"Vª es
tutkfr lwph esa 'kkfey ugha gSA izR;sd jkT;
rFkk la?k {ks= dh fofHkUu-2 vuqlwfpr tutkfr
gksrh gS] rFkk ,d jkT; dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr
lwph nwljh ds leku gks ;g vko';d ugha A
(Mouki Chandra Vs Dean Seth G S Medical
Collage (1990) 3SCC 130, (Action Committee
on issue of caste certificate to SC/STs Vs Union
of India (1944) SSCC244)
Hkkx 17
jktHkk"kk
vuq- 343 ds vuqlkj la?k dh jktHkk"kk fgUnh
rFkk fyfi nsoukxjh gksxhA jkT; dk
fo/kkue.My] fof/k }kjk] ml jkT; esa iz;ksx
gksus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd
Hkk"kkvksa dks ;k fgUnh dks ml jkT; ds lHkh ;k
fdUgh 'kkldh; iz;kstuks ds fy, iz;ksx dh
tkus okyh Hkk"kk ;k Hkk"kkvksa ds :i esa vaxhdkj
dj ldsxk ¼vuq- 345½
lafo/kku ;g izko/kku djrk gS fd vaxzsth Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr esa gksxk
1 mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk izR;sd mPp
U;k;ky; esa lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ vaxzth
Hkk"kk esa gksxhA
2 laln ds izR;sd lnu ;k fdlh jkT;
ds fo/kku e.My ds lnu ;k izR;sd
lnu esa iqu% LFkkfir fd;s tkus okys
lHkh fo/ks;dksa ;k izLrkfor fd;s tkus
okys la'kks/kuks ds izkf/kd`r ikB vaxzth
es gksaxsA
3 laln ;k fdlh jkT; ds fo/kku e.My
}kjk ikfjr lHkh vf/kfu;eksa ds vkSj
jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky
}kjk izR;kfir lHkh v/;kns'kksa ds
izkf/kd`r ikB vaxzsth es gksaxsA
4 lafo/kku vFkok laln ;k jkT;
fo/kkue.My }kjk cukbZ xbZ fdlh fof/k
ds v/khu cuk;s x;s lHkh vkns'kksa fu;eksa
fofu;eksa rFkk mifof/k;ksa ds izkf/kd`r
ikB vaxzth es gksaxsA ¼vuq- 348½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 348 ¼2½ ds vuqlkj jkT;iky] jk"Vªifr dh
lgefr ls lEcaf/kr mPp U;k;ky; dh
dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dk ;k ml jkT; ds
'kkldh; izk;kstuksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksus okyh
fdlh vU; Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx izkf/kd`r dj ldsaxsA
ijUrq ;g ckr ,sls mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s
x, fdlh fu.kZ;] fMØh ;k vkns'k dks ykxw ugh
gksxhA
n`"Vkar & A cUnh izR;{khdj.k dh ;kfpdkdrkZ
gS rFkk og mPpre U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k fjV dh
ekax djrk gS] ijUrq ftjg ds fy, og flQZ
fgUnh dk gh iz;ksx djuk pkgrk gSA mPpre
U;k;ky; mls fuEufyf[kr fodYi miyC/k
djkrk gS ¼1½ og vaxzth esa cksys ¼2½ lykgdkj
;k odhy mldk i{k U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k j[ks
¼3½ vius rdZ dks vaxzth es fy[k dj U;k;ky;
dks lkSai ns ijUrq A os buesa ls ,d Hkh lykg
ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA pwafd mPpre
U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk vaxzsth gS rFkk A U;k;ky;
}kjk lq>k, ,d Hkh fodYi dks Lohdkjus dks
rS;kj ugh gSA blfy, U;k;ky; us A dh
;kfpdk fujLr dj nhA (Madhu Limaye
V. Ved Murti (1970) 3 SCC 738)
Hkkx 18 vkikrdkyhu mica/k
;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks ;g lek/kku gks
tkrk gS fd Hkkjr ;k mlds jkT;{ks= ds fdlh
Hkw&Hkkx dh lqj{kk fdlh xaHkhj vkikr tSls ;q)
;k czkg; vkØe.k ds dkj.k ladV esa gS rc
jk"Vªifr m}?kks"k.kk }kjk bl vk'k; vkikrdky
dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxkA ¼vuq- 352½ ,slh
mn~?kks"k.kk dks i'pkronhZ mn~?kks"k.kk }kjk
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k okil fy;k tk
ldrk gSA vuq- 352 ¼1½ jk"Vªifr ,slh
mn~?kks"k.kk rc rd ugha djsxk tc rd la?k ds
eaf=e.My mls fofuf'pr u dj ns o mls
fyf[kr :i esa lalwfpr ugh fd;k tkrkA vuq-
352 ¼2½] vuq- 352 ¼3½ bl izdkj dh mn~?kks"k.kk
dks laln ds nksuks lnuksa dh vuqefr feyuk
vkfuok;Z gSA vuq- 352 ;g ladYi laln ds
fdlh lnu }kjk ml lnu dh dqy lnL;
la[;k ds cgqer }kjk rFkk ml lnu esa
mifLFkfr vkSj er nsus okys lnL;ksa es ls de
ls de 2/3 cgqer }kjk gh ikfjr fd;k tk
ldsxkA
fofÙk; vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk izorZu esa gks ml
le; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj
fdlh jkT; dks bl ckjs esa funsZ'k nsus rd gksxk
fd og jkT; viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk
iz;ksx fdl jhfr ls djsA
fdlh fo"k; ds laca/k esa fof/k;ka cukus dh laln
dh 'kfDr ds v/khu bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fd
og la?k lwph esa izxf.kr fo"k; ugh gS] laln
dks ,slh fof/k;ka cukus dh 'kfDr gksxh tks ml
fo"k; ds laca/k esa la?k dks ;k la?k ds
vf/kdkfj;ksa dks 'kfDr iznku djrh gS vkSj mu
ij drZO; vf/kjksfir djrh gS ;k 'kfDr;ksa dk
iznku fd;k tkuk vkSj drZO;ksa dk vf/kjksfir
fd;k tkuk izkf/k—r djrh gSA ¼vuq- 353½
vkikrdky mn~?kks"k.kk ds fy, jk"Vªifr ds
lek/kku gksus ds fu.kZ; dk U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu fd;k tk ldrk gSA (Minerva
Mills V Union of India 1980, 3 SCC
625)
tc ;q) ;k ckg; vkØe.k ds dkj.k Hkkjr ;k
mlds jkT;{ks= ds fdlh Hkkx dh lqj{kk ds
ladV esa gksus dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyh vkikr dh
mn~?kks"k.kk izoZru es gks rc vuq- 19 dh dksbZ Hkh
ckr Hkkx 3 es ifjHkkf"kr jkT; dh dksbZ ,slh
fof/k cukus dh ;k dksbZ ,slh dk;Zikfydk
dk;Zokgh djus dh 'kfDr dks] ftls og jkT;
ml Hkkx esa varfoZ"V mica/kksa ds vHkko es cukus
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;k djus ds fy, l{ke gksrk] fucZaf/kr ugh
djsxh] fdUrq bl izdkj cukbZ xbZ fof/k
mn~?kks"k.kk ds izorZu es u jgus ij v{kerk dh
ek=k rd mu ckrksa ds flok; rqjUr izHkkoghu
gks tk,xh ftUgs fof/k es bl izdkj izHkkoghu
gksus ds igys fd;k x;k gS] ;k djus dk yksn
fd;k x;k gSA vuq- 358
tgk¡ vkirdky dh ?kks"k.kk izoZru esa gks ogk¡
jk"Vªifr] vkns'k] }kjk ;g ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxk
fd vuq- 20 o 21 dks NksM+dj Hkkx 3 esa izorZu
vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy,] tks ml
vkns'k esa mYysf[kr fd, tk, fdlh U;k;ky;
dks lekosnu djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj bl izdkj
mYysf[kr vf/kdkjksa dks izofrZr djkus ds fy,
fdlh U;k;ky; esa yafcr lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ ml
vof/k ds fy, ftlds nkSjku mn~?kks"k.kk izo`r
jgrh gS] fuyafcr jgsxhA (ADM Jabalpur V
Shivakant Shukla (1976 2 SCC 521))]
mPpre U;k;ky; us U;k;k/kh'k gal jkt [kUuk
ls vlgefr trkrs gq,s ;g Li"V fd;k fd]
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds en~nsutj vuq- 359 ds v/khu
canh izR;{khdj.k dks fujLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 44 la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e us
bl mica/k dks jn~n dj fn;k gSA vuq- 20 o
21 dks fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa fujLr ugh fd;k
tk ldrk rFkk vuq- 21 dk;Zikfydk ds lkFk&2
U;k;kikfydk ij Hkh ck/;dkjh gS (Maneka
Gandhi V. Union of India (1978)1
SCC 248) ;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks fdlh
jkT; ds jkT;iky ls izfrosnu feyus ij ;k
vU;Fkk ;g lek/kku gks tkrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr
gS fd ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gS ftlesa ml
jkT; dk 'kklu lafo/kku ds vuq:i ugh pyk;k
tk ldrk] tc jk"Vªifr mn~?kks"k.kk }kjk
¼d½ ml jkT; dh ljdkj ds lHkh ;k dksbZ —R;
vkSj 2 ¼jkT;iky½ esa ;k jkT; ds
fo/kkue.My ls fHkUu jkT; ds fdlh
fudk; ;k izkf/kdkjh esa fufgr ;k mlds
}kjk iz;ksDrO; lHkh ;k dksbZ 'kfDr;ka vius
gkFk esa ys ldsxk%
¼[k½ ;g ?kks"k.kk dj ldsxk fd jkT; ds fo/kku
e.My dh 'kfDr;ka laln~ }kjk ;k mlds
izkf/kdkj ds v/khu iz;kDrO; gksaxh%
¼x½ jkT; ds fdlh fudk; ;k izkf/kdkjh ls
lacaf/kr bl lafo/kku bl lafo/kku ds fdUgha
mica/kksa ds izorZu dks iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr%
fuyafcr djus ds fy, mica/kksa lfgr ,sls
vkuq"kafxd vkSj ikfj.kkfed mica/kksa dj
ldsxk tks mn~?kks"k.kk ds mn~ns';ksa dks izHkkoh
djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr dks vko';d ;k
okaNuh; izrhr gksa %
bl [kaM dh dksbZ ckr jk"Vªifr dks mPp
U;k;ky; esa fufgr ;k mlds }kjk iz;ksDrO;
fdlh 'kfDr dks vius gkFk esa ysus ;k mPp
U;k;ky;ksa ls lacaf/kr bl lafo/kku ds fdlh
mica/k ds izorZu dks iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% fuyafcr
djus ds fy, izkf/k—r ugha djsxhA ;g
mn~?kks"k.kk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa eatwjh ds
ckn gh fd;k ldsxhA
vuq- 356 ds v/khu jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu dk fo"k; gS] jk"Vªifr dks
ifjfLFkfr dk lek/kku fo"k;xr gS] ijUrq ;g
rF;xr ifjfLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,A
;fn 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fo}s"k dh Hkkouk ls fd;k
x;k gS] rks ;g fu.kZ; fujLr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA jk"Vªifr dks rF;ksa dks U;k;ky; esa izLrqr
djuk pkfg,] U;k;ky; rF;ksa dh lR;rk dh
tkap ugha dj ldrk] ijUrq og fu.kZ; dks rF;ksa
ds vk/kkj ij tkap ldrk gSA ;fn U;k;ky; dks
;g lek/kku gks bl fu.kZ; dks fujLr dj
c[kkZLr ljdkj dks cgky dj ldrk gSA (SR
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Bommai V. Union of India (1992) 3
SCC 1)
n`"Vkar & jk"Vªifr fnlEcj 15] 1992 dks vuq-
356 ds varxZr vf/k?kks"k.kk }kjk e-iz- fo/kkulHkk
Hkax djrs gSA U;k;ky; }kjk iqujkoyksdu esa
;g ik;k x;k fd jk"Vªifr dk ;g fu.kZ;
jkT;iky }kjk Hksts x;s nks i=ks ds vk/kkj ij
fy;k x;k] ftlesa jkT;iky us ckcjh efLt+n
fo/oal ds ckn dqN LFkkuksa ij gq, minzo dks
vk/kkj cuk;kA ekeysa dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us
;g Li"V fd;k ;g bruk xaHkhj vk/kkj u Fkk]
ftlds dkj.k fo/kkulHkk Hkax dh tk,A
(Sunderlal Patwa V. Union of India
1993 Jab LJ 387) (FB))
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuq- 361 ¼B½ ls 365 rd
ds vuq- fofHkUu izdhZ.kksa ls lEcaf/kr gSA vuq-
366 dqN ifjHkk"kk,sa iznku djrk gSA
¼1½ jk"Vªifr vFkok jkT; dk jkT;iky ;k jkt
izeq[k vius in dh 'kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx vkSj
drZO;ksa ds ikyu ds fy, ;k mu 'kfDr;ksa dk
iz;ksx vkSj drZO;ksa dk ikyu djrs gq, vius
}kjk fd, x, ;k fd, tkus ds fy, rkRif;Zr
fdlh dk;Z ds fy, fdlh U;k;ky; dks
mÙkjnk;h ugha gksxk ijUrq vuq- 61 ds v/khu
vkjksi ds vUos"k.k ds fy, laln ds fdlh lnu
}kjk fu;qDr ;k vfHkfgr fdlh U;k;ky;
vf/kdj.k ;k fudk; }kjk jk"Vªifr ds vkpj.k
dk iqujkyksdu fd;k tk ldsxk fdUrq ;g bl
[kaM dh fdlh ckr dk ;g vFkZ ugha yxk;k
tk,xk fd og Hkkjr ljdkj ;k fdlh jkT; dh
ljdkj ds fo#) leqfpr dk;Zokfg;ka pykus ds
fdlh O;fDr ds vf/kdkj dks fucZaf/kr djrh gSA
vuq- 361 ¼1½
¼2½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky ds
fo#) mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku fdlh
U;k;ky; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh nkafMd
dk;Zokgh lafLFkr ugha dh tk,xh ;k pkyw
ugha j[kh tk,xhA vuq- 361 ¼3½
¼3½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky dh
inkof/k ds nkSjku mldh fxj¶rkjh ;k
dkjkokl ds fy, fdlh U;k;ky; ls dksbZ
vknsf'kdk fudkyh ugha tk,xhA vuq- 361
¼3½
¼4½ jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh jkT; ds jkT;iky ds :i
esa vius in xzg.k djus ls igys ;k mlds
i'pkr] mlds }kjk viuh oS;fDrd gSfl;r
esa fd, x, ;k fd, tkus ds fy, rkRif;Zr
fdlh dk;Z ds laca/k esa dksbZ flfoy
dk;Zokfg;ka] ftuesa jk"Vªifr ;k ,sls jkT; ds
jkT;iky ds fo#) vuqrks"k dk nkok fd;k
tkrk gS] mldh inkof/k ds nkSjku fdlh
U;k;ky; esa rc rd lafLFkr ugha dh
tk,xh tc rd dk;Zokfg;ka dh iz—fr]
muds fy, okn gsrqd] ,slh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks
lafLFkr djus okys i{kdkj dk uke] o.kZu]
fuokl&LFkku vkSj ml vuqrks"k dk ftldk
og nkok djrk gS] dFku djus okyh
fyf[kr lwpuk] ;FkkfLFkfr] jk"Vªifr ;k
jkT;iky dks ifjnÙk fd, tkus ;k mlds
dk;kZy; esa NksMs+ tkus ds i'pkr~ nks ekl
dk le; lekIr ugha gks x;k gSA 361 d-
laln vkSj jkT;ksa ds fo/kkue.My dh
dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku dk laj{k.k iznku
djrk gSA vuq- 361 ¼4½
Part XX-lafo/kku la'kks/ku
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuq- 368 ¼1½ ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; laln vius
laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,s]
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa la'kks/ku
dj ldrh gSA lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku ds fy,
fo/ks;d laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd;k
tk ldrk gS izR;sd lnu ds dqy lnL; la[;k
ds cgqer rFkk mifLFkr ,oa ernku nsus okys
nks frgkbZ lnL;ksa }kjk ;g fo/ks;d ikfjr dj
fn;k tkrk gS] rc og jk"Vªifr ds le{k izLrqr
fd;k tk,xk] tks fo/ks;d dks viuh vuqefr
nsxk
jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ds ckn lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku
fcy ds vuq:i la'kks/ku gks tkrs gSA
vuq- 368 ¼2½ esa of.kZr dqN fuf'pr izko/kkuksa esa
la'kks/ku rHkh laHko gS tc la'kks/ku fcy laln
}kjk ikl djus ds ckn yxHkx vk/ks jkT;ks ds
fo/kku e.Myksa }kjk ikl fd;k tkuk vko';d
gS rnqijkar fcy jk"Vªifr dh gLrk{kj ds fy,
Hkstk tk,sxkA
vuq- 13 dh dksbZ Hkh ckr bl vuqPNsn ds v/khu
fd, x, fdlh la'kks/ku ij ykxw ugha gksxhA
vuq- 368 ds Hkkx 4 rFkk 5 vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf"kr
fd;s x;s gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh 10oha vuqlwph dk Para
07] U;k;ky; ds ml {ks=kf/kdkj dks fu"ks/k
djrk gS ftlds rgr U;k;ky; laln lnL;ksa
dks v;ksX;rk ls lEcf/kr izko/kku dj ldrk gS
bl Hkkx dks 10 vlaoS/kkfud djkj nsrs gq,s
10oha vuqlwph ls gVk fn;k x;k D;ksfd ;g
vuq- 368 ¼2½ dh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k fd;s fcuk
mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dh
'kfDr;ksa ij izHkko Mkyrk gS! ¼Kihoto
Holloham V. Zachillu, 1992 Supp (2)
SCC 651)
ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjyk jkT; ds ekeys esa
,d fjV ;kfpdk nk;j dh xbZ ftlesa lafo/kku
ds dqN la'kks/kuks dks rFkk Kerala Land
Reforms Act, 1963 dks pquksrh nh xbZ bl
okn esa ;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd D;k laln dks
lafo/kku ds dqN vfr vko';d rRoksa es la'kks/ku
djus dk vf/kdkj gS ekeys dh lquokbZ ds
nje;ku 13 ttksa dh ihB vius&vius erksa ij
foHkkftr fn[kh ijarq 9 U;k;/kh'kksa us ,d lkFk
gksrs gq, ;gk ij ?kks"k.kk dh fd vuq- 368 laln
dks lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk ls f[kyokM+ djus
dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrk vFkkZr laln lafo/kku dh
ewy lajpuk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha dj ldrhA
ewy lajpuk ds fl)kar dh ?kks"k.kk ds'okuan
Hkkjrh ds ekeys es dh xbZA
ewy lajpuk fl)kar ds rgr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku
ds fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ vkrh gSA
U;k; iqujkoyksdu ¼L. Chandra Kumar V.
Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 261½
yksdra= ¼Kihoto Hollohan V. Zachillu,
1992 Supp (2) SCC 651½ o;Ld
erkf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr Lora= rFkk fu"i{k
pquko rFkk cgqnyh; iz.kkyh (People's
Union for Civil Liberties V. Union of
India, (2003) 4 SCC 399);
fof/k dk 'kklu (S.P. Sampath Kumar V.
Union of India, (1987) 1 SCC 124);
uhfr funs'kd rRo rFkk ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds
e/; ijLij leao; (Minerva Mills Ltd.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
V. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC
625);
U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk (Minerva Mills
Ltd. V. Union of India, (1980) 2 SCC
591, Kumar Padma Prasad V. Union
of India, (1992) 2SCC 428); and
lekurk (Indra Sawhney II V. Union of
India, (2000)1 SCC 168)
ewy lajpuk dk fl)kar U;k;ky; dh O;k[;k
ij vk/kkfjr gS bles U;k;ky; ds ikl nks
dlksfV;k¡ gksrh gSA 1- lhek dh dlkSVh 2-
igpku ¼Identity½ dh dlkSVh
U;k;ky; ;g Li"V djrk gS dh fdlh vuq- esa
fd;s la'kks/ku ds eqdkcys lafo/kku dh vkRek ;k
ekSfyd fo'ks"krkvksa esa fd;k x;k la'kks/ku T;knk
xaHkhj gS ftldh vuqefr U;k;ky; ugha nsrk
(M. Nagaraj V. Union of India, (2006)
8 SCC 212)
os la'kks/ku tks ukxfjdks ds ewy vf/kdjksa dk
guu djrs gS rFkk lafo/kku ds vk/kkfjr <kaps
dks u"V djrs gS ,sls la'kks/ku lafo/kku ds ewy
lajpuk fl)kar ds fo#) gksrs gS (I.R.
Coelho V. State of Tamil Nadu,
(2007) 2 SCC 1)
Hkkx 21
vLFkk;h laØe.kdkyhu vkSj fo'ks"k mica/k
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 369&392 dqN
vLFkk;h] laØe.kdkyhu rFkk fo'ks"k mica/kdk
izko/kku djrk gS] tSls
laln dks lafo/kku ds izkjEHk ls ikap o"kZ dh
vof/k ds nkSjku dqN fuf'pr fo"k;kas ij tks dh
jkT; lwph ds gS ij bl izdkj fo/kku cuk
ldrh gS tSls oks leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij
cukrh gSA\
dbZ jkT;ksa ds lEca/k esa fo'ks"k fo/kku cuk ldrh
gSA
vuq- ¼371&371I½
Hkkx&22
laf{kIr] uke izkjaHk ¼fgUnh esa izkf/k—r 410½ vkSj
fljlu
lafo/kku Hkkjr dk lafo/kku dgyk,sxk ¼/kkjk
393½
Hkkjr Loar=rk vf/kfu;e 1947 vkSj Hkkjr
'kklu vf/kfu;e 1935 ds lkFk ftuds vUrxZr
fizoh dkWfly vf/kdkfjrk mRlknu vf/kfu;e
1949 ugh gS] blds }kjk fujlu ekuk tk,xkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;--4 lafonk dkuwu
Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e 1872 ,d foLrr
vf/kfu;e ugha gS] vfirq bldk dk;Z fof/k ds
mu Hkkxksa dks tks lafonk ls lacf/kr gS]
ifjHkkf”kr djrk gS ¼izLrkouk½
tgk¡ ij lafonk vf/kfu;e fo"k; ij ckr djrk
gS] ogk¡ ij ;g foLr`r gS] ijUrq ;gk¡ ekSu gS
rFkk vU; Hkkjrh; fo?kku vuqifLFkr gS] ;gk¡ ij
;g U;k;ky; English Court ds fu.k;ksa dk
vk/kkj ys ldrk gS ¼Hkxokunkl xksoZ/ku nkl
dsM+h;k cuke fxj/kjhyky iq:"kksre nkl ,.M
dEiuh (1966) 1 SCR 656)
lafonk dh ifjHkk"kk S-2(h) fof/k }kjk izorZuh;
djkj lafonk gS ifjHkk"kk ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS
fd lHkh djkj lafonk ugha gksrsA djkjksa dks
lafonk gksus ds fy, dqN fuf'pr 'krsZ iwjh
djuk vko';d gSA
1- i{kdkjksa dh Lora= lEefr
2- i{kdkjksa dh lafonk djus dh {kerk
3- fof/kiwoZd Qy dk gksuk
4- fof/kiw.kZ mís'; dk gksuk
5- fdlh vf/kfu;e ds vUrjxr mls 'kwU;
?kksf"kr u fd;k tkuk
,d lafonk nks i{kh; rFkk ,d i{kh; gks ldrh
gS nks i{kh; lafonkvksa esa i{kdkj fuf'pr
izLrkoksa dk vknku iznku djrs gS rFkk izR;sd
izLrko i{kdkj dks izfrQy iznku djrk gSA
,d i{kh; lafonk og lafonk gksrh gS] ftlesa
,d i{kdkj izLnko dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A ;g ?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd tks Hkh
O;fDr A dk [kks;k gqvk Mobile Qksu [kkst dj
nsxk] A mls 10]000 :i;s nsxk] B, A dks
mldk eksckby [kkst dj nsrk gS] vc A - B
dks 10]000@& nsus ds fy, ckè; gksxk] ;g ,d
iz{kh; lafonk dk mnkgj.k gSA
fof/kd nkf;Ro
gkykafd ;g lafonk vf/kfu;e esa dgh Hkh
mYysf[kr ugha gS] ijUrq U;k;y; ;g Lohdk;Z
djrs gSa fd djkj esa 'kkfey gksrs le; i{kdkjksa
dk bjknk fof/kd nkf;Ro esa ca?kus dk gksrk gSA
^^dbZ ckj i{kdkjksa ds eè; bl izdkj ds fu.kZ;
gksrs gSa tks fd fof/k ds vFkZ ds vurxZr lafonk
dk ifj.kke ugha gksrsA (Balfour Vs Balfour
(1919)2 KB5H)
n`"Vkar & ,d vkdfLed ppkZ ds nkSjku A ;g
?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd tks Hkh O;fDr mldh ethZ
ls A dh iq=h ls mldh ethZ ls fookg djrk
gSA rFkk] B ls 100 Rs ekaxrk gSA ekekys dh
lquokbZ esa U;k;y; ;g fu/kkZj.k djrk gS fd
;g vko';d ugha dh izfroknh bl izdkj ds
lkekU; 'kCnksa dk ikyu djsa] D;ksafd bl
ifjfLfkfr esa i{kdkjksa ds fdlh Hkh fof/kd
nkf;R; esa ca/kus dh ea'kk ugha FkhA
lafonk dk fuekZ.k & izLrko rFkk Lohd`fr
^tc ,d O;fDr] fdlh ckr ds djus ;k djus
ls izfrfojr gksus dh viuh jtkeUnh ,sls dk;Z
;k izfrfojfr ds izfr fdlh nwljs dh vuqefr
izkIr djus dh n`f"V ls mls nwljs dk laKkr
djrk gs rc mlds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd
;g izLrko djrk gSA*
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nks i{kdkj vkil esa ,d izLrko yk ldrs gS
rFkk nksuksa ds }kjk izLrko dh Lohd`fr ds ckn
og ,d opu cu tkrk gSA
,d izLrko] izLFkkiuk rFkk izLrko ds fy,
vkea=k.k ls iw.kZ :is.k fHkUu gSA ;g ,d
fof/kiw.kZ izLrko dk fuekZ.k ugha djrsA
n`"Vkar & ,d nwdku esa lekkuksa dks mudh
dher ds lkFk n'kkZ;k x;kA ;g izLrko ds fy,
vkea=k.k gSA ijUrq izLrko ughA ;g LohdkjksfDr
ds ckn lafonk esa ifjorZuh; ;ksX; ugha gSA
uhykeh esa izR;sdcksyh ,d izLrko gSA ftls
Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k ughaa bl izdkj
uhykeh esa cksyh yxkuk d`I djus dh fofo/krk
izLFkkiuk gSA
fdlh O;fDr fo'ks":k dksfd;k tkus okyk izLrko
fof'"V izLrko dgykrk gS rFkk iwjs fo'o dh
fd;k tkus okyk izLrko lkekU; izLrko
dgykrk gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d dEiuh ;g vf?k?kks"k.kk djrh gS
fd ,d lIrkg rd fnu esa rhu ckj mudh
LeksdckWy ysus okyksa dks b¶wysUtk uked jksx
ugha gksxk vkSj ;fn gksrk gS rks dEiuh mls 100
ikWM nsxhA viuh xEHkhjrk n'kkZus ds fy,
dEiuh us 100 ikWM ,d [kkrs esa vyx ls j[k
fn;sA A] tks fd ,d efgyk gS] ml dEiuh dh
Leksd ckWyysrh gS] ijUrq mls ba¶ysUtk uked
jksx gks tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa dEiuh dks
iSlk nsuk gksx] dEiuh ,d fof/kd nkf;Ro esa
ca/k xbZ gSA rFkk bl izdkj dk izLrko lkekU;
izLrko dgykrk gSA (Carlill Vs Varbolic
Smoke Ball CO (1893)1 QB 256)
izLrko o Lohd`fr Li"V rfkk fuf'pr gksuh
pkfg,A D;ksafd ;gh izLrko o Lohd`fr Li"V
ugha gksxs ftlls dh lafonk dk fu"d"kZ ugha
fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh lafonk oS| ugha gksrh
(S29)
n`"Vkar & ,d dEiuh dk eSusftax Mk;jsDVj]
dEiuh ds ,d lsod ls ;g oknk djrk gS fd
dEiuh mls dqN fuf'pr HkÙks nsxh] kjUrq ;g
rc gksxk tc dEiuh ,sls HkÙks nsus dh fLFkfr esa
gksxh U;k;y; us bl djkj dks 'kwU; dj fn;k
D;ksafd blesa mís'; dh vLi"Vrk gS ¼iq"ikckyk
js cuke LIC of India AIR 1978 Cal 221½
fdlh izLrko dks nwljs i{kdkj dks lalwfpr
fd;k tkuk pkfg,] D;ksafd nwljk i{k rc rd
LohdkjksfDr ugha ns ldrk tc rd fd mls
izLrko dh lwpuk u gksA
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ,d lEifr dks cspus ds
lanHkZ esa Qksu ij ckrphr dj jgs FksA rFkk
vUresa A ;g dgrk gS fd esjk vafre izLrko 40
yk[k :i;s gS ijUrq mlh {k.k Qksu dj tkrk
gSA A dk izLrko B dks lqukbZ ugha iM+rk] ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa ;g ,d oS| izLrko ugha gksxk
D;ksafd B us rks izLrko lquk gh ughA
;fn izLrko dh Lohd`fr ds fy, dksbZ fuf'pr
izfØ;k rFkk le; dk izko/kku gS] rks ml
ifjfLFlfr esa ;g vko';dgksxk fd Lohd`fr
mlh ds vuw:I nh tk,sA ijUrq ;fn bl izdkj
dh dksbZ izfØ;k o le; dk mYys[k ugha gS] rc
bl ifjfLfkfr esa ;g vko';d gs dh Lodhd`fr
;qfDr;qDr izfØ;k o ;qfDr;qDr le; esa iznku
dh tk,s½A
n`"Vkar & A, B dk dEI;wVj [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA
A mldh fder 30]000 yxkrk gS A, B ls
izLrko dk fyf[kr tc rd ekaxrk gS B, A dks
Qksu ij Lohdfr nsrk gS] A, dEI;wVj [kjhnus
ds fy, ckè; ugha gS] D;ksafd izLrko dh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
LohdkjksfDr mYysf[kr izfØ;k ds nkSjku ugha
gqvkA
;fn izLrko dks vU; izfØ;k }kjk Lohdk;Z dj
fy;k tkrk gSA bl ifjfLFkfr esa izLrkodrkZ
izLrko ekuuk vko';d gksxkA
n`"Vkar & ;fn mijksDr n"Vkar us A Qksu ij B
ij ;g dgrk gS dh og iSls Hkst nsxk rc ml
ifjfLFkfr esa A ij lafonk ykxw gksrh D;ksafd og
Lohdkj dj pqdk FkkA
;fn ,di{kh; lafo/kk] fdlh dR; dh 'krz
j[krh gS rks nwljs i{k dks og d`R; djuk gh
gksxkA fdlh vU; izdkj dh LohdkjksfDr mfpr
ugh gksxhA
n`"Vkar & A viuh [kksbZ gqbZ laifr dks ykSVkus
okys dks iqjLdkj dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS B dks ;g
laifr feyrh gS rfkk oks mls A dks ykSVk nsrk
gS] bl izdkj B }kjk laifr dks ykSVk;k tkuk
mldk izLrko Lohdkj djrk gS] B dks vU;
izfØ;k }kjk izLrko Lohdkj djus dh
vko';drk ugh gSA
izLrko dks Lohdk;Z djus dh lwpuk lh/ks rkSj
ij i{kdkj dks nsuh pkfg, ;k fQj i{kdkj }kjk
fu;qDr O;fDr dks nsuk pkfg,] fdlh rhljs
O;fDr dks bldh lwpuk nsuk LohdkjksfDr ugha
gksxhA
n`"Vkar & A i= }kjk B dks yksgk ,d fuf'pr
dher esa ospus ds fy, i= fy[krk gSA i= B
dks nks fnu foyEc ls feyrk gS] ijUrq B mlh
fnu viuh Lohdfr i= }kjk Hkstrk gSa ijUrq
dqN dkj.kksa ls A dks Hkh i= foyEc ls feyrk
gS] ijUrq rc rd yksgs dh dhers c<+ pqdh Fkh]
vksj A, B dks mu dherksa esa yksgk cspus ls euk
djrk gS] ijUrq A ,slk ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd
og ,d lafonk esa ca/k pqdk gSA ¼Dunlop Vs
Higgins (1848) IHL (a 381).
,d izLrko Lor% gh lekIr tks tkrk gS ;fn
mlds lkfk mldk dkmaVj izLrko cuk;k tkrk
gS] D;ksafd dkmaVj izLrko dks Lor% u;k izLrko
ekuk tkrk gsa rFkk lafonk ds fy, mls Lohdk;Z
djuk vko';d gksrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A viuk ?kj cspus ds fy, B dks
1000 ikWM dk izLrko djrk gS ijUrq B 950
ikWM esa [kjhnus dk izLrko djrk gS ftls A
Bqdjk nsrk gS blds rRdky ckn B iqjkuh
1000 ikWM fder esa ?kj dks jkth gks tkrk gS]
ijUrq vc A euk dj nsrk gS] ekeys dh
lquokbZ esa U;k;y; us ;g ik;k fd tSls gh B
dkmaVj izLrko nsrk gS oSls gh A dk 1000 ikWM
dk izLrko Lor% lekIr gks tkrk gS] vr% A
fdlh lafonk esa ugha ca/krk (Hyde Vs Wrench
1840) 43 Beau 334)
,d oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo Lora=
lgefr & nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr leku mís';
ijleku izfØ;kRed Lo:i ij lger gksrs
gSarc mls lgefr dgrs gSaA
/kkjk 13 esa mYysf[kr consensus ad – idem dk
fl)kar vrRf;Ur egRoiw.kZ gS blds vuqlkj
blds vuqlkj nksuksa i{kdkjksa dks ,d nwljs dh
izLrkoksa dks l'krZ Lohdkj djuk vko';d gSa
,d oS|lafonk ds fy, eu dk feyuk vko';d
gS vU;Fkk lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr gksxhA
n`"Vkar & A ,d nLrkost ij gLrk{kj djrk
gs] ijUrq A nLrkost dh Hkk"kk ugha le>rk]
;g le>kSrk rc rc 'kwU; jgsxk tc rd fd
;g Li"V u gks tk,s fd gLrk{kj ls iwoZ A dks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nLrkost ds rRoksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls le>k
x;k gSA (Chimanram Motilal Vs
Divanchand Govindram, AIR 1932 Bain
151)
;fn le>kSrs esa ekStwn rRo rF; dh Hkwy gS
rFkk i{kdkjksa ds eè; ekufld le>kSrk ugha gS
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa le>kSrk 'kwU; gksxkA
;fn nksuksa i{kdkj rF;kRed ckr laca/kh Hkwy esa
gks rks djkj 'kwU; gksxkA\
n`"Vkar & A, B dh Hkwqeh [kjhnrk gS] nksuksa gh
Hkweh dh eki dks ysdj Hkwy dj jgs gSa nksuksa ds
vuqlkj Hkweh dh eki 10 ,dM+ gS] ijUrq vly
esa Hkweh dh eki 15 ,dM+ gS ,slh fLFkfr esa
lafonk 'kwU; gksxh (Tersem Singh Vs
Sukhvinder Singh AIR 1998 SC 1400)
n`"Vkar & A, B ds eè; lkeku dh [kjhn dks
ysdj lafonk gksrh gS] ijUrq nksuksa dks bl ckrk
dh Hkwy gs fd xksnke ls rks lkeku dh pksjh gks
xbZ gS] vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa lafonk ^'kwU;*
gksxhA
eqDr rFkk Lora= lgefr & eqDr lgefr dh
vuqifLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr
gksxhA
/kkjk 14 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh lgefr rc Lora=
dgh tk,xh t cog fuEufyf[kr <ax ls izkIr
fd xbZ gksA
1- izihM+u
2- vlE;d vlj
3- diV
4- nqO;Zizn'kZu
5- Hkwy
izihMu & lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 15 ds
vuqlkj izihM+u }kjk lgefr rc dgh tkrh gS
tc i{kdkj ij Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk }kjk of.kZr
dksbZ dk;Z dj ds ;k mls djus dh /kedh nsdj
;k voS| :I ls fdlh laefr dks jksddj ;k
mls jksdus dh /kedh nsdj ncko Mkyk x;k
gksA gkykafd vkfFkZd vojks/k izihM+u dk fgLlk
ugha gSA
n`"Vkar & A viuh iRuh o iq= dks vkRenR;k
dh /kedh nsdj laifr fopok nsrk gS] gkykafd
iRuh o iq= lEifr cspuk ugha pkgrs Fks] bl
izdkj fd xbZ lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; gS] D;ksafd ;g
izihM+u dk ifj.kke gSA (Chikkam Amiraju Vs
Chikkam Seshamma AIR 1918 Mad 414)
vlE;d vlj & lafonk dh /kjk 16 ds vuqlkj
tc i{kdkjksa ds eè; bl izdkj ds laca/k tks tks
fd ,d nwljs dh bPNk dks vf/k'kkflr dj
ldrs gks vkSj ml fLFkfr dk iz;ksx ml nwljs
O;fDr ls vuqfpr ykHk izkfIr gsrw fd;k x;k gks
rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lafonk vlE;d
vlj }kjk mRizsfjr dh xbZ gSA
/kkjk 16 ¼2½ & fuEufyf[kr esa og fdlh vU;
O;fDr dh bPNk dks vf/k'kkflr djus dh fLFkfr
esa Fkk ;k fLFkfr esa gSA
(a) ml vU; ij okLrfod ;k n`';eku
izkf/kdkj j[krk gS ;k ml vU; ds lkfk
oS'okfld laca/k dh fLFkfr esa gS vFkok
(b) ,sls O;fDr ds lkFk lafonk djrk gS
ftldh ekufld lkeF;Z ij vk;q]
:X.krk ;k ekufld ;k 'kkjhfjd d"V
ds dkj.k vLFkk;h ;k Lfkk;h :i
lsizHkko iM+k gSA
n`"Vkar & A tksfd ,d eafnj VªLV dk lsod gS
B ij eafnj ls nku p<+kus ds fy, ncko
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
M+kyrk gS] bl izdkj fd xbZ lafonk
'kwU;dj.kh; gS] D;ksafd ;g vlE;d vlj ls
izHkkfor gSA (Based on Chinnamma Vs
Dattingha Sangha AIR 1973 My 5338)
n`"Vkar & A tks dh ,d lkgdkj gS og B dks
cgqr Hkkjh C;kt nj ij /ku m/kkj nsrk gS] ijUrq
ml oDr cktkj Hkh C;kt dh nj Hkkjh py jgh
Fkh] ;g dksbZ vlE;d vlj ugha gSA
diV &
tc ,d i{kdkj ;k mldk vfHkdrkZ ;k mldh
feyhHkxr ls dksbZ vU;] fdlh nwljs i{kdkj ;k
mlds vfHkdrkZ dks /kks[kk nsus ds bjkns ls vfkok
lafonk djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djus ds bjkns ls
fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ dk;Z djrk gS rks og
diV gqvk dgk tkrk gSA
1- tks ckr lR; ugha gS mldk rF; ds :I
esa ml O;fDr }kjk lq>k;k tkuk tks
;g fo'okl djrk gS fd og lR; ughs
gSA
2- fdlh rF; dk Kku ;k fo'okl j[kus
okys O;fDr }kjk ml rF; dk lfØ;
:I ls NqikukA
3- dksbZ opu tks mldk ikyu djus ds
vk'k; ds fcuk fn;k x;k gksA
4- izoapuk ¼/kks[kk½ djus ;ksX; dksbZ vU;
dk;ZA
5- dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ;k yksHk ftldk diV
iw.kZ gksuk fof/k fo'ks"kr% ?kksf"kr djsA
/kkjk 17 esa fn;s x;s Li"Vhdj.k ds vuqlkj
lafonk djus ds fy, fdlh O;fDr dh
jtkeUnh ij ftu rF;ksa ds izHkko iM+us dh
lEHkkouk gks muds ckjs esa ekSu jguk diV
ugha gS] tc rd fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ u gks
fd ekSu j[kus okys O;fDr dk dÙkZO; gks fd
og cksys ;k tc rd fd mldk ekSu Lor%
gh cksyus ds rqY; u gksA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks viuh leaifr cspuk
pkgrk gWwA B ls vf/kd dher izkIr djus ds
pDdj esa A B dks vU; [kjhnnkj ds i=
fn[kkuk gS ftlesa laefr dh dher cgqr T;knk
vkWdh xbZ gSa B mu i=ksa ij fo'okl djds
lEifRr [kjhn ysrk gSA bl izdkj ;g lafonk
'kwU;dj.kh D;wW fd ;g diV ij vk/kkfjr gSa
ekSu jguk diV ugha gSA ijUrq tgkW ekSujgus
dsdkj.k Lo:I rF; izHkkfor gksA rFkk i{kkdkj
lafonk dj ys ;k ekSu cksyus ds cjkcj gks rks
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ekSu diV dgyk,xkA dqN
fuf'pr ekeyksa esa tSls chek lafonk esaleLrrF;
xr tkudkjh dk mYys[kdjuk vko';d gSa
D;ksafd bl izdkj dh lafonk uberrimae fides
ekuh tkrh gSa vFkkZr ;g vPNs fo'okl esa jgdj
dh tkrh gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d chek dEiuh ds chek Policy
Form esa ,d Hkkx gS fd ;fn vius fiNys 5
o"kksZa esa MkWDVj ls lykg yh gS rks d`i;k bl
ckWDl ij fVd djsaA A ftlus dh fiNys 5
o"kksZa esa MkWDVj dh lykg yh gS] bl ckWDl ij
fVd ugha djrk bl izdkj ;g ,d diV
dgyk,xkA (Based on Mithoolal Nayak Vs
Life Insurange Corporation of India, AIR
1962 SC 814)
nqO;Zins'ku %
nqO;Zins'ku ls vfHkizsr gS vkSj mlds vUrxZr
vkrs gSa
1- ml ckr dk tks lR; ugha gS] ,sls
izdkj ls fd;k x;k fu'p;kRed iz[;ku
tks ml O;fDr dh] tks mls djrk
gS]tkudkjh ls lefFkZr u gks] ;|fi og
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ml ckr ds lR; gksus dk fo'okl
djrk gksA
2- dksbZ ,slk dÙkZO; Hkax tks izoapuk djus
ds vk'k; ds fcuk ml O;fDr dkstks
mls djrk gS ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj
ds v/khu ;k nkok djus okys fdlh
O;fDr dks dksbZ Qk;nk fdlh vU; dks
,sls Hkqykok nsdj igqapk, ftlls ml
vU; ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds
v/khu nkok djus okys fdlh O;fDr ij
izfrdwy izcko iM+sA
3- pkgs fdrus gh ljy Hkko ls D;ksa u gks
djkj ds fdlh i{kdkj ls ml ckr ds
inkFkZ ds ckjs esa] tks ml djkj dk
fo"k; gks] dksbZ Hkwy djkukA
dksbZ Hkh lafonk rHkh 'kwU;dj.kh gksxhA tcfd
nqO;Zins'ku ds dkj.k ,d i{kdkj lafonk esa ca/k
tk,xkA tkaykafd nqO;Zins'ku ;k diV dks ;g
lekurk gS fd nksuksa vlR; izfrfuf/kRo ij
vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ijUrq nksuksa ds eè; ;g Hksn gS
fd tgk¡ nqO;Zins'kuesa okd; cksyus okyk O;fDr
;g Hkjkslk djrk gSA fd ;g lR; gS ogha diV
esa og O;fdr tks izfrfuf/kRo dj jgk gS og ;g
tkurk gs fd ;g vlR; gSA
n`"Vkar & A tksfd edku ekfyd gSA B
fdjk,nkj dks ;g crkrk gS fd edku esa pkj
'k;ud{k gSA ijUrq okLrfodrk esa ,d
'k;ud{kjgus ;ksX; ugha gSA A [kqnHkh bl ckrk
dks ugha tkurk fd ,d 'k;ud{k jgus ;ksX;
ugha gSA ;g nqO;Zins'ku gksxk rFkk lafonk 'kwU;
dj.kh; gSA (Based on Alla Baksh Khan
U.R.E. Barrow, AIR 1917 Lah 173)
,d oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo
/kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr O;fDr lafonk
djus ds fy, l{ke ugha gSA
1- vo;Ld (Minor) 2- foÑrfpÙk dk O;fDr] rFkk 3- og O;fDr ftls ml fof/k ds }kjk]
ftlds og vUrxZr gS] lafonk djusls
fujfgZr ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k gSA vO;Ld &,d vO;Ld ds lkfk dh xbZ lafonk
Void ad initio ?kksf"kr gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar & dherh izfrQyksa ds lanHkZ esa vo;Ld
lafonk dks izHkkoh dj ldrs gSaA gkWykafd os
ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuokZg ughadj ldrsA ijUrq os
dherh lkeku dk vf/xzg.k dj ldrs gSA
(Firm Bhola Ram Harbans Lal Vs. Bhagat
Ram, AIR 1927 Lah 24)
vO;Ld ds dkuwuh vfHkHkkod vO;Ld dh vksj
ls rFkk mlds ykHk ds fy, lafonk dj ldrs
gSaA
lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 68 ;gk¡ ij egRoiw.kZ
gS] blds vuqlkj ^;fn lafonk djrs le;
vleFkz O;fDr dks ;k fdlh O;fDr dks] ftldk
lapkyu djus ds fy, og oS/k :I ls ckè; gS]
mldh gSfl;r ds vuqdwy vko';d oLrq;sa
fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk iznk; dh tkrh gSa rks
og O;fDr ftlus ,sls iznk; fd;s gSa] ,sls
vo;Ld O;fDr dh lEifÙk esa ls viuh HkjikbZ
djkus ds fy, gdnkj jgsxkA
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gs fd vuwdwy
vko';d oLrqvksa dk fu/kkZj.k ifjfLFkr rFkk
rF;xr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA
foÑr fpr dk O;fDr%
foÑr fpr O;fDr Hkh lalfonk ugha dj ldrk]
foÑr fpr O;fDr }kjk dh xbZ lafonk
'kwU;dj.kh; gsa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lafonk vf/fu;e dh /kkjk 12 ds vuqlkj ;fn
dksbZ O;fDr ml le; ftl le; fd lafonk
djrk gS] ml lafonk dks le>us ds vkSj vius
fgrksa ij mlds izHkko ds ckjs esa ;qfDrlaxr
fu.kZ; djus ds ;ksX; gS rks ml O;fDr ds ckjs
es dgk tkrk gS fd og lafonk djus ds fy;s
lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gSA
tks O;fDr izk;% foÑr fpÙk (unsound
mind) dk gS] fdUrq dHkh lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gks
tkrk gS] tc fd og lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gks]
lafonk dj ldsxkA
tks O;fDr izk;% lqfLFkr fpÙk dk gS
fdUrq dHkh&dHkh foÑr fpÙk dk gks tkrk gS]
tc f dog foÑr fpÙk dk gks] lafonk ugha dj
ldsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 68 foÑr fpr ds O;fDr;ksa dks
vko';d oLrqvksa ds iznk; dk izko/kku gSA
fdlh fof/k }kjk O;fDr;ksa dk lafonk djus dh
{kerk ls fujfgZr gksuka dqN fuf'fpr ekeyksa esa
dqN O;fDr;ksa dks lafonk djus dk vf/kdkj ugha
gksrk gSA blh fLFkfr esa fd;k x;k lafonk 'kwU;
gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dkijsV~l ,d
fuf'pr fo/kku ls viuh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr djrsgSaA
ijUrq t cog mDr fo/kku esa iznr 'kfDr;ksa ds
vfrfjDr lafonk djrs gSa rks og 'kwU; gksxhA
izfrQy & lafonk vf/fu;e dh /kkjk 2 ¼/k½ esa
izfriQy dks ifjHkkfk"krfd;k x;k gSA blds
vuqlkj izfrQy
tc ,d izfrKkdÙkkZ (Promisor) dh
bPNk ij izfrKkxzghrk ;k fdlh vU; O;fDr us
dksbZ ckr dh gS ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgk gS(
;k dk;Z djrk gS ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgrk gS]
;k djus dh ;k djus ls izfrfojr jgus dh
izfrKk djrk gS] rc ,slk dk;Z ;k izfrfojfr ;k
izfrKk ml izfrKk ds fy, izfrQy dgykrh
gSA
izfrQy opu ds leku ewY; dk gksuk vko';d
ugha gS izfrQy dk ;Fkk;ksX; i;kZIr gksuk Hkh
vko';d ugha gS rFkk vfirq izfrQy bldk
dkuwu dh utj esa egRo gksuk vko';d gsa rFkk
;g izkIrdrkZ dks o`f) nsuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar & ,d isVªksy dEiuh ;g ?kks"k.kk djrh
gS fd izR;sd xzkd dks ,d QqVcky did k
flDdk nsxhA ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd
;g isVªksy dh fcØh dh lafonk ds fy, izfrQy
gSo fd rksgQk (Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd. Vs.
Customs & Excise Com missioners 1976)
ALL ER 117)
yksd nkf;Roksa rFkk drZO;ksa dh iwfrZ djuk] tSls
dh U;k;y; esa lEeu ij Xokg ds :i esa
mifLFkr gksuk dksbZ oS| izfrQy ugha gksxkA
i{kdku rFkk lekt ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dk
fuoZgu dksbZ le>kSrk ugha le>k tkuk pkfg,A
opudrkZ dh bZPNk ds vfrfjDr viuh LosPNk
ls dksbZ d`R; djuk oS| izfrQy ugha gksxkA
xqIrrk dk fl)kUr & bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj
dksbZ Hkh lafonkfdlh ,sls O;fDr dks dksbZ
vf/kdkj iznku ugha djrh tks fd mldk
i{kdkj ugha gsA vfkkZr dksbZ rhljk i{k lafonk
fØ;kUo;u ugha dj ldrkA
n`"Vkar & A, B ls 40]000 :i;s viuh laifr
dks ca/kd djds B ls ysrk gSA ckn esa og viuh
lEirh dks C dks 44]000 :i;s esa csp nsrk gSA
rFkk C ds fo:) 40]000 :i;s dh olwyh ds
fy, ckn ykrk gS ijUrq B blesa lQy ugha gks
ldrk D;ksafd B, A rFkk C ds eè; lafonk dk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
i{kdkj ugha Fkk (Jamna Das Vs Ram Autar
Pande (1911) 305 A 7)
xqIrrk ds fl)kUr ds dqN viokn gSA
tc vU; ;k rhljs O;fDr ds i{k esa fdlh
lEifÙk esa U;kl ;k Hkkj mRiUu fd;k tkrk gS
rks lafonk dh xqIrrk dk fl)kUr ykxw ugha
gksrk rFkk viokn ds :i esa rhljk ;k vU;
O;fDr ,slh lafonk dks ykxw djok ldrk gSA
tc dksbZ i{kdkj ;k rhlja O;fDr dks dqN /ku
nsuk Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj og rhljs O;fDr ;k
vU; O;fDr esa bldh vfHkLohÑfr dj ysrk gs
rks blds }kjk og mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Lohdkj dj
ysrk gS vksj og rhljk ;k vU; O;fDr Hkh
,slhlafonk dks ykxw djok ldrk gSA
xqIrrk ds fl)kUr dks izfrQy dh xqIrrk ds
fl)kUr ls Hkzfer ugha gksuk pkfg,A lafonk esa
mYysf[kr i{kdkj vius vf/kdkj rFkk drzO;ksa
Hkh fdlh rhljs O;fdr dks ugha lksp ldrs gSA
n`"Vkar & A viuh iq=h dks fookg Hkkx iznku
djusds fy, viuk B Ng ydM+h dk lkeku
cspuk pkgrk gS B tks A dk iq= gS A ls
oknk djrk gS ;fn A viuk ydM+h dk lkeku
ugha cspsxk rks B iq=h dks 1000 ikWM nsxkA A
viuk ydM+h dk lkeku ugha csprk ijUrq B
iq=h dks fookg Hkkx ugha nsrk vr% A dh iq=h
rFkk mldk ifr /kudh olwyh ds fy, B ds
fo:) okn nk;j djrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ
esa fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd iq=h Lo;a ds fy, dksbZ
izfrQy ugha izkIr djrh vfrrq og /ku olwy
ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g izfrQy ml ds firk }kjk
iznku fd;k tkuk FkkA (Dutton Vs. Poole,1
Ventris 318)
opu foca/k & lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lafonk ds
fy, opuksa dk vknku&iznku gksuk vko';d gSA
ijUrq ,d i{kh; opuksa ds laca/k esa izfrKkdrkZ
dks d`R; djuk vko';d ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn
izfrKkxzkfgrk izfrKkdrkz dh ethZ ds fo:)
d`R; djuk iMs+xkA rfkk vc izfrKk drkz ;g
ughadg ldrk fd vc dksbZ izfrQy ugha gSA
n`"Vkar & gkoM+k dk Municipality
Commissionery vke turk us Town Hall ds
fuekZ.k ds fy, pank bDdVBk djusdk vkOgku
djrk gSa A 100 :i;s pank nsus dk oknk djrk
gSa tc mfpr pank bDdV~Bk gks tkrk gSA rc
Municipality Commissionary bl ckr ij
Hkjkslk djds fd M.T yksxksa us pank nsusdk oknk
fd;k gS os yksx pank nsxsaA
bl vk/kkj ij og Town Hall dk fuekZ.k dk;Z
'kq: djrs gSaA ijUrq A pank nsus ls euk dj
nsrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd
A pank nsus ds fy, ckè; gSA (Kedarnath
Bhattacharji Vs. Gorie Mohammad), (1887)
ILR 14Cal 64)
tc rd opudrkZ bl vk/kkj ij dk;Z djs fd
opu lEekufd;k tk,xk blesa okn ;g
izfrla?kgj.kh; ugha gksxkA
mís'; dh oS|rk &
lafonk dh /kkjk 23 ;g izko/kkudjrh gS fd
dkSu ls izfrQy o mís'; oS| gksrs gSa rFkk dkSu
ls ughaA
/kkjk 23 ds vuqlkj
djkj dk izfrQy vFkok mís'; & tc rd fd
og fof/k }kjk fofuf"k) ugha gS] ;k ,sls :I dk
ugha gS fd ;fn ;g vuqKkr fd;k tk; rks og
fof/k ds mica/kksa dks fu"Qy dj nsxk] ;k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
diViw.kZ ugha gS] ;k mlesa nwljs ds 'kjhj ;k
lEifÙk dh {kfr vUrxzZLr ;k foof{kr ugha gS]
;k mls U;k; vuSfrd ;k yksduhfr ds fo:)
ugha le>rk] fof/kiw.kZ gksrk gSA
exturpicausa non dritur action dk rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd voS| djkj dk izorZu ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
Exdolomalo non oritur action - ;g yksd
uhfr dk fl)kar gS] ¼dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; ,sls
O;fDr dh lgk;rk ugha djsxk tks dh vuSfrd
rfkk voS| d`R; djsxk½
og lafonk tks vke turk ds fy, ;k muds
fgrksa ds fy, ?kkrd gks ,sls lafonk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr
gksrh gSA vFkkZr yksduhfr rFkk yksd fgrksa ds
fo:) gksus okyh lafonk 'kwU; gksxhA
yksduhfr ds fo:) lafonk ds fuEufyf[kr
mnkgj.k gSaA
'k=q ds lkFk O;kikj djukA
lkoZtfud inksa rFkk fu;qfDr;ksa dk fod`r &
n`"Vkar & ,d le>ksrs ds rgr A ,d yksd
lsod dks /ku nsrk gS rkfd og vius in ls
lsokfuo`fr gks tk,A ;g ,d 'kwU; lafonk gSA
(Hooda Venkataramanayya Vs. J.M. Lobo,
AIr 1953 Mad 506)
U;k; ds iz'kklu esa gLr{ksi djus okys le>kSrs
& og le>kSrk tks fof/kd izfØ;k esa :dkoV
Mkys tSls ,d O;fDr tks flfoy okn esa lk{;
nsus ds fy, /ku nsuk (Sahabuddin Sahib Vs
Tota Venkatachalam Chettiar AIR 1938
Mad 911)
eSUVsusal rFkk pSEiVhZ & tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh
nwljs O;fDr dks blfy, /ku nsrk gS fd
ogfdlh eqdnesa dks izkjEHk djs] ijUrqeqdnesa esa
ml O;fDr dk dksbZ fgr fufgr gks] rks ,sls
djkj eSUVsusal dk xEHkhj Lo:I gS rfkk ;s
yksduhfr ds fo:) gksrh gS] glesa fdlh
O;fDrdks fdlh lEifr dh izfIr esa lgk;rk nsuk
gksrk gS rFkk lgk;rk nsus okysdk fgr ;g gks
ldrk gS f dog lEifr esa ls dqN fgLlk izkIr
dj ysA ;g fookfn; lEifr ds ifjis{; esa gksrk
gSA
n`"Vkar &dEiuh A dkWijs'ku B ds lkfk
;kstukvksa dh O;oLFkk ds fy, le>kSrs esa vkrs
gSaA ;kstuk ds varxZr dEiuh A ds lsod ;k
rks dkWijs'ku B esa jkstxkj izkIr dj ysxsa ;k
fQj lsok NksM+ nsxa] blds cnys os eqdkcys ds
gdvkj gksxsaA ijUrq dkWijs'ku B ds dh uhfr
vuqlkj og lsodksa dh lsok rhu ekg ds uksfVl
ij lsok fujLr djldrs gSaA oknh us mls
pqukSrh nsrs gq, v;qfDr;qDr rFkk xry djkj
fn;kA ;g lafonk yksduhfr o yksd fgr ds
fo:) gS vr% ;g 'kwU; FkhA Central Inland
Water Transport Corporation Ltd. Vs Brojo
Nath Ganguly AIr 1986 SC 1571)
oS| lafonk ds fy, vko';d rRo
dqN fuf'pr lafonkvksa dks lafonk vf/kfu;e
Li"V :i 'kwU; ?kksf"kr djrk gSa os le>kWrs
fuEufyf[kr gSA
1- og djkj ftldk izfrQyrFkk mís';
voS| gks (SS 23 & 24)
2- og djkj ftlus vuqifLFkr gks (S 25)
3- fookg esa vojks/kd djkj (S 26)
4- O;kikj esa vojks/kd djkj (S 27)
5- fof/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa esa vojks/kd djkj
(S 28)
6- vfuf'pr rFkk vLi"V djkj (S 29)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
7- 'krZ Lo:i djkj (S 30)
8- vlEHko d`R;ksa ls lacaf/kr djkj (S 56)
og izR;sd djkj tks fookg esa vojks/kd cus]
vO;Ld ds ekeys dks NksM+ dj] fQj pkgs ;s
vkaf'kd ;k lkekU; vojks/kd gks] ijUrq nksuks gh
ifjfLFkfr esa djkj ^'kwU;* gksxkA
og djkj tks O;kikj esa vojks/kd mRiUu djrs
gSa fQj pkgs og lkekU; gks ;k vkaf'kd] ;ksX;
gks ;k ugha ijUrq og 'kwU; gksxkA
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ijLij izfr}Unh
nqdkudkj gSa] A] B dks viuh nqdkucan djus
ds fy, iSls nsus dk izLrko djrk gS] B viuh
nqdku can dj ysrk gS] rFkk /ku dh ekax djrk
gS] ijUrq ;g djkj ^'kwU;* gSA
(Madhubchunder Vs. Rajcoomar Doss 1874,
XIV Bengal Law Report 767)
bl fu;e ds dqN ekU;rk izkIr viokn gSaA
dhfrZLo dh fcØh & ,d O;fDr }kjk djkj tks
vius O;kikj dh dhfrZLo dks csp nsrk gS] mlds
vuqlkj og ,d fof'k"V {ks= ds vUnj ml
leku dk O;kikj ugha djsxkrFkk tc rd Øsrk
;k mlds v/khu ;k mlds v/khu dksbZ O;fDr
ml dkjksckj dks djrk gS] bl izdkj dk djkj
rc rd oS| gksxk tc rd dh ;g ;qfDr;qDr
fuoZU/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr gksA
n`"Vkar & A tks dh cUnwd rFkk dkjrwlksa dk
[kkstdrkZ rFkk fuekZrk gSA ,d djkj ds
vUrxZr og vius O;kikj dk dhZfLo csp nsrk gS
rFkk bl ckj ij jkth gksrk gs fd (a) og 25
o"kZ rd ;g O;kikj ugha djsxkA (b) rFkk og
fdlh O;kikj esa Øsrk ds fo:) izfr}Unh ugha
gksxkA djkj dk izFke Hkkx rks oS| ?kksf"kr gksrk
gS] ijUrq nwljk Hkkx ;qfDr;qDr gS vr% og 'kwU;
?kksf"kr gksrk gS (Nordenfelt Vs Maxim
Nordenfelt Guns & Ammunication Co. Ltd.
(1894) ACS 35)
lk>snkjh vf/kfu;e & O;kikj esa vojks/k fu;e
ds viokn lk>snkjh vf/kfu;e ls mRiUu gksrs
gSaA /kkjk 11 ds lk>snkjh esa 'kfey lHkh lk>snkj
lk>snkjh ds O;kikjds vfrfjDr] vU; fdlh Hkh
izdkj dk O;kikjugha djsxhA
U;kf;d fuoZlu }kjk Lohd`r viokn & bl
fu;e ds dqN vioknksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk
Lohd`r vius fu.kZ;ksa esa Lohd`r fd;k x;k gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, & O;kikj le>kSrs dqN
fuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa oS| ?kksf"krdh xbZ gSA
,d djkj ftlds rgr ,d deZpkjh bl ckr
ij lger gksrk gS f dog viuslsok dky ds
ckn dqN fuf'pr le; ds fy, fdlh vkSj
dhlsok ugha djsxk ;g rks ,d oS| djkj gSa
ijUrq ,d deZpkjh dks lsok dky ds ckn
fu;ksDrk ls lkfk izfr}Un djus ls rc rd ugha
jksdk tk ldrk tc rd fd fucZU/ku fu;ksDrk
ds dhZrLo dh j{kk ds fy, vko';d gksA
og djkj tks fdlh dks vius vf/kdkjksa ds
izoZru ds fy, U;k;y; dh 'kj.k esa tkus ls
jksdrk gS] 'kwU; gksxkA
n`"Vkar & djkj ds ,d 'krZ ds v/khu fooknksa ds
fuiVkjs ds fy, eqEcbZ dksVZ dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k]
oknh cukjl esa okn nk;j djrk gS] ijUrq
le>kSrs ds rgr ;k okn fujLr gks tkrk gS]
ekeys esa eqEcbZ rFkk cukjl nksuksa U;k;ky; dk
vf/kdkj {ks= Fkk] ijUrq D;ksafd fucZU/ku
vkR;akfrd ugha gS] vr% blfy, og oS| gS
(Hakam Singh Vs. Gammon India Ltd. AIR
1971 SC 740)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
og djkj tks ckth Lo:I gS] 'kwU; gS] ijUrq
buesa dqN viokn gSA ckth 'kCn dk vFkZ gS
'krZ] ;g ,d vfuf'pr d`R; ds fy, /ku dk
izLrko gSA gkykafd ckth 'kwU; gS rFkk
vioZruh; gS] ijUrq ;g fof/k fu"ks/k ugha gSA
vr% bl izdkj vknku iznku gksus okyk /ku
izoZruh; gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks bl ea'kk ls /ku nsrk gs fd
og vius tq,s ds m/kkj pqdk ldsA A, B ls
bl /ku dh olwyh dj ldrk gSA
voS| rFkk 'kwU; djk;s ds eè; vUrj &
,d voS| ysunsu og gksrk gS tks fof/k ;k
dkuwu }kjk fu"ks/k gksrk gS ijUrq 'kwU; djkj
fof/k }kjk fu"ks/k ugha gksrk ;fn dksbZ djkj 'kwU;
gksxk rks U;k;y; mldk izoZru ugha dj
ldrsA izR;sd voS| djkj 'kwU; djkj gksrs gSa
ijUrq ,d 'kwU; djkj voS| gks ;g vko';d
ughaa nksuksa dh fLFkfr;ksa esa eq[; rFkk izkFkfed
djkj vizoZruh; gksrk gSA
Severability dk fl)kUr &
dbZ ckj lafonk dk ,d Hkkx fof/k ekU; gksrk
gS] ijUrq nwljk Hkkx fof/k ekU; ugha ml
ifjfLFkfr esa fu;e ;g gS fd tgk¡ ij oS|kfud
Hkkx dks voS|kfud Hkkx ls vyx ugha fd;k tk
ldrk ogk¡ ij djkj 'kwU; gksxkA ijUrq tc
oS|kfud dks voS|kfud Hkkx ls vyx fd;k tk
ldrk gS] fQj pkgs og Hkkx voS|kfud lkekU;
fof/k ;k fdlh vU; fo/kku }kjk voS|kfud
?kksf"kr gks] ml ifjfLFkfr esa voS|kfudHkkx dks
vLohdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk oS|kkfud
Hkkx dks Lohdk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(Pickering Vs II Fracambe Railway Co.
(1868) LR3 CP 235)
n`"Vkar & ,d Bailment dh lafonk lksuk rFkk
Tokgjkr ls lacaf/kr FkhA ftlesa lksuk
voS|kfud gS rFkk Tokgjkr oS|kfud ,slh
fLFkfr esa D;ksafd nksuksa dks vyx fd;k tk
ldrk gS blfy, nwljk izHkkfo gksrk gS
(Thomas Brown & Sons Ltd Vs Fazal Deen
(1962) 108 CLR 391)
lafonk ln`'k & fof/k dh fdlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd fcuk fdlh djkj
ds ,d O;fDr dks nwljs O;fDr ds izfr
nkf;Rok/khu ekuk tk,A bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk
dks lafonk ln`'k dgrs gSa D;ksafd ;g okLrfod
djkj ls mRiUu ugha gksrsA ;s i{kdkjksa
dhlgefr ij Hkh vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs] rFkk
mudk lafonk ln`'k dh Js.kh esa vkuk bldk
izek.k gS fd ;g okLrfod lafonk ds fl)kUr ls
dkQh nwj gSaA
lafonk ln`'k nkf;Ro fof/k rFkk U;k; ds
fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA budk mís';
vU;k;iw.kZ ln`<rk dks jksduk gksrk gSA
vU;k;iw.kZ le`)rk ds laca/k esa fuEu rRoksa dk
fl) gksuk vko';d gSA
izfroknh dks ykHk ls le`)rk gksuh
pkfg,A
;g le`)rk oknh ds [kpZ ij gksuh
pkfg,A
;g le`)rk vU;k;iw.kZ gksuh pkfg,A
lafonk vf/kfu;e /kkjk 68&72 esa dqN fof'"V
izdkj dh ln`'k lafonk dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA
vijkf/kd nks"k ls cpus ds fy, izkIrdrkZ dks
vlyh ekfyd dh [kkst djuh pkfg, rFkk oLrq
dk Lo;a ds fgrkFkZ iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & A cSad xyrh ls B ds [kkrs esa
1]00]000 :i;s tek dj nsrh gS] B mu :i;ksa
dk iz;ksx Loa; ds iz;ksx esa dj ysrk gSA
ijUrqvly esa ;g jkf'k cSad dks okil dh tkuh
pkfg,A (S. Kelrabar Sappa Vs. Indian Bank
AIR 1987 Kant 236)
lafonkvksa dk ikyu & fdlh lafonk ds i{kdkjksa
dks viuh Øexr izfrKkvksa dk ikyu] tcrd
fd ,slk ikyu bl vf/kfu;e ds ;k fdlh vU;
fof/k ds v/khu vfHk{kE; ugha dj fn;k x;k gS]
;k rks djuk pkfkg;s ;k djus dk is'kd'k djuh
pkfg;sA \
i{kdkj dh e`R;q ds ekeys esa i{kdkj dk
izfrfuf/k rc rd lafonk dk ikyu djsxk] tc
rd dh lafonk ls foijhr Hkko vkus yxsA
gkWykafd dks futh lsokvksa ds ekeys esa i{kdkj
dk izfrfuf/k nkf;Ro eqDr gksxk tSls dh ,d
dykdkj }kjk rLohj cukus ds ekeys esa ¼/kkjk
37½
,d i{kdkj djkj ls izkIr gksus okys ykHk nwljs
O;fDr dks iznku dj ldrk gsa ijUrq lafonk
O;fDrxr ;k fuft LoHkko dh ugha gksuh pkfg,
rFkk lkFk gh lkFk djkj }kjk ;g fuf"k/k ugha
gksuk pkfg,A
lafonk esa ,d i{kdkj nwljs i{kdkj dh lgefr
ls viuk drZO; nwljs O;fDr dks lkSai ldrk gs]
ijUrq ;gk¡ lafonk dk uohuhdj.k vko';d gsA
(Khardah Co. Ltd. Vs. Rayman & Co. (Indi)
Ltd. AIr 1962 SC 1810)
;fn ekeys ds Lo:i ls ;g izrhr gks fd fdlh
lafonk ds i{kdkjksa dk ;g vk'k; Fkk fd mlesa
vUrfoZ"V fdlh izfrKk dk Lo;a izfrKkdrkZ }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s rks ,slh izfrKk
izfrKkdrkZ }kjk ikyu dh tkuh pkfg;sA nwljs
ekeyksa esa izfrKkdÙkkZ ;k mlds izfrfuf/k mldk
ikyu djus ds fy, fdlh l{ke O;fDr dks
fu;ksftr dj ldsaxsA ¼/kkjk 40½
tc fd izfrKkxzghrk fdlh vU; O;fDr ls
izfrKk dk ikyu izfrxzghr djrk gs rks og
mldk ikyu izfrKkdrkZ ls rRi'pkr~ ugha djk
ldrkA ¼/kkjk 41½
tc nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa us dksbZ la;qDr
izfrKk dh gS] rc tc rd fd lafonk ls
izfrdwy vk'k; izrhr u gks] vius la;qDr thou
ds nkSjku esa ,sls lc O;fDr;ksa dks muesa ls
fdlh dh eR;q ds rRi'pkr~ mÙkjthoh ;k
mÙkjthfo;ksa ds lkFk la;qDr:is.k mlds
izfrfuf/k dks vkSj vfUre mÙkjthoh dh e`R;q ds
i'pkr~ la;qDr:is.k izfrfuf/k;ksa dksml izfrKk
dks iwjk djuk pkfg;sA ¼/kkjk 42½
tc fd nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr dksbZ la;qDr
izfrKk djrs gSa rc izfrKkxzghrk] ,sls la;qDr
izfrKkdrkZvksa esas ls fdlh ,d ;k vf/kd dks
iw.kZ izfrKk ds ikyu ds fy,] mlds izfrdwy
vfHkO;Dr djkj dh vuqifLFkfr esa] etcwj dj
ldsxkA ¼/kkjk 43½
VsªMj &
;fn i{kdkj lafonk ds izorZu ds izLrkfor
djrh gS rFkk VsªMj Lohdk;Z ugha gqvk gsa rc
i{kdkj fdlh dR; ds fy, ftEesnkj ugha gksxh]
i{kdkj ds vf/kdkj lafonk esa fufgr gksrs gSa
c'krsZa
izLrko fu'krZ gks
izLrko mfpr le; rFkk LFkku ij fn;k
x;k gks
;fn og izLFkkiuk opuxzfgrk dks dksbZ
pht ifjnÙk djus ds fy, gks rks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
opuxzfgrk dks ;g ns[kus dk ;qfDr;qDr
volj feyuk gh pkfg, fd izLFkkfir
pht ogh pht ifjnÙk djus ds fy,
opunkrk vius vkc) gSaA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN lkeku cspus ij jkth
gksrk gSA djkj ds vuqlkj A lkeku dks B dh
QSDVªh rd igqpk,axk] dk;kZy; le; esaA ijUrq
A ckn esa lkeku dks B dk;kZy; ds ikl fLFkr
jsyos LVs'ku ij igq¡pkus dh ckr djrk gSa jkr
ds le; esaA ;g VsªMj 'kwU; gS] rFkk ;g A dks
mldh ftEesnkjh;ksa ls eqDr ugha djrk (Based
on Re Andrew Yule & Co. AIR 143L Cal
879)
VsªMj vko';d ugha gS ;fn ;g Li"V gS fd
nwljk i{kdkj mls Lohdkj us ls euk dj nsxkA
(International Contractors Ltd. Vs. Prasant
Kumar Sur (decd) AIR 1962 SC 77)
opu dk iw.kZr % ikyu djus ls i{kdkj ds
bUdkj dk izHkko & tcfd fdlh lafonk ds ,d
i{kdkj us vius opu dk iw.kZr% ikyu djus ls
bUdkj dj fn;k gks ;k ,slk ikyu djus ds
fy, vius dks fu;ksZX; cuk fy;k gksrc
opuxzfgrk lafonk dk vUr dj ldsxk] ;fn
muls mldks pkyw j[kus dh 'kCnksa }kjk ;k
vkpj.k }kjk viuh miefr laKkfir u dj nh
gksA
n`"Vkar & A, B ds lkFk ;g lafonk djrk gs
fd og mldh laifr esa ls ydM+h dky LVs'ku
ds ikl [kM+h A dh xkM+h esa igq¡pk, ijUrq
mlls igysgh A viuh xkM+h csp nsrk gS] vr%
;g (Anticipatory Breanch) dgyk,sxhA
(Based on John usher Johes Vs. Edward
Scott Grogan AIr 1919 PC 190)
ikyu dk le; rFkk LFkku
tgk¡ fd izfrKkdrkZ dks viuh izfrKk dk ikyu
izfrKkxzghrk }kjk vkosnu fn;s tkus ds fcuk
lafonk ds vuqlkj djuk gS vkSj ikyu ds fy,
dksbZ le; mfYyf[kr ugha gS] ogk¡ opuca/k dk
kyu ;qfDr;qDr le; ds Hkhrj djuk iM+sxkA
¼/kkjk 46½
/kkjk 48 ds vuqlkj] tc fdlh izfrKk dk
ikyu fuf'pr fnu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
izfrKkxzghrk }kjk vkosnu fd;s tkus ds fcuk
mldk ikyu djus dk izfrKkdrkZ us opu ugha
fn;k gS rc mfpr LFkku ij vkSj dkjckj ds
izkf;d le; ds Hkhrj ikyu ds fy, vkosnu
djuk izfrKkxzghrk dk drZO; gSA
tc fd fdlh izfrKk dk ikyu izfrKkxzghrk
}kjk vkosnu ds fd;s tkus ds fcuk fd;k tkuk
gS vkSj mlds ikyu ds fy, dksbZ LFkku fu;r
ugha gS rc izfrkkdrkZ dk drZO; gS f dog
izfrKk ds ikyu dks ;qfDr;qDr LFkku fu;qDr
djus ds fy, izfrKkxzghrh ls vkosnu djs vkSj
,sls LFkku esa mldk ikyu djsA
n`"Vkar & A, B dh iq=h ds fookg ij feBkbZ
Hkstus dk oknk djrk gS A us ;g Li"V fd
feBkbZ fookg esa vk, esgekuksa ds fy, gS tks fd
,d fu;r frfFk dks vk,sxsA B ml fu;r frfFk
dks feBkbZ igqpkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS vr% A
djkj dks jí dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B ls dqN [kjhnrk gS] tks fd
nwljs 'kCn esa gSA lkeku [kjhnus ds ckn A, B
ls dgrk gSfd os A ds n¶rj vkdj lkeku ys
tk,A ;g rc rd v;qfDr;qDr gS tc rd B
us ,slk u dgk gksA (Gopiram Kashiram Vs.
Shankar Rao AIR 1950 MB 72)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fdlh Hkh opu dk kyu ml izdkj ls vkSj
le; ij fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls opuxzfgrk
fofgr djsA ¼/kkjk 50½
n`"VkUr & ,d fdjk;snkj edku ekfyd B dks
euhvkMZj ls fdjk;k Hkstrk gS] A euhvkMZj
'kqYd fdjk;s esa ls dkV ysrk gSA ;g ,d oS|
ikyu ugha gksxh tc rd fd B bl ij jkth
uk gks tk,sA (Narayanrao Jageshwar Rao Vs.
Tanbaji Damaji AIr 1954 Nang. 270)
fdlh vlaHko ÑR; dks djus okyk djkj vius
vki esa 'kwU; gSA tgk¡ ,d O;fDr dks dqN ÑR;
djus dk djkj gS] ijUrq og O;fDr ;g ugha
tkurk fd ;g ÑR; vlaHko rFkk voS/kkfud gS]
,slh fLFkfr esa opudrkZ mls uqdlku dk
gtkZuk nsxkA
,sls dk;Z dks djus dh lafonk tks fd lafonk
djus ds i'pkr~ vlaHko ;k fdlh ,slh ?kVuk ds
dkj.k ftldk fuokj.k izfrKkdrkZ ugha dj
ldrk Fkk ;k fof/k fo:) gks tkrk gS rks tc
og dk;Z vlEHko ;k fof/k fo:) gks tk,]
lafonk 'kwU; gks tk,xhA
bls uSjk'; dk fl)kUr dgrs gSaA (S 56)
n`"VkUr & A B dks tks nwljs ns'k esa jgrk gS
fyulhM+ dk rsy mldsns'k esa Hkstus dk djkj
djrk gS] ijUrq B ds ns'k esa fyulhM+ ds rsy
dk vk;kr izfrca/khr gks tkrk gS] rc ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa ;g djkj uSjk'; ds fl)kUr ds
vu:i 'kwU; gksxkA (Durga Devi Bhagat Vs
JB Advani & Co. Ltd. (1970) 76 Cal WN
528)
djkj dk izorZu ;k mldk fØ;kUo;u vko';d
:I ls vlEHko rFkk voS/kkfud gksuk pkfg, rHkh
og frustration ds fl)kUr ds vuq:I gksxkA
fdlh djkj dks flQZ blfy, vlaHko ?kksf"kr
ugha fd;k tk ldk D;ksafd og cgqr eqf'dy
gSA (Alopi Parshad & Sons Ltd. Vs. Union
of India AIR 1960 SC 588).
n`"Vkar & A tks dh e'khuksa dk fuekZrk gS] B
dks dqN e'khus fu/kkZfjr nkeksa eas cspus dk djkj
djrk gS] ijUrq lHkh fuekZ.k 'kqYd 20% rd
c<+ tkrk gS vc A dks e'khu cspus esa dksbZ
equkQk ugha gSA ;g vlEHkork ugha gksxk rFkk
djkj vHkh Hkh oS/k gS rFkk A dks mls iwjk djuk
pkfg,A
djkj djrs le; i{kdkj force majeure dk
iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ftlds rgr dqN ,sls
dkj.k ftuesa mij nksuksa i{kdkjksa dk fu;a=.k
ugha gS ?kfVr gksrs rc ml ifjfLfkfr esa djkj
ds fØ;kUo;u esa lEHkor% ifjorZu fd;s tk
ldrs gSA
uohuhdj.k
;fn djkj ds i{kdkj bl ckr ij jkth gksrs gSa
fd mUgsa u;s djkj dh vko';drk gS ;k iqjkus
djkj esa cnyko dh t:jr gSA rc og djkj
dk uohuhdj.k dj ldrs gSaA ijUrq iohuhdj.k
rc rd lEHko ugha gS] tc fd jkj ds lHkh
i{kdkj bl ij jkth u gksA (SC 62) tgk¡
ekSfyd lafonk Hkax gks pqdh gS sogk¡ lafonk dk
uohuhdj.k lk/kj.kr% ekU; ugha gSA
izR;sd izfrKkxzghrk vius ls dh xbZ fdlh
izfrKk ds ikyu dk iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% vfHkekspu
dj ldsxk ;k ,sls ikyu ds fy, le; dks
foLrkfjr dj ldsxk] ;k mlds LFkku esa fdlh
rqf"V dks] ftls og Bhd le>rk gS] izfrxzghr
dj ldsxkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & A B ls 10]000 :I;s dtZ ysrk gS
A, B dks 5000 pwdk nsrk gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa B
'ks"k jkf'k ls A dks eqDr dj nsrk] ;g iw.kZr%
vfHkekspu gSA rFkk A dks 'ks"k /ku dh
vko';drk ughaA
'kwU;dj.kh; lafonk ds fo[k.Mu ds ifj.kke %
tc dksbZ O;fDr] ftlds fodYi ij dksbZ lafonk
'kwU;dj.kh; gS mls fo[kf.Mr djrk gS rc
mlds nwljs i{kdkj ds fy, mlesa vUrfoZ"V
fdlh izfrKk dk] ftlesa fd og izfrKkdÙkkZ gS]
ikyu djuk vko';d ugha gSA 'kwU;dj.kh;
lafonk dks fo[kf.Mr djus okyk i{kdkj] ;fn
mlus ,slh lafonk esa ds nwljs i{kdkj ls rn~/khu
dksbZ ykHk izkIr fd;k gS] ,sls ykHk dks ;Fkk'kfDr
ml O;fDr dks] ftlls fd izkIr fd;k fkk]
izR;kforZr djsxkA ¼/kkjk 64½A
tc fd dksbZ djkj 'kwU; ik;k tkrk gS ;k tc
dksbZ lafonk 'kwU; gks tkrh gS rc ftl O;fDr
us ,sls djkj ;k lafonk ds v/khu dksbZ izykHk
izkIr fd;k gS] ml izykHk dks ml O;fDr dks]
ftlls mlus izkIr fd;k gS] izR;kofrZr ;k
mlds fy, izfrdj nsus ds fy, ckè; gSA ¼/kkjk
65½
n`"Vkar & A tks fd edku ekfyd gS B ls tks
fd fdjk;snkj gS fdjk;k fu;a=k.k fo/kku ls
vf/kd fdjk;k ysrk gSa vr% A dks vfrfjDr
fdjk;k B dks ykSvkuk pkfg, (Somraj Vs
Jethmal AIR 1957 Raj. 392)
lafonk Hkax gksus ds ifj.kke &
dbZ ekeyksa esa ,d i{kdkj lafonk Hkax gksus ds
fojks/k esa okn ykrk gSA bldk mís'; ;g gksrk
gS fd djkj dk nwljk i{kdkj ftlus lafonk
Hkax dh gS vius nkf;Roksa rFkk mRrjnkf;Roksa dk
fuoZgu djsaA bls fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dgrs gSa
rFkk blls lacaf/kr leLr fo/kku fofufnZ"V
vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e 1963 esa mfYyf[kr gSA
lafonk dk fofufnZ"V ikyu U;k;ky; ds
foosdkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa izofrZr
djk;k tk ldrk gS &
¼d½ tcfd ml dk;Z dk] ftls djus dk
djkj gqvk gS vikyu }kjk dkfjr uqdlku dk
vfHkfu'p; djus dk dksbZ ekud fo|eku u gks]
vFkok
¼[k½ tcfd og dk;Z] ftlds djus dk djkj
gqvk gks fd vikyu ds fy;s /ku ds :I esa
izfrdj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k u igq¡prk gksA¼/kkjk
10½
Li"Vhdj.k & tc rd vkSj tgk¡ rd fd
rRizfrdwy fl) u fd;k tk;] U;k;ky; ;g
mi/kkfjr djsxk fd &
LFkkoj lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh lafonk ds Hkax dk
/ku ds :i esa izfrdj }kjk ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k
ugha fn;k tk ldrk] rFkk
taxe lEifÙk ds vUrj.k dh lafonk Hkax dk bl
izdkj vuqrks"k fn;k tk ldrk gS flok;
fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa ds &
tgk¡ fd lEifÙk ekewyh okf.kT; oLrq u gks
vFkok oknh ds fy;s mldk fo'ks"k ewY; ;k fgr
dh gks vFkok ,slk eky gks tks cktkj esa
lqxerk ls vfHkizkIr u gks]
tgk¡ fd lEifÙk izfroknh }kjk oknh ds vfHkdrkZ
;k U;klh ds :i esa /kkfjr gksA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks Steel nsus dh ?kks"k.kk
djrk gSA ijUrq mlh le; LVhy dEiuh esa
gM+rky tks tkrh gS] rFkk LVhy izkIr djuk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
cgqr eqf'kdy gksrk gSA ;fn bl ifjfLFkfr esa
A, B dks LVhy nsus ls euk djrk gS rks A ds
fo:) fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dh vkKkdkjh gks
ldrh gSA (Howard E Perry & Co. Ltd. Vs.
British Railway Board (1980 2 All ER 579)
n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN iqjkus vPNk ydM+h
dk lkeku nsus ds fy, jkth gksrk gS] ijUrq ckn
esa og B dks nsus ls euk dj nsrk gS ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa B, A ds fo:) fofufn"V vuqrks"k
ugha yk ldrk] D;ksafd B ,d nqdkunkj tks
lkeku dks cspus ds fy, [kjhn jgk gS (Cohen
Vs Rocho (1927) 1 KB 169)
U;klh }kjk viuh 'kfDr;ksa ds ckgj ;k U;klHkax
esa dh xbZ lafonk dk fofufnZ"Vr% izorZu ugha
djk;k tk ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 11½
U;k;ky; fdlh lafonk ds fdlh Hkkx ds
fofufnZ"V ikyu dk vkns'k ugha nsxkA tc rd
fd
tgk¡ fd fdlh lafonk dk dksbZ i{kdkj lafonk
esa vius iwjs Hkkx dk ikyu djus esa vleFkZ gS
ijUrq og Hkkx ftls vikfyr jg tkuk gS] iwjs
Hkkx ds ewY; ds vuqikr esa cgqr de gS rFkk
mlds fy;s /ku ds :i esa izfrdj fn;k tk
ldrk gS] og nksuksa i{kdkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ds
okn ykus ij U;k;ky; lafonk esa mrus Hkkx ds
fofufnZ"V ikyu dk funs'k ns ldrk gS ftrus
dk ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk 'ks"k ds fy;s
/ku ds :i eas izfrdj fnyok ldrk gSA
tgk¡ fd lafonk dk dksbZ i{kdj mlesa ds vius
Hkkx dk ikyu djus esa vleFkZ gks og Hkk ftls
vikfyr jg tkuk gS ;k rks &
ogk¡ og fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy;s fMØh izkIr
djus dk gdnkj ugha gS fdUrq U;k;ky; nwljs
i{kdkj ds okn ykus ij pwd ;k O;frØe djus
okys i{kdkj dks ;g funs'k ns ldrk gS fd
lafonk ds vius mrus Hkkx dk] ftrus dk og
ikyu djldrk gS] fofufnfZ"V ikyu djsA
tcfd lafonk dk dksbZ Hkkx ftldk] ;fn mls
vyx ls ys rks fofufnZ"V ikyu fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] mlh lafonk
ds ,sls vU; Hkkx ls i`Fkd vkSj Lora= vk/kkj
ij [kM+k gS ftldk fofufnZ"V ikyu dk funs'k
ns ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks 100 ,dM+ Hkwfe cspus dks
jkth gksrk gSa ckn esa irk pyrk gS fd A ds
ikl flQZ 98 ,dM+ gSA rFkk 'ks"k 2 ,dM+ fdlh
vU; dh gSA tks fd mls cspus ls euk dj nsrk
gSA ;g 2 ,dM+ 98 ,dM+ ds iz;ksx ds fy,
vko';d ugha gSA rFkk u gh ;s bruh egRoiw.kZ
gh gS fd blds uqdlku dk eqvkotk u fn;k
tk ldsA bl ifjfLFkfr esa B ds okn ds ekeys
esa A dks ;g vknsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd
og B dks 98 ,dM+ u nsus ds fy, eqvkotk ns
vFkok A ds okn esa B dks 98 ,dM+ ds dher
nsus ds fy, jkth fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftuesa ls
og 2 ,dM+ dh fder dqy esa ls dkV ysA
lafonk,sa ftudk fofufnZ"Vr% izoruZ ugha djk;k
tk ldrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr lafonkvksa dks fofufnZ"Vr% izofrZr
ugha djk;k tk ldrk] vFkkZr~
og lafonk ftlds vikyu ds fy;s /ku ds :I
esa izfrdj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k gS]
og lafonk ftlesa lw{e ;k cgqr ls C;kSjs gksa
vFkok tks i{kdkjksa dh oS;fDrd vgZrkvksa ;k
Los{Nk ij bruh vkfJr gks vU;Fkk viuh
izÑfr ds dkj.k ,slh gksfd U;k;ky; mlds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
rkfRod fucU/kuksa ds fofufnZ"V ikyu dk izorZu
u djk ldrk gks]
og lafonk tks viuh izÑfr ls gh i;Zols; gks
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ,d djkj djrs gSa ftlesa
B fcuk iwoZlwpuk ds rfkk fcuk dkj.k ds djkj
fujLr dj ldrk gSA A bl izdkj dk
fofufnZ"Vr izorZu ugha djk ldrkA (Dharam
Veer Vs. Union of India AIR 1989 Del 227)
og lafonk ftlds ikyu esa ,slk lrr &
drZO; ikyu vUroZfyr gks ftldk U;k;ky;
i;Zos{k.k ugha dj ldrk gSA
mijksDr fn;s x;s fcUnqvksa ds vfrfjDr
fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa U;k;y; fofufnZ"V dk
ikyu izorZu djk ldsxkA
tgk¡ fd okn ,slh lafonk ds izorZu ds fy;s gks
tks & fdlh ,sls _.k izfrlank; dks izfrHkwr
djus ds fy;s] ftls m/kkj ysus okyk rR{k.k
izfrlanÙk djus dks jtkeUn u gks] ca/kd
fu"iknu djus ;k dksbZ vU; izfrHkwfr nsus ds
fy;s gks &
fdlh dEiuh ds dksbZ fMcsUpj ysus vkSj mlds
fufeÙk lank; djus ds fy;s gks]
tgk¡ fd okn &
lk>snkjh ds izk:fid foys[k ds fu"iknu ds
fy;s gks] lk>snkjh ds dkjckj dk pykuk
i{kdkjksa us izkjEHk dj fn;k gks] vFkok
fdlh QeZ ds lk>hnkj ds va'k ds Ø; ds fy;s
gks]
tgk¡ fd okn ,slh lafonk dk izorZu djkus ds
fy;s gks tks dksbZ fuekZ.k rS;kj djus ds fy;s ;k
Hkwfe ij dksbZ vU; ladeZ ds fu"iknu ds fy;s
gks] ijUrq ;g rc tc fd fuEufyf[kr 'krsZa iwjh
gks tk,¡] vFkkZr~ &
fuekZ.k ;k vU; ladeZ lafonk esai;kZIr :I ls
izfer 'kCnksa esa of.kZr gks fd U;k;ky; fuekZ.k
;k laxeZ dh Bhd&Bhd izÑfr dk vo/kkj.k
djus esa leFkz gks lds]
lafonk ds ikyu esa oknh dk lkjHkwr fgr gks
vkSj fgr Hkh ,slh izÑfr dk gks fd /ku ds :I
esa izfrdj mlds vikyu ds fy;s ;Fkk;ksX;
vuqrks"k u gks] rFkk
lafonk ds vuqlj.k esa izfroknh us ml leLr
Hkwfe ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk dCtk vfHkizkIr
dj fy;k gks ftl ij fuekZ.k rS;kj ;k vU;
ladeZ fu"ikfnr fd;k tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 14½
n`"Vkar & A, B dks dEiuh ds dqN ,sls 'ks;j
[kjhnus ds fy, jkth dj ysrk gS] ijUrq ;g
'ks;j lafonk dk fgLlk ugha gSA ;fn A vc
'ks;jksa esa euk djrk gS rks B, A ds fo:)
fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, fMØh yk ldrk gSA
pwafd 'ks;j miyC/k ugha gS vr% ekSfnzd jkgr
mfpr ugha jgsxhA (Based on Langen and
Wind Ltd. Vs. Bell 1972) 1 All ER 296)
os lafonk,sa tks i{kdkjksa dh ethZ ij vk/kkfjr
gksrh gS] os leLr lafonk,sa lsok lafonk,a
dgykrh gSA tgk¡ ij O;fDr dh dqN fuf'pr
;ksX;rk,sa rFkk fo'ks"krk,a lafonk djus okys
i{kdkj ds eu fLFkfr ds mij fuHkZj djrh gSA
;fn bl izdkj dh lafonkvksa dk fofufnfZ"Vr
izorZu djk;k tkrk gS rks lEHko gS fd ewy
mís';ksa dh izfIr u gks ik,A (Robert D'Silva
Vs. Rohini Enterprises AIR 1987 Kant 57)
n`"Vkar & A tks fd ,d lkfgR;dkj gS rFkk B
tks fd ,d izdk'kd gS ds lkFk ,d djkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
djrk gS] ijUrq B bls A ds fo:) fofufnZ"Vr
izorfu; ugha djk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks ,d IykV esa ls isM+ dkVus
ds fy, fu;qDr djrk gSA A fofufnZ"V :i ls
;g djkj ykxw dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd ;g djkj
i{kdkjksa ds bPNk ij vk/kkfjr ugha gSA (Robert
D'Silva Vs. Rohini Enterprises AIR 1987
Kant 57)
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e] 1963 dh /kkjk 16
ds vuqlkj & lafonk dk fofufnZ"V ikyu fdlh
,sls O;fDr ds i{k esa ugha djk;k tk ldrk &
tks mlds Hkax ds fy;s izfrdj olwy djus dk
gdnkj ugha gS] vFkok tks lafonk ds fdlh
eeZHkwr fucU/ku dk] ftldk mldh vksj ls
ikyu fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gS] ikyu djus esa
vleFkZ gks x;k gS] ;k mldk vfrØe.k djrk
gS] ;k lafonk ds izfr diV djrk gS vFkok
tku&cw>dj ,slk dk;Z djrk gS tks lafonk
}kjk LFkkfir fd;s tkus ds fy;s vk'kf;r laca/k
dk folaoknh gS] vFkok tks ;g izdFku rfkk
fl) djus esa vlQy jgrk gS fd mlus lafonk
ds mu fucU/kuksa ls fHkUu ftudk ikyu
izfroknh }kjk fuokfjr fd;k x;k gS] ,sls eeZHkwr
fucU/kuksa dk] tks mlds }kjk ikyu fd;s tkrs
gs] mlus ikyu fd;k gS vFkok ikyu djus ds
fy;s] og lnk rS;kj rFkk jtkean ;k bPNqd
jgk gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks dqN lkeku cspus dks rS;kj
gksrk gSA dqN lkeku iznku djus ds ckn og A
lkeku yxkrkj iznku djus esa vleFkZ gksrk gSA
blls ;g lkn`'; gksrk gS fd A iw.kZ:is.k
lafonk ds izorZu ds fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA rFkk
A fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k dh ekax ugha dj ldrkA
(Based on Sun Permanent Benefit Building
Society Vs. Western Susmban and Harrow
Road Permanent Building Society (1921)
All ER Rep. 690).
fofufnfZ"V ikyu dh fMØh djus ds vf/kdkfjrk
oSosfod gS vkSj U;k;ky; ,slk vuqrks"k iznku
djus ds fy;s vkc) ugha gS dsoy bl dkj.k
fd ,slk djuk fof/kiw.kZ gS fdUrq U;k;ky; dk
;g foosdk/kkj euekuk ugha oju lqLFk (sound)
vkSj ;qfDr;qDr] U;kf;d fl)kUrksa }kjk
ekxZnf'kZr rFkk vihy U;k;ky; }kjk ;qfDr;qDr
gSA
fuEufyf[kr n'kk,a ,slh gSa ftuesa U;k;ky;
fofufnZ"V ikyu dh fMØh u djus ds vius
foosdkf/kdkj dk mfprr;k iz;ksx dj ldsxk &
tgk¡ fd lafonk ds fucU/ku ;k lafonk djdus
ds le; i{kdkjksa dk vkpj.k ;k vU;
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftuds v/khu lafonk dh xbZ gS]
,slh gSa fd lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh; ugha gS] rFkkfi
oknh dh izfroknh ds Åij v_tq (unfair)
Qk;nk nsrh gS] vFkok
tgk¡ fd lafonk dk ikyu izfroknh dks ,sls
d"V esa Mkynsxk ftldh og igys ls dYiuk
ugha dj ldk Fkkvksj mldk vikyu oknh dks
oSls fdlh d"V esa ugha Mkysxk]
tgk¡ fd izfroknh us lafonk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
v/khu dh gks ftuls ;|fi lafonk 'kwU;dj.kh;
rks ugha gks tkrh fdUrq mlds fofufnZ"V ikyu
dk izorZu vlkfE;d gks tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 20½
n`"Vkar & A viuh Hkwfe B dks cspus ds fy,
djkj djrk gSa ftl le; i{kdkj djkj dj
jgs Fks] ml le; ,d utj [kksnh xbZ] ftlds
dkj.k Hkwfe dh dher rsth ls c<+ xbZ] B dks ;s
irk Fkk] ijUrq A dks ughaA ekeys esa fofufnZ"V
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuqrks"k ugha fn;k tk ldrkA (Ramakrishna
Naidu Vs. Palaniappa Chettiar AIR 1963
Mad 17)
fdlh lafonk ds fofufnZ"V ikyu ds okn esa
oknh ds ,sls ikyu ds ;k rks vfrfjDr ;k LFkku
ij] mlds Hkax ds fy;s izfrdj dk Hkh nkok
djldrk gSA ;fn ,sls fdlh okn esa U;k;ky;
bl fu.kZ; ij igq¡rk gS fd fofufnZ"V ikyu dk
vuqrks"k rks ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg;s fdUrq
i{kdkjksa ds eè; ,slh lafonk gS tks izfroknh
}kjk Hkax dh xbZ gS vkSj ml Hkax ds fy;s
izfrdj izkIr djdus dk gdnkj gS] rks mls
rnuqlkj oSlk izfrdj iznku dj ldrk gSA
,sls fdlh Hkh eqvkotsa dh jkf'k dk fu/kkZj.k
djrsle; U;k; lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 73
dk vuqlj.k dj ldrs gSa ¼/kkjk 21½
n`"Vkar & A, B dks viuk edku 10]00]000
:i;s esa cspus dks jkth gksrk gSA B iSls dk
Hkqxrku djnsrk gS] ijUrq mls edku ij
eyfd;r ugha feyrhA lquokbZ esa rhu lky
ckn B ds i{k esa U;k;y; fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k
tkjh djrk gS] ijUrq ekeys esa U;k;y; B dks
eqvkotk Hkh fnyok ldrk gS D;ksafd B rhu
o"kksZa rd lEifÙk dk iz;ksx ugha dj ikrk gSA
(Based on illustration to the third paragraph
of S19 of the (repeated) Specific Relief Act,
19877).
ftl lafonk dk fofufnZ"Vr% izorZu vU;Fkk
mfpr gks] ;|fi mlds Hkax dh n'kk esa lsns;
jde ds rkSj ij dksbZ jkf'k mlesa ukfer gks
vkSj O;frØe ;k pwd djus okys i{kdkj mls
nsus ds fy;s jtkeUn ;k bPNqd gSa rFkkfi
mldk ,slk izorZu fd;k tk ldsxk] ;fn
U;k;ky; dk lafonk ds fucU/kksa vkSj vU;
fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq;s
lek/kku gks tk; fd mDr jkf'k dsoy lafonk
ds ikyu dks lqfuf'pr djus ds iz;kstu ls gh
ukfer fd;k x;k gS] u fd O;fDrØe djus
okys i{kdkj dks ;g fodYi nsus ds iz;kstu ls
fd og fofufnZ"V ikyu ds LFkku ij /ku dk
lank; dj ldsA ¼/kkjk 23½
^d* ,slh lEifÙk dk mi&iV~Vk ^[k* dks iznku
djrk gS ftls ^d* ^x* ds v/khu /kkfjr fd;s
gq;s gSA rFkk og ^x* mDr mi&iV~Vsdh oS/krk
iznku djus ds fy;s dgsxkA ;fn ykblsal ;k
oS/krk izkIr ugha gks tkrh gS rks ^d* ^[k* dks
10]000 :i;s nsxkA ^d* ^x* ls ykbls izkIr
djus ds fy;s dgus ls bUdkj djrk gS rFkk
^[k* dks 10]000 :i;s nsus dk dizLrko djrk
gSA blds ckotwn ;fn ^x* ykblsal nsus dh
lEifr ns nsrk gS rks ^[k* lafonk dk fofufnZ"V
ikyu djk ldrk gSA (Based on illustration
to S-20 of the (repeated) Specific Relief Act
1877)
lafonk ds mYy?ku ds izHkko & uqdlku tc fd
dksbZ lafonk Hkax dj nh xbZ gS rc og i{kdkj]
tks fd ,slh HkXurk ls ihfM+r gksrk gS] ml
i{kdkj ls] ftles lafonk Hkax dh gS] vius dks
ml HkXurk ls gqbZ fdlh ,slh gkfu ;k uqdlku
ds fy,] tks fd ,slh ?kVukvksa ds izkf;d
vuqØe esas izÑR;k ,slh HkXurk ls mn~Hkwr gqbZ
vFkok ftlds ckjs esa i{kdkj ml le; tc fd
lafonk dh xbZ Fkh] ;g tkurs Fks fd
lafonk&Hkax dk lEHkkO; Qy og gkfu ;k
uqdlku gksxk] izfrdkj ikus dk gdnkj gSA
n`"Vkar & A ,d lEifÙk [kjhnrk gS ftlesa ,d
dk;Z'kkyk gSA lEifÙk ds vanj tkus dk izos'k
}kjk dkQh ladjk gS] ijUrq dk;Z'kkyk pykus ds
fy, A dks pkSMs izos'k }kjk dh vko';drk gSA
A vius odhyksa ij Hkjkslk djrk gS ftUgksaus
mls Hkjkslk fnyk;k Fkk fd mls Hkwfe ds mij
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ihNs ls Hkh izos'k dk vf/kdkj gSA ijUrq ihNs
fLfkr IykWV ds ekfyd us mls ihns ls vius ij
euk dj fn;kA ifj.kke Li:i A dk;Z'kkyk
ugha pyk ik;k rFkk mls dk;Z'kkyk cgqr de
dher esa cspuh iM+hA odhy ds fo:) okn esa
A dks {kfriwfrZ iznku fd xbZ ftldk dh
uqdlku mls lEifÙk [kjhnrs csprs le; gqvk
FkkA (Hayes Vs. James and Charles Dodd
(1990) 2 All ER 815)
mPpre U;k;ky; us lkeku dh fczdh ls
laca/khr j{kfr dks vkadus ds fy, fuEu fl)kUr
dk izorZu fd;k gSA tks fd
¼d½ ftl i{kdkj us lafcnk ds myya?ku dks
fl) dj fn;k gS tgk¡ rd lEHko gS rFkk tgk¡
rd /ku }kjk ,slk gks lds] mls ,slh fLFkfr esa
igq¡pkus dh ps"Vk dh tk; tSls fd lafonk dk
ikyu gqvk gksrk rks og gksrkA
¼[k½ oknh dk ;g dkuwuh dÙkZO; gS fd og
,sls lHkh ;qfDr;qDr dne mBk;s ftlls lafonk
ds mYya?ku ds ifj.kkeLo:i de ls de gkfu
gksA
¼x½ ;fn oknh lafonk dk mYya?ku fl) dj
nsrk gS vkSj ;g fl) djus esa vlQy jgrk gS
fd mlus gkfu dks de djus gsrq ;qfDr;qDr
dne mBk;s] og ml gn rd eqvkotk izkIr
ugha dj ik;sxk tks og vius ;qfDr;qDr dne
mBkdj de dj ldrk FkkA
(Murlidhar Chiranjilal Vs Harishchandra
Dwarkadas AIR 1962 SC 366)
n`"Vkar & A tks dh uhykeh esa lcls cM+h cksyh
yxkrk gS og yxkbZ xbZ cksyh dh dher nsus esa
vleFkZ jgrk gSa B tks dh uhykehdrkZ gS mls
vxyh lokZf/kd cM+h cksyh dks Lohdk;Z djuk
pkfg,] ;fn og miyC/k gks rks rkfd uqdlku
dks de fd;k tk ldsA (AR Krishnamurthy
Vs. Arni Municipality (1955) 1 Mad LJ 437)
gkWykafd uqdlku ds vkadyu dks ysdj lafonk
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 73 esa lkekU; fl)kUr fn;s
gq, gSA ijUrq fofHkUu izdkj dh lafonkvksa esa
vkadyu ls lacaf/kr izko/kkuksa dks U;k;ky;ksa us
o"kksZa esa fodflr fd;k gS mnkgj.k ds fy, &
n`"Vkar & A ,d] ,d ?kksM+k B ¼mifugfr½ ds
ikl NksM+ nsrk gS] ;fn B dh eyfd;r esa ,d
dks LFkkbZ vikfjtrk izkIr gksrh gSA bl fLFkfr
esa {kfr ukeus ds fy, ?kksM+s dh okLrfod dher
rfkk mlds LoLFk gksus dh dher ds eè; tks
varj gSA (Hastmal Vs. Raffi Uddin AIR
1953 Bhopal S)
n`"Vkar & fuekZ.k vuqca/k] A tks fd ,d Bsdsnkj
gS] bekjr dk fuekZ.k dk;Z jksd nsrk gS] bl
fLFkfr esa {kfr dk ekiu] edku ds iwjk cuus esa
vkus okyh fder gSA
n`"Vkar & lkeku cspus esa & A ,d Øsrk gS
rFkk B ,d foØsrk ,d lkeku cspus dh lafonk
djrs gSA B lkeku [kjhnus esa vleFkz jgrk gS
rks] rks A ds;j vf/kdkj feyrk gSA os lkeku
dks iqu% csp ldrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa {kfr dk
ekiulafonk esa fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ dher] rFkk
lkeku dks iqu% cspus dh dher ds vUrj ds
leku gksxkA ;fn ;qfDr;qDr le; ds Hkhrj
lkeku dks iqr% ugha cspk tk ldk rks {kfr dk
ekiu lafonk esa fu/kkZfjr ewY; rFkk lafonk Hkax
gksus okys fnu lekeku dh cktkj esa dher esa
varj ds cjkcj gksxhA (Bismi Abdullah &
Sons Merchants and Commission Agent &
Vs. Regional Manager Food Corporation of
India, Trivandrum, AIr 1989 Ker 56)
fo'ks"k uqdlku (Special Damages) & fo'ks"k
uqdlku dsoy mlh n'kk esa izkIr fd;s tk
ldrs gSa tc fd oknh rFkk izfroknh us lafonk
djrs le; mldh iwoZdYiuk dj yh FkhA
n`"Vkar & A tks fd ,d fey dk ekfyd gS
viuh fey dh VwVh gqbZ ØkUdlk¶V dks ejEer
ds fy, B dks nsrk gS B mls ykSVkus esa FkksM+k
foyEc djrk gSA B dks ;s tjk Hkh vnkatk ugha
gksrk fd A ds ikl ;s vdsyh ØkUdlk¶V gS
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
blds ifj.kkeLo:I mldh fey can iM+h gSA A
fey can gksus ds dkj.k gq, ?kkVs dh HkjikbZ ds
fy, B ij cknykrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa
U;k;ky; us A dk okn [kkfjt djrs gq, ;g
?kks"k.kk dh fd izfroknh dks bl ckr dh
tkudkjh ugha Fkh fd A ds ikl bdykZrh
Økudlk¶V gSA ogh nwljh vksj ;fn B dks bl
ckr dk irk gksrk rks A, B ls fey can gksus
ds dkj.k gq, uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dj ldrk
FkkA (Hadley Vs. Baxendale, [1843-60] All
ER Rep 461)
n`"Vkar & A ,d Vsyj gS] mldk mís; ,d
fuf'pr {ks= esa euk, tkus okys mRrLo ds {ks=ksa
esa diM+s cukdj equkQk dekuk Fkk blh mís';
ls mlus jsyos esa flykbZ e'khu] rfkk diM+ksa dk
caMy ml fuf'pr LFkku rd igqWpkus ds fy,
cqd djk;k] ijUrq mlus jsyos dEiuh dks ;g
ughacrk;k] fd mldk mís'; R;kSgkj ds fnuksa esa
equkQk dekuk gSA jsyos lkeku igq¡pkusesa foyac
dj nsrk gSA rFkk A dks lkeku R;kSgkj ds ckn
izkIr gksrk gSA A equkQs esa uqdlku rFkk vU;
[kpksZa dh HkjikbZ ds fy, jsyos ls gjtkuk ughays
ldrk D;ksafd vki ifjfLFkeh esa Hkh nksuksa i{kksa
dks ;g gkfu gks ldrh FkhA (Madras Railway
Co. Vs. Govinda Raw, (1987-98) ILR 20-21
Mad 478)
ifjfu/kkZfjr uqdlku rFkk 'kkflr % tc fd dksbZ
lafonk Hkax dj nh x;h gS rc] ;fn ,slh HkXurk
dh voLFkk esa nh tkus okyh jde ds :i esa
dksbZ jkf'k lafonk esa ukekafdr gS] ;k ;fn 'kkfLr
ds :i esa dksbZ vU; vuqca/k lafonk esa vUrfoZ"V
gS] rc HkXurk dk ifjokn djus okyk i{kdkj]
pkgs ;g fl) fd;k x;k gks ;k fl) u fd;k
x;k gks fd ml HkXurk ls oLrqr% uqdlku ;k
gkfu gqbZ gS] ml i{kdkj ls mls ftlus lafonk
dh gS] ;FkkfLFkfr ml izdkj ukekafdr jde ;k
vuqca/k 'kkfLr ls vf/kd u gksus okyk ;qfDr;qDr
izfrdj ikus dk gdnkj gksxkA ¼ S-74)
n`"Vkar & A ch;j dks cksry rFkk ØsV esa csprk
gS rFkk nqdkunkjksa }kjk cksry rFkk ØsV okil
A dks ykSVkus ij nqdkunkjksa dks mudk tek
iSlk fey tkrk FkkA A vius nqdkunkjksals ;g
pkgrk gS fd cksrys xzkgdksa dks uk nh tk, rFkk
A dks okil dj nh tk, ftlesa fd A dk
dk;Z lrr~ :I ls pyrk jgsA ekeys dh lquokbZ
esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd nqdkunkjksa }kjk A ds
ikl tek iSlk cksry u ykSVkus ij ifjfu/kkZfjr
uqdlku dh HkjikbZ gSA (United Breweries
Ltd. Vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1997) 3
SCC 530)
Hkkjr esa ijØkE; fy[kr ls lEca/khr izko/kku
ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e 1881 esa iw.kZ:is.k
mYysf[kr gSA
ijØkE; fy[kr ls rkRi;Z vkns”kkuqlkj ;k
okgd dks ns; opu&i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd
vfHkizsr gSA opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd
vkns”kkuqlkj ns; gS] ftldk ,sls ns; gksuk
vfHkO;Dr gks ;k ftldh fdlh fof”k’V O;fDr
dks ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr gks vkSj ftlesa vUrj.k
dks izfrf’k) djus okyk “kCn ;k ;g vk”k;
minf”kZr djus okys “kCn fd og vUrj.kh; ugh
gS] vUrfoZ’V u gksaA og opu i=] fofue; i=
;k pSd okgd dks ns; gS ftlesa ;g vfHkoDr
gks fd og ,sls ns; gS ;k ftl ij ,dek= ;k
vfUre i`’Bkadu fujad i`’Bkadu gSA tgk¡ fd
opu i= fofue; i= ;k pSd dk ;k rks ewyr%
;k i`’Bkadu }kjk fofufnZ’V O;fDr ds
vkns”kkuqlkj] u fd mls ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj
ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr gS ogk¡ ,slk gksus ij Hkh og
mlds fodYi ij mls ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj
lans; gSA
fdlh fy[kr ijØE; ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh
opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd ds fdlh O;fDr
;k ,slk O;fDr dks tks fy[kr gS ds gLrkarj.k
ls gSA ¼/kkjk 46&60 ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e½
tcfd opu&i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd fdlh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
O;fDr dks ,sls vUrfjr dj fn;k tkrk gS fd
og O;fDr mldk /kkjd gks tkrk gS rc og
fy[kr ijØkfer dj nh xbZ gS] ;g dgk tkrk
gSA ;fn i`’Bkad dsoy viuk uke gLrk{kfjr
djrk gS rks i`’Bkadu ^^fujad** dgykrk gS vkSj
;fn og fy[kr esa of.kZr le fdlh fofufnZ’V
O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns”kkuqlkj lanl djus
dk funs”k tksM+ nsrh gS rks i`’Bkdu iw.kZ
dgykrk gS vkSj ,slk fofufnZ’V O;fDr fy[kr
dk i`’Bkafdrh dgykrk gSA ¼/kkjk 14 o 16
ijØkE; fy[kr vf/kfu;e½
opui=] fofu;e i= rFkk pSd
opui= ¼cSad uksV ;k djsalh uksV u gksuh okyh½
,slh ys[kkc) fy[kr gS ftlesa ,d fuf”pr
O;fDr dks ;k mlds vkns”kkuwlkj ;k ml
fy[kr ds okgs ds /ku dh ,d fuf”pr jkf”k
lanr djus dk mlds jpf;rk }kjk gLrk{kfjr
v”krZ vUrfoZ’V gksA ¼/kkjk 4 Negotiable
Instuments½
n`’Vkar%& A, B ds ikl dqN iSls tek djkrk
gSA B, A dks ,d tek jf”kn nsrk gS ftles ;g
opu Hkh gS fd ekaxs tkus ij B iSls okil dj
nsxkA ;g ,d opu i= ugh gS] D;ksafd ;g
ijØkE; ugh gS rFkk ;s flQZ ,d jf”kn gSA
(Nawab Major Sir Mohammad Akbar Khan
Vs. Attar Singh AIR 1936 PC 171)
fofue;&i= ,slh ys[kc) fyf[kr gSA ftlesa
,d fuf”pr O;fDr dks ;g funsZ”k nsus okys
mlds jfp;rk }kjk gLrk{kfjr v”krZ] vkns”k]
vUrfoZ’V gks og ,d fuf”pr O;fDr dks ;k
mlds vkns”kkuqlkj ;k ml fyf[kr fd okgd
dks gh /ku dh ,d fuf”pr jkf”k lanr djsA
¼/kkjk 5 Negotiable Instuments½
opui= ds ekeys esa opudrkZ opu i= dk
Hkqxrku djrk gS ogh fofue; i= ds ekeys esa
drkZ nwljs O;fDr dks funsZ”k nsrk gS fd og
Hkqxrku djsA ;g Hkh dg ldrs gS fd opu i=
drkZ ,d izhafliy MsoVj gksrk gS ogh fofue;
i= okyk O;fDr Sureity.
(Redha Kisan Vs Hiralal, AIR 1919 Nag 39;
(Firm) Wallibhoy Suleman Vs (firm)
Jagjiwandas Tulsidas AIR 1936 Nag 260)
^^pSd** ,d ,slk fofue; i= gS tks fofufnZ’V
cSadj ij fy[kk x;k gS] vkSj ftldk ekax ij ls
vU;Fkk ns; gksuk vfHkO;Dr ugh gS vkSj dkaV
NkaV okys ¼:afM+r½ pSd dh bysDVªkfud Nfo ;k
bysDVªkfud :i dk pSd lfEefyr gSA ¼/kkjk 6
Negotiable Instrument½
fofue; i=] pSd] opu i= lHkh /ku dk
Hkqxrku esa iz;qDr gksrs gSA
n`’Vkar%& A ,d ys[k esa B dks 500 k.g. pkoy
nsus dk ok;nk djrk gSA ;g ,d opu i= ugh
gS] D;ksafd bles iSlks ds Hkqxrku dk lanHkZ ugh
gSA
gj ,d ijØkE; fy[kr izfrQykFkZ jfpr ;k
fy[kh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g fd gj ,slh fyf[kr tc
izfrx`ghr] i`’Bkafdr] ijØkfer ;k vUrfjr gks
pqdh gks rc og izfrQykFkZ] izfrx`ghr]
i`’Bkafdr] ijØkfer ;k vUrfjr dh xbZ gksA
ijØkE; fy[kr dk /kkjd
lE;d~&vuqØe&/kkjd gSA ¼/kkjk 118
Negotiable Instruments Act½
opu i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd /kkjd ls dksbZ
Hkh ,slk O;fDr vfHkizsl gS tks Lo;a vius uke
ls ml ij dCtk j[kus dk vkSj ml ij “kks/;
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
jde i{kdjks ls izkIr djus ;k olwy djus dk
gdnkj gSA
tgk¡ dh opui=] fofue; i= ;k pSd u’V gks
tkrk gS ogk¡ mldk /kkjd og O;fDr gS tks
[kksus ;k u’V gksus ds le; mldk ekfyd Fkk
¼/kkjk 8 Negotiable Instrument Act½ lE;d~
vuqØe&/kkjd ls dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr vfHkizsr
gS tks opu i=] fofue; i= ;k pSd esa of.kZr
jde ds ns; gksus ls iwoZ vkSj ;g fo”okl djus
dk fd ftl O;fDr ls mls viuk gd O;qRiUu
gqvk gS ml O;fDr ds gd es dksbZ =qfV orZeku
Fkh i;kZIr gscqd j[ks fcuk] ml n”kk esa ftlesa
fd og okgd dks ns; gS ml ij izfrQykFkZ
dkfct gks x;k gS] vFkok ml n”kk esa ftles a
fd og vkns”kkuqlkj ns; gS mldk ikus okyk ;k
i`’Bkafdrh gks x;k gSA
n`’Vkar%& A dks B ls ,d pSd izkIr gksrk gSA
A dks bldk iw.kZ Kku Fkk gkykafd pSdk dk
vuknj.k gks tkrk gS rFkk A ds i{k esa ;s lHkh
tk ldrk gS tc cSad }kjk pSd okil ykSVk
fn;k tk,sA ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk dh
blesa /kkjd ds vko”;d rRo miyC/k ugh FkkA
(Based on Sukhanraj Khimraja a firm of
merchants, Bombay Vs. N Rajagor Palan
(1989) ILW 401)
ijØkE; fy[kr dk gj iwfoZd i{kdkj
lE;d~&vuqØe /kkjd ds izfr rc rd mlds
vk/kkj ij nk;h gS] tc rd ml fy[kr dh
lE;d~ :i ls r`f’V u dj nh tk,sA ¼/kkjk 36
Negotiable Instument½
pSd dk vuknj.k
fuf”pr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pSd dk ys[khiky n.M
dk Hkkxh gksxk] ftlesa fØehuy naM dk Hkkxh
gksxk] ,slk djus ls pSd dh Lohdk;Zrk c<+rh gS
rFkk nkf;Roks dk fu/kkZj.k gksrk gSA tgk¡ fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fdlh _.k ;k vU; nkf;Ro ds
iw.kZr% ;k ykxr mUeksnu ds fy, fdlh cSadj ds
ikl vius }kjk j[ks x;s [kkrs esa ls fdlh vU;
O;fDr dh fdlh /kujkf”k ds lank; ds fy,
fy[kk x;k dksbZ pSd cSad }kjk lank; fd, fcuk
;k rks bl dkj.k ykSVk fn;k tkrk gS fd ml
[kkrs esa tek /kujkf”k ml pSd dk vknj.k
djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gS ;k og ml jde ls
vf/kd gSA ftldk cSad ds lkFk fd;s x;s djkj
ds }kjk ml [kkrs esa ls lank; djus dk Bgjko
fd;k x;k gSA ogk¡ ,sls O;fDr ds ckjs esa ;g
le>k tk,xk fd mlus vijk/k fd;k gSA vkSj
og bl vf/kfu;e ds fdlh vU; mica/k ij
izfrdwy izHkko Mkys fcuk dkjkokl ls tqekZus ls
tks pSd dh jde dk nqxquk rd gks ldsxk ;k
nksuks ls naMuh; gksxkA
ijUrq bl /kkjk esa vUrfoZ’V dksbZ ckr rc rd
ykxw ugh gksxh tc rd&
¼d½ og pSd mlds fy[ks tkus dh rkjh[k ls
Ng ekl dh vof/k ds Hkhrj ;k mldh fof/k
ekU;rk dh vof/k ds Hkhrj tks Hkh iwoZrj dks
cSad dks izLrqr u fd;k x;k gks(
¼[k½ pSd dk ikus okyk ;k /kkjd] lE;d
vuqØe es pSd ds ys[khoky dks vlanRr pSd ds
ykSVk;s tkus dh ckcr cSad ls mls lwpuk dh
izkfIr ds fyf[kr :i esa lwpuk nsdj mDr
/kujkf”k ds ladk; ds fy, ekax ugh djrk gSA
vkSj
¼x½ ,sls pSd dk ys[khoky] pSd ds ikus
okys dks ;k /kkjd dks mDr lwpuk dh izkfIr ds
iUnzg fnu ds Hkhrj mDr /kujkf”k dk lank;
lE;d~ vuqØe esa djus esa vlQy ugh jgrk
gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or
reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;% 5 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk
vijk/k ds rRo
vijk/k fof/k ds vfLrRo dk eq[; dkj.k ;g
gS fd ;s xyr ;k vkijkf/kd ÑR; djus okyksa
dks jkT; ltk dk izko/kku djrs gSa rFkk ;s
lkekftd fLFkjrk cukus esa enn djrs gSaA
vijk/k fof/k dk mís'; ;g gS fd yksx
vijk/kksa ls nwj jgsA
vijk/k dk ewy rRo ;g gS fd blesa ,d
vkijkf/kd ÑR; (actur rows) gksuk pkfg,
rFkk blds lkFk nqjk'k; (mens rea) gksuk
pkfg,A ;s rRo ,d ySfVu ekSfDle actues
non facit reum nisimens sit rea" esa
izfrfcafcr gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ dk;Z Loa; fdlh dks
nks"kh ughaa cukrk tcrd dh mldk vk'k;
oSlk u jgk gksA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgs rks fdlh Hkh ÑR; dks
vijk/k gksus ds fy, mlesa nqjk'k; gksuk
vko';d gSa nqjk'k; dh vuqifLFkrh esa dksbZ Hkh
ÑR; vkijkf/kd ughaa gks ldrkA
gkykafd ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
dqN vijk/k ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa tgk¡ iw.kZ nkf;Ro
dk ogu gksrk gS bu vijk/k dks vicarious
dks deemed liability vijk/k Hkh dgrs gSaA
bl izdkj ds vijk/k dqN fo'ks"k fo/kkuksa esa
ik;s tkrs gSaA tSls fd &
Negotiable Instruments Act 1881,
The Custom Act 1962 rFkk
Information Technology Act, buesa
vijk/k vf/kdkjh ;k Mk;jsDVj dgrs gSaA ;fn
dEiuh dksbZ vijk/k djrh gS rks mlesa nqjk'k;
ek;us ughaa j[krkA
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd IPC mis{kk ls
gksus okyk vijk/kh dk Hkh izko/kku djrh gSA
/kkjk tSls S279 rFkk 304-A mrkoykiu
rFkk mis{kk dks vijk/k ?kksf"kr djrh gSA
vijkf/kd ÑR; gksus ds fy, vko';d ;g gS
fd ÑR; ,d LosPNkiw.kZ dk;Z gksA ,slh mis{kk
tks xEHkhj {krh iznku djs] mls IPC
vijkf/kd ?kksf"kr djrh gS rFkk mlds fy,
n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g egRoiw.kZ
gS fd leLr mis{kk,as IPC esa 'kkfey ughaa gS
fofHkUu U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd
O;kid rFkk mrkoysiu dk ÑR; gh lhekyka?k
dj vkijkf/kd Ñu tkrs gSaA Mensrea ;k
nqjk'k; dks izkjEHk esa vijk/k dk ,d eq[;
rRo ekuk tkrk FkkA IPC ds vUrxZr
vijk/kksa esa ;g dgus ls igys fd fdlh
O;fDr us vijk/k fd;k gS] mldh euksn'kk
rFkk ekufld rRo ns[kuk vko';d gksrk gSA
buesa] csbekuh] /kks[kk] nqHkkZoukiw.kZ vkfn 'kCn
'kkfey gSA
lafgrk dk vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj rFkk lkekU;
O;k[;k
/kkjk 3 rFkk 4 lafgrk ds vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj
ds laca/k esa izko/kku djrs gSaA ;g izko/kku ewy
fof/k ls lacaf/kr gS] izfØ;kRed fof/k ls ughaaA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 3 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
og ÑR; tks Hkkjr esa vijk/k ?kksf"kr gS] og
Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkh vijk/k gh gksxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 4] lafgrk ds vUrxZr leLr
vijk/kksa dks fcuk vfrfjDr {ks=kf/kdkj ds
'kkfey djrh gS rFkk Cr.PC dh /kkjk 188
varxZr U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkjksa dk izo/kku
djrh gSA
n`"Vkar & A, tks dh Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gS]
og ;qxkaMk esa ,d gR;k djrk gS] A, ij
Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa gR;k ds fy, okn
yk;k tk ldrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
blh izdkj ;fn dksbZ Hkkjrh; Hkkjr dh
lhekvksa ds ckgj dksbZ vijk/k djrk gS] fQj
pkgs e ;s ÑR; ml ns'k dh fof/k ds vuqlkj
vijk/k gks ;k ughaaaA ijUrq ml ij Hkkjrh;
fof/k ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ml vijk/k ds fy,
okn fy[kk tk ldrk gSA (Pheroze Vs
State 1964 2 Cr. L 533)
lafgrk dk vè;k; & 2
fofHkUu ifjHkk"kkvksa rFkk O;k[;kvksa dk izko/kku
djrk gSA
gj in] ftldk Li"Vhdj.k bl lafgrk ds
fdlh Hkkx esa fd;k x;k gS] bl lafgrk ds gj
Hkkx esa ml Li"Vhdj.k ds vuq:i gh iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA
bl vè;k; ds dqN izko/kku fuEufyf[kr gSA
yksd lsod
lafgrk dh /kkjk 21 ^yksdlsod* ds vUrxZr
vkus okys fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dk izko/kku djrh
gsA blds yksdlsodksa dks O;kid :i ls
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA yksdlsod 'kCn ds nk;js
esa flQZ 'kkldh; lsod gh ughaa vkrs vfirq
/kkjk dh O;k[;k 1 ;g Li"V djrh gS fd
yksdlsod 'kCn ds vUrxZr og lHkh O;fDr
vkrs gSa tks /kkjk 21 esa of.kZr gSa fQj pkgs os
ljdkj }kjk fu;qDr gks ;k ughaaA
taxe lEifÙk & ^taxe lEifÙk* 'kCnksa ls ;g
vk'k; gS fd buds vUrxZr gj izdkj dh ewrZ
lEifÙk vkrh gS] fdUrq Hkwfe vkSj os phtsa] tks
Hkwc) gksa ;k Hkwc) fdlh pht ls LFkk;h :i
ls tdM+h gqbZ gksa] buds vUrxZr ughaa vkrhA
csbZekuh & tks dksbZ bl vk'k; ls dksbZ dk;Z
djrk gS fd ,d O;fDr dks lnks"k vfHkykHk
dkfjr djs ;k vU; O;fDr dks lnks"k gkfu
dkfjr djs] og ml dk;Z dks ^^csbZekuh ls**
djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
lnks"k ykHk rFkk lnks"k gkfu dks lafgrk dh
/kkjk 23 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa lafgrk esa
csbekuh 'kCn dks dkQh egRo fn;k x;k gS
D;ksafd ;g mens rea dh O;k[;k ds fy,
ckj&ckj iz;qDr gksrk gSA
diViwoZd &dksbZ O;fDr fdlh ckr dks
diViwoZd djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gS] ;fn
og ml ckr dks diV djus ds vk'k; ls
djrk gS] vU;Fkk ughaaA mPpre U;k;ky; us
Mohd. Ibrahim & Others Vs. State
of Bihar (2009) 11 SC 533 esa ;g Li"V
fd;k fd diV dh O;k[;k dks le>us ds
fy, U;k;ky; }kjk Dr. Vimla Vs. Delhi
Administration AIR 1963 SC 1572 esa
lq>k,s diV ds rRo ij è;ku nsuk vko';d
gS] Dr.Vimla ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g
Li"V fd;k fd diV ds fy, nks vko';d
rRo gS] igyk ^Ny*] nwljk ^gkfu*A
nLrkost & ^nLrkost* 'kCn fdlh Hkh fo"k;
dk |ksrd gS ftldks fdlh inkFkZ ij v{kjksa]
vadksa ;k fpUgksa ds lk/ku }kjk] ;k muesa ,d
ls vf/kd lk/kuksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr ;k of.kZr
fd;k x;k gks tks ml fo"k; ds lk{; ds :i
esa mi;ksx fd, tkus dks vk'k;h gks ;k
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA
nLrkost dh ifjHkk"kk General Clause
Act 1897 dh /kkjk 53 ¼18½ tksM+h xbZ blds
}kjk ^fo|qr nLrkostksa dh O;k[;k dh xbZA tks
dh Information Technology Act
2000 esa nh gqbZ gSaA
ewY;oku izfrHkwfr & ^ewY;oku izfrHkwfr* 'kCn
ml nLrkost ds |ksrd gS] tks ,slh nLrkost
gs] ;k gksuh rkRif;fZr gS] ftlds }kjk dksbZ
fof/kd vf/kdkj lftr] foLr`r] vUrfjr]
fucZfU/kr] fuokZfpr] fd;k tk,] NksM+k tk, ;k
ftlds }kjk dksbZ O;fDr ;g vfHkLohdkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
djrk gS fd og fof/kd nkf;Ro ds v/khu gS]
;k veqd fof/kd vf/kdkj ughaa j[krk gSA
n`"Vkar & d ,d fofue;&i= dh ihB ij
viuk uke fy[k nsrk gSa bl i`"Bkadu dk
izHkko fdlh O;fDr dks] tks mldk fof/kiw.kZ
/kkjd gks tk,] ml fofue;&i= ij dk
vf/kdkj vUrfjr fd;k tkuk gS] blfy, ;g
i`"Bkadu ^ewY;oku izfrHkwfr* gSA
n`"Vkar & ikliksZV O;fDr dks ewY;oku
vf/kdkj tSls ns'k dks NksM+uk ;k mlesa jgus
dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS] vr% ;g ,d ewY;koku
izfrHkwfr gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d ,dkmUV cqd dk eq[; i"B ij
fgLlsnkjh ds uke rFkk mudh fgLlsnkjh dk
mYys[k gSA ;fn ;g fgLlsnkjksa }kjk
gLrk{kfjr gS ¼A ;g ,d ewY;oku izfrHkwfr
gksxh (Hari Charan Vs. Girish
Chandra Sadhulshan 1 Cr LJ 525)
voS| yksi okys ÑR; lafgrk dh /kkjk 32 ;g
Li"V djrh gS fd tcrd lanHkZ ls rRizfrdwy
vk'k; izLrqr u gks] bl lafgrk ds gj Hkkx esa
fd, x, dk;ksZa dk funsZ'k djus okys 'kCnksa dk
foLrkj voS/k yksiksa ij Hkh gksxkA
yksi rc rd voS/k ughaa gksxk tc rd
ifjHkkf"kr u gksA
^n.M* lafgrk dh /kkjk 53 esa ik¡p izdkj ds
n.Mksa dk izko/kku fd;k gS tks fd e`R;q]
vkthou dkjkokl] dkjkokl] tks nks Hkk¡fr dk
gS] vFkkZr~ & dfBu] vFkkZr~ dBksj Je ds
lkFk] lknk] lEifÙk dk lEigj.k rFkk
tqekZukA
e`R;qn.M lcls foy{k.k ls foy{k.k ekeyksa esa
fn;k tkrk gSa xqukgxkj dks ltk lqukrs le;
U;k;ky; bl ij dkQh è;ku nsrk gS] D;ksafd
e`R;qn.M ,d viokn gS] rFkk mez dSn ,d
fu;e gS (Asgar Vs. State of Uttar
Pradesh AIR 1977 SC 1812)
lafgrk ds vUrxZr vkthou dkjkokl thou
Hkj lJe dkjkokl gS u fd lknk dkjkokl
(Bachan Singh Vs State of Punjab
(1980) 2SCC 898)
lJe dkjkokl ds varxZr dSnh dks dfBu Je
djuk gksrk gS tcfd lknk dkjkokl esa dSnh
dks flQZ tsy esa jguk gksrk gS] ijUrq dksbZ
dk;Z ughaa djuk gksrkA
la;qDr nkf;Ro & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa dqN
,sls mica/k gSa tks ,d ,sls O;fDr ds nkf;Ro
dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa tks nwljs vU; yksxksa ds
lkFk feydj dksbZ vijk/k djrk gSA lafgrk
dh /kkjk 34&38] 149A 120 A rFkk 120 B
esa la;qDr nkf;Ro dk izko/kku gSA
lkekU; vk'k; & ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd
O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks la;qDr :i ls djrs gSa
rks ,slk ekuk tk;sxk fd mlesa ls izR;sd us
ml dk;Z dks oS;fDrd :i ls fd;k gSA mu
lkewfgd ÑR;ksa esa tgk¡ O;fDr fo'ks"k dh
Hkwfedk dk fu/kkZj.k eqf'dy gks ogk¡ ij Hkh
lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ykxw gksrh gSA egcwck
'kkg] ds ekeys esa fizdh dkWfly us ;g Li"V
?kks"k.kk dh fd /kkjk 34 yxkus ds fy, ;g
vko';d gS fd lewg ds ,d O;fDr us
lkekU; vk'k; ls vkijkf/kd ÑR; esa Hkkx
fy;k gS] blds ckn izR;sd lnL; ij vijk/k
dh ftEesnkjh mlh izdkj gksxh tSlh dh ekuksa
mUgksaus vdsys bl ÑR; dks vatke fn;k gks
(Mahboob Shah Vs. Emperor AIR
1945) (PC)118)
/kkjk 34 esa mYysf[kr 'kCn ^vxzlj* dks
U;k;ky; us 'kadjyky dpkjk HkkbZ cuke
xqtjkr jkT; AIR 1965 SC 1260 ekeys
ds vuqlkj ^vxzlj* 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSA
vkxs c<+ukA ;fn pkj O;fDr;ksa dk A dh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
gR;k djus dk lkekU; vk'k; gS] rc mu
pkjksa dks bl mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, dbZ
lkjs vyx ÑR;ksa dks vatke nsuk gksxkA bls
ge ,d n`"Vkar ds }kjk le>rs gSaA
pkj yksx A dh gR;k ds fy, mlds ?kj esa
izfo"V gksrs gSaA buesa ls ,d dks igjsnkj }kjk
jksdk tkrk gS rFkk og igjsnkj dks xksyh ekj
nsrk gS gkykafd A dh gR;k djuk lkekU;
vk'k; gS rFkk A dks xksyh ekjuk bl lkekU;
vk'k; dk vxzlj Hkkx gS rks ;gk¡ /kkjk 34
ykxw gksxhA ,d vkSj n`"Vkar ysrs gSaaA xqusgxkjksa
esa ls ,d xqusgxkj dejs esa vkrk gS tgk¡
vDlj ihfM+r lksrk gSA ijUrq ml fnu ihfM+r
ds LFkku ij ,d vU; O;fDr ml LFkku ij
lks x;k] rFkk xqusgxkj us Hkze esa mldks xksyh
ekj nhA xyr O;fDr dks xksyh ekjuk lkekU;
vk'k; dk vxzlj Hkkx gS rFkk bl izdkj /kkjk
34 ykxw gksxhA
n`"Vkar & U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k rF; ;g fl)
djrs gsa fd A rFkk C us va/ksjs esa ls vpkud
vkdj B ds Åij dqYgkM+h ls izk.k ?kkrd
geyk fd;kA ftl ds dkj.k mldh e`R;q gks
xbZ] vkxs pydj lk{;ksa us ;g fl) fd;k fd
A us B ds gkFk ij geyk fd;k rFkk C us
B ds isV ijA /kkjk 34 ds vuqlkj U;k;ky;
us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nksuksa A rFkk C] B
dh gR;k ds fy, ftEesnkj gSaA
vkijkf/kd "kM+;a= & tc nks ;k vf/kd
O;fDr & dksbZ voS/k dk;Z vFkok dksbZ ,slk
dk;Z] tks voS/k ughaa gS] voS/k lk/kuksa }kjk]
djus ;k djokus dks lger gksrs gSa] rc ,slh
lgefr vkijkf/kd "kM+;a= dgykrh gSA
"kM+;a= ds fo/kku ij (State Vs. Nalini
(1999) 5SCC 60, rFkk State Vs.
Navjot Sandhu @ Afsal Guru (2005)
11 SCC 600 ekeyksa esa foLrkj ls ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA jkT; cuke ufyuh ekeys esa ;g
fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd fdlh voS/k ÑR; dks djus
ds fy, rFkk voS/k lk/kuksa }kjk djus ds fy,
tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dk efLr"dksa
dk lfEeyu gksrk gS rc mls vkijkf/kd
"kM+;a=ksa dk Sine qua non dgrs gSa (State
Vs. Nalini (1999) 5 SCC 60)
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
;g vko';d ughaa fd izR;sd "kM+;a=drkZ us
"kM+;a= ds ÑR;ksa esa lfØ; Hkkx fy;k gksA
D;ksafd "kM+;a= gesa'kk ,dkUr esa jpk tkrk gSA
blfy, ;g vko';d ughaa fd ;g fl) fd;k
tk, fd "kM+;a=drkZ fdl Hkkx ds Åij jkth
gqvk FkkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 120B, 120A esa
ifjHkkf"kr n.M ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku
djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 120B "kM+;a= dks nks Jsf.k;ksa
esa foHkkftr djrh gSA tks dksbZ e`R;q] vkthou
dkjkokl ;k nks o"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd vof/k ds
dfBu dkjkokl ls n.Muh; vijk/k djus ds
vkijkf/kd "kM+;a= esa 'kjhd gksxk] ;fn ,sls
"kM+;a= ds n.M ds fy, bl lafgrk esa dksbZ
vfHkO;Dr mica/k ughaa gS] rks og mlh izdkj
nf.Mr fd;k tk,xk] ekuks mlus ,sls vijk/k
dk nq"izsj.k fd;k FkkA tks dksbZ iz;ksDr :i ls
n.Muh; vijk/k dks djus ds vkijkf/kd
"kM+;a= ls fHkUu fdlh vkijkf/kd "kM+;a= esa
'kjhd gksxk] ;g nksuksa esa ls fdlh rjg ds
dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k N% ekl ls vf/kd
dh ughaa gksxh ;k tqekZus ls] ;k nksuksa ls
nf.Mr fd;k tk,xkA
fof/k fo:) teko % lafgrk dh /kkjk 149 ;g
fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd ;fn fof/k fo:) teko
ds fdlh lnL; }kjk ml teko ds lkekU;
mís'; dks vxzlj djus esa vijk/k fd;k tkrk
gS] ;k dksbZ ,slk vijk/k fd;k tkrk gS]
ftldk fd;k tkuk ml teko ds lnL; ml
mís'; dks vxzlj djus esa lEHkkO; tkurs Fks]
rks gj O;fDr] tks ml vijk/k ds fd, tkus
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ds le; ml teko dk lnL; gS] ml vijk/k
dk nks"kh gksxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 141 fof/k fo:) teko dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 rFkk
149 vkil esa fHkUu gSa D;ksafd tgk¡ /kkjk 34
flQZ lk{; dk fu;e gS ogh /kkjk 149 ,d
ewy vijk/k gSA /kkjk 34 nkf;Ro fu/kkZj.k ds
ekeys esa lkekU; vk'k; dk lgkjk ysrh gSA
ogh /kkjk 149 lkekU; mís'; dk lgkjk ysrh
gSA lkekU; mís'; lkekU; vk'k; ls fHkUu
gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa iwoZ rRoksa dh vko';drk
ughaa gksxhA rFkk vijk/k ?kfVr gksus ls igys
efLr"dksa ds lfEeJ.k dh Hkh vko';drk ughaa
gksrhA tgk¡ /kkjk 34 esa vkijkf/kd ÑR; ds
fy, nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA ogha /kkjk 149 ds vuqlkj
5 ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSa
lk/kkj.k viokn & n.M lafgrk dk vè;k;
IV vusd izfrj{kkvksa ls lacaf/kr gS ftUgsa dksbZ
vfHk;qDr bl lafgrk ;k fof'k"V ;k LFkkuh;
fof/k ds vUrxZr vfHkokfpr dj ldrk gSA
flf) dk nkf;Ro & ;g fl) djus dh
ftEesnkjh fd ÑR; ,d lk/kkj.k viokn gS
nks"kh ds Åij gksrh gsa Hkkjrh; lk{;
vf/kfu;e 1872 dh /kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj ;g
fl) djuk fd ÑR; lk/kkj.k viokn dh
ifjf/k esa vkrk gS] nks"kh dh ftEesnkjh gksrh gS
rFkk U;k;ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr dh vuqifLFkfr
eku ldrk gSA
U;k;ky; bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk xSj vfLrRo
fl) le>sxk] tc rd dh bls vfl) u
fd;k tk,A (K.M. Nanawati Vs. State of
Maharba AIR 1962 SC 605)
bldk ijh{k.k fd nks"kh us fl) fd;k gS fd
og viokn ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA vko';d
ughaa] ijUrq cpko djrs oDr ;g vko';d gSa
fd mlus ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij nks"keqDrrk dk
vf/kdkj vftZr dj fy;k gSA (Kanali Barui
Vs. Subhas Das, 1983 Cri. L. 5. 1474)
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
;g vko';d gS fd lk/kkj.k rkSj ij nks"kh ;g
fl) djs fd og viokn ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
U;k;ky; ;g ekU;rk nsrk gS fd ÑR; Hkkjrh;
n.M lafgrk esa mYysf[kr viokn dh Js.kh esa
vkrk gSA ;k ughaa rFkk ;g f'kdk;r esa gh
Li"V gks tkrk gSA U;k;k/kh'k dks ;g 'kfDr
gksrh gS fd og bl izfØ;k ds fy, euk dj
nsA (Vadilal Panchal Vs. Dattatraya
Dulaji Ghadigaonker and Another, AIR
1960 SC 1113) U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd
"The short question before us is – was the
High Court rightinits view that when a
Magistrate directs an enquiry under S.202
of the Code of Criminal Procedure for
ascertaining the truth or falsehood of a
complaint and receives a report from the
enquiring officer supporting a plea of self-
defence made by the person complained
against, it is not open to him to hold that
the plea is correct on the basis of the
report and the statements of witnesses
recorded by the enquiring officer? Must
he, as a matter of law, issue process in
such a case and leave the person
complained against to establish his plea of
self-defence at the trial? It may be pointed
out here that the High Court itself
recognised that it would nolt be correct to
lay down a proposition in absolute terms
that whenever a defence under any of the
exceptions in the Indian Penal Code is
pleaded by the person complained against,
the Magistrate would not be justified in
dismissing the complaint and must issue
process. Said the High Court: "As we have
already observed, if there is a complaint,
which itself discloses a complete defence
under any of the exceptions, it might be a
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
case where a Magistrate would be justified
in dismissing such a complaint finding that
there was no sufficient ground to proceed
with the case."
rF; dh Hkwy & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gS] tks
fdlh ,sls O;fDr }kjk dh tk, tks mls djus
ds fy, fof/k }kjk vkc) gks ;k tks rF; dh
Hkwy ds dkj.k] u fd fof/k dh Hkwy ds dkj.k
lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks fd og mls
djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk vkc) gSA
n`"Vkar & fof/k ds lekns'kksa ds vuqorZu esa
vius ofj"B vkfQlj ds vkns'k ls ,d lSfud
d HkhM+ ij xksyh pykrk gSA d us dksbZ
vijku gha fd;kA
n`"Vkar & U;k;ky; dk vkfQlj] d] e dks
fxj¶rkj djus ds fy, ml U;k;ky; }kjk
vkfn"V fd, tkus ij vkSj lE;d tk¡p ds
i'pkr ;g fo'okl djds fd ;] e gS] ; dks
fxj¶rkj dj ysrk gSA d us dksbZ vijk/k ughaa
fd;kA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 79 & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa
gS] tks ,sls O;fDr }kjk dh tk,] tks mls
djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk U;k;kuqer gks] ;k
rF; dh Hkwy ds dkj.k] u fd fof/k dh Hkwy
ds dkj.k] lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks fd
og mls djus ds fy, fof/k }kjk U;k;uqer
gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ,slk dk;Z djrs ns[krk gS]
tks d dks gR;k izrhr gksrk gSA d
lnHkkoiwoZd dke esa yk, x, vius Js"B
fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj ml 'kfDr dks iz;ksx esa
ykrs gq,] tks fof/k us gR;kdkfj;ksa dks ml
dk;Z esa idM+us ds fy, leLr O;fDr;ksa dks ns
j[kh gS] ; dks mfpr izkf/kdkfj;ska ds le{k ys
tkus ds fy, ; dks vfHkx`ghr djrk gSA d us
dksbZ vijk/k ughaa fd;k gS pkgs rRi'pkr~
vly ckr ;g fudys fd ; vkRe&izfr{kk esa
dk;Z dj jgk FkkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 76 rFkk 79 bl fl)kUr ij
vk/kkfjr gS fd rF; dh Hkwy {kE; gS ijUrq
fof/k dh Hkwy dks ekQ ughaa fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 76 rFkk 79 ds eè; ;g Hksn
gS fd /kkjk 76 esa O;fDr fof/k }kjk ckè; gS
rFkk /kkjk 79 esa fof/k }kjk U;k;kuqer gSA /kkjk
77 ds vuqlkj dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa gSa] tks
U;kf;dr( dk;Z djrs gq, U;k;k/kh'k }kjk ,slh
fdlh 'kfDr ds iz;ksx esa dh tkrh gS] tks ;k
ftlds ckjs esa mls lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl gS fd
og mls fof/k }kjk nh x;h gSA
/kkjk 78 ds vuqlkj & dksbZ ckr] tks
U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds vuqlj.k esa
dh tk, ;k mlds }kjk vf/kfn"V gks] ;fn og
ml fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k ds izo`Ùk jgrs dh tk,]
vijk/k ughaa gS] pkgs ml U;k;ky; dks ,slk
fu.kZ; ;k vkns'k nsus dh vf/kdkfjrk u jgh
gks] ijUrq ;g rc tc fd og dk;Z djus
okyk O;fDr lnHkkoiwoZd fo'okl djrk gks
fd ml U;k;ky; dks oSlh vf/kdkfjrk FkhA
nq?kZVuk & lafgrk dh /kkjk 80 ds vUrxZr og
ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gS] tks nq?kZVuk ;k nqHkkZX; ls
vkSj fdlh vkijkf/kd vk'k; ;k Kku ds fcuk
fof/kiw.kZ lk/kuksa }kjk mfpr lrdZrk vkSj
lko/kkuh ds lkFk fof/kiw.kZ dk;Z djus esa gks
tkrh gSA ijUrq nks"kh ds Åij ;g nkf;Ro
gksxk fd og bl viokn dk lgkjk ysrs le;
;g Li"V djs fd ÑR; djrs oDr mlus iwjh
lko/kkuh cjrh FkhA (See Bhupendra Singh
A. Chandasama Vs. State of Gujarat, AIR
1997 SC 3790; vkSj Sukhdev Singh Vs. State,
(2003) 7 SCC 441)
vkijkf/kd vk'k; ds fcuk & ;g viokn
ftuesa foÑrfpr O;fDr ds dk;Z] u'ks dh
voLFkk esa fd, x, dk;Z bl fl)kUr ij
vk/kkfjr gSa fd ÑR; djrs le; O;fDr ds
eu esa dksbZ vkijkf/kd vk'k; ughaa Fkk
mnkgj.k ds fy, & lafgrk dh /kkjk 82 ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vuqlkj lkr o"kZ ls de mez esa ckyd }kjk
fd;k x;k ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gSA
foÑrfpRr & lafgrk dh /kkjk 84 foÑrfpRr
O;fDr ds dk;Z esa nkf;Roksa ds ifjJ.k dk
izko/kku djrh gS Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa dgh
ij Hkh foÑrfpRr dks ifjHkkf"kr ughaa fd;k
x;k gS gkykafd U;k;ky; us bls mUerrk
(Inscinity) ds leku ekuk gSA
gkykafd mUerrk dh Hkh dksbZ Li"V ifjHkk"kk
miyC/k ughaa gSA rFkk bldk iz;ksx eku flQZ
vlraqyu ds lanHkZ esa esa fd;k tkrk gsA bl
izdkj izR;sd O;fDr tks fdlh ekufld chekjh
ls xzLr gSA Loeso vkijkf/kd ÑR;ksa esa nkf;Ro
ls eqDr ughaa gks tkrkA rFkk bl izdkj og
/kkjk 84 dh ifjf/k esa vkrk gSA (Bapu and
Gajraj Sisngh Vs. State of Rajasthan (2007) 8
SCC 66)
,d O;fDr dks foÑrfpRrk fd vk/kkj ij
mlds nkf;Roksa ls eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gS
;fn ÑR; djrs le; mls ÑR; ds LoHkko dk
Kku u Fkk ;k mls ;g ughaa irk Fkk fd ÑR;
fof/k fo:) gSA
U;k;ky; us NanneyKham Vs. State (Delhi
Administration) (1986) 2 crimes 328
(Del), ds ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
D;ksafd xokgkas ls nks"kh dh ekufld n'kk dks
ysdj dksbZ iz'u ughaa fd, x, rFkk nks"kh us
Hkh vfoÑrfprrk ds viokn dk lgkjk ughaa
fy;kA ijUrq vihfy; U;k;ky; ds nks"kh us
izFke okn bl viokn dh le> ekaxhA
U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vc nks"kh /kkjk
84 ds ykHkks dk gdnkj ughaa gSa Jagdish Vs.
State of M.P., JT 2009 (12) SC 300 ds
ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us nks"kh dh /kkjk
84 ds vUrxZr vfoÑrfpRrk dh vthZ dks
[kkfjt dj fn;k D;ksafd mlus igyh ckj
mPpre U;k;ky; esa bl vthZ dh ekax dhA
eÙkrk & dksbZ ÑR; vijk/k ughaa gS] tks ,sls
O;fDr }kjk dh tkrh gS] tks mls djrs le;
eÙkrk ds dkj.k ml dk;Z dh izÑfr] ;k ;g
fd tks dqN og dj jgk gS og nks"kiw.kZ ;k
fof/k ds izfrdwy gS] tkuus esa vleFkZ gS] ijUrq
;g rc tcfd og pht] ftlls mldks eÙkrk
gqbZ Fkh] mlds vius Kku ds fcuk ;k bPNk ds
fo:) nh x;h FkhA
lgefr & dksbZ ckr] tks e`R;q ;k ?kksj migfr
dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls u dh xbZ gks vkSj
ftlds ckjs esa dÙkkZ dks ;g Kkr u gks fd
mlls e`R;q ;k migfr dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS]
fdlh ,slh vigkfu ds dkj.k vijk/k ughaa gS
tks ml ckr ls vBkjg o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds
O;fDr dks dh xbZ gksA
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B vkeksn ds fy,
ryokjckth dk [ksy [ksyus ds fy, jkth gksrs
gSa ;g jtkeanh ,d lgefr gS fd [ksy ds
njE;ku gqbZ gkfu tks fd fcuk csbekuh ds gqbZ
gksA [ksy esa A }kjk B dks pksV yxrh gSA
ijUrq A us dksbZ vijk/k ughaa fd;kA
rqPN vigkfu & dksbZ ckr bl dkj.k ls
vijk/k ughaa gS fd mlls dksbZ vigkfu dkfjr
gksrh gS ;k dkfjr dh tkuh vk'kf;r gS ;k
dkfjr gksus ds lEHkkO;rk Kkr gS] ;fn og
bruh rqPN gS fd ekewyh le> vkSj LoHkko
okyki dksbZ O;fDr mldh f'kdk;r u djsxkA
mPp U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;fn
gkfu cgqr rqPN gS rFkk {kfr fd bruh de
fd ,d lk/kkj.k vkneh mldh f'kdk;r ughaa
djsxk ml ifjfLFkfr esa nks"kh dks nks"keqDr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA mDr ekeys esa fu.kZ; dks
dk;e j[krs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us izko/kku
fn;k fd &
"The next question is whether, having regard
to the circumstances, the harm caused to the
appellant was so slight that no person of
ordinary sense and temper would complain of
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
such harm. S.95 is intended to prevent
penalisation of negligible wrongs or of
offences of trivial character. Whether an act
which amounts to an offence is trivial would
undoubtedly depend upon the nature of the
injury, the position of the parties, the
knowledge or interation with which the
offending act is done, and other related
circumstances. Thhere can be no absolute
standard or degree of harm which may be
regarded as so slight that a person of ordinary
sense and temper would not complain of
theharm. It cannot be judged solely by the
measure of physical or other injury the act
causes an assault by one child or another, or
even by a grown-up prson on another, which
causes injury may still be regarded as so
slight, having regard to the way and station of
life of the parties, relation between them,
situation in which the parties are placed, and
other circumstances in which harm is caused,
that the victim ordinarily may not complain of
the harm."
ÑI;k bl ifjizs{; esa fuEu ekeyksa dks Hkh ns[ks
&
Neelam Mahajan Singh Vs. Commissioner
of Police & Others, 1994 (2) Crimes 751.
Keki Hormusji Ghorda Vs. Mehervan
Rustom Irani (2009) 6 SCC 4751.
izkbosV izfrj{kk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 96&106 izkbosV izfrj{kk dk
izko/kku djrh gSA ;s O;fDr ds vius thou
rFkk lEifÙk dh lqj{kk ds vf/kdkj dk nwljksa
ds voS/k ÑR; ls lqj{kk nsrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 96 & dksbZ ckr vijk/k ughaa
gS] tks izkbosV izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj ds iz;ksx esa
dh tkrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 97 & /kkjk 99 esa vUrfoZ"V
fucU/kuksa ds vè;/khu] gj O;fDr dks vf/kdkj
gS] fd og ekuo 'kjhj ij izHkko Mkyus okys
fdlh vijk/k ds fo:) vius 'kjhj vkSj
fdlh vU; O;fDr ds 'kjhj dh izfrj{kk djsa]
rFkk
fdlh ,sls dk;Z ds fo:) tks pksjh ywV] fjf"V
;k vkijkf/kd vfrpkj dh ifjHkk"kk esa vkus
okyk vijk/k gSa] ;k tks pksjh] ywV] fjf"V ;k
vkijkf/kd vfrpkj djus dk iz;Ru gS] viuh
;k fdlh vU; O;fDr dh] pkgs taxe] pkgs
LFkkoj lEifr dh izfrj{kk djsaA
ijUrq ;s lafgrk dh /kkjk 89 esa iz;qfDr
fuca/kuksa dk fo"k; gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 99 esa of.kZr fucZU/k ;g
izko/kku djrs gSa fd fdl lhek rd izkbosV
dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa
;g vigkfu ls vf/kd vigkfu dkfjr ugha
djsxhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 100 ;g izko/kku
djrh gS fd dc 'kjhj dks izkbosV izfrj{kk ds
vf/kdkj dk foLrkj e`R;q dkfjr djus ij dc
gksrk gSA
izfrj{kk esa okn dks lQy gksus ds fy, ;g
fl) djuk vko';d gSA fd nks"kh dks izkbZosV
izfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj miyC/k Fkk rFkk blh ds
foLrkj Lo:i e`R;q dkfjr gqbZA bl izdkj
;fn U;k;ky; vihy dks fujLr djrk gS oks
mues nks izdkj dh laHkkouk,sa gksrh gSA igys
rks ;g fd O;fDr dks izkbosV izfrj{kk dk
vf/kdkj miyC/k gksrh gSA ijUrq mles
migkfu ds vf/kd minkfu dkfjr dhA nwljk
fd nks"kh dks izkbosV izfrj{kk dk vf/kdkj
ekStwn Fkk gh ughaaA (Bhanwar Singh V.
State of MP, (2008) 16 SCC 657)
ekuo 'kjhj ij Mkyus okys izHkko & Hkkjrh;
n.M lafgrk dk v/;k; 16 mu ij izHkko
Mkyrs gSA bUgs dbZ Js.kh;ksa es foHkkftr fd;k
x;k gS rFkk buesa ls dqN izko/kku
fuEufyf[kr gS%
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
thou ds fy, ladVgkjh vijk/kksa ds fo"k; &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 304 vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k
rFkk gR;kA d euq"; }kjk nwljs euq"; dks
ekj Mkyuk ekuo o/k dgykrk gSA ;g
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds varjxr n.Muh; gSA
ekuo o/k ¼/kkjk 299½ rFkk gR;k ¼/kkjk 300½ es
varj gS vis{kk }kjk e`R;q dkfjr ejuk ¼304
¼d½ rFkk vkRegR;k ¼/kkjk 305 ls 306½
vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k ¼/kkjk 299½ esa
fuEufyf[kr vo;o gSS%
¼d½ e`R;q dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls] ;k
¼[k½ ,slh 'kkjhfjd migfr dkfjr djus ds
vk'k; ls ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO;
gks] ;k
¼x½ bl Kku ls fd ml dk;Z }kjk e`R;q
dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS] fd;k x;k gksA
ekuoo/k ftlesa mijksDr rhukas vo;oks dh
vuqifLFkfr gSA og vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k ugha
dgyk,xkA ;g izko/ku vfxze rhu O;k[;k
nsrk gS ftldh mifLFkfr rFkk vuqifLFkfr
gksus ij Hkh og vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k gksxkA
n`"Vkar & d ,d xM~<s ij ydfM+;k¡ vkSj ?kkl
bl vk'k; ls fcNkrk gS fd rn~}kjk e`R;q
dkfjr djs ;k ;g Kku j[krs gq, fcNkrk gS
fd laHkkO; gS fd rn~}kjk e`R;q dkfjr gksA ;
;g fo'okl djrs gq, fd og Hkwfe lqn<+ gS
ml ij pyrk gS] mlesa fxj iM+rk gS vkSj
ekjk tkrk gSA d us vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dk
vijk/k fd;k gSA
n`"Vkar& d ;g tkurk gS fd ; ,d >kM+h ds
ihNs gSA [k ;g ughaa tkurkA ; dh eR;q
djus ds vk'k; ls ;k ;g tkurs gq, fd
mlls ; dh eR;q dkfjr gksuk lEHkkO; gS] [k
dks ml >kM+h ij xksyh pykus ds fd, d
mRizsfjr djrk gSA [k xksyh pykrk gS vkSj ;
dks ekj Mkyrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g gks ldrk gS fd
[k fdlh Hkh vijk/k dk nks"kh u gks] fdUrq d
u vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dk vijk/k fd;k gSA
bl izko/kku ds fy, vko';d gS fd e`R;q
vo'; dkfjr gqbZ gksA ijUrq ;g dksbZ ek;us
ugha j[krk fd ftls nks"kh ekjuk pkg jgk gks
og uk ejds dksbZ vkSj O;fDr ej x;k gks tSls
gh O;fDr ejrk gks vijk/k iw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
d`R; dk rkRdkfyd ifj.kke e`R;q gksuk pkfg,
uk fd fgalk d dk nwjxkeh ifj.kkeA
vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k fd;k ugha gksrk rFkk ;g
n.Muh; gS ¼/kkjk 304½ lafgrk dh /kkjk 300
fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkijkf/kd ekuo
o/k dks gR;k ?kksf"kr djrh gSA
izFke% ;fn og dk;Z] ftlds }kjk e`R;q dkfjr
dh xbZ gks] e`R;q dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls
fd;k x;k gks] vFkok
nwljk% ;fn og ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr dkfjr
djus ds vk'k; ls fd;k x;k gks ftlls
vijk/kh tkurk fd ml O;fDr dh e`R;q
dkfjr djuk lEHkkO; gS] ftldks og vigkfu
dkfjr dh xbZ gS] vFkok
rhljk% ;fn og fdlh O;fDr dks 'kjhfjd {kfr
dkfjr djus ds vk'k; ls fd;k x;k gks vkSj
og 'kkjhfjd {kfr] ftlds dkfjr djus dk
vk'k; gks] iz—fr ds ekewyh vuqØe esa e`R;q
dkfjr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksa] vFkok
pkSFkk% ;fn dk;Z djus okyk O;fDr ;g tkurk
gks fd og dk;Z bruk vklUu ladV gS fd
iwjh vf/klEHkO;rk gS fd og e`R;q dkfjr dj
gh nsxk ;k ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr dkfjr dj gh
nsxk ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuk laHkkO; gS vkSj
og e`R;q dkfjr djus ;k iwokZDr :i dh {fr
dkfjr djus dh tksf[ke mBkus ds fy, fdlh
izfrgsrq ds fcuk ,slk dk;Z djsA bl izdkj
izR;sd gR;k ,d ekuo o/k gS ijUrq izR;sd
ekuo o/k gR;k ughaA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & ; dks ryokj ;k ykBh ls ,slk ?kko
d vk'k; djrk gS] tks iz—fr ds ekewyh
vuqØe esa fdlh euq"; dh e`R;q dkfjr djus
ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ifj.kkeLo:i ; dh e`R;q
dkfjr gks tkrh gS] ;gk¡ d gR;k dk nks"kh gS]
;|fi mldk vk'k; ; dh e`R;q dkfjr djus
dk u jgk gksA
Ray Kumar V State of Maharashtra, 2009
15 SCC 292, ds ekeys es mPpre U;k;ky;
us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd tc Hkh U;k;ky;
dks ekeys ds rF;ks ds lEeq[k ;k lkeuk
djuk iM+sA ÑR; gR;k gS fd vkijkf/kd ekuo
o/kA ml ifjfLFkfr esa leL;k dks rhu pj.kksa
es ekiuk pkfg, igys pj.k esa ;g fu/kZfjr
djuk pkfg, fd D;k nks"kh ,slk —R; fd;k gS
fd ftlesa gR;k lEHko gks bl izdkj —R;
rFkk gR;k ds lEcaf/kr rRo nwljs pj.k dh vk
tkrs gS fd D;k O;fDr }kjk fd;k x;k Vsd
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 esa varxZr vkijkf/kd
ekuo o/k gSA
;fn bl iz'u dk tokc izFke n"V ;k
lekjkRed gS rks rhljs pj.k dh 'kq#vkr
gksrh gSA tgk¡ U;k;ky; dks ;g tk¡puk iM+sxk
dh ekeyw esa lq>k,s x, rRo lafgrk dh /kkjk
300 ds varxZr lq>k, x, pkj izko/kkuksa es ls
gSA ;fn bldk tokc udkjkRed gS rks blesa
Li"V gqvk fd vijk/k vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k gS
tks fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 ds varxZr
n.Muh; gSA
;fn iz'u ldkjkRed gSA ijUrq ekeyw esa /kkjk
300 ds varxZr fn; x, vioknksa es ls dksbZ
viokn vk tkrk gSA rc Hkh vijk/k ekuo o/k
gh gksxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 esa of.kZr viokn&
1- xaHkhj mRrstuk (See K.M. Nanavati
V. State of Maharastra, AIR 1962 Sc
605)
2- izkbosV izfrj{kk
3- yksd lsod ds —R;
4- vpkud yM+kbZ
5- lgefr
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 es vUrj &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 ds e/; Hksn ij
Malville J. In Reg V. Govinda (187
ILR &1 Bom 342 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl
fu.kZ; dks vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k dkss le>us ds
lanHkZ esa dk ntkZ izkIr gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 ¼B½ rFkk 300 ¼2½ ds
e/; varj /kkjk 300 ¼2½ es vijk/kh ds bl
Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ftl O;fDr dks
migfr dkfjr dh x;h gS mldh e`R;q gksuh
lEHkkO; gSA vijk/kh ;fn ;g tkurk gS fd ;k
rks fof'k"V 'kkjhfjd lajpuk ds dkj.k ;k
vkfjiDo mez] ;k vU; fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
dkj.k {kfrxzLr O;fDr dh fdlh ,sl migfr
ls e`R;q gksus dh lEHkkouk gS ftlls
lk/kkj.kr;k e`R;q dkfjr ugha gksrh] rks vijk/k
gR;k dh dksfV esa vk;sxkA 93 /kkjk 299 [k.M
¼[k½ ds varxZr ,slk Kku visf{kr ughaa gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 299 ¼[k½ rFkk /kkjk 300 ¼3½
ds e/; varj &
buesa dkfjr vijk/k] vkijkf/kd ekuo&o/k
gksxk ;fn vk'kf;r 'kjhfjd migfr ,slh gS
ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuh lEHkkO; gS] ;g rc
gR;k gksxh tc 'kkjhfjd migfr ,slh gS tks
iz—fr ds ekewyh vuqØe esa e`R;q dkfjr djus
ds fy, i;kZIr gSA ;g vUrj ;|fi cgqr
lw{e gS fQj Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA
(See State of Andra Pradesh V. Rayavarapu
Punnayya and another, 1977 Cr. L.J. 1
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Augustine Saldanha V. State of Karnataka,
2003 Cri LJ 4458] Shri Harendra Nath Barah
V. State of Assam JT 2007 ¼2½ SC 404)
Virsa Singh V. State of Punjab, 1958 Cri, L.J
818 ds ekeyw esa mPpre U;k;ky; us lafgrk
dh /kkjk 300 ¼3½ dh O;k[;k dhA U;k;ky;
ds vuqlkj vfHk;kstuk i{k dks ekeys dks /kkjk
300 ¼3½ ds varxZr ykus ls igys fuEufyf[kr
rF; fl) djus gksaxsA
1- ;g LFkkfir djuk gksxk fd 'kkjhfjd {kfr
gqbZ gSA
2- {kfr ds izdkj dks fl) djuk gksxk ;g
,d oSdfYid Nkuchu gSA
3- ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd bl {kfr dk
vk'k; Fkk u fd ;g nq?kZVuk o'k rFk vu;
dkj.kksa ls gqbZ gS ,d ckj tc ;s rhuksa rRo
fl) gks tkrs gSA rc pkSFks rRo dh ckjh vkrh
gSA
4- vc ;g fl) djuk gksxk fd Åij of.kZr
vfr ,d lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa es e`R;q dk
dkj.k gks ldrh gSA bl izdkj ;g Nkuchu
iw.kZr% oLrqfu"B gSA rFkk bldk vijk/kh ds
vk'k; ls dqN ysuk nsuk ughaA
bl izdkj fojlk flag ds ekeys es lq>k, x,
fu;e ds vuqlkj ;fn vijk/kh dk vk'k;
flQZ ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr nsuk gSA ftles e`R;q
gks ldrh gSA ijUrq mudk vk'k; e`R;q dkfjr
djuk ugha Fkk ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vijk/k gR;k
gksxkA (See illustration (c) to S 300 of the
IPC)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 300( ¼2½ ds vuqlkj e`R;q dk
vk'k; ,d vko';d rRo ugha gS blds fy,
flQZ 'kjhfjd efr dk vk'k; flQZ bl Kku
ds lkFk fd ;g e`R; dkfjr dj ldrk gSA
302 ds fy, ,d lqLi"V vk/kkj gSA /kkjk 299
¼2½ ds fy, ,d lkFk vkisf{kr ughaa gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 302
lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 gR;k ds fy, n.M dk
izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 302 nks izdkj ds n.M
dk izko/kku djrh gSA e`R;qn.M ;k vkthou
dkjkokl rFkk vU; izdkj ds tqekZuksa dk
izko/kku djrh gSA
e`R;qn.M& cpu flag cuke iatkc jkT; AIR
1980 SC 898 ds ekeys esa loS/kkfud csap us
e`R;qn.M ds oS|rk dks lafo/kku dh /kkjk 19 o
21 ds fo#) mfpr Bgjk;kA U;k;ky; us
fuEufyf[kr rFkk lq>k, gSA vR;Ur xaHkhj
rFkk dBksj vijk/kksa ds ekeys es e`R;qn.M es
izko/kkuksa dks Vkyk ugha tk ldrkA
2- e`R;qn.M ds igys U;k;ky; dks vijk/kksa dh
rFkk vijk/k dh ifjfLFkfr dks lkspuk pkfg,A
3- vkthou dkjkokl ,d fu;e gS rFkk
e`R;qn.M ,d viokn nwljs 'kCnksa es e`R;qn.M
rHkh iznku djuk pkfg, tc U;k;ky; dks
yxs fd vkthou dkjkokl vijk/k d xaHkhjrk
dh rqyuk es de gSA
4- ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj.k vko';d gSA bl
fu.kZ; dk Machi Singh V State of Punjab
(1983) 3 SCC 470 esa vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 tSlk fd igys mYYsf[kr
fd;k x;k gS fd lafgrk fd /kkjk 304
vkijkf/kd ekuo o/k esa n.M dk izko/kku
djrh gSA bl /kkjk ds nks Hkkx gSA ¼1½ tgk¡
ij e`R;q ds vk'k; ls
—R; fd;k x;k ;k ,slh 'kkjhfjd {kfr igq¡pkbZ
xbZ tks e`R;q dk dkj.k cusA
5- bl Kku ds lkFk —R; djuk fd og e`R;q
dk dkj.k cus
/kkjk 304 ¼A½ mis{kk ds dkj.k eR;qdkfjr
gksuk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 mu ekeyksa ls lEcaf/kr
gS tks mis{kk rFkk mukoysiu ls lEcaf/kr gSA
mrkoysiu dk vFkZ gS tYnckth esa fd;k x;k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dk;Z ogh mis{kkiw.kZ dk;Z dk vFkZ gS ,slk dk;Z
tks lko/kkuhiwoZd u fd;k x;k gksA
mrkoysiu rFkk mis{kkiw.kZ fd;k x;k izR;sd
e`R;q /kkjk 304A dh ifjf/k esa ugha vkrh /kkjk
304A esa /kkjk 299 rFkk 300 ds rRo 'kkfey
ugha gSA
Mohammed Aynuddun and Miyam V.
State of A.P. (2000) 7SCC 72 ds ekeys esa
vihydrkZ cl dk pkyd Fkk mlus cl esa
;k=h cSBk;s rFkk og pyk rks ,d ;k=h cl
ls uhps fxj iM+k rFkk cl ds ifg,s ds uhps
vkus ls mldh e`R;q gks xbZA mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ekeyk
304A ds varxZr ugha vkrk D;ksfd ;g
mis{kkiw.kZ d`R; ugha gS rFkk U;k;ky; us Li"V
fd;k fd mrkoysiu dk d`R; tYnckth dk
d`R; gS ijUrqq ;g tkucw> dj vijk/k djus
ls iw.kZr% fHkUu gSA
n`"Vkar & rsth ls vkrs ,d Vªd us [kqys eSnku
esa okgu eksM+rs gq, ,d >ksiM+h esa VDdj
ekjrk gS ftlls >ksiM+h esa lks;s O;fDr dh
e`R;q gks tkrh gSA ekeyk lafgrk dh /kkjk
304A ds varxZr ntZ gqvk uk fd 304 Hkkx
II ds varxZr( D;ksfd Mªkboj esa tkucw> dj
;g d`R; ugha fd;k (See State of Gujarat V.
Haidar Ali (1971) 1 SCC 889)
is'ksoj mis{kk,as rFkk lafgrk dh /kkjk 304A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 304A vDlj fpfdRlk
is'kkojksa ds Åij is'ksoj mis{kkvksa ds lanHkZ esa
yxrh jgrh gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us Jacob
Matthew V. State of Punjab and Another
(2005) 6 SCC 1 ds ekeys es iwoZ esa Dr.
Suresh Gupta V. Government of NCT of Delhi
(2004) 6 SCC 422 ds fu.kZ; dks nksgjk;kA
U;k;ky; us vU;k;U; ds lkFk ;g Li"V
fd;k fd mis{k fnokuh rFkk QkStnkjh ekeyksa
esa vyx&2 gksrh gS rFkk tks d`R; fnokuh
ekeyksa es mis{kkiw.kZ gks ;g vko';d ugha fd
os QkStnkjh ekeyksa es mis{kkiw.kZ gks ;g
vko';d ugha fd os QkStnkjh ekeyksa esa Hkh
mis{kkiw.kZ gksA mis{kk dk vijk/k ds lnHkZ esa
;g vko';d gS fd mlesa Mensrea dh gks
rFkk QkStnkjh mis{kkvksa esa ;g vko';d gS fd
mis{kk dh ek=k dkQh T;knk gksA os mis{kk,s
tks u rks cgqr xaHkhj gS rFkk ugha cgqr cM+h
gSA mUgas fnokuh ekeyksa essa vk/kkj fey ldrk
gSA ijUrq os vfHk;kstu ds fy, vk/kkj ugha ns
ldrsA U;k;ky; us fpfdfRl; is'ksojksa dks
QkStnkjh dkuwu ds v/khu mis{kk ds fy,
vfHk;kstu gsrq ,d ijh{k.k lq>k;k gSA ;g
n'kkZuk gksxk fd nks"kh us dqN ,slk d`R; fd;k
gS ;k oks d`R; ugha dj ik;k tks fd ekStwnk
rF;ksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d lkekU;
fpfdRld dj ldrk FkkA (See also, martin
F.D. Souza V. Mond Ishtaq 2009 SCC 1)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 rFkk 309
lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 vkRegR;k ds nq"izsj.k ds
fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA nq"izsj.k dks
lafgrk ds v/;k; 5 esa O;kf[kr fd;k x;k gSA
nq"izsj.k dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 107 esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gSA nq"izsj.k ds fuEufyf[kr rRo
gSA
1- vijk/k djus ds fy, mdlkuk
2- vijk/k ds fy, "kM+;a= esa 'kkfey gksuk
3- vijk/k es lgk;rk igq¡pkuk
fdlh dR; dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 dh ifjf/k
es vkus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd oks lafgrk
dh /kkjk 107 dh ifjf/k esa vo'; vk;sA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 rFkk Hkkjrh; lk{;
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133¼1½ Hkkjrh; lk{;
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133¼A½ ;g izko/kku djrh
gS fd tc ;g iz'u dks fd fdlh efgyk }kjk
vkRegR;k mlds ifr ;k vU; fj'rsnkj ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nq"izsj.k dk ifj.kke gS rc fuEufyf[kr rRo
/;ku esa j[kus pkfg,A
& mlus vius fookg ds 7 o"kZ ds Hkhrj
vkRegR;k dh gSA
& mlds ifr o vU; fj'rsnkj ml ij
Øwjrk djrs FksA
U;k;ky; leLr ifjfLFkfr rFkk rF;ksa ds
ifjizs{; esa eku ldrk gS fd vkRegR;k djus
ds fy, mlds ifr o vU; fj'rsnkjksa us
nq"izsfjr fd;k pw¡fd ,slk djuk cgqr cM+h
lkekftd rFkk U;kf;d vko';drk FkhA /;ku
nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd izFker% U;k;ky; ds
fy, ;g vo/kkj.kk djuk vko';d ugha gS
f}rh; U;k;ky; vo/kkj.kk djus ds igys
vU; leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u dj
ldrk gS rFkk mlds vuq:i og vo/kkj.kk
dj Hkh ldrk gSA vkSj ugha gSA
rrh; vo/kkj.kk lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 133
ds varxZr [k.Muh; gSA See Ramesh Kumar
V. State of Chattisgarh (2001 9 SCC 618( and
Rajbabu and Another V state of Madhya
Pradesh AOIR 2008 SC 3212.)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 309 vkRegR;k djus okys
O;fDr;ksa ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrk gSA
migfr& ¼/kkjk 319 ls 338 rd½ tks dksbZ
fdlh O;fDr dks 'kkjhfjd ihM+k] jksx ;k vax&
'kSfFkY; dkfjr djrk gS] og migfr djrk gS]
;g dgk tkrk gSA ¼/kkjk 319½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 130 ?kksj migfr dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
igy & iqalRogj.kA
nwljk & nksuksa esa ls fdlh us= dh n`f"V dk
LFkk;h foPNsnA
rhljk & nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh dku dh Jo.k
'kfDr dk LFkk;h foPNsnA
pkSFkk & fdlh Hkh vax ;k tksM+ dk foPNsn
ikapoka & fdlh Hkh vax ;k tksM+ dh 'kfDr;ksa
dks uk'k ;k LFkk;h gkzlA
NBk & flj ;k psgjs dk LFkk;h fonzwihdj.kA
lkroka & vfLFk ;k nkar dk Hkax ;k foal/kkuA
vkBoka & dksbZ migfr tks thou dks
ladVkiUu djrh gS ;k ftlds migr O;fDr
chl fnu rd rhoz 'kkjhfjd ihM+k esa jgrk gS
;k vius ekewyh dkedkt dks djus ds fy,
vleFkZ jgrk gSA
migfr rFkk xaHkhj migfr nksuk gh lafgrk ds
v/khu n.Muh; gS lafgrk dh /kkjk 321 LosPNk
?kksj migfr dk izko/kku djrh gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks ykBh ls ekjus dk iz;kl
djrk gS] C chp esa e/;LFkk djrk gS] ijUrq
A dh ykBh C dks iM+ tkrh gS] gkykafd og
B dks ekjuk pkg jgk FkkA A us lafgrk dh
/kkjk 323 ds vuq:i vijk/k fd;k gSA
State of Karnataka V. Shivlingalah AIR 1988
SC 115] ds ekeys esa nks"kh ihfM+r ds v.Mdks"k
nck nsrk gS] ftlls ihfM+r dh rRdky e`R;q
gks tkrh gS] ;gk¡ iwjh ?kVuk vpkud ls ?kfVr
gksrh gS] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd nks"kh dk
e`R;q dkfjr djus dk dksbZ bjknk ugha Fkk rFkk
u gh mls bl d`R; ds ifj.kke dk Kku Fkk]
vr% nks"kh dh d`R; lafgrk dh /kkjk 325 ds
varxZr vkrk gSA
O;igj.k] vigj.k rFkk vU; vijk/kksa ds lanHkZ
¼/kkjk 359 , 374½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 359 d vuqlkj O;igj.k nks
izdkj dk gksrk gSA ¼1½ Hkkjr esa ls O;igj.k]
vkSj ¼2½ fof/kiw.kZ laj{kdrk esa O;igj.kA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 361 ds vuqlkj & tks dksbZ
fdlh vizkIrO; dks] ;fn og uj gks] rks lksyg
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
o"kZ ls de vk;q okys dks] ;k ;fn og ukjh gks
rks] vV~Bkjg o"kZ ls de vk;q okyh dks ;k
fdlh fod`rfpr O;fDr dks] ,sls vizIro; ;k
fod`rfpr O;fDr ds fof/kiw.kZ laj{kd dh
laj{kdrk esa ls ,sls laj{kd dh lgefr ds
fcuk ys tkrk gS ;k cgdk ys tkrk gS] og
,sls vizIro; ;k ,sls O;fDr dk fof/kiw.kZ
laj{kdrk esa ls O;igj.k djrk gS] ;g dgk
tkrk gSA
mPpre U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj /kkjk 361 esa
iz;qDr 'kCn ys tkuk dk vFkZ vko';d :i ls
cyiwoZd ys tkuk ugha gS] (Thakor lal V
Vadgame V. State of Gujarat (1973) 2SCC
413)
n`"Vkar & A tks fd B dk fj'rsnkj ugha gS
mls viuh dkj esa cSBkus ds fy, pkWdysV dk
izyksHku nsrk gSA B mldh dkj esa cSB tkrk
gS bl izdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk 361 ds vuqlkj
A us B dk O;igj.k fd;k gSA lafgrk dh
/kkjk 362 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd tc dksbZ
fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh LFkku ls tkus ds fy,
cy }kjk foo'k djrk gS] ;k fdUgha izoapukiw.kZ
mik;ksa }kjk mRizsfjr djrk gS] og ml O;fDr
dk vigj.k djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 364A dks 1993 ds la'kks/ku
}kjk tksM+k x;kA bldk mn~ns'; ml vijk/k
ds fy, xaHkhj n.M dk izko/kku djuk Fkk tc
O;igj.k ds ckn dksbZ Hkh fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks
fujks/k esa j[krk gS vkSj ,sls O;fDr dks eR;q ;k
migfr dkfjr djus dh /kedh nsrk gS] vFkok
vius vkpj.k }kjk ,slh ;qfDr;qDr vka'kdk
mRiUu djrk gS fd ,sls O;fDr dh gR;k ;k
migfr dkfjr dh tk ldrh gS vFkok ,sls
O;fDr dks migfr ;k e`R;q] ljdkj dks fdlh
dk;Z dks djus ;k dk;Z dks djus ls fojr
jgus vFkok eqfDr&/ku vnk djus ds fy,
ck/; djus ds mn~ns'; ls dkfjr djrk gSA
;kSu vijk/k lafgrk dh /kkjk 35 ds 377&
lafgrk dh /kkjk 375 rFkk 376 cykRla?k ls
lacaf/kr gSA
tks iq#"k ,rfLeu~ i'pkr~ viokfnr n'kk ds
flok; fdlh L=h ds lkFk fuEufyf[kr N%
izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ls fdlh ifjfLFkfr
esa eSFkqu djrk gS] og iq#"k ^^cykRlax djrk
gS] ;g dgk tkrk gS%&
igyk & ml L=h dh lgefr ds fcukA
nwljk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] mldh
lgefr] mls ;k ,sls fdlh O;fDr dks] ftlls
og fgrc) gS] e`R;q ;k migfr ds Hk; esa
Mkydj vfHkizkIr dh x;h gSA
rhljk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] tcfd og
iq#"k ;g tkurk gS fd og ml L=h dk ifr
ughaa gS vkSj ml L=h us lgefr blfy, nh gS
D;kasfd og fo'okl djrh gS] fd og ,slk
iq#"k gS ftlls og fof/kiwoZd fookfgr gS ;k
fookfgr gksus dk fo'okl djrh gSA
pkSFkk & ml L=h dh lgefr ls] tcfd ,slh
lgefr nsus ds le; og fod`rfpr ;k eÙkrk
ds dkj.k ;k ml iq#"k }kjk O;fDrxr :i ls
;k fdlh vU; O;fDr ds ek/;e ls dksbZ laKk
'kwU;dkjh ;k vLokLF;dj inkFkZ fn;s tkus ds
dkj.k] ml ckr dh] ftlds ckjs esa og
lgefr nsrh gS] izd`fr vkSj ifj.kkeksa dks
le>us esa vleFkZ gSA
ik¡pok¡ & ml L=h dh lgefr ls ;k fcuk
lgefr ds] tcfd og lksyg o"kZ ls de vk;q
dh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 375 ;g Li"V djrh gSA fd
cykRla?k es vijk/k ds fy, vko';d eSFkqu
cSBd ?kfVr djus ds fy, izos'ku i;kZIr gSA
iq#"k dk viuh ifRu ds lkFk eSFkqu cykRla?k
ugha gSA tcfd ifRu 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh
ugha gSA 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh ls de vk;q
dh ugha gSA 15 o"kZ ls de vk;q dh mez dh
yM+dh }kjk nh xbZ Lohdfr lkj ghu gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
(Bishnu Dayal V. State of Bihar, AIR 1981
Sc 39)
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd cpko dk
;g dksbZ vk/kkj ugha gksxkA D;ksafd ihfM+rk 16
o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh gSA rFkk og viuh
Loh—fr ns ldrh gSA
(State of Uttar Predesh V. Manoj Kumar
Pandey) flQZ bl vk/kkj ij ihfM+rk dk
dFku fujLr ugha fd;k la;ksx dh vkfn gSA
State of Uttar Preadeh V. om 1999 Cr. L.J.
5030
lafgrk dh /kkjk cykRlax ds fy, n.M
cykRlax ds fy, de ls de n.M lkr o"kZ
dh dSn rFkk tqekZuk gSa tc ,d ;k ,d ls
vf/kd O;fDr lekU; vk'; ls vfxze gksdj
fdlh efgyk ds lkFk cykRla?k djrs gS] ml
ifjfLFkfr esa muesa ls izR;sd O;fDr lkeqfgd
cykRlax ds fy, nks"kh gksxhA
Promod Mehto V. State of Bihar AIR 1989 SC
1475 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fdlk fd tc pkj yksx feydj cykRdj
djrs gS rFkk fpfdfRl; tk¡p cykRlsu fl)
djrh gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa nks"kh dks fl)
fd;s fcuk fd og dR; esa 'kkfey Fks ;k ugha
okn yk;k tk ldrkA
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114A & Lohdfr
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114A lafgrk dh
/kkjk 376 ¼2½ ds varxZr cykRlax ds
vfHk;kstu ds lanHkZ esa ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd
& ;g fl) gks x;k gS fd eSFkqu gqvk gS
& iz'u ;g gS fd ;g ihfM+r efgyk dh
Lohd`fr ls gqvk ;k ugha
& U;k;ky; ds lkeus ihfM+r ;g lk{; nsrh
gS fd mlus Lohd`fr ugha nh Fkh
& rc U;k;ky; ;g eku ysrk gS fd mldh
Lohd`fr ugha FkhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 377
Naz Foundation V. Goct of ct and others, 2010
Cri L.J. 94 ds ekeys esa mPp U;k;ky; us ;g
Li"V fd;k fd
lafgrk dh /kkjk 377 }kjk O;Ldks }kjk ,dkar
esa vke ls ;kSu d`R; dks vkijkf/kd ?kksf"kr
dj lafo/kku dh /kkjk 21] 14] rFkk 15 dk
mYya?ku gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 377 fcuk lgefr ds xqnk
eSFkqu] i'kq eSFkqu vkfn dks vijk/k ekurh
jgsxhA
18 o"kZ ls de vk;w dk O;fDr ds lanHkZ esa ;g
ekuk tk,xk fd og ;kSu d`R; ds fy, viuh
Lohd`fr ugha ns ldrkA
lgefr ds fo#) vijk/k
lafgrk dh /kkjk 378 rFkk 379 pksjh & tks
dksbZ fdlh O;fDr ds dCts esa ls] ml O;fDr
dh lgefr ds fcuk] dksbZ taxe lEifr
csbZekuh ls ys ysus dk vk'k; j[krs gq,] og
lEifÙk ,sls ysus ds fy, gVkrk gS] og pksjh
djrk gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
pksjh ds fo"k; esa vko';d gS fd
fdlh O;fDr dh taxe lgefr dks fcu
Lohd`fr ys ysuk
dksbZ taxe lgefr csbekuh ds vk'k; ls
j[kukA
bl izdkj fcuk Lohd`fr rFkk csbZekuh dk
vk'k; pksjh ds vko';d rRo gSA fdlh
O;fDr }kjk csbekuh ds vk'k; dk rkRi;Z ;g
gS fd nwljs dh lgefr dks O;fDr Lo;a ds
ykHk ds vk'k; ls ys ysrk gS] vFkok voS/k
rjhdkas dk iz;ksx djrk rFkk mlds fy,
fof/kd vf/kdkjh ugha gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & d viuh tsc esa dqÙkksa ds fy,
yypkus okyh oLrq j[krk gS] vkSj bl izdkj
; ds dqÙkksa dks vius ihNs pyus ds fy,
mRizsfjr djrk gSA ;gk¡ ;fn d dk vk'k; ;
dh lgefr ds fcuk ; ds dCts esa ls ml
dqÙks dks csbZekuh ls ysuk gks] rks T;ksa gh ; ds
dqÙks us d ds ihNs pyuk vkjEHk fd;k] d us
pksjh dhA
n`"Vkar & ewY;oku oLrqvksa dh iaVh ys tkrs
gq, ,d cSy d dks ns[krk gSA og ml cSy
dks blfy, ,d [kkl fn'kk esa gkadrk gS] fd
os ewY;oku oLrq,sa csbZekuh ls ys ldsA T;ksa gh
ml cSy us xfreku gksuk izkjEHk fd;k] d us
ewY;oku oLrq,sa pksjh dhaA
n`"Vkar & ; ;k=k dks tkrs le; viuh IysV
ykSVdj vkus rd] d dks] tks ,d HkkM+k
uxkfjd gS] U;Lr dj nsrk gSA d ml IysV
dks ,d lqukj ds ikl ys tkrk gS vkSj og
IysV csp nsrk gSA ;gk¡ og IysV ; ds dCts esa
ughaa Fkh] blfy, og ; ds dCts es ls ugha yh
tk ldrh Fkh vkSj d us pksjh ughaa dh gS]
pkgs mlus vkijkf/kd U;klHkax fd;k gksA
n`"Vkar & ftl x`g ij ; dk vf/k;ksx gS]
mlesa est ij ; dh vaxwBh d dks feyrh gSA
;gk¡] og vaxqBh ; ds dCts esa gS] vkSj ;fn d
mldks csbZekuh ls gVkrk gS] rks og pksjh
djrk gSA
KN Mehra V. State of Rajasthan ds ekeys esa
,d dSfMV fcuk vkKk ds ,d gokbZ tgkt ys
mM+rk gS rFkk mls ikfdLrku dh lhek esa ys
tkrk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa U;k;ky; us
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g pksjh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 383 mn~nkiu
lafgrk dh /kkjk 383 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ
fdlh O;fDr dks Lo;a ml O;fDr dks ;k
fdlh vU; O;fDr dks dksbZ {kfr djus ds Hk;
esa lk'k; Mkyrk gS] vkSj rn~}kjk bl izdkj
Hk; esa Mkys x, O;fDr dks] dksbZ lEifÙk ;k
ewY;oku izfrHkwfr ;k gLrk{kfjr ;k eqnzkafdr
dksbZ pht] ftls ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa ifjofrZr
fd;k tk lds] fdlh O;fDr dks ifjnÙk djus
ds fy, csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gS] og
^^mn~nkiu** djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ;g /kedh nsrk gS fd
;fn d dks dqN /ku nsus ds lEc/k esa vius
vkidks vkc) djus okyk ,d opui=
gLrk{kfjr djds d dks ifjnÙk ughaa dj nsrk]
rks og ; ds f'k'kq dks lnks"k ifjjks/k esa
j[ksxkA ; opui= gLrk{kfjr djds d dks
ifjnÙk dj nsrk gSA d us mn~nkiu fd;k gSA
n`"Vkar & d ;g /kedh nsrk gS fd ;fn] [k
dks dqN mit ifjnÙk djkus ds fy,
'kkfLr;qDr cU/ki= gLrk{kfjr ughaa djsxk vkSj
[k dks u nsxk] rks og ; ds [ksr dks tksr
Mkyus ds fy, yBSr Hkst nsxk vkSj rn~}kjk ;
dks og cU/ki= gLrk{kfjr djus ds fy, vkSj
ifjnÙk djus ds fy, mRizsfjr djrk gSA d us
mn~nkiu fd;k gSA
n`"Vkar & d ; dks ?kksj migfr djus ds Hk;
esa Mkydj csbZekuh ls ; dks mRizsfjr djrk gS
fd og ,d dksjs dkxt ij gLrk{kj dj ns
;k viuh eqnzk yxk ns vkSj mls d dks ifjnÙk
dj nsA ;g ml dkxt ij gLrk{kj djds
mls d dks ifjnÙk nsrk gSA ;gk¡] bl izdkj
gLrk{kfjr dkxt ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa
ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, d us
mn~nkiu fd;k gSA
Chander Kala V. Ram Kishan ds ekeys esa
,d Ldwy dk gSMekLVj fo|ky; dh efgyk
f'kf{kdk dks rhu dksjs dkxtksa ij gLrk{kj
djus dks dgrk gS] vU;Fkk og mldk 'khy
Hkax djus dh /kedh nsrk gS] mPpre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g
mn~nhiu gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk % ywV
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lafgrk dh /kkjk 390 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
pksjh ^^ywV** gS] ;fn ml pksjh dks djus ds
fy,] ;k ml pksjh ds djus esa ;k ml pksjh
}kjk vfHkizkIr lEifÙk dks ys tkus ;k ys tkus
dk iz;Ru djus esa] vijk/kh ml mn~ns'; ls
LosPN;k fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q] ;k migfr ;k
mldk lnks"k vojks/k ;k rRdky e`R;q dk] ;k
rRdky migfr dk] ;k rRdky lnks"k vojks/k
dk Hk; dkfjr djrk gS ;k dkfjr djus dk
iz;Ru djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & mn~nkiu dc ywV gS & mn~nkiu
^^ywV** gS] ;fn vijk/kh og mn~nkiu djrs
le; Hk; esa Mkys x, O;fDr dh mifLFkfr esa
gSa] vkSj ml O;fDr dks Lo;a mldh ;k fdlh
vU; O;fDr dh rRdky e`R;q ;k rRdky
migfr ;k rRdky lnks"k vojks/k ds Hk; esa
Mkydj ;g mn~nkiu djrk gS vkSj bl izdkj
Hk; esa Mkydj bl izdkj Hk; esa Mkys x,
O;fDr dks mn~nkiu dh tkus okyh pht mlh
le; vkSj ogk¡ gh ifjnÙk djus ds fy,
mRizsfjr djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; dks ncksp ysrk gS] vkSj ; ds
diMs+ esa ls ; dk /ku vkSj vkHkw"k.k ; dh
lgefr ds fcuk diViwoZd fudky nsrk gSA
;gk¡] d us pksjh dh gS vkSj og pksjh djus ds
fy, LosPN;k ; dks lnks"k vojks/k dkfjr
djrk gSA blfy, d us ywV dh gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; ls dgdj] lEifÙk vfHkizkIr
djrk gS fd ^^rqEgkjk f'k'kq esjh Vksyh ds gkFkksa
esa gS] ;fn rqe gekjs ikl nl gtkj #i;k
ughaa Hkst nksxs] rks og ekj Mkyk tk,xkA** ;g
mn~nkiu gS] vkSj blh #i esa n.Muh; gS]
fdUrq ;g ywV ughaa gS] tc rd ; dks mlds
f'k'kw dh rRdky e`R;q ds Hk; esa u Mkyk
tk,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 403 lEifÙk dk csbekuh ls
nqfoZfu;ksx &
lafgrk esa dgh ij Hkh nqfoZfu;ksx dks ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 403
lEifÙk dk csbekuh ls nqfoZfu;ksx ij ppkZ
djrh gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; dh lEifÙk dks ml le;
tcfd d ml lEifÙk dks ysrk gS] ;g
fo'okl j[krs gq, fd viuh Hkwy ekywe gksus
ds i'pkr~ ml csbZekuh ls vius fy,
nqfoZfu;ksx dj ysrk gS] rks og bl /kkjk ds
v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA
n`"Vkar & d] tks ; dk fe= gS] ; dh
vuqifLFkfr esa ; ds iqLrdky esa tkrk gS vkSj
; dh vfHkO;Dr lgefr ds fcuk ,d iqLrd
ys tkrk gSA ;gk¡] ;gn d dk ;g fopkj Fkk
fd i<+us ds iz;kstu ds fy, iqLrd ysus dh
mldks ; dh foof{kr lgefr izkIr gS] rks d
us pksjh ughaa dh gSA fdUrq ;fn d ckn esa ml
iqLrd dks vius Qk;ns ds fy, csp nsrk gS]
rks og bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh
gSA dsoy dqN le; ds fy, csbekuh ls
nqfoZfu;ksx djrk bl /kkjk ds vFkZ ds varxZr
nqfoZfu;ksx gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 403 ds nks Li"Vhdj.k gSA
izFke Li"Vhdj.k ds vuqlkj
n`"Vkar & d dks ; dk ,d ljdkjh opui=
feyrk gS] ftl ij fujad i`"Bkadu gSA d] ;g
tkurs gq, fd ;g opui= ; dk gS] mls
_.k ds fy, izfrHkwfr ds :i esa cSadkj ds ikl
bl vk'k; ls fxjoh j[k nsrk gS fd og
Hkfo"; esa mls ; dks izR;kofrZr dj nsxkA d
us bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k fd;k gSA
n`"Vkar & ftl O;fDr dks ,slh lEifÙk iM+h
fey tkrh gS] tks vU; O;fDr ds dCts esa ughaa
gS vkSj og mlds Lokeh ds fy, mldks
lajf{kr j[kus ;k mlds Lokeh dks mls
izR;kofrZr djus ds iz;kstu ls ,slh lEifÙk
dks ysrk gS] og u rks csbZekuh ls mls ysrk gS
vkSj u csbZekuh ls mldk nqfoZfu;ksx djrk gS]
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vkSj fdlh vijk/k dk nks"kh ughaa gS] fdUrq og
Åij ifjHkkf"kr vijk/k dk nks"kh gS] ;fn og
mlds Lokeh dks tkurs gq, ;k [kkst fudkyus
ds lk/ku j[krs gq, vFkok mlds Lokeh dks
[kkst fudkyrs vkSj lwpuk nsus ds ;qfDr;qDr
lk/ku mi;ksx esa ykus vkSj mlds Lokeh dks
mldh ekax djus dks leFkZ djus ds fy, ml
lEifÙk dks ;qfDr;qDr le; rd j[ks j[kus ds
iwoZ mldks vius fy, fofu;ksftr dj ysrk
gSA
n`"Vkar & d dks jktekxZ ij ,d #i;k iM+k
feyrk gSA ;g u tkurs gq, fd ,d #i;k
fdldk gS d ml #i;s dks mBk ysrk gSA
;gk¡ d us bl /kkjk esa ifjHkkf"kr vijk/k ughaa
fd;k gSA
n`"Vkar & d dks ,d lM+d ij ,d fpV~Bh
iM+h feyrh gS] ftlesa ,d cSad uksV gSA ml
fpV~Bh esa fn, gq, funs'k vkSj fo"k;oLrq ls
mls Kkr gks tkrk gS fd og uksV fdldk gSA
og ml uksV dk fofu;ksx dj ysrk gSA og
bl /kkjk ds v/khu vijk/k dk nks"kh gSA
n`"Vkar & d ns[krk gS fd ; dh ftlesa /ku
gS] ls fxj x;k gSA d og FkSyh ; dks
izR;kofrZr djus ds vk'k; ls mBk ysrk gSA
fdUrq rRi'pkr~ mls vius mi;ksx ds fy,
fofu;ksftr dj ysrk gSA d us bl /kkjk ds
v/khu vijk/k fd;k gSA
vkijkf/kd U;kl Hkax ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk
405&409½
tc dksbZ lEifÙk ;k lEifÙk ij dksbZ Hkh
v[R;kj fdlh izdkj vius dks U;Lr fd,
tkus ij ml lEifÙk dk csbZekuh ls
nqfoZfu;ksx dj ysrk gS ;k mls vius mi;ksx
esa laifjofrZr dj ysrk gS ;k ftl izdkj ,slk
U;kl fuoZgu fd;k tkrk gS] mldks fofgr
djus okyh fof/k ds fdlh funs'k dk] ;k ,sls
U;k; ds fuoZgu ds ckjs esa mlds }kjk dh xbZ
fdlh vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr oS/k lafonk dk
vfrØe.k djds csbZekuh ls ml lEifÙk dk
mi;ksx ;k O;;u djrk gS] ;k tkucw>dj
fdlh vU; O;fDr dk ,slk djuk lgu djrk
gS] og ^^vkijkf/kd U;klHkax** djrk gSA
;fn pqjk;k x;k /ku O;fDr }kjk izkIr dj
fy;k tkrk gS rFkk ;fn og izkIr djus esa
vleFkZ gS rc rRo lafgrk dh /kkjk 406&409
ds vuqlkj vijk/k d`R; fd;k gSA 'kq#vkr esa
vfHk;kstu ij gksrh gS fd mUgksus /ku izkIr
dj fy;kA rnqijkUr nks"kh dh ;g ftEesnkjh
gksrh gS og fl) djs fd mlesa mldks vius
iz;ksx ds fy, iz;qDr ugha fd;kA ,d ckj
lkSaik ikuk fl) gks tk, fQj nks"kh dks ;g
fl) djrk gksxk fd mldks lkSais x;s lkeku
dks dSls iz;ksx fd;kA
(See N. Bhargavan Pillai V. State of
Kerala AIR 2004 SC (2417) Mustafikhan
V. state of Maharastra 1SCC 623)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 415 ls 420 Ny
n`"Vkar & tc dksbZ fdlh O;fDr ls izoapuk
dj ml O;fDr dks] ftls bl izdkj izoafpr
fd;k x;k gSA diViwoZd ;k csbZekuh ls
mRizsfjr djrk gS fd og dksbZ lEifÙk fdlh
O;fDr dks ifjnÙk dj ns] ;k ;g lgefr ns ns
fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh lEifÙk dks j[ks ;k
lk'k; ml O;fDr dks] ftls bl izdkj
izoafpr fd;k x;k gS] mRiszfjr djrk gS fd
og ,slk dksbZ dk;Z ij] ;k djus dk yksi djs
ftls og ;fn mls bl izdkj izoafpr u fd;k
x; gksrk rks] u djrk] ;k djus dk yksi u
djrk] vkSj ftl dk;Z ;k yksi ls ml O;fDr
dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] [;kfr lEcU/kh ;k
lkEifÙkd uqdlku ;k vigkfu dkfjr gksrh gS]
;k dkfjr gksuh lEHkkO; gS] og ^^Ny** djrk
gS] ;g dgk tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d] ; dks fdlh oLrq dk] udyh
lSEiy fn[kk dj ; ls lk'k; izoapuk djds]
mls ;g fo'okl djkrk gS fd og oLrq ml
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lSEiy ds vuq:i gS] vkSj rn~}kjk ml oLrq
dks [kjhnus vkSj mldk ewY; pwdkus ds fy,
; dks csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr djrk gSA d Ny
djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d ,sls uxksa dks] ftudks og tkurk
gS fd os ghjs ughaa gS] ghjksa ds :i esa fxjoh
j[k dj ; ls lk'k; izoapuk djrk gS] vkSj
rn~}kjk /ku m/kkj nsus ds fy, ; dks csbZekuh
ls mRizsfjr djrk gSA d Ny djrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 417 Ny ¼415½ ds fy, n.M
dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;gk¡ ij flfoy ekeyksa
ds fookn rFkk Ny ds e/; vUrj t:jh gSA
gkykafd ,d lafonk dks Hkax djuk ,d
QkStnkjh ekeyk ugha gksxkA D;ksafd flQZ
lafonk Hkax djuk lafgrk dh /kkjk 415 rFkk
420 ds fy, mi;qDr vk/kkj ugha gSA (See V.
Y. Jose and Another V. state of Gujrat and
(2009) 3SCC Y8( All cargo movers (I)
Pvt. Ltd. V. Dhavesh Badarmal Jain and
another 2007 (12) SCALE 391)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 420 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ Ny
djsxk vkSj rn~ }kjk ml O;fDr dks] ftls
izoafpr fd;k x;k gS] csbZekuh ls mRizsfjr
djsxk fd og dksbZ lEifÙk fdlh O;fDr dks
ifjnÙk dj ns] ;k fdlh Hkh ewY;oku~ izfrHkwfr
dks] ;k fdlh pht dks] tks gLrk{kfjr ;k
eqnzkafdr gS] vkSj tks ewY;oku izfrHkwfr esa
laifjofrZr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gS] iw.kZr% ;k
va'kr% jp ns] ifjofrZr dj ns ;k u"V dj ns
og nksuks esa ls fdlh Hkkafr ds dkjkokl ls]
ftldh vof/k lkr o"kZ rd dh gks ldsxh]
nf.Mr fd;k tk,xk vkSj tqekZus ls Hkh
n.Muh; gksxkA
bl izko/kku ds varxZr vijk/k ds fy, ;g
fl) djuk vko';d gS fd f'kdk;rdrkZ
viuh lEifÙk ds nks"kh ls izkIr xyr lwpuk
ds vk/kkj ij vyx fd;k x;kA rFkk nks"kh ds
,slk djus ds fy, csbZekuh iw.kZ vk'k; Fkk
(Morarik Ali Ahmed V. the State of
Bombay] AIR 1957 SC 857)
nLrkostksa ds fo"k; ls lacf/kr vijk/k &
lafgrk dh /kkjk 463&477 A dwV jpuk
feF;k nLrkost jpuk rFkk vU; vijk/kksa ls
lacaf/kr gSA Md. Ibrahim and Others V. State
of Bihar and Another (2009 8SCC) 751 ds
ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us feF;k nLrkost
ds fo"k; dk foLrkj esa mYys[k fd;k gSA
/kkjk 463&465 dwVjpuk
dqV jpuk tks dksbZ fdlh feF;k nLrkost ;k
nLrkost d fdlh Hkkx dk bl vk'k; ls
jprk gS fd yksd dks ;k fdlh O;fDr dks
uqdlku ;k {kfr dkfjr dh tk, ;k fdlh
nkos ;k gd dk leFkZu fd;k tk,] ;k ;g
dkfjr fd;k tk, fd dksbZ O;fDr lEifÙk
vyx djs ;k dksbZ vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr
lafonk djs ;k bl vk'k; ls jprk gS fd
diV djs] ;k diV fd;k tk lds] og
dqV&jpuk djrk gSA
feF;k nLrkost jpuk&
igyk & tks csbekuh ls ;k diViwoZd bl
vk'k; ls fdlh nLrkost ;k nLrkost ;k
nLrkost ds Hkkx dks jfpr] gLrk{kfjr]
eqnzkafdr ;k fu"izkfnr djrk gSA nLrkost dk
fu"iknu ;k vadh; gLrk{kj dh izkef.kdrk
|ksru djus okyk dksbZ fpUg yxkrk gS] fd
;g fo'okl fd;k tk, fd ,slh nLrkost ;k
nLrkost ds Hkkx] jpuk] gLrk{kj.k] eqnzkadu]
fu"iknu] izs"k.k] ,sls O;fDr }kjk ;k ,sls
O;fDr ds izkf/kdkj }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk]
ftlds }kjk ;k ftlds izkf/kdkj }kjk mldh
jpuk] gLrk{kj.k] eqnzkadu] fu"iknu ;k
gLrk{kj u gksus dh ckr og tkurk FkkA
nwljk & tks fdlh nLrkost ds fdlh rkfRod
Hkkx esa ifjorZu mlds }kjk ;k fdlh vU;
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
O;fDr }kjk] pkgs ,slk O;fDr ,sls ifjorZu ds
le; thfor gks ;k ughaa] mls nLrkost ;k ds
jfpr] fu"ikfnr fd;s tkus ds i'pkr mls
jn~n djus }kjk ;k vU;Fkk fof/kiwoZd
izkkf/kdkj ds fcuk] csbZekuh ls ;k diViwoZd
djrk gS] vFkok
rhljk & tks fdlh O;fDr }kjk] ;g tkurs
gq, fd ,slk O;fDr fdlh nLrkost dh fo"k;
oLrq dks] ifjorZu ds :i dks fpÙkfo—r ;k
eÙkrk dh gkyr esa gksus ds dkj.k tku ughaa
ldrk ;k ml izoapuk ds dkj.k] tks mlls
dh x;k gS] tkurk ughaa gS] ml nLrkost dks
cbZekuh ls ;k diViwoZd gLrk{kfjr] eqnzkafdr]
fu"ikfnr ;k ifjorZu fd;k tkuk ;k
bysDVªWkfud gLrk{kj djk;k tkuk dkfjr
djrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 470 dwVjfpr nLrkostkas dh
O;k[;k djrs gSA dwVjpuk lafgrk dh /kkjk
465 ds varxZr n.Muh; gS lafgrk dh /kkjk
464 ds varxZr foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
bl /kkjk dk v/;;u djus ij ;g /kkjk xyr
nLrkostksa dks rhu Js.kh;ks es foHkkftr djrh
gS (as per Md. Ibrahim's case)
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gS fd lafgrk dh
/kkjk 464 ds varxZr xyr nLrkost dk
fuekZ.k gqvk gSA ;fn ¼1½ og ,slk nLrkost
cukrk gS fd og dksbZ vkSj O;fDr gS ;k fdlh
vkSj O;fDr }kjk izkf/kdkfjr gSA ¼2½ mlus
nLrkostksa ds lkFk NsM+dkuh dh gSA ¼3½ mlus
nLrkost xyr rjhds ls izkIr fd, gSA ;k rc
izkIr fd, gSA tc mldk ekfyd iwjs gks'k es
ugha gSA
n`"Vkar & d vius vfHkdrkZ [k ds ikl ,d
cSdkj ij fy[k gqvk] d }kjk gLrk{kfjr pSd]
ns; /kujkf'k vafdr fd, fcuk NksM+ nsrk gSA
[k dks d bl ckr d fy, izkf/k—r dj nsrk
gS fd og dqN lank; djus ds fy, pSd esa
,slh /kujkf'k] tks nl gtkj #i; ls vf/kd
u gks] vafdr dj ds pSd Hkj ysA [k
diViwoZd pSd esa chl gtkj #i; vafdr
djds mls Hkj ysrk gSA [k dwVjpuk djrk
gSA
n`"Vkar & d ,d ljdkjh opui= dks]
i`"Bkafdr djrk gS vkSj ml ij 'kCn ^^; dks
;k mlds vkns'kkuqlkj ns nks** fy[kdj vkSj
i`"Bkadu ij gLrk{kj djds mls ; dks ;k
mlds vkns'kkuqlkj ns; dj nsrk gSA [k
csbekuh ls ^^; dks ;k mls vkns'kkuqlkj nss
nks** bu 'kCnksa dks Nhydj feVk Mkyrk gS]
vkSj bl izdkj ml fo'ks"k i`"Bkadu dks ,d
fujad i`"Bkadu esa ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA [k
dwVjpuk djrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d ,d i= fy[krk gS vkSj [k ds
izkf/kdkj ds fcuk] bl vk'k; ls fd ml i=
ds }kjk ; ls vkSj vU; O;fDr;ksa ls vfHkizkIr
djs] [k ds uke ds glrk{kj ;g izekf.kr
djrs gq, nsrk gS fd d vPNs 'khy dk O;fDr
gS vkSj vuosf{kr nqHkkZX; ds dkj.k nhu voLFkk
esa gSaA ;gk¡] d us ; dks lEifÙk vyx djus
ds fy, mRizsfjr djus dh feF;k nLrkost jph
gS] blhfy, d us dwVjpuk dh gSA
lafgrk dk ;g v/;k; vU; xaHkhj dwVjpuk
rFkk vU; ls lacf/kr rFkk n.M dk izko/kku
djrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 467 rFkk 468 & ewY;oku
izfrHkwfr;ksa dh dwV jpukA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 467 ewY;oku izfrHkwfr] fcy]
bR;kfn dh dwV jpuk ls lacf/kr gS rFkk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 468 Ny es iz;kstu ds
dwVjpuk ds fy, n.M dk izko/kku djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 471 ds vuqlkj tc dksbZ
fdlh ,slh 61 nLrkostksa dks] ftlds ckjs esa
og ;g tkurk ;k fo'okl djus dk dkj.k
j[krk gks fd og dwVjfpr 62 nLrkost
diViwoZd ;k csbZekuh ls vlyh ds :i esa
mi;ksx esa yk,xk] og mlh izdkj nf.Mr
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fd;k tk,xk] ekuks mlus ,slh 63 nLrkost
dh dwVjpuk dh gksA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 479 /kkjk 466 rFkk 467 esa
of.kZr nLrkostksa dks dwVjfpr tkurs gq, vkSj
mls vlyh ds :i es mi;ksx es ykus dk
vk'k; j[krs gq, dCts esa j[kus ds lanHkZ es
izko/kku djrh gSA
* * *
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;-6 n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973
ifjp; % n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973] n.M
izfØ;k lafgrk 1898 dk LFkku ysrh gSA lafgrk
QkStnkjh U;kf;d ra= dh izfØ;k ds LFkkiuk ds
fo"k; esa izko/kku djrh gSA ;g vUos"k.k rFkk
ijh{k.k ds ifjis{; esa ,d lEiw.kZ ra= dh
LFkkiuk djrh gSA
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ,d ekSfyd QkStnkjh
dkuwu gS] vfirq n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ,d
izfØ;kRed fof/k gSA tks dh ekSfyd QkStnkjh
dkuwu ds fØ;kUo;u ls lacaf/kr gSa lafgrk nks"kh
O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk lekt dh vijk/k ls
lqj{kk ds eè; larqyu LFkkfir djrh gsa
lafgrk lafo/kku esa iznr dk;Zikfydk]
U;k;kikfydk rfkk fo/kkf;dk ds eè; 'kfDr ds
caVokjs dks izHkkoh djrh gSA tSlk dh ;g Li"V
gS fd jkT; ds izR;sd pj.k esa nkf;Roksa dk
foHkktu gS rFkk lafgrk 'kfDr ds foHkktu ds
fl)kUr dk lEeku djrh gSA King Emperor
Vs Nazir Ahmed ds ekeys esa izhoh dkWfly us
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd U;k;kikfydk rFkk iqfyl
ds ÑR; ,d nwljs ds izhfr lgk;d gS u fd
foHksndkjhA
gkWykafd lafgrk laln }kjk ikfjr fo/ks;d gS]
ijUrq ^vkijkf/kd izfØ;k* leorhZ lwph dk
fo"k; gS] vr% jkT;ksa dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd os
viuh vko';drkuqlkj lafgrk esa ifjorZu dj
ldsA
ifjHkk"kk;sa & lafgrk dh /kkjk 2 esa fofHkUu
ifjHkk"kk;sa gSa] rFkk ;g ifjHkk"kk;sa iwjh lafgrk esa
vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij iz;qDr gqbZ gSA ;wafd ;g
lafgrk lS)kfUrd izfØ;kRed fof/k gS vr% blesa
lq>kbZ xbZ ifjHkk"kk;sa vU; fof/k;ksa esa Hkh iz;qDr
gks ldrh] c'krsZ oks fo/kku vyx ls ifjHkkf"kr
uk djsaA
vijk/k dk oxhZdj.k
lafgrk dh izFke vuqlwph esa vijk/kksa dh lwph gS
rFkk ;g muds laca/k esa izfØ;kRed tkudkjh
iznku djrh gSA vuqlwph ls tks vijk/k
tekurh; rFkk vtekurh; gS mUgsa lafgrk dh
/kkjk 2¼a½ esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA gkWykafd
nwljs fo/kku ;k dkuwu Hkh tekurh; rFkk
vtekurh; dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, izFke vuqlwph ds vuqlkj
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 323 ds vUrxZr
fd;s x;s vijk/k tekurh; gS] ogh Hkkjrh;
n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 326 ds varxZr fd;s x;s
vijk/k vtekurh; gSA Information
Technology Act 2000, dh /kkjk dh /kkjk 77B
ds vuqlkj Information Technology Act
2000 ds varxZr fd;s x;s lHkh vijk/k rhu o"kZ
ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gSa rFkk ;s tekurh;
gksxsA
tekurh; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa tks izFke
vuqlwph esa tekurh; ds :I esa fn[kk;k x;k gS
;k rRle; izoÙk fdlh vU; fof/k }kjk
tekurh; cuk;k x;k gSA
ogh vtekurh; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa tks
ftuesa tekur dk izko/kku ugha gksrk rFkk
vijk/kh dks flQZ U;k;ky; ds foosdkf/kdkj ij
gh NksM+ tk ldrk gSA
/kkjk 2(c), 2(1) laKs; rFkk vlaKs; vijk/k
laKs; vijk/k og vijk/k gksrs gSa] ftuesa iqfyl
vf/kdkjh izFke vuqlwph ;k rRle; izor fdlh
vU; fof/k ds vuqlkj okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj
dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk
363 esa O;kigj.k ds ekeys esa fxj¶rkj fd;k
x;k pwafd ;g vijk/k laKs; gS vr% A dks
iqfyl fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkj dj ldrh gSA
gkWykafd vijk/k tekurh; gS] vr% A dks n.M
izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds vuqlkj tekur
ij NksM+k tk ldrk gSA
A dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 365 esa
vUrxZr O;ogj.k ds vkjksi esa fxj¶rkj fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g ,d vtekurh; vijk/k gS vr%
A dh eqfDr U;k;ky; ds foosd ds mij fuHkZj
gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(w) rFkk 2(x) leu ekeyk
rFkk okj.V ekeyk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(x) ds vuqlkj okj.V ekeys
esa og vijk/k gksrs gSa] tks e`Rpq&n.M] vkthou
dkjkokl ;k nks o"kZ ls vf/kd dh ltk ls
n.Muh; gksA ogh lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(w) ds
vuqlkj leu ekeys ,sls ekeyk tks ,d vijk/k
ls lacaf/kr gSa vkSj tks okj.V ekeyk ugha gSA
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gs fd leu
ekeyks rFkk okj.V ekeyks dk oxhZdj.k ekeyksa
ds fopkj.k ds mij fuHkZj djrk gSa lafgrk dk
vè;k; XVIII rFkk XIX okj.V ekeyksa ds
ifj{k.k ls lacaf/kr gS] ogha lafgrk dk vè;k;
XX leu ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(d) - lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(d)
ds vuqlkj ifjokn & ifjokn dk rkRi;Z gS
eftLVsªV ds le{k fd;k x;k dksbZ ekSfyd ;k
fyf[kr vfHkdFkuA ifjokn dk mí'; gS
eftLVªsV dks lafgrk ds vUrxZr dk;ZokbZ djus
esa l{ke gSA ifjokn esa iqfyl dh fjiksVZ 'kkfey
ugha gksrhA lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 vUos"k.k ds
lekIr gksus ij iqfyl fjiksZV ls lacaf/kr gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(e) - tk¡p ls vfHkizsr gS]
fopkj.k ls fHkUu ,slh izR;sd tk¡p tks lafgrk
ds v/khu eftLVªsV ;k U;k;ky; }kjk dh tk;sA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(n) - vijk/k & vijk/k dk
rkRi;Z ,sls dk;Z ls gS tks rRle; izo`r fdlh
fof/k }kjk n.Muh; cuk fn;k x;k gSA vr%
lafgrk dh /kkjk 4 rFkk 5 ds varxZr leLr
vijk/kh dk fopkj.k Hkkjrh; n.M izfØ;k
lafgrk ds vuqlkj gksxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 2(r) - iqfyl fjiksZV dk vFkZ gS
/kkjk 173 dh mi/kkjk ¼2½ ds varxZr iqfyl
vf/kdkjh }kjk eftLVªsV dks vxzlkfjr fjiksZVA
bl mi/kkjk esa dh xbZ iqfyl fjiksZV] iqfyl
vf/kdkjh }kjk vUos"k.k ds iw.kZ gksus ds i'pkr~
gh Hksth tkuh pkfg,] mlds iwoZ ughaA
n.M U;k;ky;ksa dk xBu
lafgrk dh /kkjk 6 ls 23 dh /kkjk,sa n.M
U;k;ky;ksa ds xBu ls lacaf/kr izko/kku djrh gSa
lafgrk dh /kkjk 6 ;g Li"V djrh gS fd mPp
U;k;ky;ksa vkSj bl lafgrk ls fHkUu fdlh fof/k
ds v/khu xfBr U;k;ky;ksa ds vfrfjDr] izR;sd
jkT; esa fuEufyf[kr oxksZa ds n.M U;k;ky;
gksaxs] vFkkZr~
ls'ku U;k;ky;
izFke oxz U;kf;d eftLVªsV vkSj fdlh
egkuxj {ks= esa egkuxj eftLVªsV
f}rh; oxZ U;kf;d eftLVªsV vkSj
dk;Zikyd eftLVªsV
n.M U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr;k¡
/kkjk 28 rfkk 29 & n.Mns'k] tks n.M U;k;ky;
ns ldsaxsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 28 ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky;
fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gS
rFkk ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k ;k vij ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k
fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr dksbZ Hkh n.Mkns'k ns ldrk
gS( fdUrq mlds }kjk fn, x, e`R;q n.Mkns'k ds
mPp U;k;ky; }kjk iq"V fd, tkus dh
vko';drk gksxhA
n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds
ekeys esa fopkj.k ds ckn ls'ku U;k;ky; us
nks"kh dks e`R;qn.M fn;kA ijUrq bl n.Mkns'k
dh iqf"V mPp U;k;ky; }kjk vko';d gksxhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 29 ds vuqlkj eq[; U;kf;d
eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky; e`R;q ;k vkthou
dkjkokl ;k lkr o"kZ ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds
fy, dkjkokl ds n.Mkns'k ds flok; dksbZ,slk
n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gS tks fof/k }kjk izkf/kÑr
gSA izFke oxZ eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky; rhu o"kZ ls
vukf/kd vof/k ds fy, dkjkokl dk ;k nl
gtkj :I, ls vukf/kd tqekZus dk] ;k nksuksa dk]
n.Mkns'k ns ldrk gSA
fxj¶rkjh
fxj¶rkjh dk rkRi;Z fdlh O;fDr dh O;fDrxr
Lora=rk ij ,sls O;fDr }kjk vadq'k yxkus ftls
fof/k us izoZr fd;k gksA lafgrk dh /kkjk 60 ¼tks
o"kZ 2009 ds la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+h xbZ gS½ ds
vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks lafgrk esa iznr
izfØ;k vuqlkj rFkk vU; fo/kku ds vuqlkj
ftl esa fxj¶rkjh dk rjhdk iznr gks] ls gh
fxj¶rkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iqfyl fxj¶rkjh dh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx nks
ifjfLFkfr esa djrh gS og ;k rks okj.V ds
iz;ksx ls ;k fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkjh dj
ldrh gSa lafgrk dh /kkjk 87 U;k;k/kh'k dks ;s
vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd og okj.V tkjh djs fQj
pkgs og leu ekeyk gks ;k okj.V ekeykA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
,d ckj okj.V ekeys dk laKku ysus ij
U;k;/kh'k fxj¶rkjh okj.V tkjh dj ldrk gSA
;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd fxj¶rkjh rFkk
fgjklr esa varj gksrk gSa ;s nksuksa lekukFkhZ ugha
gS (Niranjan Singh Vs. Prabhakar Raja Ram
Kharote (1980) 2scc 559)
,d O;fDr fgjklr esa flQZ rc gh ugha gksrk
tc U;k;ky; mls fxj¶rkj djrk gS] vfirq
tc iqfyl O;fDr dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k is'k
djrh gS rc Hkh og fgjklr esa gksrk gSA iqfyl
U;k;ky; ls U;kf;d rFkk vU; fgjklr dh ekax
djldrh gSA
,d O;fDr U;kf;d fgjklr esa rc dgk¡ tkrk gS
tc og U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k leiZ.k dj ns rFkk
U;k;ky; ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djsA bl izdkj
fxj¶rkjh ,d izdkj ls fgjklr dk gh ,d Hkkx
gSA
n`"Vkar & A ,d laKs; vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk
og U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa leiZ.k djrk gS vr%
gS vc A U;kf;d fgjklr esa gSA
A ,d laKs; vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk mls
iqfyl fxj¶rkj djrh gS] vr% A vc iqfyl
fgjklr esa gSA
/kkjk 41 & fcuk okj.V ds fxj¶rkjh
lafgrk dh /kkjk 41 iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh
gS fd og fcuk okj.V ds Hkh fxj¶rkjh dj
dlrh gSA dqN fuf'pr ekeyksa dks NksM+ dj
iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og fcuk
okj.V ds vlaKs; ekeyksa esa fxj¶rkjh djsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 42 ds vuqlkj iqfyl vf/kdkjh
vlaKs; ekeyksaesa Hkh fxj¶rkjh dj ldrk gS
c'krsZ vijk/k iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds lEeq[k gqvk
gks rFkk O;fDr viuk uke o irk iqfyl
vf/kdkj dks ugha cuk x;k gksA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 43 izkbosV O;fDr }kjk
fxj¶rkjh rFkk ,slh fxj¶rkjh dh izfØ;k ds
lanHkZ esa izdk'k Mkyrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 44
eftLVªsV }kjk fxj¶rkjh dk izo/kku djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 46 & fxj¶rkjh dSls dh tk,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 46 ds vuqlkj & fxj¶rkjh
djus esa iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr] tks
fxj¶rkjh dj jgk gS] fxj¶rkj fd, tkus okys
O;fDr ds 'kjhj dks oLrqr% Nq,xk ;k ifj:)
djsxk] tc rd mlus opu ;k deZ }kjk vius
dks vfHkj{kk esa lefiZr u dj fn;k gksA ;fn
,slk O;fDr vius fxj¶rkj fd, tkus ds iz;kl
dk cykr izfrjks/k djrk gS ;k fxj¶rkjh ls
cpus dk iz;Ru djrk gS rks ,slk iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ;k vU; O;fDr fxj¶rkjh djus ds
fy, vko';d lc lk/kuksa dks mi;ksx esa yk
ldrk gSA bl /kkjk dh dksbZ ckr ,sls O;fDr
dh ftl ij e`R;q ;k vkthou dkjkokl ls
n.Muh; vijk/k dk vfHk;ksx ugha gS] e`R;q
dkfjr djdus dk vf/kdkj ugha nsrh gSA
fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr ds vf/kdkj
lafgrk dh /kkjk 49 & vuko';d vojks/k u
djuk & fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr dks mlls
vf/kd vo:) u fd;k tk,xk ftruk mldks
fudy Hkkxus ls jksdus ds fy, vko';d gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 50¼1½ & fxj¶rkjh ds dkj.k
tkkus dk vf/kdkj
lafgrk dh /kkjk 50¼1½ ds vuqlkj fxj¶rkj gq,
O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj djus okys vf/kdkjh@iqfyl
}kjk fxj¶rkjh dk dj.k crk;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼Ñi;k lafo/kku dh /kkjk 22¼1½ ns[ks½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 50 ¼d½ ds vuqlkj fxj¶rkjh
djus okyk izR;sd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ;k vU;
O;fDr ,slh fxj¶rkjh vkSj ml LFkku ds ckjs esa]
tgk¡ fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k O;fDr j[kk tk jgk
gS] tkudkjh mlds fe=ksa] ukrsnkjksa ;k ,sls vU;
O;fDr dks] tks fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr }kjk
,slh tkudkjh nsus ds iz;kstu ds fy, izdV ;k
ukefufnZ"V fd;k tk,] rqjUr nsxkA iqfyl
vf/kdkjh fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fDr dks] tsls gh
og iqfyl Fkkus esa yk;k tkrk gS] mi/kkjk ¼1½
ds v/khu mlds vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr
djsxkA
/kkjk 50¼d½ dks 2005 ds la'kks/ku }kjk tksM+k
x;k rFkk ;s 2006 ls izHkkfo gSA bl /kkjk ds
izko/kku ls iwoZ Joginder Singh Vs State of
UP (1994) 4SCC 260 rFkk DK Basu Vs State
of West Bengal (1997); 1 SCC 416 ds ekeyksa
esa mPpre U;k;y; us foLrkj ls nks"kh O;fDr
ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;kA bu vf/kdkjksa
dks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh rjg ekU;rk izkIr gS
rFkk budh j{kk lafo/kku }kjk fd tkrh gSA
/kkjk53] 53(A), 54] 55 & jftLVªMZ fpfdRlh;
O;olk;h }kjk ijh{kk dk vf/kdkj rFkk fxj¶rkj
O;fDr dh lqj{kkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 53 rFkk 53(A) ds vuqlkj
iqfyl] lk{k; rFkk rF;ksa dks bDV~Bk djus ds
fy, fpfdRlk & O;olk;h }kjk vfHk;qDr dh
ijh{kk djok ldrh gSA /kkjk 53¼d½ ds vuqlkj
cykRlax ds vijk/kh O;fDr dh fpfdRlh;
ijh{kk djkbZ tk ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 54 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
fxj¶rkj O;fDr dh fpfdRlh; ijh{kk dsUnzh;
rFkk jkT; lsok ds fpfdRlk & vf/kdkjh }kjk
djkbZ tkuh pkfg, rFkk mudh vuqifLFkfr esa
fdlh jftLVªMZ fpfdrld }kjkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 55 (A) ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd fxj¶rkj gq,s O;fDr dh ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj
ij lqj{kk rFkk LokLF; dk [;ky j[kk tk,A
;g ,d u;k izko/kku gS tks fd o"kZ 2009 esa
lafgrk esa tksM+k x;kA
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd lafgrk dh
/kkjk 164(A) cykRlax ihfM+r ds fpfdRlh;
ijh{k.k ls laca/khr gS rFkk ;g izfØ;k rFkk
lwpukvksa ds vfHkys[ku dk Hkh izko/kku djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 56 rFkk 57
U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k mifLFkrh dk vf/kdkj
,d O;fDr tks fd iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k
x;k gS mls fxj¶rkjh ds 24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj
U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr djuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar & B dks 12 twu dh lqcg 11%00 ij
fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k vc B dks 13 twu dh
lqcg 11%00 ls igys U;k;ky; esa mifLFkr gksuk
pkfg,A
fof/kd lykg dk vf/kdkj
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 22¼1½ rFkk lafgrk dh /kkjk
303 ds varxZr nks"kh dks vius odhy ls lykg
ysus dk vf/kdkj gSa lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20¼3½
ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks Loa; ds fo:) lk{kh gksus
ds fy, ckè; ugha fd;k tk ldrkA iwNrkN ds
nkSjku ihfM+r O;fDr dks fof/kd lykg dk
vf/kdkj gSA
fgjklr ds nkSjku fgalk ds fo:) vf/kdkj
mppre U;k;ky; us dbZ lkjs ekeyksa esa tSls
fd Nilabati Behera Vs State of Orissa esa ;g
Li"V izko/kku fd;k gS fd xyr rjhds ls
fgjklr esa j[kk x;k O;fDr eqvkotk ekax
ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;y; fgjklr ds nkSjku
fgalk rFkk lk{; o tqeZ dcqyokus ds fy, voS/k
rjhjdks@III degree ds iz;ksx dh eukgh dh
gSA
fgjklr ds nkSjku fgalk rFkk vR;kpkj ds fo:)
vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa iznr gSA
(Prem Shanker Vs. Delhi Administration
AIR 1980 SC 1535)
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 24&27 ;g izko/kku
djrh gS iwNrkN dsnkSjku iqfyl dks fof/k iw.kZ
rjhdks dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar & A ,d vijk/k dk nks"kh gS rFkk mls
iqfyl }kjk fxj¶rkj fd;k tkrk gS o iqfyl
fgjklr esa j[kk tkrk gSA A dks ekjekj dj
iqfyl }kjk mldk C;ku fy;k tkrk gS] bl
izdkj dk C;ku fof/k ds lEeq[k voS/k gSA
tekur
,d ckj fxj¶rkjh ds ckn nks"kh dks tekur ij
NwVus dk vf/kdkj gsA tekur ;g fuf'prrk gS
fd nks"kh fopkj.k ds fy, Hkfo"; esa U;k;y; esa
mifLFkr gksxk rFkk nks"kh U;k;y; ds {kas=kf/kdkj
ds ckgj ugha tk,sxkA
ekeys ds fopkj.k ds nkSjku nks"kh dks fujijk/kh
ekuk tk,sxk tc rd fd og vijk/kh ?kksf"kr uk
gksA fopkj.k ls iwoZ fujks/k bl vo/kkj.kk ds
fo:) gSA tgk¡ nks"kh ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk
lkekftd lqj{kk ds eè; larqyu t:jh gS] ogha
dbZ ckj fopkj.k iwoZ fujks/k vko';d gks tkrk
gsa nks"kh fopkj.k ls iwoZ fujks/k dks U;k;ky; esa
pqukSrh ns ldrk gSA ;s è;ku j[kuk vko';d gS
fd tekur ds dkj.k fxj¶rkjh ds mís';ksa ds
mij foijhr izHkko uk iM+sA /kkjk 167¼2½ ds
vfrfjDr tekur U;k;/kh'k dk foosdk/khdkj gSA
lafgrk dk vè;k; 33 tekur rFkk tekur ca/k
i= ds ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrk gSA vè;k; 33
ds vfrfjDr tekur vU; izko/kkuksa ds varxZr
Hkh iznku fd tk ldrh gS tSls dh /kkjk 81¼1½]
167¼2½ rFkk 389-
n`"Vkar & T dks pksjh dk vkjksi esa fxj¶rkj
fd;k x;k] mldh fgjklr ds 59 fnuksa rd
iqfyl mldk vkjksi i= nkf[ky ugha dj ik;h]
T dks vc lafgrk dh /kkjk 167 ds varxZr
tekur ikys dk ge gSA D;ksafd iqfyl 60 fnuksa
esa vkjksi i= nkf[ky ugha dj ik;hA
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 436
lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds vuqlkj tc
vtekurh; vijk/k ds vfHk;qDr O;fDr ls fHkUu
dksbZ O;fDr iqfyl Fkkus ds Hkkjlk/kd }kjk
okj.V ds fcuk fxj¶rkj ;k fu:) fd;k tkrk
gS ;k U;k;ky; ds le{k gkftj gksrk gS ;k
yk;k tkrk gS vkSj tc og ,sls vf/kdkjh dh
vfHkj{kk esa gS ml chp fdlh le;] ;k ,sls
U;k;ky; ds le{k dk;Zokfg;ksa ds fdlh izØe
esa] tekur nsus ds fy, rS;kj gS rc ,slk O;fDr
tekur ij NksM+ fn;k tk,xkA Rasiklal Vs
Kishore Khan Chand Wadhwani, AIR 2009 SC
1349 ds ekeys esa] mPpre U;k;y; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 436 ds
varxZr tekurh vijk/k ds fy, tekur dk
vf/kdkj vkR;kfrd rFkk vifjgk;Z gksrk gSA
n`"Vkar & P dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 471 esa v/khu
fxj¶rkj fd;k x;kA ;g ,d laKs; vijk/k gS
ijUrq tekurh; gS] ;fn P dh tekur dh 'krksZa
dh iwfrZ dj jgk gS rks mls lafgrk dh /kkjk
436 ds varxZr tekur feyrh pkfg,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 436(A)
vf/kdre vo/kh ftlds fy, fopkjk/khu dSnh
fo:) fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g izko/kku lafgrk
esa o"kZ 2005 esa la'kks/ku ds }kjk tksM+k x;k rFkk
;g 26] ekpZ 2006 ls izHkkoh gSA
tgk¡ dksbZ O;fDr] fdlh fof/k ds v/khu fdlh
vijk/k ds ¼tks ,slk vijk/k ugha gS ftlds fy,
ml fof/k ds v/khu e`R;q n.M ,d n.M ds :i
esa fofufnZ"V fd;k x;k gS½ bl lafgrk ds v/khu
vUos"k.k tk¡p ;k fopkj.k dh vof/k ds nkSjku
dkjkokl dh ml vf/kdre vof/k ds tks ml
fof/k ds v/khu ml vijk/k ds fy, fofufnZ"V
dh xbZ gS] vk/ks ls vf/kd dh vof/k ds fy,
fujks/k Hkkx pqdk gS] ogk¡ og izfrHkqvksa lfgr ;k
jfgr O;fDrxr ca/ki= ij U;k;ky; }kjk NksM+
fn;k tk,xkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 rFkk 439 vtekurh
vijk/kksa esa tekur
lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
U;k;ky; ¼mPpU;k;y; rFkk ls'ku dksVZ dks
NksM+ dj½ ;k iqfyl vf/kdkjh vtekurh;
ekeys esa nks"kh dks tekur ij fjgk dj ldrs
gSaA fdUrq ;fn ;g fo'okl djus ds fy, mfpr
vk/kkj izrhr gksrs gSa fd ,slk O;fDr e`R;q ;k
vkthou dkjkokl ls n.Muh; vijk/k dk nks"kh
gS rks og bl izdkj ugha NksM+k tk,xkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 439 mPp U;k;ky; rFkk ls'ku
U;k;ky; dks O;fDr dks tekur ij NksM+us dk
fo'ks"k 'kfDr nsrh gSA /kkjk 437 esa U;k;ky;
}kjk tekur dh 'kfDr] mPpU;k;y; rFkk
ls'ku dksVZ dks NksM+ dj gSA /kkjk 437 esa of.kZr
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr /kkjk 439 esa of.kZr
U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kfDr ds leku ugha gSa
State of Rajasthan Vs Balchand, AIr 1977
SC 2447, esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd fu;e tekur dk gS u fd tsy dk
ijUrq ifjfLFkfro'k ;fn U;k; ds fy, vko';d
gks] ;k ;fn tekur ds dkj.k leL;k,sa mRiUu
gks tSls iqu% vijk/k dh lEHkkouk] xokgksa dks
/kedkuk vkfn rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ tekur nsus
esa viokn gks ldrh gSA (See also Moti Ram
Vs State of M.P. (1978) 4 SCC 47).
Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal Vs. State of
Tamil Nadu AIR 2005, SC 716 ds ekeys esa
U;k;y; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd vtekurh
vijk/kksa esa tekur nsrs le;] U;k;y; dks fuEu
fcUnqvksa ij fopkj.k djuk pkfg,%
vijk/k dk LoHkko rFkk xaHkhjrk
lk{;ksa dk pfj=
nks"kh ds ifjis{; esa lafnX/k ifjfLFkfr;k¡
fopkj.k ds nkSjku nks"kh dh mifLFkfr
dh ;qfDr;qDr laHkkouk
xokgksa ds izHkkfor djus dh laHkkouk
yksdfgr] jkT;fgr ;k vU; igyw tks
fd ifjfLFkfr rFkk rf;ksa dh laxrrk ls
gSA
;s fopkj.k laiw.kZ ugha gS rFkk tekur nsus ls
iwoZ izR;sd ekeys rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk è;ku
j[kuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar & A dks laKs; vijk/k ds fy, fxj¶rkj
fd;k x;k] mlus dbZ ckj leu dh rkjh[k ugha
dh gS rFkk og dbZ lkyksa ls Qjkj gSA vc A
dh ubZ tekur ;kfpdk ij fopkj djrs le;
U;k;ky; bl rF; ij fopkj.k djsxk fd A
dbZ o"kkZsa ls Qjkj gSA
Ram Gopal Upadhyay Vs. Sudarshan Singh
(2002), Puran Vs Ram Bilas (2001) 6SCC338,
Kalyan Chandra Sarkar Vs. Rajesh Ranjan &
Pappu Yadav, 2004 7SCC 528 ds ekeyksa esa
mPpre U;k;y; us tekur ds eatwjh rFkk
fujLrhdj.k dks ysdj izko/kku fd;k gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 437 ds varxZr fn xbZ tekur
dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 437¼5½ ds varxZr fujLr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;y; ;g funsZf'kr
djldrk gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 437¼1½ rFkk
¼2½ ds varxZr tekur izkIr O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj
dj ds fgjklr esa fy;k tk,A lafgrk dh /kkjk
439 ds varxZr iznku tekur dks lafgrk dh
/kkjk 439¼2½ ds varxZr tekur nsdj fjuLr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mPpre U;k;y; ds vuqlkj ,d ckj tekur
eatwj gksus ij oks flQZ Bksl dkj.k rFkk i;kZIr
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k gh fujLr dh tk ldrh
gSA tekur dks fujLr djus dh izfØ;k ml
izÑfr dh ugha gksrh ftl izÑfr dh tekur
eatwjh dh izfØ;k gksrh gS] vr% U;k;ky; dks
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kuk pkfg,] tSls dh dgh
tekur U;kf;d izfØ;k esa rks gLr{ksi ugha gksxk
;k fQj tekur ds ykHk dk nks"kh dksbZ xyr
Qk;nk rks ugha mBk,sxkA (Dolat Ram Vs. State
of Haryana, (1995) 1SCC 349)
nks"kh dks Øfed tekur vthZ nsus dk vf/kdkj
gksrk gS] gkWykafd ,d vthZ fujLr gksus ds ckn
nwljh vthZ u;s rFkk cnyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij nk;j djuh pkfg,A (Kalyan
Chandra Sarkar Vs. Rajesh Ranjan & Pappu
Yadav (2005) 1SCC 801.
lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 & vfxze tekue
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk esa vfxze tekur dk
izko/kku lafgrk esa izFke ckj tksM+k x;kA ewy
:i ls ;g n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1899 esa miyC/k
ugha FkkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 ;g izko/kku
djrh gS fd tc fdlh O;fDr dks ;g fo'okl
djus dk dkj.k gS fd gks ldrk gS mldks
fdlh vtekurh; vijk/k ds fd, tkus ds
vfHk;ksx esa fxj¶rkj fd;k tk,] rks og bl
/kkjk ds v/khu funsZ'k ds fy,mPp U;k;ky; ;k
ls'ku U;k;ky; dks vkosnu dj ldrk gS fd
,slh fxj¶rkjh dh fLFkfr esa mldks tekur ij
NksM+ fn;k tk,A mPp U;k;ky; ;k ls'ku dksVZ
vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh dks izkFkhZ dks NksM+us dk funsZ'k
ns ldrk gSa lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 ds varxZr
flQZ fxj¶rkjh ij izHkkoh gksrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 438 esa miyC/k 'kfDr;k¡
vlk/kkj.k gS rFkk budk iz;ksx vlk/kkj.k
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tgk¡
U;k;ky; dks ;g yxs fd O;fDr dh xyr
Qalk;k x;k gS ;k tgk¡ ;g lqfuf'pr gks fd
O;fDr Lora=rk dk xyr iz;ksx ugha djsxkA
vknsf'kdk,sa
U;k;ky; nks"kh dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k mifLFkr
gksus ds fy, fofHkUu vknsf'kdk,sa tkjh dj
ldrh gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; VI
fofHkUu vknsf'kdkvksa dk izko/kku djrk gSa
lafgrk dk Hkkx VI 4 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSA
leu ¼/kkjk 61&69½
fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V ¼/kkjk 70&81½
mn?kks"k.kk rFkk dqdhZ ¼/kkjk 82&86½
vknsf'kdk laca/kh vU; fu;e ¼/kkjk
87&90½
/kkjk 61&69 ^leu*
lafgrk dh /kkjk 62 leu dh rkehy dSls dh
tk, ds ifjis{; esa izdk'k Mkyrh gS ogh lafgrk
dh /kkjk 63 fuxfer fudk;ksa rFkk lkslkbfV;ksa
ij leu dh rkehy ds ifjis{; ds lanHkZ esa
izdk'k Mkyrh gSA
/kkjk 64 ds vuqlkj & tc leu fd;k x;k
O;fDr lE;d rRijrk cjrus ij Hkh u fey
lds ogk¡ leu dh rkehy nks izfr;ksa esa ls ,d
dks mlds dqVqc ds mlds lkFk jgus okys fdlh
O;Ld iq#"k lnL; ds ikl ml O;fDr ds fy,
NksM+dj dh tk ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 65 ds vuqlkj ;fn igys dh
/kkjkvksa esa crk;h xbZ izfØ;kvksa ds vuqlkj ;fn
leu dh rkehy ugha gks ikbZ gks rc rkehy
djus okyk vf/kdkjh leu dh nks izfr;ksa esa ls
,d dks ml x`g ;k oklLFkku ds] ftlesa leu
fd;k x;k O;fDr ekewyh rkSj ij fuokl djrk
gS] fdlh lgtn`'; Hkkx esa yxk,xk( vkSj rc
U;k;ky; ,slh tk¡p djus ds I'pkr~ tSlh og
Bhd le>s ;k rks ;g ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS fd
leu dh lE;d rkehy gks xbZ gSA U;k;ky;
u, leu dks tkjh djus dk vkns'k Hkh ns
ldsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 69 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
bl vè;k; dh 61 & 68 /kkjkvksa esa fdlh ckr
ds gksrs gqw, Hkh lk{kh ds fy, leu tkjh djus
okyk U;k;ky;] ,slk leu tkjh djus ds
vfrfjDr vksj mlds lkFk&lkFkfunsZ'k ns ldrk
gS fd ml leu dh ,d izfr dh rkehy lk{kh
ds ml Lfkku ds irs ij] tgk¡ og ekewyh rksj
ij fuokl djrk gs ;k dkjksckj djrk gS ;k
vfHkykHkkFkZ Lo;a dke djrk gs jftLVªhÑr Mkd
}kjk dh tk,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 70 & 81 % fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V
/kkjk 70 ds vuqlkj izR;sd okj.V rc rd
izorzu esa jgsxk tc rd og mls tkjh djus
okys U;k;ky; }kjk jí ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS
;k tc rd og fu"ikfnr ugha dj fn;k tkrk
gSA
okj.V nks izdkj ds gksrs gS ¼1½ tekurh okj.V
¼2½ vtekurh okj.V lafgrk dh /kkjk 71 ds
vuqlkj U;k;ky; okj.V tkjh djrs le;
okj.V vf/kdkjh dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd
okj.V vf/kdkjh izfrHkwfr ysdj O;fDr] ftlds
fo:) okj.v gs mls izfrj{kk ls NksM+ nsxkA
,sls okj.Vksa dks tekurh okj.V dgk tkrk gS
rFkk og okj.V ftlesa okj.V fufnZ"V vf/kdkj
O;fDr dks fxj¶rkj dj U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k
izLrqr djrk gS og okj.V xsj tekurh;
dgykrs gSaA
fxj¶rkjh dk okj.V vke rkSj ij ,d ;k
vf/kd iqfyl&vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fufn"V gksxk(
fdUrq ;fn ,sls okj.V dk rqjar fu"iknu
vko';d gS rks okj.V tkjh djdus okyk
U;k;ky; fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dks
fufn"V djldrk gS vkSj ,slk O;fDr ;k ,sls
O;fDr mldk fu"iknu djsaxsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 77 & 81 ;g izko/kku djrk gS
fd okj.V dk izoZru mls tkjhdjus okys
U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ds ckgj fdl izdkj
gksxkA lafgrk dh /kkjk 81 Chief Judicial
Magistrate rFkk ml ftys dk ls'ku tt
ftlesa nks"kh fxj¶rkj gqvk gks dks okj.V ds
lkFk layXu tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij vtekurh;
ekeyksa esa Hkh tekur nsus dh 'kfDr nsrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 82&86
mn?kks"k.kk rFkk dqdhZ
lafgrk dh /kkjk 82 ds vuqlkj ;fn U;k;ky;
dks ;g fo'okl djus dk dkj.k gS fd dksbZ
O;fDr ftlds fo:) mlus okj.V tkjh fd;k
gS] Qjkj gks x;k gS] ;k vius dks fNik jgk gS
ftlls ,sls okj.V dk fu"iknu ugha fd;k tk
ldrk trks ,slk U;k;ky; mlls ;g vis{kk
djus okyh fyf[kr mn~?kks"k.kk izdkf'kr dj
ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 83 ds vuqlkj
U;k;ky; mn~?kksf"kr O;fDr dh lEifr dh dqdhZ
dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 87 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh ,sls ekeys esa] ftlesa og
fdlh O;fDr dh gkftjh ds fy, leu tkjh
djus ds fy, bl lafgrk }kjk l'kDr fd;k
x;k gS] vius dkj.kksa dks vfHkfyf[kr djus ds
i'pkr ;k rks leu tkjh djus ij ;k mlds
ckn] O;fDr dh fxj¶rkjh ds fy, okj.V tkjh
dj ldrh gSA
n`"Vkar & vfHk;kstu i{k }kjk J ds fy, leu
dh izkFkZuk ds nkSjku vfHk;kstu U;k;ky; dks
;g lwpuk nsrk gS fd J Hkkjr NksM+us dh rS;kjh
esa gSA U;k;ky; bl rF; ij fopkj.k ds
i'pkr~ J ds fo:) leu ds lkFk&lkFk okj.V
Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA
oLrq,sa is'k djus ds fy, vknsf'kdk,sa
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh rFkk
U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd og
nLrkostksa rFkk mudh [kkst@ryk'kh rFkk tCrh
ds fy, leu tkjh dj ldrs gSA
lafgrk dk vè;k; VII bl laca/k esa foLr`r
izko/kku djrk gSA
U;k;ky; }kjk bl 'kfDr ds iz;ksx ds fy,
U;k;y; rFkk vUos"k.k vf/kdkfj;ksa dks dqN
lqj{kk ekud lq>k;s gSa] rkfd bl 'kfDr dk
nq:i;ksx jksdk tk ldsA ;g izko/kku vfHk;kstu
ds nkSjku lk{;ksa dk fu"i{krk cuk;s j[kus ds
fy, vko';d gSa U;k;y; dks ;g è;ku j[kuk
vko';d gS fd vUos"k.k vf/kdkjh }kjk U;k;y;
}kjk izoZrksr lq>koksa dk ikyu gqvk gS] ;k ughaA
lafgrk dk ;g vè;k; 04 Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr gSA
is'k djus ds fy, leu ¼/kkjk 91 &
92½
ryk'kh okj.V ¼/kkjk 93 & 98½
ryk'kh laca/kh lk/kj.k mica/k ¼/kkjk 99
& 101½
izdh.kZ ¼/kkjk 102 & 105½
nLrkost ;k vU; phtksa dks is'k djus ds fy,
leu & /kkjk 91
lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 U;k;ky; rFkk iqfyl Fkkus
ds Hkkj lk/kd vf/kdkjh dks nLrkost rFkk vU;
phtksa dh miyC/krk ds fy, O;kid 'kfDr iznku
djrh gSA gkWykafd bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx
ifjfLFkfr esa gh vko';d gksxk tc dh vUos"k.k]
tk¡p] fopkj.k rFkk vU; dk;Zokgh ds iz;kstu
ds fy, nLrkost rFkk phtksa dks is'k djus dh
vko';drk gksxhA ijUrq ;g 'kfDr;k¡ nks"kh dks
mldh eqfDr ds fopkj.k ds nkSjku nLrostksa
rFkk phtksa dks leu ds fy, vko';d ugha gSA
(State Of Orissa VGs. Debendra Nath Padhi
(2005) 1SCC 568)
n`"Vkar & vfHk;kstu }kjk xokgksa ds ijh{k.k ds
nkSjku] xokg ,d nLrkost ij vkfJr Fkk] ijUrq
mls og U;k;ky; esa izLrqr ugha dj ik;k] vc
;fn nks"kh ;g fl) djns dh og nLrkost
fopkj.k ds fy, vR;Ur vko';d gs rks mls
lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ds varxZr og nLrkost
ekaxus dk vf/kdkj gSA
ryk'kh okj.V & /kkjk 93 & 98
lafgrk dh /kkjk 93 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
tc fdlh U;k;ky; dks ;g fo'okl djus dk
dkj.k gS fd og O;fDr] ftldks /kkjk 91 ds
v/khu leu ;k vkns'k ;k /kkjk 92 dh mi/kkjk
¼1½ ds v/khu vis{kk }kjk lacksf/kr dh xbZ gS ;k
dh tkrh gS] ,sls leu ;k vis{kk }kjk ;Fkk
visf{kr nLrkost ;k pht is'k ugha djsxk ;k gks
ldrk gS fd is'k u djsA rc U;k;ky;
ryk'kh okj.V tkjh djrs gq,] laca/khr O;fDr
dks ;g funsZ'k nsrh gS fd og okj.V ds iznr
funsZ'kksa vuqlkj ryk'kh ysA
/kkjk 100 % ryk'kh
lafgrk dh /kkjk 100 ryk'kh ds ifjis{; esa
foLr`r ekudksa dk izko/kku djrh gS] blds
vuqlkj ryk'kh dh izfØ;k esa ,d rVLFk xokg
mifLFkr gksuk pkfg,] tks dh ryk'kh dk lk{kh
cus rFkk vfHkx`fgr dh xbZ oLrqvksa dh ,d lwph
cukdj LFkku ds dCtsnkj dks nsuh pkfg,A
/kkjk 102 % vfHkx`fgr & lafgrk dh /kkjk 102
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks ;g 'kfDr nsrh gS fd og
,slh lEifÙk dks] vfHkx`fgr dj ldrk gS
ftlds ckjs esa ;g vfHkdfku ;k lansg gS fd og
pqjkbZ gqbZ gS vFkok tks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ikbZ
tkrh gS] ftuls fdlh vijk/k ds fd, tkus dk
lansg gksA
State of Maharashtra Vs. Tapas D. Neogy
(1999) 7SCC 685 ds ekeys esa mPpre
U;k;y; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd nks"kh dk cSad
[kkrk lafgrk dh /kkjk 102 ds varxZr mldh
lEifr gS rFkk ;fn vUos"k.k esa ;g lansg gks fd
[kkrs dh /kujkf'k dk laca/k lacaf/kr vijk/k ls
gS] rks ml [kkrs dks Hkh vfHkx`fgr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
iRuh] larku rFkk ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ds
vkns'k
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 & 128 rd
iRuh] larku rfkk ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ds
fgrks dh j{kk dk izko/kku djrh gSA ;g izko/kku
lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij ykxw gksrk gS] rFkk ;g nwljs
dkuwuksa esa miyC/k leku izko/kkuksa ds egRo dks
de ugha djrk u gh muds izfr fojks/kkHkklh gSA
(Captain Ramesh Chander Kaushal Vs.
Veena Kaushal (1978) 4SCC 70)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 125 ds vuqlkj ;fn i;kZIr
lk/kuksa okyk dksbZ O;fDr viuh iRuh] larku
¼tks dh lafgrk dh /kkjk 125¼1½¼b½¼c½ esa gS½
rFkk vius ekrk firk dk viuh iRuh dk] tks
viuk Hkj.kiks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gS] ;k viuh
/keZt ;k v/keZt vo;Ld lUrku dk Hkj.kiks"k.k
djus esa mis{kk djrk gS ;k Hkj.kiks"k.k djus ls
bUdkj djrk gs rks izFke oxZ eftLVªsV ,slh
mis{kk ;k bUdkj ds lkfcr gks tkus ij] ,sls
O;fDr dks ;g funsZ'k ns ldrk gS fd og viuh
iRuh ;k ,slh lUrku] firk ;k ekrk ds
Hkj.kiks"k.k djsA
lafgrk ds bl vè;k; dk mís'; izfØ;k dh
fu/kkZj.k djuk gS ftlls iRuh] larku rFkk
ekrkfirk ds Hkj.kiks"k.k ls lacaf/kr ekeyksa dk
rqjUr fuiVkjk gks rFkk dbZ ckj mPp U;k;ky;ksa
rFkk mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS
fd /kkjk 125 ds vUrxZr gksus okyh dk;Zokgh
flfoy dk;Zokgh gSA
iqfyl dks lwpuk rFkk vUos"k.k
iqfyl dks vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus ds laca/k esa nh
tkus okyh lwpuk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS izFke &
laKs; vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus dh lwpuk f}rh;
vlaKs; vijk/k ds ?kfVr gksus dh lwpukA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 155 % vlaKs; ekeyksa ds ckjs esa
lwpuk rFkk vUos"k.k
iqfyl ij ;g fucZU/k gS fd og fdlh vlaKs;
ekeys dk vUos"k.k ,sls eftLVªsV ds vkns'k ds
fnuk ugha djsxk ftls ,sls ekeys dk fopkj.k
djus dh ;k ekeys dks fopkj.kkFkZ lqiqnZ djus
dh 'kfDr gSA vlaKs; ekeyksa esa lwpuk dh
izkfjr ij iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks bfryk dk lkj]
,slh iqfLrd esa] tks fu;e }kjk fu/kkZfjr gks esa]
iqfo"V djsxk rFkk bfryk nsus okys O;fDr dks
U;k;/kh'k ds ikl tkus ds fy, funsZf'kr djsxkA
dksbZ iqfyl vf/kdkjh ,slk vkns'k feyus ij
vUos"k.k ds ckjs esa oSlh gh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx
dj ldrk gS tSlh iqfyl Fkkus dk Hkkjlk/kd
vf/kdkjh laKs; ekeys esa dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & iqfyl dks Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh
/kkjk 467 esa v/khu gksus okys vijk/k ds ?kfVr
gksus dh lwpuk feyrh gSA tks dh ,d vlaKs;
ekeyk gSA iqfyl FIR n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh
/kkjk 154 ds v/khu ugha fy[ksxhA
laKs; ekeyksa esa lwpuk % /kkjk 154
lafgrk dh /kkjk 154 ds vuqlkj laKs; vijk/k
dks lwpuk iqfyl dks nh tkuh pkfg, rFkk bl
lwpuk dks ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV dgk tkrk gSA
laKs; vijk/k dh lwpuk izkfIr ij iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og ^izFke
bfryk fjiksZV* fy[ksA vHkh gky gh esa mPpre
U;k;ky; esa bl fu;e ij fopyu Fkk fd
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dks dksbZ 'kfDr gSa fd os izFke
bfryk fjiksZV ls iwoZ izkFkfed vUos"k.k dj
ldrk gS ;k ughaA
Rajinder Singh Katoch Vs Chandigarh
Administration AIR 2008 SC 178 ds ekeys
esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
iqfyl dk ;g drZO; gS fd og izFke bfryk
fjiksZV ls iwoZ izFkkfed vUos"k.k djsA U;k;ky;
ds 'kCnkuqlkj
"We are not oblivious to the decision of this
Court in Ramesh Kumari Vs. State (NCT of
Delhi) and Ors., wherein such a statutory duty
has been found in the Police Officer. But, as
indicated hereinbefore, in an appropriate case,
the Police Officers also have a duty to make a
preliminary enquiry so as to find out as to
whether allegations made had any substance or
not."
gkWykafd Lalita Kumari Vs. State of U.P.
(2008) 7 SCC 164 mPpre U;k;ky; us vkns'k
tkjh djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr vkns'k fn;k]
U;k;ky; ds 'kCnkuqlkj
"In view of the above, we feel that it is high time
to give directions to Governments of all this
States and Union Territories besides their
Director Generals of Police/Commissioners of
Police as the case may be to the effect that if
steps are not taken for registration of FIRs
immediately and copies thereof are not made
over to the complainants, they may move the
concerned Magistrates by filing complaint
petitions to give direction to the police to
register case immediately upon
receipt/production of copy of the orders and
make over copy of the FIRs to the complainants,
within twenty four fours of receipt/production of
copy of such orders… In case FIRs are not
registered within the aforementioned time,
and/or aforementioned steps are not taken by the
police, the concerned Magistrate would be
justified in initiating contempt proceeding
against such delinquent officers andpunish them
for violation of its orders if no sufficient cause is
shown and awarding stringent punishment like
sentence of imprisonment against them in as
much as the Disciplinary Authority would be
quite justified in initiating departmental
proceeding and suspending them in
contemplation of the same."
lafgrk dh /kkjk 154¼3½ ds vuqlkj ;fn iqfyl
izFke bfryk fjiksZV ysus ls euk djrh gS rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa lwpuk iznkudrkZ bfryk dk
lkj fyf[kr :i esa iqfyl vf/k{kd dks izsf"kr
dj ldrk gSA rFkk v/kh{kd ekeys dh tk¡p ;k
rks Lo;a ;k fQj v/khuLfk v/khdkjhls djok
ldrk gSA
pwafd izFke bfryk fjiksZV laKs; vijk/k ls
lacaf/kr izFke izkFkfed lwpuk gksrh gS tks iqfyl
ds ikl igqaprh gS vr% bldh cgqr egRrk gksrh
gSA gkWykafd blls ;g mEehn ugha fd tk
ldrh fd blesa lwPere tkudkjh Hkh miyC/k
gks izFke bfryk fjiksZV dksbZ Encyclopedia ugha
gSA (Ramesh Maruti Patil Vs. State of
Maharashtra AIR 1994 SC 28; Surjeet Singh
Vs. State of Punjab AIR 1992 SC 1389)
izFke bfryk fjiksZV dks ml ifjis{; ds lkFk Hkh
ns[kk tkuk pkfg, ftlesa ;g iqfyl dks lkSaih
xbZ Fkh] blfy, blesa leLr lwpuk ugha gks
ldrhA
Superintendent of Police, CBI Vs. Tapan
Kumar Singh (2003) 6SCC 1752 ds ekeys esa
mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V fd;k fd izFke
bfryk fjiksZV esa vjko';d rkSj ij leLr
tkudkjh ugha gks ldrhA ;g flQZ iqfyl dks
;g tkudkjh Hkh iznku dj ldrh gS fd laKs;
vijk/k ?kfVr gqvk gSA U;k;ky; ds 'kCnkuqlkj
"It is well settled that a First Information Report
is not an encyclopedia, which must disclose all
facts and details relating to the offence reported.
An informant may lodge a report about the
commission of an offence though he may not
know the name of the victim or his assailant. He
may not even know how the occurrence took
place. A first informant need not necessarily be
an eye-witness so as to be able to disclose in
great details all aspects of the offence
committed. What is of significance is that the
information given must disclose the commission
of the offence and the information so lodged
must provide a basis for the police officer to
suspect the commission of a cognizable offence.
At this stage it is enough if the police officer on
the basis of the information given suspects the
commission of a cognizable offence, and not that
he must be convinced or satisfied that a
cognizable offence has been committed…"
izFke bfryk fjiksZV lk{; dk Hkkx ugha gS] ijUrq
bldk iz;ksx lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 157 ds
vuq:i fd;k tk ldrk gS (Aghnoo Nagesia
Vs. State of Bihar AIR 1966 SC 119; Jaddi
Vs. State of M.P. AIR 1964 SC 1850)
vej flag cuke cyohj flag ¼2003½ 2 SCC
518 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV* dks nsjh ls
nkf[ky djus ds dkj.k vfHk;kstu i{k dks lansg
ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk U;k;ky; us vkxs ;g
Li"V fd;k fd izR;sd ekeys esa rF; rFkk
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i izFke bfryk fjiksZV esa
nsjh ij ekeys ij lansg fd;k tk ldrkA
vFkkZr~ lansg dk vk/kkj flQZ foyEc ugha gS
vfirq rF; rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vk/kkj Hkh gksrk
gSA ,slk dksbZ xf.krh; lw= ugha gS] ftlds
vk/kkj ij ;g nksuksa rjhds ls foyEc dh x.kuk
dh tk ldsA
T.T. Angtony Vs. State of Kerala, (2001)
6SCC 181 ds ekeys esa U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZj.k fd;k fd leku rF; ij nwljh izFke
bfryk fjiksZV ugha nkf[ky dh tk ldrhA
gkWykafd iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og
nwljh ^izFke bfryk fjiksZV* esa mYysf[kr vijk/k
ij vUos"k.k dj fjiksZV ns ldrh gSA (Kari
Chaudhary Vs. Sita Devi AIR 2002 SC 441;
Upkar Singh Vs. Ved Prakash (2004)
13SCC 292)
izFke bfryk fjiksZV ds nkf[kys ds ckn lafgrk
ds vè;k; XII ds vuqlkj vUos"k.k djrh gSa
iqfyl dks fuEufyf[kr ÑR;ksa dh 'kfDr izkIr gS
tSls
/kkjk 161 lk{;ksa ds C;ku ysus dh 'kfDr
/kkjk 100] 105] rFkk 102 ds vuq:i
ryk'kh rFkk tCrh dh 'kfDr
lafgrk dh /kkjk 91 ds vuqlkj
nLrkostksa rFkk phtksa dh miyC/krk ds
fy, cqykukA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 160 ds vuqlkj lkf{k;ksa
dks gkftjh ds fy, cqykus
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 rFkk 162 % iqfyl }kjk
lk{kh;ksa dk ijh{k.k
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161¼10½ vUos"k.k iqfyl
vf/kdkjh dks ;g 'kfDr iznku djrh gS fd rF;
rFkk ifjfLFkfr ls ifjfpr fdlh O;fDr dk
ekSf[kd ijh{k.k dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk
161¼2½ ds vuqlkj og O;fDr mu iz'uksa ds
flok;] ftuds mÙkjksa dh izo`fr mls vkijkf/kd
vkjksi ;k 'kkflr ;k leigj.k dh vk'kadk esa
Mkyus dh gS] ,sls ekeys ls lacaf/kr mu lc
iz'uksa dk lgh&lgh mÙkj nsus ds fy, vkc)
gksxk tks ,slk vf/kdkjh mlls iwNrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 161 ds vuqlkj izfyl vf/kdkjh
ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha dh og xokg ds
dFku dks izfr'kCn ;k 'kCnr% fjdkWMZ djsx] og
flg lkj dks fjdkWMZ dj ldrk gSA /kkjk 161
ds vUrxZr fn;k dFku] C;ku ij dksbZ 'kiFk
ugha gSa
lafgrk dh /kkjk 162 ds vuqlkj dFku nsus okys
O;fDr iqfyl }kjk vfHkfyf[kr cLrkost ij
gLrk{kj ugha djsxkA bl izdkj lafgrk dh /kkjk
161 ds vUrxZr fn;k x;k C;ku fopkj.k ds
nkSjku ,d Bksl lcwr ugha gSA ijUrq lk{;
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 154 ds vuqlkj izfr ijh{kk
djrs le; /kkjk 161 ds varxZr fn;s C;ku dk
gokyk fn;k tk ldrk gSA (Tehsildar Singh
Vs. State of U.P. AIR 1959 SC 1012)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 % laLohÑfr;ksa vkSj dFkuksa
dks vfHkfyf[kr djuk
gkWykafd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ds lEeq[k fn;k x;k
dFku U;k;ky; esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA ijUrq ;fn
dksbZ O;fDr vUos"k.k ls lacaf/kr dksbZ laLohÑfr
rFkk dFku djuk pkgrk gS rks og O;fDr
esVªksiksfyVaV eftLVªsV ;k twfMfl;y eftLVªsV
ds lkeus /kkjk 164 ds varxZr dFku rFkk
lalohÑfr dj ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 og izfØ;k iznku djrh gS
ftlds rgr U;k;/kh'k dks dFku rFkk
laLohÑfr;ksa dks ys[k c) djsxk tks mlds
lEeq[k dh xbZ gSA
;g U;k;/kh'k dk ftosdk/khdkj gS fd og
laLohÑr dks ys[kc) dj Hkh ldrk gS vkSj
ugha Hkh[ ijUrq ;fn og laLohÑfr dks ys[kc)
djrk gS rks ;g lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 ds
vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A ,slh laLohÑfr tks fd
eftLVªV ds lEeq[k dh xbZ gS ij lafgrk dh
/kkjk 164 ds vuq:i ugha gS] rc bl ifjfLFkfr
esa ;g laLohÑfr lk{; ds :i esa Lohdk;Z ugha
gSA (Tandra Ravi Vs. State of Andra Pradesh
2001 CRL J 4048)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 164 ds vuqlkj laLohÑfr djus
okys O;fDr dh eftLVªsV dks ;g crkuk gksxk
fd og laLohÑfr ds fy, ckè; ugha gS] ;fn og
laLohÑfr djrk gS rks bldk iz;ksx mlds
fo:) lk{; ds :I esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g
U;k;/kh'k dh ftEesnkjh gS fd og lqfu'fpr djs
fd laLohÑfr djus okyk O;fDr LosPNkuqlkj
,slk dj jgk gsa
/kkjk 164¼4½ ;g fu/kkZfjr djrh gS fd
laLohÑfr ys[kc) djus okyk U;k;/kh'k nks"kh
O;fDr dh laLohÑfr ys[kc) djus ds fy, /kkjk
281 dh izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k djsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 167 % tc pkSchl ?k.Vksa ds
fcuk okj.V Hkhrj vUos"k.k iwjk uk fd;k tk
lds
lafgrk dh /kkjk 57 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
fxj¶rkj fd;s x;s O;fDr dk iqfyl 24 ?k.Vs ls
T;knk fo:) ugha dj ldrh] ijUrq ml O;fDr
dks fu:/k vko';d gS rks iqfyl dks lafgrk dh
/kkjk 167 dk vuqlj.k djuk gksxk rFkk l{ke
U;k;ky; ls ml O;fDr dh fjekWM izkIr djuh
gksxhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 167¼2½ ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd eftLVªsV iqfyl dks mDr fxj¶rkj O;fDr
dh fo:) dh vo/kh 15 fnuksa ls T;knk dhugha
dj ldrk ijUrq U;k;/kh'k dks ;g 'kfDr gS
tgk¡ vUos"k.k ,sls vijk/k ds fy, gS tks
e`R;qn.M] vkthou dkjkokl] ;k nl o"kZ ls
vU;wu dh vof/k ds dkjkokl ls n.Muh; gSA
ogk¡ U;k;/kh'k U;kf;d fgjklr dh vo/kh 90
fnuksa rd c<+k ldrk gSA tc vUos"k.k vU;
vijk/kks ls lacaf/kr gS rc U;k;/kh'k dks ;g
'kfDr gS fd og fjekWM dh vo/kh 60 fnuksa ds
yf, dj nsA
vrlek;ko/kh dh lekIrh ij fjekWM ij x;s
O;fDr dks tekur ij tkus dk vf/kdkj gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 167¼2½ ds v/khu nh xbZ
tekur dks oS/kkfud tekur dgrs gSaA (Dinesh
Dalmia Vs. State (2007) 3 SCC 770)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 % vUos"k.k ds lekIr gks
tkus ds ckn iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh fjiksZV
vUos"k.k iwjk gksus ds i'pkr~ iqfyl Fkkus dk
Hkkjlk/kd vf/kdkjh] iqfyl fjiksVZ ij ml
vijk/k dk laKku djus ds fy, l'kDr
eftLVªsV dks fofgfr iz:i esa iqfyl fjiksVZ
HkstsxkA ;g iqfyl dks vf/kdkj gS fd og
iw.kZ;u fjiksZV eftLVªsV dks Hkst nsA ftldk vFkZ
;g gqvk fd vUos"k.k ds ckn ;g ik;k x;k fd
ekeys esa dksbZ vijk/k ?kfVr ugha gqvkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 ds varxZr nh tkus okyh
iqfyl fjiksZV esa rF;ksa rFkk fu"d"kksZ dk mYys[k
gksxk] tks dh rF;k/kfVr nsxaA gkWykafd ;g
fjiksZV U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k j[kh tkjh gS rFkk
blesa laxzfgr lk{;ksa rFkk vfHkfyf[kr dFkuksa dk
laxzg gksrk gS] ijUrq U;k;/kh'k dks ;g fjiksZV dk
fu"d"kZ Lohdk;Z djus dh ckè;rk ugha gSA
U;k;/kh'k ekeys esa rF;ksa dksns[kdj viuh
U;kf;d le> ds vuq:i fu"d"kZ ns ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 173¼8½ iqfyl dks ;g vf/kdkj
nsrh gS fd og fopkj.k ds fdlh dh Lrj ij
u;k vUos"k.k izkjEHk dj ldrh gS tks fd us;
lk{;ksa dh viyC/krk dk fo"k; gS] blds fy,
iqfyl dks U;k;y; dh vuqefr dh vko';drk
ughaA gkWykafd dqN U;k;ky;ksa us ;g fu/kkZfjr
fd;k gS fd bl laca/k esa vUos"k.k ls iwoZ iqfyl
dks U;k;ky; dks ,d ckj lwfpr djuk pkfg,A
,sls vUos"k.k ds iw.kZ gksus ijiqfyl vfrfjDr
vkjksi i= nkf[ky djldrh gSA Ramlal
Narang V State (1979) 2 SCC 322 rFkk
Hasan Bhai Vali Bhai Quereshi Vs State of
Gujarat (2004) 5 SCC 347 ds ekeyksa esa
U;k;y; us vfxze vUos"k.k dks ekU;rk iznku dh
gSA
U;k;y; }kjk vijk/kksa dk laKku
lafgrk dh /kkjk 90 % eftLVªsV }kjk vijk/kksa dk
laKku
laKku dk rkRi;Z ml fcUnq ls gS] tc U;k;/kh'k
vijk/k dk U;kf;d fopkj.k djrk gSA
(R.R.Chari V. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR
1951 SC 207) laKku vijk/k dk fd;k tkrk
gS u fd vijk/kh dkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 190 ds vuqlkj U;k;/kh'k fuEu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekeys dk laKku dj ldrs gSaA
mu rF;ksa dk] ftuls ,slk vijk/k curk gS
ifjokn izkIr gksus ij
,sls rF;ksa ds ckjs esa iqfyl fjiksVZ ij
iqfyl vf/kdkjh ls fHkUu fdlh O;fDr ls izkIr
bl bfryk ij ;k Lo;a viuh bl tkudkjh ij
fd ,slk vijk/k fd;k x;k gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 173 ds vuqlkj tc ,d ckj
U;k;/kh'k ds lEeq[k iqfyl fjiksZVj j[k nh
mlds ckn U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 190¼1½¼b½ ds v/khu
ekeys dk laKku ys ldrs gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 154 ds vUrxZr izFke bfryk
fjiksZV nkf[ky djus ds vfrfjDr f'kdk;rdrkZ
lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 ds varxZr lh/ks U;k;/kh'k
ds lEeq[k Hkh f'kdk;r j[k ldrk gSA ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 190¼1½¼a½ eftLVªsV
dks ;g 'kfDr nsrh gS fd og f'kdk;r ds
vk/kkj ij vijk/k dk laKku ys ldsA
,d eftLVªsV ds ikl pkSFkk fodYi ;g gksrk gS
fd og lafgrk dh /kkjk 156¼3½ ds varxZr
iqfyl dks lacaf/kr ekeys ds vUos"k.k ds fy,
funsZ'k nsa ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
/kkjk 156¼3½ rFkk /kkjk 173¼8½ esa iznr 'kfDr;k¡
fof'k"V gSA
n`"Vkar & eftLVsªV ds lkeus j[kh x;h ,d
iqfyl fjiksZV rF;ksa rFkk lk{;ksa ds vuq:i
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 302 ds v/khu
vijk/k dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k] fjiksZV dksns[kus ds
ckn eftLVªsV us ;g ik;k fd rF;ksa rFkk lk{;ksa
ds vuq:i ;g vijk/k /kkjk 302 ds v/khu u
gksdj /kkjk 304a ds v/khu vijk/k gSA bl
ifjfLFkfr esa eftLVªst /kkjk 304¼aA½ ds varxZr
vijk/k dk laKku ysxkA
eftLVªsV ls ifjokn
lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 & 203
lafgrk dk vè;k; XV eftLVªsV ls ifjokn
lslacaf/kr gSA tSlk fd mij Li"V fd;k tk
pqdk gS fd lafgrk dh /kkjk 200 ds varxZr
ifjokn ij fdlh vijk/k dk laKku djus okyk
eftLVªsV] ifjoknh dh vkSj ;fn dksbZ lk{kh
mifLFkr gS rks mudh 'kifk ij ijh{kk djsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 202 ds vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ
eftLVªsV ,sls vijk/k dk ifjokn izkIr djus ij]
ftldk laKku djus ds fy, og izkf/kÑr gSA
vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vknsf'kdk dk tkjh fd;k
tkuk eqRroh dj ldrk gS vkSj ;g fofuf'pr
djdus ds iz;kstu ls fd dk;Zokgh djus ds
fy, I;kzIr vk/kkj gS vFkok ugha] ;k rks Lo;a gh
ekeys dh tkWp djldrk gS ;k fdlh iqfyl
vf/kdkjh }kjk ;k vU; ,sls O;fDr }kjk] ftldks
og Bhd le>s vUos"k.k fd, tkus ds fy,
funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 203 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ifjoknh
ds vksj lkf{k;ksa ds 'kiFk ij fd, x, dFku ij
vkSj /kkjk 202 ds v/khu tkWp ;k vUos"k.k ds
ifj.kke ij fopkj djus ds i'pkr~ eftLVªsV dh
;g jk; gs fd dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, I;kZIr
vk/kkj ugha gS rks og ifjokn dks [kkfjt dj
ldsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 %
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XVI ^eftLVªsV
ds le{k dk;Zokgh dk izkjEHk fd;k tkus ls
laca/khr gS] lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ;g eftLVªsV
dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrh gS fd ;fn mUgsa nks"kh ds
fo:) dk;Zokgh ds fy, mfpr dkj.k feys rc
og nks"kh dh mifLFkrh vko';d cukus ds fy,]
eftLVªsV fo:) okj.V ;k leu tkjh djldrk
gSA (H.S. Bains Vs State (1980) 4SCC 631)
ifjokn izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ eftLVsªV ds ikl
dbZ jkLrs gksrs gSaA U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 200 ds rgr
vijk/k dk laKku ysdj] dfkuksa dk vfHkys[ku
djok ldrk gS ;k fQj U;k;/kh'k /kkjk 203 ds
varxZr ifjokn dks fujLr djldrk gSA vU;Fkk
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ds varxZr ifjokn dh
dk;Zokgh 'kq: dh tk ldrh gSA
eftLVªsV ds ikl dk;Zokgh dks lFkfxr djus
rFkk ekeys dk [kqn vUos"k.k djus ;k iqfyl
}kjk vUos"k.k djkus ¼tSls dh os mfpr le>s½
dk fodYi gksrk gS rkfd ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk
ldsxh ekeys dk Bksl vk/kkj gS ;k ughaA
vknsf'kdk tkjh djus ds igys eftLVªsV ifjoknh
ds ifjokn esa fufgr valEHkkoukvksa dks ns[k
ldrk gSA rFkk vkjksiksa ds ifjis{; esa xokgksa dh
miyC/krk rFkk lR;rk tk¡p ldrk gSA
(Nagawwa Vs. Veeranna (1976) 3SCC 736)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 204 ds varxZr vknsf'kdk tkjh
gksus ds i'pkr~ fol O;fDr ds fo:) ;g tkjh
gqbZ gS mls U;k;y; esa is'k gksuk iM+rk gSA nks"kh
dks leu nsuk ,d xaHkhj izfØ;k gSA leu
vkns'k esa ;g Li"V izrhr gksuk pkfg, fd
eftLVªsV us vius foosdkuqlkj rF;ksa rFkk iz;qDr
dkuwu ds vuq:i ,slk fd;k gSA (Pepsi Food
Limited Vs. Special Judicial Magistrate,
(1948) 5SCC 749)
,d ckj leu tkjh gks tkus ij eftLVªsV ds
ikl dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS fd og leu tkjh
djus ds vius fu.kZ; ij iquZjh{k.k ;k iquZfopkj
dj lds (Adalat Prasad Vs Rooplal Jindal
2004 CrL 4874, Subramanium Sethuraman
Vs. State of Maharashtra 2004 CrLJ 4609)
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 205 ds varxZr
eftLVªsV vfHk;qDr dks oS;fDrd gkftjh ls
vfHk;qDr ns ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 207
lafgrk dh /kkjk 207] iqfyl fjiksZV ds vk/kkj ij
dk;Zokgh ij] eftLVªsV fcuk foyEc vfHk;qDr
dks iqfyl fjiksZV rFkk vU; iz;qDr nLrkostksa dh
izfrfyfi ns ldrk gSA ;g izko/kku vfHk;qDr ds
fy, vR;Ur vko';d gS D;ksafd izFke ckj
vfHk;qDr dks og rF; ;k nLrkost feyrs gSa]
ftuds vk/kkj ij iqfyl fjiksZV nk;j dh xbZ gS
rFkk izFke ckj bu nLrkostksa ds vk/kkj ij
vfHk;qDr viuk cpko dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & Q ds fo:) ,d vkjksi&i= nkf[ky
fd;k x;k] vkjksi i= ds lkFk 400 nLrkost
rFkk 2 isu Mªkbo Fkh ftlesa bySDVªksfud fjdkMZ
FkkA Q dks lafgrk dh /kkjk 207 ds varxZr ;g
vf/kdkj gS fd mls nLrkostksa dh dkWih rFkk
isu Mªkbo dk DykWt izkIr gksA
State of Uttar Pradesh Vs Lakshmi Brahman
(1983) 2 SCC 3872 ds ekeys esa mppre
U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd n.M izfØ;k
lafgrk dh /kkjk 207 dh Hkk"kk vfuok;Zr% fy;s
gq,s gS vr% vfHk;qDr dks nLrkostksa dhizfrfyfi
lkSiuk iz'kklfud dk;Z uk gksdj U;kf;d dk;Z
gS (Superintendent and Remembrancer of
Legal Affairs, West Bengal Vs. Satyen
Bhawmic & Others (1981) 2SCC 109)
vkjksi
lafgrk dk vè;k; 17 ^vkjksi* dk izko/kku djrk
gSA vkjksi dks ge ,d vkSipkfjd vkjksi ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa ftlds vk/kkj ij
U;k;ky; fopkj.k izkjEHk djrk gSa U;k;ky;
vkjksi ifjHkkf"kr ugha djrsA gkWykafd lafgrk dh
/kkjk 211 vkjksi ds rRoksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA
izR;sd vkjksi ds vUrxZr vijk/k dk mYys[k]
og fof'k"V uke ftlls vijk/k dh O;k[;kvksa]
dkuwu rFkk /kkjk rFkk vijk/k dk dk LFkku o
le; dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A ¼lafgrk dh /kkjk
211 ls 214½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 215 ds vuqlkj & vijk/k ds
;k mu fof'kf"V;ksa ds] ftudk vkjksi esa dfku
gksuk visf{kr gS] dFku djus esa fdlh xyrh dks
vkSj ml vijk/k ;k mu fof'kf"V;ksa ds dfku
djus esa fdlh yksi dks ekeys ds fdlh izØe esa
rc gh rkfRod ekuk tk,xk tc ,slh xyrh ;k
yksi ls vfHk;qDr okLro esa Hkqykos esa iM+ x;k gS
vkSj mlds dkj.k U;k; ugha gks ik;k gS vU;Fkk
ughaA
n`"Vkar & A ij B ds lkFk csbekuh djdus dk
vkjksi gSA ijUrq vkjksi esa bldk mYys[k ugha
fd;k x;k fd fdl izdkj csbekuhdh xbZ vFkok
mldh xyr izfØ;k dk mYys[k fd;k x;kA A
viuk cpko djrk gS rFkk xokgksa ds }kjk
csbekuh dk rhjh[k dk mYys[k djrk gSA
U;k;ky; blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudky ldrk gS
fd vkjksi ds }kjk csbekuh dk rjhdk vkrkRohd
gksA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 216 ;g izko/kku djrh gs fd
dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; fu.kZ; lqukus ls iwoZ vkjksi esa
dqN phts tksM+ rFkk la'kksf/kr dj ldrk gSA
;fn ifjorZu ;k ifjo/kZu ,slk gS fd U;k;ky;
dh jk; esa fopkj.k dks rqjUr vkxs pykus ls
bl ckr dh laHkkouk gS fd vfHk;qDr ;k
vfHk;kstd ij iwoksZoDr :I ls izfrdwy izHkko
iM+sxk rks U;k;ky; ;k rks u, fopkj.k dk
funsZ'k ns ldrk gS ;k fopkj.k dks bruh vof/k
ds fy,] ftruh vko';d gks] LFkkfir dj
ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 217 ds vuqlkj & tc dHkh
fopkj.k izkjaHk gksus ds i'pkr~ U;k;ky; }kjk
vkjksi ifjofrZr ;k ifjof?kZr fd;k tkrk gS rc
vfHk;kstd vkSj vfHk;qDr dks
¼d½ fdlh ,sls lk{kh dks] ftldh ijh{kk dh
tk pqdh gS] iqu% cqykus dh ;k iqu% leu djus
dh vkSj mldh ,sls ifjorZu ;k ifjo?kZu ds
ckjs esa ijh{kk djus dh vuqKk nh tk,xhA
vkjksiksa dk la;kstu
lafgrk dh /kkjk 218 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
izR;sd lqfHkUu vijk/k ds fy,] ftldk fdlh
O;fDr ij vfHk;ksx gS] i`Fkd~ vkjksi gksxk vkSj
,sls izR;sd vkjksi dk fooj.k i`Fkdr% fd;k
tk,xk%
ijUrq tgk¡ vfHk;qDr O;fDr] fyf[kr vkosnu
}kjk] ,slk pkgrk gS vkSj eftLVªsV dh jk; gS
fd mlls ,sls O;fDr ij izfrdwy izHkko ugha
iMs+xk ogk¡ eftLVªsV ml O;fDr ds fo:)
fopjfpr lHkh ;k fdUgha vkjksaiksa dk fopkj.k
,d lkFk dj ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 219 ;g dgrh gS fd & tc
fdlh O;fDr ij ,d gh fdLe ds ,sls ,d ls
vf/kd vijk/kksa dk vfHk;ksx gS tksmu vijk/kksa esa
ls igys vijk/k ls ysdj vafre vijk/k rd
ckjg ekl ds vUnj gh fd, x, gS] pkgs os ,d
gh O;fDr ds ckjs esa fd, x, gksa ;k ugha] rc
ml ij muesa ls rhu ls vukf/kd fdrus gh
vijk/kksa ds fy, ,d gh fopkj.k esa vkjksi
yxk;k vkSj fopkj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 220 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ijLij
lEca) ,sls dk;ksZa ds] ftuls ,d gh lO;ogkj
curk gS] ,d Øe esa ,d ls vf/kd vijk/k ,d
gh O;fDr }kjk fd, x, gS rks ,sls izR;sd
vijk/k ds fy, ,d gh fopkj.k esa ml ij
vkjksi yxk;k tk ldrk gS vksj mldk fopkj.k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & d ,d O;fDr [k dks] tks fof/kiw.kZ
vfHkj{kk esa gSa] NqM+krk gS vkSj ,slk djus esa
dkaLVscy X dks] ftldh vfHkj{kk esa [k gS] ?kksj
migfr dkfjr djrk gSA d ij Hkkjrh; n.M
lafgrk lafgrk ¼1860½ dk 45½ dh /kkjk 225 vkSj
333 ds v/khu vijk/kksa ds fy, vkjksi yxk;k
tk ldsxk tk ldsxk vkSj og nks"kfl) fd;k
tk ldsxkA
vkjksi dks fu/kkZj.k djrs le; izFke n"V;k
vfHk;qDr ds fo:) flQZ ekeyk gksus dh
vko';drk gSa bl le; lk{; dks mifLFkrh
vko';d ughaA
fopkj.k % n.M izfØ;k lafgrk ds vè;k;
XVIII, XIX, XX rFkk XXI esa fofHkUu fopkj.k
dh izfØ;k dk mYys[k gSa tSlk dh igys crk;k
tk pwdk gS fd lafgrk dh izaFke vuqlwph vijk/k
dks fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVrh gSA izFke vuqlwph
;g izko/kku djrh gS fd fofHkUu Js.kh ds
vijk/k fdl U;k;ky; ds varxZr foofgr gksaxsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 225 ls 237 % ls'ku U;k;ky;
ds lEeq[k fopkj.k
lafgrk dh vè;k; XVIII okj.V ekeys tks xaHkhj
izo`fr ds gksrs gS] dk fopkj.k ls'ku U;k;ky;ksa
dks lEeq[k djus dk izko/kku djrk gSA lafgrk
dh /kkjk 209 ds vuqlkj ,d l{ke U;k;/kh'k
fdlh ls'ku dksZV }kjk fopkj.k ;ksX; vijk/k
dk laKku ys ldrs gS] rFkk ckn esa mls ls'ku
dksZV dks fopkj.k ds fy, Hkst ldrs gSA ls'ku
U;k;y; lh/ks fdlh ekeys dk laKku ugha
djsxk fQj pkgs og ekeyk ls'ku U;k;ky; ds
fopkj.k ;ksX; gks fQj pkgs og ekeyk ls'ku
U;k;ky; ds fopkj.k ;ksX; gks fQj Hkh] ijUrq
lafgrk dh /kkjk 199 tks dqN viokn gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 225 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
ls'ku U;k;ky; ds le{k izR;sd fopkj.k esa]
vfHk;kstu dk lapkyu yksd vfHk;kstd }kjk
fd;k tk,xkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 227 rFkk 228 ls'ku U;k;ky;
}kjk vkjksiks ds fopkj.k ds laca/k esa izko/kku
djrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 227 ds vuqlkj & ;fn ekeys
ds vfHkys[k vkSj mlds lkFk nh xbZ nLrkostksa
ij fopkj dj ysus ij vkSj bl fufer vfHk;qDr
vkSj vfHk;kstu ds fuosnu dh lquokbZ dj ysus
ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k ;g le>rk gS fd
vfHk;qDr ds fo:) dk;kZokgh djus ds fy,
I;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gS rks og vfHk;qDr dks
mUeksfpr dj nsxk vkSj ,slk djus ds vius
dkj.kksa dks ys[kc) djsxkA
Yogesh Vs State of Maharashtra (2008) 10
SCC 394 ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us
ckn nksgjkbZ fd ;fn flQZ nks lEHkkouk,sa gS
ftuesa ls ,d flQZ 'kd ds vk/kkj ij gS] rc
ml ifjfLFkfr esa U;k;/kh'k dks ;g vf/kdkj gS
fd og vfHk;qDr dk mUDr;d dj ns ¼di;k
ns[ks State of Karnataka Vs L. Munni Swami
(1997) 2 SCC 699, Union of India Vs
Prafulla Kumar (1979) 3SCC 4)
lafgrk dh /kkjk 228 ds vuqlkj ;fn iwoksZDr
:i ls fopkj vksj lquokbZ ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k
dh ;g jk; gS fd ,slk mi/kkj.kk djus dk
vk/kkj gS fd vfHk;qDr us ,slk vijk/k fd;k gS
& rc vkjksiksa dk xBu fd;k tk,xk rFkk
¼d½ vuU;r% ls'ku U;k;ky; }kjk
fopkj.kh; ugha gS rks og] vfHk;qDr ds fo:)
vkjksi fojfpr dj ldrk gS vksj vkns'k }kjk]
ekeys dks fopkj.k ds fy, eq[; U;kf;d
eftLVªsV dks vUrfjr dj ldrk gS ¼;k dksbZ
vU; izFke oxZ U;kf;d eftLVªsV ,slh rkjh[k
dks tks og Bhd le>s] vfHk;qDr dks]
;FkkfLFkfr] eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV ;k izFke oxZ
U;kf;d eftLVªsV ds le> gkftj gksus dk
funsZ'k ns ldsxk vkSj rc ,slk eftLVªsV ml
ekeys dk fopkj.k iqfyl fjiksVZ ij lafLFkr
okj.V ekeyksa ds fopkj.k ds fy, izfØ;k ds
vuqlkj djsxkA
¼[k½ vuU;r% ml U;k;ky; }kjk fopkj.kh;
gS rks og vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fyf[kr
:i esa fojfpr djsxkA
¼2½ tgk¡ U;k;k/kh'k mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds [k.M
¼[k½ ds v/khu dksbZ vkjksi fojfpr djrk gS ogk¡
og vkjksi vfHk;qDr dks i<+dj lquk;k vkSj
le>k;k tk,xk vkSj vfHk;qDr ls ;g iwNk
tk,xk fd D;k og ml vijk/k dk] ftldk
vkjksi yxk;k x;k gS] nks"kh gksus dk vfHkoapu
djrk gS ;k fopkj.k fd, tkus dk nkok djrk
gSA
;fn vfHk;qDr nks"kh gksus dk vfHkopu djrk gS
rks U;k;k/kh'k /kkjk 229 ds vuqlkj ml vfHkokd
dks ys[kc) djsxk vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij mls
Lofoosdkuqlkj] nks"kfl) dj lkdrk gS rFkk
n.M ns ldrk gSA
;fn vfHk;qDr fopkj.k fd, tkus dk nkok
djrk gSA rks U;k;k/kh'k lkf{k;ksa dh ijh{kk djus
ds fy, rkjh[k fu;r djsxkA ¼/kkjk 230½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 231 ds vuqlkj U;k;/kh'k
vfHk;kstu ls lacaf/kr leLr lk{; ysxkA
;fn vfHk;kstu dk lk{; ysus] vfHk;qDr dh
ijh{kk djus vksj vfHk;kstu vkSj izfrj{kk dks
lquus ds i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k dk ;g fopkj gS fd
bl ckr dk lk{; ugha gS fd vfHk;qDr us
vijk/k fd;k gS rks U;k;k/kh'k nks"k eqfDr dk
vkns'k vfHkfyf[kr dj ldrk gSA ¼/kkjk 232½
/kkjk 233 ds vuqlkj ;fn vfHk;qDr nks"k eqDr
ugha fd;k tkrk gS ogk¡ mlls vis{kk dh tk,xh
dh viuh izfrj{kk vkjEHk djsa vkSj dksbZ Hkh
lk{; tks mlds leFkZu esa mlds ikl gks is'k
djsA
cgl vkSj fof/k&iz'u ¼;fn dksbZ gks½ lquus ds
i'pkr~ U;k;k/kh'k ekeys esa fu.kZ; nsxkA ¼/kkjk
235½
lafgrk dh /kkjk 235 ¼2½ ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr ds
nks"k fl) ds ckn Hkh U;k;/kh'k n.M ds iz'u ij
vfHkq:Dr dks lqlusxk rFkk mlds ckn fof/k ds
vuqlkj mlds fo"k; esa n.Mkns'k nsxkA lafgrk
dh /kkjk 235¼2½ dk mís'; vfHk;qDr dks ,d
ekSdk nsuk gS rkfd og U;k;ky; dh tkudkjh
esa ekeys ls lacaf/kr lkekftd] O;fDrxr rFkk
vU; rF; yk ldsA buds vk/kkj ij U;k;ky;
mfpr n.Mkns'k nsrk gSA
;fn ekeys esa ls'ku U;k;ky; e`R;qn.M nsrk gS
rks bldh laLrqfr lafgrk dh /kkjk 366 ds
vUrxZr mPp U;k;ky; ls gksuk vko';d gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 238&243 & eftLVªsVks }kjk
ekeyks dk fopkj.k
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XIX eftLVªsVks
}kjk okj.V ekeyksa ds fopj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA
;g vè;k; nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gS igyk iqfyl
fjiksZV ds vk/kkj ij ekeys] nwljk iqfyl fjiksZV
ds vU;Fkk ekeysA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 238 ds vuqlkj & tc iqfyl
fjiksZV ij lafLFkr fdlh okj.V ekeys esa
vfHk;qDr fopkj.k ds izkjEHk esa eftLVªsV ds
le{k gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS rc
eftLVsªV viuk ;g lek/kku dj ysxk fd mlus
/kkjk 207 ds mica/kksa dk vuqikyu dj fy;k gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 239 rFkk 240] lafgrk dh /kkjk
227 rFkk 228 ds leku gSA ;s ;g izko/kku
djrh gS vfHk;qDr dks dc nks"keqDr fd;k
tk,xk rFkk vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi dc
xfBr fd;s tkus pkfg,a ;fn vfHk;qDr nks"k
Lohdkjrk ugha gS rc U;k;/kh'k xokgksa us
ijh{k.k ds fy, ,d frfFk fu/kkZfjr djrk gS
rFkk gS ml fu/kkZfjr frfFk ij U;k;k/kh'k ekeys
ls tqM+s leLr lk{; rFkk xokg eftLVsªV ds
lkeus mifLFkr gksrs gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 243 ds
vuq:i vfHk;qDr viuh j{kk esa lk{; mRiUu
djrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 244&247% iqfyl fjiksZV ls
fHkUu vk/kkj ij lafLFkr ekeys
lafgrk dh /kkjk 244 ds vuqlkj % tc iqfyl
fjiksZV ls fHkUu vk/kkj ij lafLFkr fdlh
okj.V&ekeys esa eftLVsªV ds le{k vfHk;qDr
gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS rc eftLVªsV
vfHk;kstu dks lquus ds fy, vkSj ,slk lc
lk{; ysus ds fy, vxzlj gksxk tks vfHk;kstu
ds leFkZu esa is'k fd;k tk,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 245 ds vuqlkj % ;fn /kkjk
244 esa fufnZ"V lc lk{; ysus ij eftLVªsV dk
;g fopkj gS fd vfHk;qDr ds fo:) ,slk dksbZ
ekeyk fl) ugha gqvk gS tks v[kafMr jgus ij
mldh nks"kflf) ds fy, leqfpr vk/kkj gks rks
eftLVªsV mldks mUeksfpr dj nsxkA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 245¼2½ ds vuqlkj ;fn fopkj.k
ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij U;k;/kh'k dks ;g yxrk gS
fd vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi fujk/kkj gS rks og
mls NksM+ ldrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 246 ds vuqlkj & ;fn
eftLVsªV dh ;g jk; gS fd vfHk;qDr us ,slk
vijk/k fd;k gS ftldk fopkj.k djus ds fy,
og eftLVªsV l{ke gS vkSj tks mldh jk; esa
mlds }kjk i;kZIr :i ls nf.Mr fd;k tk
ldrk gS rks og vfHk;qDr ds fo:) vkjksi
fyf[kr :i esa fojfpr djsxkA rFkk lkFk gh
lkFk U;k;ky; vfHk;qDr dks vius cpko esa
lafgrk dh /kkjk 243 ds varxZr lk{; izLrqr
djus dks dgrk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 251&259 % eftLVsªVksa }kjk
leu ekeyksa dk fopkj.k
leu ekeyksa dk fopkj.k lafgrk ds vè;k; XX
ds vuq:i gksrk gSA pwafd leu ekeys okj.V
ekeyksa dh rqyuk esa de xaHkhj gksrs gSaA leu
ekeyksa esa dksbZ vkjksi dk fu/kkZj.k ugha gksrk
ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 251 ds vuqlkj tc
leu&ekeys esa vfHk;qDr eftLVsªV ds le{k
gkftj gksrk gS ;k yk;k tkrk gS] rc mls ml
vijk/k dh fof'kf"V;k¡ crkbZ tk,¡xh ftldk ml
ij vfHk;ksx gS] vkSj mlls iwNk tk,xk fd D;k
og nks"kh gksus dk vfHkokd djrk gS vFkok
izfrj{kk djuk pkgrk gSA
O;ogkj esa lafgrk dh /kkjk 251 dks ^uksfVl dk
fu/kkZj.k* dgk tkrk gSA tks dh vkjksiksa ds
fu/kkZj.k ls fHkUu gSA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr
;g gS fd vkSipkfjd vkjksi dk fu/kkZj.k
vko';d ugha gS] ijUrq lafgrk dh /kkjk 251
vkjksi fu/kkZj.k ij fu"ks/k ugha j[krk gS rFkk ;s
U;k;/kh'k dk foosdk/khdkj gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 256 ds vuqlkj ;fn ifjokn ij
leu tkjh dj fn;k x;k gks vkSj vfHk;qDr dh
gkftjh ds fy, fu;r fnu] ;k mlds
i''ikrorhZ fdlh fnu] ftlds fy, lquokbZ
LFkfxr dh tkrh gS] ifjoknh gkftjh ugha gksrk
gS rks] eftLVªsV blesa blds iwoZ fdlh ckr ds
gksus gq, Hkh] vfH;qDr dks nks"keqDr dj nsxk tc
rd fd og fdUgha dkj.kksa ls fdlh vU; fnu
ds fy, ekeys dh lquokbZ LFkkfxr djuk Bhd
u le>sA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 258 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
fdlh leu&ekeys esa dksbZ izFke oxZ eftLVªsV]
vFkok eq[; U;kf;d eftLVªsV dh iwoZ eatwjh ls
dksbZ vU; U;kf;d eftLVªsV ,sls dkj.kksa ls] tks
mlds }kjk ys[kc) fd, tk,axs] dk;Zokgh dks
fdlh Hkh izØe esa dksbZ fu.kZ; lquk, fcuk jksd
ldrk gS vkSj tgk¡ eq[; lkf{k;ksa ds lk{; dks
vfHkfyf[kr fd, tkus ds i'pkr~ bl izdkj
dk;Zokfg;ks¡ jksdh tkrh gSa ogk¡ nks"keqfDr dk
fu.kz; lquk ldrk gS vkSj fdlh vU; n'kk esa
vfHk;qDr dks NksM+ ldrk gS vkSj ,sls NksM+us dk
izHkko mUekspu gksxkA
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XXI ds varxZr
lafgrk dh /kkjk 260&265 rd gS rFkk ;s laf{kIr
fopkj.k dh izfØ;k ls laca/khr gSA lafgrk dh
/kkjk 260 mu vijk/kksa dh lwph nsrh gS ftudk
laf{kIr fopkj.k lEHko gSA
tk¡p rFkk fopkj.k dk izko/kku
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dk vè;k; XXIII rFkk
XXIV tk¡p rFkk fopkj.k dh izfØ;k rFkk
izdkjksa dk izko/kku djrk gsA mnkgj.k ds fy,
lafgrk dh /kkjk 272 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
jkT; ljdkj] jkT; ds vUnj mPp U;k;ky; dks
NksM+ dj U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk dk fu/kkZj.k
djldrh gSA /kkjk 273 ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd /kkjk 273 lk{; vfHk;qDr dh mifLFkfr esa
gh ysus pkfg,A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 280 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd
tc ihBklhu U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV lk{kh dk
lk{; vfHkfyf[kr dj ysrk gS rc ;g ml
lk{kh dh ijh{kk fd, tkrs le; mldh HkoHkaxh
ds ckjs esa ,slh fVIif.k;k¡ Hkh vfHkfyf[kr djsxk
tks og rkfRod le>rk gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 300 lafo/kku dh /kkjk 20¼2½ dk
izfrfcEc gS! 'autrefois acquit' dk fl)kUr bl
izko/kku dk vk/kkj gSA bl izko/kku ds vuqlkj
ftl O;fDr dks fdlh vijk/k ds fy, l{ke
vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; }kjk ,d ckj
fopkj.k fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj tks ,sls vijk/k
ds fy, nks"kfl) ;k nks"keqDr fd;k tk pqdk gS
og u rks mlh vijk/k ds fy, fopkj.k dk
Hkkxh gksxk vkSj u mUgha rf;ksa ij fdlh ,sls
vU; vijk/k ds fy, fopkj.k dk Hkkxh gksxk
rFkk oks vkjksi tks mlds fo:) yxk;s tk
ldrs FksA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 306 & 308 lg vijkf/k;ksa rFkk
vU; O;fDr;ksa dh {kerknku ls lacaf/kr gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 313 U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj
nsrh gs fd og vfHk;qDr ls iz'u djs rkfd
vfHk;qDr vius fo:) yxs lk{; dh ifjfLFkfr
Li"V dj ldsA vfHk;qDr ds ,sls dFkuksa dh
fjdkfMZx dh tk ldrh gS] gkWykafd ;g
'kiFkiwoZd ugha gksrs\
lafgrk dh /kkjk 320 % vijk/kksa dk 'keu
dqN fuf'pr vijk/kksa dks 'keu ;ksX; vijk/k dh
Js.kh esaj[kk x;k gS ;gk¡ ij vijk/k dk fuiVkjk
ifjoknh rFkk vfHk;qDr esa eè; ml oS/kkfud
rFkk ;qfDr;qDr rjhds ls gks tkuk pkfg,] ftl
ij nksuks i{k jkth gksA nks izdkj ds vijk/kksa dk
'keu fd;k tk ldrk gsA lafgrk dh /kkjk
320¼1½ esa mu vijk/kksa dh lwph gS ftudk 'keu
U;k;ky; dh vkKk ds fcuk fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ogh /kkjk 320¼2½ esa mu vijk/kksa dh lwph gS
ftudk 'keu U;k;ky; dh vkKk ls fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vijk/kk ds bl /kkjk ds v/khu 'keu
dk izHkko ml vfHk;qDr dh nks"k eqfDr gksxk
ftlls vijk/k dk 'keu fd;k x;k gSA
n`"Vkar & A lafgrk dh /kkjk 323 ds rgr
vfHk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS] A ij B us vkjksi
yxk;k fd A us mls xaHkhj pksVs igqpk¡bZA A
rFkk B ekeys dk fuiVkjk dj mldk 'keu
djuk pkgrs gSaA pwafd ;g vijk/k /kkjk 320¼1½
ds v/khu vkrk gS vr% blds fy, A rFkk B
dks U;k;ky; dh vkKk dh vko';drk ugha gSA
ogha A ds fo:) Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk
500 ds varxZr B }kjk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS
B dk dguk gS fd A us ml dh eku gkfu dh
gS A rFkk B vkil esa ekeys dk fuiVkjk djrs
gSa rFkk mldk 'keu djuk pkgrs gSaA pwafd ;g
vijk/k /kkjk 320¼2½ ds v/khu gSA vr% A rFkk
B dks blds fy, U;k;ky; dh vkKkr dh
t:jr gSA
lkSnk vfHkokd
lafgrk dk vè;k; 21¼d½ dks 2006 esa la'kks/ku
}kjk tksM+k x;kA lafgrk dh /kkjk 265-A ls
265¼2½ rd lkSnk vfHkokd dh izfØ;kvksa ds
lanHkZ esa izko/kku djrh gSa lafgrk dk ;g vè;k;
mu vijk/kksa ij ykHk ugha gksxk tks jk"Vª dh
lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko Mkyrs
gSa] ;k efgykvksa rFkk 14 o"kZ ds de mez ds
cPpksa ds fo:) gSA dsUnzh; ljdkj lwpuk }kjk
,sls vijk/kksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldrh gS tks jk"Vª
dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko Mkyrs
gSaA lafgrk dh /kkjk 265¼e½ ekeys ds fuiVkjks
ds laca/k esa gSA
vihy] funsZ'k rFkk iqujh{k.k
vihyh; U;k;ky; ds vf/kdkj Vªk;y dksVZ ds
leku gksrs gSaA lafgrk dh /kkjk 386 vihy
U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr dk izo/kku djrh gS dbZ
ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd
vihy fopkj.k dk gh vfxze Hkkx gS rFkk vihy
U;k;y; dks lk{; ysus dk vf/kdkj gsa lafgrk
dh /kkjk 391 ds vuqlkj vihy U;k;ky; lk{;
ys ldsxk ;k muds fy, tkus dk funsZ'k ns
ldsxkA ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
/kkjk 394 ds v/khu /kkjk 377 ;k /kkjk 378 ds
v/khu izR;sd vU; vihy dk vfHk;qDr dh e`R;q
ij vfUre :i ls mi'keau gks tk,xkA
nks"kflf) ls vihy % /kkjk 374
dksbZ O;fDr tks ls'ku U;k;k/kh'k ;k vij ls'ku
U;k;k/kh'k }kjk fd, x, fopkj.k esa ;k fdlh
vU; U;k;ky; }kjk fd, x, fopkj.k esa
nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa lkr o"kz ls
vf/kd ds dkjkokl dk n.Mkns'k mlds fo:)
;k mlh fopkj.k esa nks"kfl) fd, x, fdlh
vU; O;fDr ds fo fn;k x;k gS mPp
U;k;ky; esa /kkjk 374¼2½ ds v/khu vihy dj
ldrk gSA
/kkjk 374¼3½ ds varxrZ dksbZ Hkh O;fDr tks /kkjk
374¼3½ ¼d½¼[k½¼x½ ds varxZr nks"kflf) gqvk gS
ls'ku dksVZ esa vihy dj ldrk gSA flok; /kkjk
374¼2½ ds mica/kks dks NksM+ djA
jkt; ljdkj }kjk n.Mkns'k ds fo:) vihy %
/kkjk 377 ;g izko/kku djrh gS fd jkT; ls'ku
dksZV esa vihy dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn fu.kZ;
vU; U;k;ky; }kjk ikfjr fd;k x;k gS rks
jkT; mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dj ldrk gSA
nks"keqfDr dh n'kk esa vihy /kkjk 378
jkT; nks"keqfDr ds fo:) vihy nk;j dj
ldrk gSA gkWykafd mPpU;k;ky; dks leLr
lk{;ksa dk iqujh{k.k djds fu.kZ; nsus dk
vf/kdkj gS] ijUrq nks"kflf) O;fDr dks dqN
fu/kkZfjr ifjfLFkfr esa gh mifLFkr gksus dk
vf/kdkj gSa eè;izns'k jkt; cuke equhl flag
¼2009½ 14 SCC 170 ds ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr
gqvk fd ;fn lk{; ij nks fopkj mRiUu gksrs gSa
,d nks"k eqfDr dk leFkZu djrk gS rFkk nwljk
nks"kiw.kZr% dk rc mPpU;k;ky; flQZ blls
izHkkfor ugha gksxk fd Vªk;y dksVZ us nks"keqfDr
nh gSA vr% nwljk fopkj.k Hkh fy;k tk ldrk
gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 389 ds vuqlkj vihy
U;k;ky;] ,sls dkj.kksa ls] tks mlds }kjk
vfHkfyf[kr fd, tk,¡xs] vkns'k ns ldrk gS fd
ml n.Mkns'k ;k vkns'k dk fu"iknu] ftlds
fo:) vihy dh xbZ gS] nks"kfl) O;fDr }kjk
dh xbZ vihy ds yfEcr jgus rd fuyfEcr
fd;k tk, vkSj ;fn og O;fDr ifjjks/k esa gS rks
;g Hkh vkns'k nsldrk gS fd mls tekur ij
;kmlds vius ca/ki= ij NksM+ fn;k tk;A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 389¼3½ ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd tgk¡ nks"kfl) O;fDr ,sls U;k;ky; dk
ftlds }kjk og nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS ;g
lek/kku dj nsrk gS fd og vihy izLrqr djuk
pkgrk gS ogk¡ ;g U;k;ky; &
ml n'kk eas tc ,slk O;fDr] tekur
ij gksrs gq,] rhu o"kZ ls vuf/kd dh
vof/k ds fy, dkjkokl ls n.Mkfn"V
fd;k x;k gS] ;k
ml n'kk esa tc og vijk/k] ftlds
fy, ,slk O;fDr nks"kfl) fd;k x;k gS]
tekurh; gS vkSj og tekur ij gSA
U;k;ky; vfHk;qDr dks tekur ij NksM+us dk
izko/kku dj ldrk gS rkfd mls vihy
U;k;ky; ls vkns'k fey tk,A
n`"Vkar & A dks ,d o"kZ ds lk/kkj.k dkjkokl
dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA A ls'ku U;k;ky; esa
vihy djuk pkgrk gSA A ekeys ds nkSjku
tekur ij FkkA A dks U;k;/kh'k dh vnkyr
}kjk tekur ij NksM+k tkuk pkfg, rkfd og
vihy dksVZ ls n.Mkns'k ds fo:) vkns'k izkIr
dj ldsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 397 & 405 & iqujh{k.k dh
vihy
lafgrk dh /kkjk 397 ds vuqlkj mPp U;k;ky;
;k ls'ku U;k;ky; vius vf/kdkj{ks= ds varxZr
fdlh dk;Zokgh ds vfHkys[k dks] fu"d"kZ]
n.Mkns'k vkns'k dh 'kq)rk] oS/krk ;k vkSfpR;
dk iqujh{k.k dj ldrk gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk
399 ls'ku U;k;/kh'k dh iqujh{k.k dh 'kfDr;ksa
dk izko/kku djrh gSA /kkjk 401 mPpU;k;ky;
dh iqujh{k.k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk mYys[k djrh gSA
mPpU;k;ky; ds iqujh{k.k rFkk vihyh;
{ks=kf/kdkj esa fuEufyf[kr varj gSA
vihy ekeyksa esa mPpU;k;ky; rc
gLr{ksi djrk gS tc og vkjksih ds ds
vijk/k ds ifjis{; esa larq"V gks ijUrq
iqujh{k.k ekeys esa mPpU;k;ky; rc
rd gLr{ksi ugha djsxk tc rd fd
mldk è;ku vnkyr dh xyrh ij uk
[khapk tk,A
vihy ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; nks"kfl) dks
nks"keqfDr rFkk nks"k eqfDr dks nks"kflf)
esa cny ldrh gSA ijUrq iqujh{k.k
ekeys esa mpp U;k;ky; nks"k eqfDr dks
nks"k fl) esa ugha cny ldrh ¼ns[ksa
410¼3½
vihy ekeyksa esa mPpU;k;ky; dk è;ku
flQZ fopkj.k iw.kZ gksus ij [khapk tk
ldrk gS] ijUrq iqujh{k.k ds ekeys esa
fopkj.k ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa è;ku
[khapk tk ldrk gS] ;gk¡ rd dh /kkjk
216 ds v/khu vkjksi fu/kkZj.k ij Hkha
iqujh{k.k ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh
i{kdkj ;k Suomoto ¼Lo izsj.kk½ ls
gLrs{ki dj ldrk gS] ijUrq vihy
{ks=kf/kdkj esa flQZ i{k }kjk tks locus
standi ;k ftls U;k;ky; esa lquus dk
vf/kdkj gks ds vkosnu ij gLr{ksi
djrk gSA
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dk vUrj.k & /kkjk 406 &
412
lafgrk dh /kkjk 406 & 412 vkijkf/kd ekeys
ds vUrj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA lafgrk dh /kkjk 406
ds vuqlkj mPpre U;k;ky; ,d mPpU;k;ky;
ls nwljs mPp U;k;ky; esa ekeyksa dk vUrj.k
dj ldrh gSA ;k mPp U;k;ky; ds v/khu ,d
vijkf/kd dksZV ls nwljh vijkf/kd dksZV esa
vUrj.k dj ldrh gSA
n`"Vkar & A dk Hkk"k.k Vsyhfotu ij lkjs Hkkjr
esa izlkfjr gavk Hkk"k.k esa og HkM+dkÅ 'kCnksa dks
iz;ksx djrk gS] ftlesa dkj.k mlds fo:)
leLr Hkkjr ds 20 U;k;ky;ksa esa ekugkfu dk
nkok nk;j gksrk gSA A dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd
oks bu lc dk vUrj.k djok lds D;ksafd ;s
lHkh vyx 23 U;k;ky;ksa ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa gSA
bl izdkj ds vUrj.k dh izkFkZuk flQZ mPpre
U;k;ky; esa fd tk ldrh gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 407 ;g izko/kku djrh gS
mPpU;k;ky; vius {ks=kf/kdkj ds v/khu fofHkUu
ekeyksa dk vUrj.k dj ldsA mPpU;k;ky;
Ñfefuy dksZV ls ekeyk ysdj Lo;a mldk
fopkj.k dj ldrh gSA
U;k;ky; dh vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;k¡
n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 mPp
U;k;ky; dh vUrfufgZr 'kfDr;ksa dh O;k[;k
djrh gSA blds vuqlkj bu varfuZfgr
vf/kdkfjrk dk iz;ksx rhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dh
tk ldrh gSA
lafgrk ds v/khu fdlh vkns'k dks izHkkoh
djus ds fy,A
U;k;ky; dh izfØ;k ds nq:i;ksx dks
jksdus ds fy, vkSj
vU;Fkk U;k; ds mís'; dks lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy,A
dbZ lkjs ekeys lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 dh O;k[;k
djrs gSA flfoy izfØ;k lafgrk ls fHkUu
vUrfuZfgr 'kfDr;k¡ flQZ mPp U;k;ky; dks
izkIr gSA mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k¡ vR;Ur
O;kid gS mPp U;k;ky; ds varxZr {ks=kf/kdj
dk iz;ksx mfpr ekeyksa esa ;k rks fdlh
U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh ds nq#i;ksx dks jksdus
ds fy, ;k U;k; ds vUr dks lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; dh
vUrxZr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dsoy vkiokfnd
ekeyksa esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
bu 'kfD;ksa dk iz;ksx vR;Ur lko/kkuhiwoZd
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar & O ds fo:) izFke bfryk fjiksZV C
}kjk vkijkf/kd vfrpkj rFkk pksjh ds ekeys
nk;j dh xbZA Q2 20 o"kksZa ls fons'k jgrk gS
rFkk C dks tkurk Hkh ughaA laKku ds ckn Q1
ds LFkku ij Q2 ds fo:) vknsf'kdk tkjh gqbZA
Q2 lafgrk dh /kkjk 482 ds v/khu vijk/khu
ekeys ds gVkus ds fy, vf/kdkjh gSA
tgk¡ mPpU;k;ky; dks ;g larks"k gks tk, fd
izFke bfryk fjiksZV esa yxk;s x;s vkjksi
izFken`"V;k dksbZ vkjksi ugha cukrs rc mPp
U;k;ky; izko/kku esa of.kZr viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk
iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A rFkk B ds eè; leku ds
gLrkarj.k dh ,d lafonk gqbZA AB dks izkÑfr
vkink ds dkj.k lkeku igqapkus esa vlQy gksrk
gS] B A ds fo:) vijkf/kd ekeyk nk;j
djrk gSA ekeys dk laKku fy;k tkrk gSA bl
ifjfLFkfr esa A dks vf/kdkj gS fd bl fØfeuy
vkjksi ds fo:) mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k esa
tk,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k; % 7 & izk:i.k] vfHkopu ,oa
vfHkgLrkarj.k
^^dkuwuh vf/kdkj % fo'ks"kkf/kdkj] dk;Z] drZO;
vFkok ;Fkk iwoZ fLFkfr dk fuf'pr :i esa
Li"Vhdj.k** dks fof/kd izk:i.k dh laKk nh tk
ldrh gSA
fof/kd izk:i.k dk lkekU; vFkZ gS &
foys[k] fy[kr vFkok nLrkost dk
izk:i.k
i{kdkjksa ds chp lgefr ljdkj gks uk
mu i{kdkjksa ds chp esa fof/kd laca/kksa ds
fu;eu dk vfHkizk; gksuk
fof/kd izk:i.k ds nks fu;e gS
'kCnksa dk lkekU; Hkko % lqfuf'pr djsa
fd 'kCn vkSj okD;ka'kksa dk iz;ksx lkekU;
Hkko esa gqvk gksA vaxzsth ds ,d 'kcn
dk lkekU; vFkZ] rF; dk iz'u gS vkSj
mldk vuqlj.k vko';d gSA
leuq:i 'kCnkoyh % lqfuf'pr djsa fd
izR;sd ckj&ckj bLrseky ysus okyk
'kcn leuq:i esa iz;ksx gksjgk gsa ;fn
vkidk vk'k; vFkz vnyuk ugha gS rks
viuh Hkk"kk dks ifjofrZr u djs] ysfdu
;fn vki vFkZ cnyuk pkgrs gS rks Hkk"kk
esa Hkh ifjorZu djsA ;g ,d izkjafHkd
fu;e gS fd ,d gh nLrkost esa leku
'kCn nks vyx&vyx vFkksZa esa iz;qDr
ugha gks ldrk] c'krsZ fd lanHkZ ,slk
djus gsrq etcwj u djsaA
fof/kd izk:i.k ds izdkj
izk;ksfxd & bl rjg ds izk:i.k dk vk'k; ,d
fo'ks"k ifj.kke izkIr djuk gksrk gS vkSj lkekU;
rkSj ij ;g nks vFkok bl ls vf/kd i{kdkjksa ds
chp fof/kd laca/kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fu;fer
djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & foØ; foys[k ca/kd foys[k] nku]
olh;r
vkxzgh & vkxzgh izk:i.k dk [kkdk] lkekU;r;k
nLrkost ls vk'kf;r rdZ }kjk vknsf'kr gksrk gS
rfkk bldh ifjdYiuk ikBd dks lqfuf'pr
n`f"Vdks.k Lohdkj djus gsrq rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k & okni=] fyf[kr dFku] vihy dk
Kkiu rFkk tekur dh vthZA
lwpukRed & bl rjg ds izk:i.k esa lkekU;rkSj
ij ogh lwpuk gksrh gS tks ikBd ds fy,
vko';d vkSj mi;ksxh gksA
mnkgj.k & eqofDdy dks i= rFkk fof/kd erA
fof/kd izk:i.k ds rhu pj.k %
;|fi fof/kd izk:i.k ds dbZ fHkUu&fHkUu rjhds
gks ldrs gSa] ;gka ij O;olk; esa uohu
vf/koDrkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh rhu pj.k dh
izfØ;k crkbZ xbZ gSA
eqofDdy ls funsZ'k ysa % bl lanHkZ esa ;g tkuuk
Hkh t:jh gS fd funsZ'k vf/kdr vFkok mi;qDr
O;fDr }kjk fn, x, gsA
bu funsZ'kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsa vkSj mUgsa rF;kRed
rFkk fof/kd lanHkZ esa foHkkftr djsA
lqfuf'pr djs fd i{kdkjksa dh lEiw.kZ tkudkj]
i{kdkjksads izfrQy ,oa nkf;Roksa lesr lHkh oLrq
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ijd lwpuk,sa rFkk vU; vk'oklu ,oa izfrosnu
vkids ikl miyC/k gSA tfVy] okf.kfT;d
lEifÙk ekeyksa esa ;g vkn'kZ fLFkfr gksxh fd
Lfky dk nkSjk dj Lo;eso lEifÙk dk [kkdk
lqfuf'pr dj fy;k tkosA
nLrkost rS;kj djusdh ihNs mís';ksa vkSj y{;ksa
dks lqfuf'pr djsaA
T;knkrj izk:i.k tks vf/koDrk rS;kj djrk gS
dk vk'k; eqofDdy ds funsZ'kksa dk ikyu gsA
vr% loZizFke ;g vR;ko';d gS fd eqofDdy
ds mís';ksa dks lqfuf'pr dj fy;k tk;A
izklfxd ,oa vk/qkukre fof/k;ksa dh [kkst ,oa
QkeksZ rFkk uyhjksa dks izkIr djsa ysA
rS;kj fd, tkus okys foys[k vFkok nLrkost dks
izHkkfor djus okyh fof/k dh [kkst dj fopkj
dj ys] vksj irk dj ys fd D;k fdlh fof/k
}kjk dksbZ izfrca/k yxk;k x;k gS vfkok fof/k esa
dksbZ ifjorZu fd;k x;k gSA
fodYiksa dks fpfUgr djsa%
rS;kjh ls ml fo"k; ls fuiVus dsrjhdksa ds
fodYi dks irk yx ldrk gSA mUgsa eqofDdy
dks crk;k tk ldrk gS ,oa oSdfYid rjhdksa dks
viuk;k tk ldrk gS] ;g è;ku esa j[krs gq, fd
vafre mís';eqofDdy fof/kd lanHkZ esa D;k
pkgrk gS mls izkIr djuk gksrk gSA
ys[ku dk pj.k
:i js[kk rs;kj dj ysa % tc izk:i.k dh
lkekU; ;kstuk ij fopkj dj fy;k x;k gks rc
izk:id dks mu rF;kRed eqíksa dks fy, ysuk
pkfg, ftUgsa oks] izk:i.k esa 'kkfey djuk pkgrk
gSA lqfuf'pr dj ys fd D;k lHkh oLrq ijd
lkexzh ftUgsa :ijs[kk esa fy[kk x;k gS dks fy[k
fy;k x;k gS vkSj D;k dksbZ oLrqijd tkudkjh
eqofDdy ls izkIr dh tkuh gSa ;fn gka rks funsZ'k
izkIr dj ysaA
izk:i.k ds fy, u, fopkj isnk djsa% ,d ckj
:ijs[kk izk:i.k rs;kj gks tkus ij ml dk
fo'ys"k.k djsa rFkk fof/kd vFkok rF;kRed
ekeyksa ij vkSj fopkj dj ysa ftUgsa vki izk:I
esa fuxfer djuk pkgrs gSaA
lqfuf'pr djsa fd ;kstuk ds pj.k esa ftl
fo"k;oLrq ij fopkj fd;k x;k Fkk mu lcdks
izk:I esa fuxfer dj fy;k x;k gSA% bl pj.k
esa vkn'kZ fLFkrh ;g gksxh fd ;kstuk ds pj.k esa
rS;kj fd, x, vius uksV~l dks ns[k ysaA bl
pj.k esa ;g lqfuf'pr djuk vko';d gS fd
D;k izk:i lqlaxr gS ,oa rdZlaxr :i esa rS;kj
fd;k x;k gSA ;g Hkh ns[k ysa fd O;kdj.k rfkk
Hkk"kk dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;k gSA ,d pSd fyLV
rS;kj dj ysa ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd
lHkh oLrqijd okD;ka'kksa dks 'kkfey dj fy;k
x;k gSA
la'kks/ku pj.k%
vuqns'kksa dk iqufoZ'ys"k.k djsa ftlesa
rF;kRed fLFkfr vkSj fof/kd 'kks/k Hkh
'kkfey gSA
lqlaxrrk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
iquysZ[ku djsaA
lkexzh dk Li'V ,oa iz;ksDrk ds
vuqdwy] iquxfBu djsaA
lkexzh dk lEiknu dj ysaA
O;kdj.k ,oa crZuh ij /;ku nsaA
O;k[;k rFkk fuoZpu ds fu;e % izR;sd izk:i
rS;kj djus okys dks] izk:i rS;kj djrs le;
O;k[;k vksj fuoZpu ds fl)kUrksa dks fnekx
esaj[kuk pkfg,A fuoZpu ds fu;eksa dk /;ku
j[kuk blfy, vko';d gS fd blls ;g Li"V
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
gksrk gs fd U;k;ky; blds lgh vk'k; dks
tkuus ds fy, D;k rjhds viukrs gSaA dqN
fl)kUr fuEu izdkj gSA
lkgp;Z Kk;rs % ¼'kCn dk vFkZ mlds lkgp;Z ls
ekywe gksrk gS½
bl fu;e dk mi;ksx 'kCnksa dk vFkZ mu 'kCnksa
ds lkFk bLrseky 'kCnksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gSA ;g lanHkZ dk fo)kUr gS] tgk¡ ij
'kcn vFkok okD;ka'k dk vFkZ O;fDrxr :i esa
ugha fudkyk tkrk cfYd mlds vklikl ds
okrkoj.k ds vk/kkj ij fudkyk tkrk gSA
vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk :i jax mlds vkl&ikl ds
'kCnksa ls izkIr gksrkA okD; dsoy 'kCnksa dk
laldyu ek= ugha gksrs ftUgsa okD;ksa ls
fudkydj 'kCndks"k vFkok fu.khZr oknksa ds lanHkz
esa ifjHkkf"kr dj mUgsa okil mlh okD; esa vki
}kjk fu/kkZfjr vFkZ ds lkFk jksd fn;k tk;A ¼iVZ
cuke fLVoVZ & ¼1983½ ,lh 109] in vk/kkfjr½
mnkgj.k % ,d lafof/k dgrh gS lHkh foLQksVdksa
dks [kku esa vko';d :i ls fdlh isVh vFkok
duLrj esa ys tkuk t:jh gsa izfroknh mijksDr
mís'; ds fy, diM+s dk FkSyk bLrseky fd;kA
U;k;ky; ds le{k iz'u ;g Fkk fd D;k diM+s
dk FkSyk] nh x;h ifjHkk"kk esa 'kkfey gksxk\
U;k;ky; }kjk ^^lkgap;sZ.k Kk;rs** fu;e ds
lanHkZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd diM+s dk FkSyk
bl ifjHkk"kk esa 'kkfey ugha gksxk D;ksafd
fo/kkf;dk dk vk'k; isVh vFkok duLrj tslh
fdlh etcwy pht ds bLrseky ls Fkk ¼QksLVj
cuke fMQfol dSlu ¼1887½ 18 D;wchMh 428
ij vk/kkfjr½
ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ¼blh izdkj vFkok leku
tkfr dk½ % ;g fl)kUr ^^lkgp;sZ.k Kk;rs** ds
fl)kUr dk gh nwljk Hkkx gSA ;fn fdlh lwph
esa leku tkfr ls lacaf/kr nks ;k vf/kd enksa dk
vFkZ lkekU; 'kCnksa ls fudyrk gS] rks lkekU;
'kCnksa dks mlh tkfr ds vFkZ esa ekuk tk,xkA
bl fl)kUr ds dkj.k foLr`r vFkksZ okys 'kCn
tks ewy ikB esa 'kkfey gS dk lhfer vFkksZ okys
'kCnksa ds lkFk lhfer Lo:i okys ekeyksa esa
fufgrkFkZ ls lhfer ekuk tkrk gSA rFkkfi]
ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ogh ij ykxw gksrk gS tgk¡
foijhr vk'k; izrhr ugha gksrkA
mnkgj.k % iz'u ;g fkk fd D;k ^ekal] eNyh]
eqjxk] lCth] Qy ,oa vU; [kk| lkexzh esa*
jksVh vkSj fe"Bku Hkh 'kkfey gSA U;k;ky; }kjk
;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ekal] eNyh] eqxkZ]
lCth ,oa Qy** izkd`frd mRiknu ds oxZ esa
vkrs gSa] vkSj jksVh rfkk fe"Bku fufeZr oxZ esaA
vr% ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ykxw djusls ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd jksVh vkSj fe"BkUu *vU;
[kk| lkexzh* ds Js.kh esa ugha vk,saxs] D;ksafd ;g
,d vyx oxZ gsA ¼gki fOgVy fyfeVsM cuke
LVsyh fczt fuxe ¼1967½ 66 ,ythvkn ¼;w ds½
344 /kkfjr½
;g fu;e rHkh ykxw gksrk gS] tc fd fof'k"V
'kCn ,d oxz ls lacaf/kr gksA ;fn mUgsa ,d
fpfUgr oxZ esa 'kkfey ogh fd;k tk ldrk] rc
lkekU; 'kCnksa dks ogh vfkz yxk;k tkuk pkfg,
tSlk f dog lkekU;r% izrhr gksrs gSaA blls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS f dbl fu;e lgh mís'; ;g gS
fd i{kdkjksa ds lgh vk'k; dk irk yxk;k tk
ldsA
fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ltkrh;rk dk fu;e ykxw
gksrk gSA
tc fo"k; lwph esa fof'k"V 'kCn
'kkfey gksA
tc fo"k; lwph esa oxZ vFkok Js.kh
dk o.kZu gksA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
og oxz vfkok Js.kh Lwph ls lekIr
ugha gksrhA
lkekU; 'kCn lwph ds ckn vkrs gS]
rFkk
fHkUu vk'k; dk dksbZ ladsr u gksA
¼lh vkbZ Vh mn;iqj cuke
eSd~Mkoy ,.M dEiuh ¼2009½ 10
,l lh lh 755½
,d oLrq dk dFku nwljh oLrq dk cfg"dj.k gS%
laf{kIr esa ^^,Dl izsfl;ks ;wfu;l** ds uke ls
izpfyr ;g fl)kUr ogka ykxw fd;k tkrk gS
tgka dksbZ micU/k dbZ rjg dh lkexzh dks
'kkfey djrk gS] tcfd ftØ dqN ,d dk gh
djrk gSA tc rd fd budk mnkgj.k ds :I esa
mYys[k ugha fd;k tkrk] vFkok vU; i;kZIr
dkj.kksa ls mYys[k ugha f;k tkrk] vU; dks ml
izfrKkfIr ls cfgf"Ør ekuk tkrk gSA lkekU;
fu;e ds rkSj ij lwph ^^'kkfey gS** tSlh
vfHkO;fDr ls lwph dks mnkgj.kkRed gh ekuk
tkrk gS u fd ifjiw.kZ
mnkgj.k % ;g dFku fd ^^izr;sd dks ernku
dk vf/kdkj gS ls rkRi;Z gS fd xSj ukxfjdksa dks
ernku dk vf/kdkj ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; mPpre U;k;ky; us fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS
fd lewfpr ekeyksa esa ^^dsoy** ,oa ^^,dek=**
tSlh vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds bLrseky dk vFkZ ;g ugha
gS] fd vf/kdkfjrk okD;ka'k dks gVk fn;k x;k
gS] ^^,d oLrq dk dFku nwljh oLrq dk
cfg"dj.k gS** lwfDr dks yxw dj vf/kdkfjrk dks
gVk;k tk ldrk gSA ¼,-ch-lh- ysfeukVZ izkbosV
fyfeVsM cuke ,-ih-,stsUlht lkyse] ,-vkbZ-vkj-
1989 ,l-lh- 1239½
^^jsMsUMks flUxwyk flUxwfyl** dsoy vfUre ls
lanfHkZr gS*
tgk¡ ij lafof/k ds ,d okD; esa dbZ iwokZtksa
rFkk dbZ ifj.kkeksa mUgsa forj.kkRed rjhds ls
i<+k tkrk gS] ftldk vfkZ gS fd izR;sd okD;ka'k
vFkok vfHkO;fDr dks mlds mi;qDr mís'; ds
lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS ¼CySd dk fof/kd fuoZpu½
tgk¡ ,d tfVy okD; esa ,d ls vf/kd ^dÙkkZ*
vkSj ,d ls vf/kd ^deZ* gS] mica/k esa izR;sd
deZ dks dÙkkZ ds lkFk tksM+dj forj.kkRed
rjhds ls i<+k tk,xkA
mnkgj.k & ^^,d olh;r dÙkkZ dgrk gS fd** eSa
viuh py&vpy laifÙk dk ch dks mRrjnku
rFkk olh;r djrk gWwA ^^mÙkjnku** in vpy
laifÙk vkSj olh;r py laifÙk ds lanHkZ esa
mi;qDr gsA vr% bl fl)kUr ds ykxw djus ls
olh;r foU;kl dks bl rjg i<+k tk;sxk ^^eSa
viuh laiw.kZ vpy laifÙk dk mRrjnku** rFkk
lHkh py lEifÙk dh olh;r ds uke djrk gWwA
vfHkopu
lkekU; vFkZ & O;ogkj izfØ;k lafgrk ¼1908½ ds
fu;e 1 vkns'k 6 esa micfU/kr gS vfHkopu dk
vFkZ gS okn vFkok fyf[kr dfku ^vfHkopu* dks
bl izdkj Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] ^^fdlh
okn esa oknh ,oa izfroknh ds e/; vkilh >xM+s
dks ftls vc lgh :i esa fyf[kr esa vfHkopu
ds :i esa mi;qDr dk;kZy; esa ns fn;k x;k
gS**A ¼'kkfey u dh fof/kd 'kCnkoyh½
^^vfHkopu rF;ksa dk rkfdZd ,oa fof/kd :i esa
dFku gS ftlls omjh dk okngsrqd la?kfvr
gksrk gS vfkok izfroknh ds izfrokn dk vk/kkj
rS;kj gksrk gS** ¼ykW ysfDldkWu½
vfHkopu dk iw.kZ mís'; i{kdkjksa dks,d
oknfo"k; ij ykuk gksrk gS rfkk fu;eksa dk vFkZ
¼vfHkopu ls lacaf/kr½ okn fo"k; dks cM+k gksusls
jksduk gS] ftlls izr;sd i{kdkj dks;g irk
yx lds fd okngsrqd fopkj.k ds fy, dc
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
yk;k x;k rFkk og ewy eqík D;k gS ftl ij
fopkj vkSj fu.kz; gksuk gSA okLro esa lkjh
O;oLFkk dk vfkZ ;g gs fd i{kdkjksa dks fuf'pr
eqíks ij lhfer fd;k tk; rfkk blds ek/;e
lsle; vkSj /ku dh cpr dh tk lds] fo'ks"krkSj
ij ml le; tc fdlh Hkh i{k esa lquokbZ ds
nkSjku izek.k dh ek=k lqfuf'pr djuh gksA
¼yanu ,oa yadk'kk;j dEiuh cuke fcu; d`".k
fHkRrj( ,-vkbZ-vkj 1999 ,l-lh- 162½
vr% vfHkopu dk ewy mís'; ;g gS %
i{kdkjksa ds chp okLrfod >xM+s dks
lqfuf'pr djuk
fojks/k ds {ks= dks lhfer djuk
izR;sd i{kdks voxr djkuk fd fdu
iz'uksa ij rdZ fn, tkus gSaA
,d i{kdkj }kjk nwljs i{kdkj dks
vk'p;Z esa Mkyus ls cpuk
bl rjg U;k;&gR;k dks jksduk
vfHkopu esa fuEu oLrq,a 'kkfey gS%
oknh ds fy, okni= rFkk izfroknh ds
fy, fyf[kr dFku
fooknksa dh fojpuk ls iwoZ] >xM+s ds eqíksa
ij Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, i{kdkjksa vkSj
odhy ds dFku
vfHkopu esa okn vFkok fyf[kr dfkuesa lanfHkZr
nLrkost 'kkfey ugha gksrsA
vlaxr vfHkopu okn vfkok fyf[kr dFku esa
fd, x, mu dFkuksa dks dgrs gSa] tks vkil esa
fojks/kh gksrs gSa ;k ,e nwljs brus izfrdwy gksrs gSa
fd ,d dFku dh Lohd`fr ds ek;us nwljs dfku
dks vLohd`r djuk gksxkA U;k;ky; oSdfYid
vfHkopu dks Lohdkj dj ldrs gSa c'krZs fd
vkil esa ,d nwljs ds uk'kd u gksA U;k;ky;
lgh vFkZ tkuus ds fy, lEiw.kZ vfHkopu dks
i<+rs gSaA
pkgs okni= [kjkc rjhds ls gh rS;kj fd;k x;k
gks ;fn ewy eqís ,d fonk;d Li"V gS vkSj
fdlh i{kdkj dk dksVZ uqdlku ugha gks jgk
gksrks vfHko;u dh rduhfd;ksa vk/kkj ij
U;k;ky; lkekU;r;k nkoksa dks fujLr ugha djrs
¼dsnkj yky cuke gjhyky] ,-vkbZ-vkj- 1952
,l-lh- 47½
vfHkopu ds ewy fu;e % ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 2 lh
ih lh½
izR;sd vfHkopu esa rF;ksa dk dFku gksuk pkfg,
u fd fof/k dk bl fu;e dk vk/kkj ;g gS fd
fof/k ds dFku dks ekywe djuk U;k;ky; dk
dk;Z gS pkgs d{kdkjksa us mldk dfku fd;k gks
vFkok ugha ;fn rF;ksa dk dFku fd, cxSj vki
fof/k ds fu"d"kksZa dk dFku djrs gSa rks ;g xyr
vfHkopu gksxkA
mnkgj.k & ^v* vius okni= esa dgrh gS f
dog e`r ^c* dh mRrjkf/kdkfj.kh gsa ;g ,d
fu"d"kZ gSA ^v* dks ;g vfHkopu djuk vko';d
gS f dog fdl rjg ^c* dh mRrjkf/kdkfj.kh gSA
fu;e dk viokn & fof/k dk dFku u djus dk
fu;e fons'kh dkuwu ij ykxw ugha gksrkA
U;k;ky;ksa dks dsoy jk"Vªh; fof/k dh U;kf;d
tkudkjh ysuk ugha ckè;rk gS] vkSj tgk¡ rd
fons'kh fof/k dk iz'u gS os bldh U;kf;d
tkudkjh ysus dks ckè; ugha gSA ;fn dksbZ
i{kdkj fons'kh fof/k dk lgkjk ysuk pkgrk gS
rks fons'kh fof/k dk vfHkopu rF; ds :I esa
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
blesa lkjoku vkSj dsoy lkjoku rF;ksa dk gh
dFku gksA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lkjoku rF; og gS tks oknh ds okngsrqd ds
fy, vFkok izfroknh ds izfrokn ds fy,
vko';d gSa lkjoku rF; og gS ftudk dFku
djuk vkSj mUgsa fl) djuk] ;g LFkkfir djus
ds fy, vko';d gS fd okngsrqd vFkok izfrokn
dk dksbZ vk/kkjA ftu rF;ksa dks i{kdkjksa }kjk
fl) djus dh vko';drk u gks lkjoku rf;
ugha djs tk ldrsA
lkjoku rF;ksa rFkk lkjoku fof'kf"V;ksa esa Hkh
vurj gSa tgk¡ lHkh lkjoku fof'kf"V;ksa dk
vfHkopu ugha fd;k x;k gS U;k;ky;] csgrj
fof'kf"V;ksa dh ekax dj ldrs gSa lkjoku rR;ksa
dk vfHkopu u djuk okn vfkok izfroknh ds
fy, ?kkrd gks ldrk gSA
dksbZ Hkh izek.k vfHkopu dks izfrLFkkfir ugha
dj ldrkA
mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ls /ku olwyus ds fy, okn
nk;j djrk gSA tgk¡ okni= esa bl rjg dk
dksbZ nkok ugha gS fd ^c* us ^v* dks le; ckf/kr
_.k okil djus dk ok;nk fd;k] bl rjg dk
rdZ fopkj.k esa ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA
fu;e dk viokn &
oknh vFkok izfroknh ds ckn ds fy, vko';d
iwoZorhZ lHkh 'krksZa dk gksuk vfkok ikyu djus ds
izdFku vfHkopu esa foof{kr gksrk gs rFkk blds
izdFku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA pwafd
iwoZorhZ 'krZ dk ikyu foof{kr gksrk gS] vr%
i{kdkj dks ;g vfHkopu djuk vko';d gS fd
dqN iwoZorhZ Fkh vkSj mldk ikyu ugha fd;k
x;k gSA
bl rjg dk vfHkopu ugha dj ikus dh fLFkfr
esa 'krz dk ;Fkksfpr ikyu gksus dh /kkj.kk
U;k;ky; djsxkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 6½
;fn fdlh rF; dk fof'k"V rkSj ij izfrlknu
ugha fd;k x;k gS rks fdlh dh i{kdkj dks ,sls
fdlh Hkh lkjoku rF; ds vfHkopu dh
vko';drk ugha gSA ftudh ml i{k esa /kkj.kk
dh tkrh gS vFkok ftudks fl) djus dk
Hkkjml i{k ij ugha gSA ¼lh-ih-lh- fu;e 13
vkns'k 6½
uqdlkuh ds fo"k; esa izfroknh dks fdlh Hkh
vkjksi dk fof'k"V izfrlknu djus dh
vko';drk ugha gSA rFkkfi fof'k"V uqdlkuhls
lacaf/kr rFkk ftu ls uqdlkuh ?kVus ;k c<+us
laca/kh rF;ksa dk fof'k"V izfrlknu ;k [k.Mu
vko';d gSA ¼lh-ih-lh- vkns'k VIII] fu;e 3½
vfHkopu esa rF;ksa dk u fd lk{;ksa dk dFku gks
¼QSDV- izks- csUMk½
;g fu;e fl) fd, tkus okys rF;ksa rFkk mu
rF;ksa ftuds ek/;e ls vkjksfir rF;ksa dks fl)
fd;k tkuk ¼QsDV- izks- cksf'k;k½ ds e/; vUrj
dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA
mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ds fo:) ,d lnks"k dk;Z
ds fy, uqdlkuh gsrq okn nk;j djrk gSA okn
i= esa lnks"k dk;Z dks vkjksfir djuk vko';d
gS fd ^c* us og dk;Z fd;k ftlls ^v* dks
uqdlku gqvk ftlds fy, og uqdlkuh dk nkok
djrk gSA rFkkfi ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ^v*
okni= esa ;g crk,a fd fdl lnks"k dk;Z ls ^v*
dks ;g ifj.kke Hkqxruk iM+kA
fu;e dk viokn &
bl fu;e ds viokn ds dqN izdkj tks Hkkjr esa
vukSipkfjd :i esa vuqeR; gSa] vU; i{kdkj
}kjk mu esa iwoZ Lohd`fr;ksa ftlesa ;g vkjksi gks
fd bl lEO;ogkj dks cgh esa fy[k fn;k x;k
gS] rFkk ;g fd i{kdkjksa ds chp esa lwpuk dk
vknku&iznku gqvk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
bl rjg ds rF;ksa dk la{ksi esa dFku
gksuk pkfg,A
tgk¡ vko';d gks ogka vfHkopu dks
iSjkxzkQksa esa fujarj la[;k ,oa frfFk ds
lkFk] vad vkSj la[;kvksa dks 'kCnksa vkSj
vkd`fr;ksa ds ekè;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k
tk,xkA tgk¡ rd laHko gks lkekU;
okD;ksa dk iz;ksx gks rFkk loZuke vkSj
deZiz/kku vfHkO;fDr;ksa dk iz;ksx u
fd;k tk,A
O;ogkj izfØ;k lafgrk ¼lh ih lh½ ds
ifjf'k"V ^v* esa fn, x, izi=] dks tgka
rd laHko gks vfHkopu esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A tgka os ykxw ugha gksrs
ogka ij leku Js.kh ds izi= dks
bLrseky fd;k tk, ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 3
lh ih lh½
xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; us ;g /kkfjr
fd;k gS fd ifjf'k"V ^v* esa fn, x,
vfHkopu ds izi= dsoy uewuk izi= gSa
u fd lafof/kd izi=A bu izi=ksa dks
vkns'k 6 fu;e 3 ds lkFk i<+k tkuk
pkfg, u fd 'kCn'k%A ¼utjkyh
dtekyh cuke Qtyu choh ,vkbZvkj
1975 xqtjkr 81½
nkos dk dksbZ vk/kkj vFkok rF; dk
vkjksi tks i{kdkj ds iwoZ vfHkopu ls
vlaxr gks] fd vuqefr ugha nh tkrh]
flok; ,d la'kks/ku dsA bl fu;e ls
ijs vfHkopu dh vuqefr ugha gksrhA
¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 7 lh ih lh½
fojks/kh i{kdkj }kjk lafonk dk dsoy
izR;k[;ku] dfFkr lafonk ds rF; dk
izR;k[;ku ekuk tk,xk u fd bl rjg
dh lafonk fof/k dh oS/krk vFkok mldh
iw.kZrkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 8 lh- ih-lh½
mnkgj.k & ^v* ^c* ds Åij ,d lafonk
ds lanHkZ esa okn nk;j djrk gS] rFkk ^c*
vius fyf[kr dFku esa dsoy lafonk dk
izR;k[;ku djrh gSA bl rjg ds
izR;k[;ku ls ;g le>k tk,xk fd bl
rjg dh dksbZ lafonk ugha FkhA bldk
vFkZ ;g ugha gksxk fd bl rjg dh
lafonk dh oS/krk vFkok iw.kZrk dk
izR;k[;ku fd;k x;k gSA ^c* dks ;g
rdZ nsus ds fy, fd lafonk ,d 'kwU;
lafonk Fkh] dk fyf[kr dFku esa fof'k"V
vfHkopu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] rFkk
lafonk dk dsoy izR;k[;ku i;kZIr ugha
gksxkA
;fn fdlh nLrkost dk lkekU;
vfHkopu fd;k tkuk gS rks iwjs nLrkost
vFkok mlds Hkkxksa dk ftØ fd;s cxSj
mlds izHkko dk vfHkopu fd;k tkuk
i;kZIr gksxkA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 9 lh-ih-
lh-½
fu;e dk viokn & eku gkfu ds nkos
esa mi;ksx dh xbZ fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh
lkjoku gS rFkk bl dks Li"V fy[kk
tkuk vko';d gSA
tc Hkh fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh rF;
vFkok eqís dh tkudkjh dk vkjksi
lkjoku gks] bl rjg dh lwpuk dks
rF; ds :i esa vkjksfir djuk i;kZIr
gksxk] c'krsZ fd izi= vFkok bl lwpuk
dh Li"V 'krZ vFkok os ifjfLFkfr;ka ftu
ls bl rjg dh lwpuk dk fu"d"kZ
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fudkyk tk ldrk gS] lkjoku rF; gSaA
¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 11 lhihlh½
tc bl rjg dh lwpuk okngsrqd dk
fgLlk ekuh tkrh gS] mu dk fof'k"V
vfHkopu rF; dh rjg gksrk gSA rFkkfi]
tc ;g fu;e 6 ds rgr iwoZ 'krZ dk
ikyu ek= gS] bldk vfHkopu fd;k
tkuk vko';d gSA
U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa
vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku vFkok dqN
'kCnkoyh dks gVkus dk vkns'k ns ldrk
gSA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 16 lhihlh½
tks rF; vuko';d] yksdfuUnd] xSj
t:jh vFkok ijs'kku djus okyk gks(
vFkok
ftl rF; ls okn ds mi;qDr fopkj.k
esa foyEc gks vFkok vU; rjg ls dksbZ
gkfu gks( vFkok
tks vU;Fkk U;kf;d izfØ;k dk nq:i;ksx
gksA
vfHkopu dk la'kks/ku & fdlh Hkh i{kdkj }kjk
izfØ;k ds fdlh Hkh pj.k esa vfHkopu esa bl
rjg vkSj bu 'krksZa ij ftUgsa U;k;ky; U;k;iw.kZ
ekurk gks] la'kks/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
rjg ds lHkh la'kks/ku i{kdkjksa ds chp esa
fookfnr okLrfod iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq fd,
tk ldrs gSA ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e17 lhihlh½
vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku fuEu ikWp ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
fu.kZ;ksa] fMØh rFkk vkns'kksa esa fyfidh;
vFkok vkafdd Hkwy dk la'kks/ku ¼/kkjk
152 lhihlh½
i{kdkjksa ds chp esa okLrfod iz'uksa ds
fu/kkZj.k gsrq U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh okn
dh izfØ;k esa la'kks/ku ¼/kkjk 153
lhihlh½
i{kdkjksa dks tksM+uk vFkok gVkuk
¼vkns'k 1 fu;e 10¼2½ lhihlh½
fojks/kh i{kdkjksa ds vfHkopuksa esa
U;k;ky; }kjk vknsf'kr la'kks/ku ¼vkns'k
6 fu;e 16 lhihlh½( rFkk
vkosnu ds mijkUr vius Lo;a ds
vfHkopu esa la'kks/ku ¼vkns'k 6 fu;e 17
lhihlh½A
la'kks/ku dk nkok vf/kdkjr% ugha fd;k tk
ldrk rFkk la'kks/ku dh vuqefr vFkok fu"ks/k
U;k;ky; ds foosd ij vk/kkfjr gSA U;kf;d
fu.kZ;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr dqN lhekvksa ds v/khu
jgrs gq,] fu;e 17 ds rgr U;k;ky;ksa dks
vfHkopu esa i{kdkj }kjk la'kks/ku dh vuqefr ds
lanHkZ esa fuEu foLrr foosdkf/kdkj gSa &
tgk¡ ij la'kks/ku i{kdkjksa ds chp
fookfnr iz'uksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq vko';d
u gksa] D;ksafd ;k rks ;g la'kks/ku
rduhdh] fujFkZd vFkok rRofoghu gSa(
tgk¡ ij izLrkfor la'kks/ku ls oknh dk
okn iw.kZr% foLFkkfir gks tk,xk(
tgk¡ ij izLrkfor la'kks/ku dk izHkko]
le; lekfIr ds dkj.k izfroknh ds i{k
esa iSnk gq, fdlh fof/kd vf/kdkj dh
lekfIr gksxk(
tgk¡ in la'kks/ku dk izHkko ekeys ij
cgqr fHkUu u;k ,oa vlaxr gksxk] rFkk
ftlds fy, vkosnu] izfØ;k ds vfUre
pj.k esa fd;k x;k gS( rFkk
tgk¡ ij la'kks/ku gsrq vkosnu
lnHkkoiwoZd ugha fd;k x;k gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
tks fl)kUr lkekU; rkSj ij okni= esa la'kks/ku
ij gsrq ykxw gksrs gSa os fl)kUr fyf[kr dFku esa
la'kks/ku gsrq Hkh ykxw gksaxsA rFkkfi] U;k;ky;
fyf[kr dFku esa la'kks/ku dh vuqefr vf/kd
vklkuh ls nsrs gSa D;ksafd iwoZ/kkj.kk dk iz'u bu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa de izHkkoh gksxkA
okni=
izR;sd okn] okni= dh izLrqfr ds lkFk lafLFkr
fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rFkk izR;sd okni= esa
rF;ksa dks 'kiFk i= }kjk fl) fd;k tkuk
vko';d gSA ¼/kkjk 26 lhihlh½
lhihlh ds vkns'k 7 fu;e 1 ds varxZr mu
vko';d fof'kf"V;ksa dks fn;k x;k gS ftudk
dFku okni= esa djuk vko';d gSA
ml U;k;ky; dk uke ftlesa okn
yk;k x;k gS(
oknh dk uke] firk dk uke] vk;q]
O;olk; ,oa fuokl LFkku(
izfroknh dk uke] firk dk uke]
vk;q] O;olk; ,oa fuokl LFkku]
tgk¡ rd lqfuf'pr gks lds(
;fn oknh vFkok izfroknh nksuksa esa
ls dksbZ vo;Ld vFkok eUncqf) gS
rks bl vk'k; dk dFku(
os rF; ftu ls okngsrqd mRiUu
gksrk gS rFkk mlds mRiUu gksus dk
le;(
;g lanZfHkr djus okys rF; fd
U;k;ky; dks {ks=kf/kdkj izkIr gS(
og vuqrks"k ftldk oknh nkok
djrk gS(
oknh }kjk izfrlknu ds fy,
Lohdkj dh xbZ /ku jkf'k vFkok
NksM+s x, nkos dk dksbZ Hkkx gS rks
ml /ku jkf'k dk dFku(
tgk¡ rd ekeys esa laHko gks
U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj ,oa U;kf;d
'kqYd ds fy, okn dh dqy /ku
jkf'k dk dFku
yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds oknksa dks fuEu Hkkxksa
esa ckWVk tk ldrk gS&
'kh"kZd ,oa okn'kh"kZ( 'kh"kZd esa U;k;ky; dk
fooj.k ,oa okn 'kh"kZ] ftlesa nksuksa i{kdkjksa
ds uke] vk;q rFkk fuokl LFkku 'kkfey gS
dk mi;qDr fooj.k ;Fkk oknh vkSj
izfroknh] fy[kukA
eq[; Hkkx & okni= dk eq[; Hkkx fuEu
Hkkxksa esa ckWVk tk ldrk gSA
ifjp;kRed Hkkx tksfd
okni= ds lkjoku izdFkuksa
dk ifjp; foLrr :i esa
nsrk gS] dk dFku(
lHkh lkjoku rF; vkSj
lkjoku fof'kf"V;ka
okngsrqd dks Li"V djrk
gqvk dFku( rFkk
U;k;ky; ds {ks=kf/kdkj]
vkfFkZd vkSj@vFkok {ks=h;
{ks=kf/kdkj] ftlesa okni= dk
vkadyu U;k;ky; 'kqYd ds
fy, fd;k x;k gks] dk
dFkuA
izkFkZuk &
vuqrks"k ftuds fy, oknh vf/kd`r gS bl ckr
ij fuHkZj djsxk fd okni= esa D;k izkFkZuk dh
xbZ gS vkSj blfy, vuqrks"k dh ekax ,dne lgh
:i esa dh tkuh pkfg,A ;g Hkh le>uk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vko';d gS fd ;fn oknh vius ekeys dks fl)
dj ikus esa vlQy jgrh gS rks og izfroknh
}kjk fl) ekeys ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vuqrks"k izkIr
dj ldrh gSA
vuqrks"k tks eq[; vuqrks"k ds fy, dsoy
vuq"kkafxd gS dk fof'k"V vfHkopu fd;k tkuk
vko';d ugha gSA
mnkgj.k & ^v* viuh iSrd lEifr ds
foHkktu gsrq okn nk;j djrk gS ftlesa og ;g
vkjksi yxkrk gS fd mlds firk us ;g lEifr
mlds vo;Ld dky esa csp nh gSA ^v* dks fcØh
laO;ogkj dks fujLr djus gsrq izkFkZuk djus dh
vko';drk ugha gSa D;ksafd ;g vkuq"kafxd
vuqrks"k gSA
okni= ls lacaf/kr dqN fof'k"V fu;e fuEu
izdkj gSa &
tgk¡ oknh /ku dh olwyh pkgrk gS]
ogka okni= esa nkos dh lgh /ku jkf'k
dk mYys[k vko';d gS] tgk¡ oknh
vUr%dkyhu ykHk ds fy, okn nk;j
djrk gS vFkok ,slh /ku jkf'k ftls
i;kZIr m|e ds ckotwn Hkh lgh :i esa
vkadyu eqf'dy gS rks okn esa ml /ku
jkf'k dk ftØ gksxk tks yxHkx
vkadyu dh tk,xhA ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e
2½(
tgk¡ ij okni= dh fo"k;oLrq vpy
laifr gS] rks ml okni= esa laifr dk
i;kZIr fooj.k ftlls mls fpfUgr
fd;k lds] fn;k tk,xkA bl esa
cankscLr vFkok losZ{k.k ds vfHkys[k ls
izkIr laifr dh lhek rFkk la[;k
bR;kfn dk mYys[k gksxk(
tgk¡ ij oknh izfrfuf/k dh gSfl;r ls
okn nk;j djrk gS] okni= esa bl ckr
dks fn[kk;k tk,xk fd mlus bl rjg
ds okn dks lafLFkr djus ds fy,
vko';d dne mBk, gSa(
okni= esa ;g Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd
izfroknh fo"k;oLrq esa #fp gksus dk
nkok djrk gS rFkk ;g fd mls oknh
dh ekaxksa dk mRrj nsus gsrq cqyk, tkus
dh vko';drk gS( ¼vkns'k 7 fu;e 5½
mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tgk¡ okni=] e;kZnk
fof/k ds vuqlkj] e;kZnk le; lekIr
gksus ds ckn lafLFkr fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡
okni= esa mu vk/kkjksa dks n'kkZuk
vko';d gS ftu ij e;kZnk vof/k ls
NwV dk nkok fd;k x;k gSA ¼vkns'k 7
fu;e 6½
fyf[kr dFku
fyf[kr dFku dks oknh ds okni= ds tokc ds
:i esa of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa okni=
esa fy[ks x, lHkh lkjoku rF;ksa dk fooj.k
gksuk pkfg,A tc izfroknh okni= dk fyf[kr
dFku nkf[ky djrk gS] og bl esa viuh
izfrj{kk laca/kh ekeyksa dks Li"V djrk gS] rc
okn fookfnr gksus dh pj.k esa igq¡prk gS rFkk
;gka ij U;k;ky; }kjk fookn ij U;k;fu.kZ;u
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lkekU; rkSj ij
vfHkopu esa okni= ij ykxw gksus okys lHkh
fu;e fyf[kr dFku ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA
lhihlh ds vkns'k 8 fu;e 1 ds varxZr
izfroknh dks leu rkehy gksus ls 90 fnu dk
le; fn;k tkrk gS ftlds nkSjku og viuk
fyf[kr dFku U;k;ky; esa nkf[kr dj ldrk
gSA
lhihlh ds vkns'k 7 fu;e 3] 4 vkSj 5 ds
varxZr ;g vkns'k gS fd izfroknh okni= esa
yxk, x, izR;sd vkjksi dk fof'k"V izR;k[;ku
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izLrqr djsxkA izfroknh VkyeVksy] vLi"V
vFkok lkekU; izR;k[;ku ugha dj ldrk rFkk
mls okni= esa 'kkfey lHkh lkjoku eqíks dk
mRrj fof'k"V :i esa nsuk gksxkA
okni= esa izR;sd ml vkjksi dks ftldk
fof'k"V izR;k[;ku ugha fd;k x;k gS vFkok
fdlh vU; rduhdh dkj.k ls vLohdkj ugha
fd;k x;k gS] mls Lohdk;Z ekuk tk,xkA
fyf[kr dFku esa okni= esa 'kkfey izR;sd
vkjksi dk fof'k"V mYys[k vko';d gS] vkSj
tc izfroknh fdlh ,sls rF; dk izR;k[;ku
djrk gS rks og VkyeVksydkjh ugha gksuk
pkfg,A cfYd mlesa lkjoku rF;ksa dk mRrj
gksuk pkfg,A ;fn izR;k[;ku fof'k"V ugha gS
cfYd VkyeVksydkjh gS rks dfFkr rF; dks
Lohdk;Z ekuk tk,xkA bl ifjfLFkfr esa pwafd
Lohdk;Zrk izek.k gS] fdlh vU; izek.k dh
vko';drk ugha gksxhA ¼ckny ,.M dEiuh
cuke bZLV bf.M;k VsªsfMax dEiuh] ,vkbZvkj
1963 ,llh 538½
izfroknh dk izfrokn fuEu :i esa gks ldrk
gSA
lh/kk izR;k[;ku & izfroknh okni= esa
vkjksfir rF;ksa dk lh/ks izR;k[;ku }kjk
[k.Mu dj ldrk gS vFkok mUgsa
Lohdkj dj ldrk gSA izfroknh }kjk
izR;sd rF; ds vkjksi dk fof'k"V
mRrj nsuk vko';d gSA T;knkrj
ekeyksa esa Li"V izR;k[;ku ds vkHkko esa
vkjksi dks Lohdk;Z eku fy;k tk,xkA
laLohd`fr rFkk cpko dk fo'ks"k
izfrokn & izfroknh okni= esa 'kkfey
vkjksiksa dks Lohdkj dj ldrk gS]
ysfdu u, rF;ksa dk mYys[k dj mu
ds izHkko dks u"V dj ldrk gSA
fof/kd izfrokn & izfroknh fof/k ds
iz'uksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh izfrokn izLrqr
dj ldrk gS ftlesa okn dh
iks"k.kh;rk rFkk vkadyu Hkh 'kkfey gks
ldrk gSA rFkkfi okn dh iks"k.kh;rk
ij iz'u fpUg yxkus okyk dsoy ek=
dFku i;kZIr vfHkopu ugha gksxk] rFkk
bl ckr dk fo'ks"k izdFku djuk gksxk
fd okn D;ksa iks"k.kh; ugha gSA
izfrlknu ,oa izfrnkok & izfroknh dks
okni= dh izFke lquokbZ ds nkSjku gh
izfrlknu vFkok izfrnkok bR;kfn ds
iz'u mBkus pkfg,A fdlh mi;qDr
dkj.k ls U;k;ky; dh vuqefr }kjk gh
ckn ds pj.k esa bl rjg ds izfroknksa
dks mBk;k tk ldrk gSA
mRrjorhZ vfHkopu
lhihlh dk vkns'k 8 fu;e 9 ;g dFku djrk
gS fd izfroknh ds fyf[kr dFku ds ckn fdlh
rjg dk vfHkopu ugha fd;k tk,xkA bl esa
izfrlknu vFkok izfrnkok ftls izfrokn ds :i
esa izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,slh 'krksZa ij tks
U;k;ky; Bhd le>s] U;k;ky; dh vuqefr ls
gh izLrqr fd;k tk,xkA
bl fu;e ds varxZr oknh vFkok izfroknh }kjk
dksbZ tokc vFkok izR;qRrj] ,slh 'krksZa ij tks
U;k;ky; Bhd le>s vkSj U;k;ky; dh vuqefr
ls gh nkf[ky fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh
rjg dk okngsrqd vFkok u;k ekeyk tokc
vFkok izR;qRrj ds ekè;e ls ugha mBk;k tk
ldrk rFkk bl dk mi;ksx fojks/kh i{kdkj
}kjk izLrqr rF;ksa ds Li"Vhdj.k vFkok
izR;k[;ku gsrq gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vijk/k fof/k esa vfHkopu
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;|fi vfHkopu T;knkrj flfoy izd`fr dk
gksrk gS] ftls vijk/k fof/k ds varxZr ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg dk izk:i.k
lkekU; rkSj ij fuEu rjg dk gksxk &
vijk/k izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ¼lh
vkj ih lh½ dh /kkjk 200 ds
varxZr vijk/k dh futh f'kdk;r(
lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 245 ds
varxZr vkjksih ds varxZr vkjksih
ds mUekspu gsrq vkosnu dk
izk:i.k(
lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 317 ds
varxZr vkjksih ds U;k;ky; esa
izLrqr gksus dh NwV gsrq vkosnu
dk izk:i.k(
lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 436
vFkok 437 ds varxZr vkjksih dh
tekur gsrq vkosnu dk izk:i.k(
lh vkj ih lh dh /kkjk 438 ds
varxZr vkjksih dh iwokZuqeku ds
vk/kkj ij tekur gsrq vkosnu dk
izk:i.k(
leu dks fujLr djus gsrq mPp
U;k;ky; dh varfuZfgr 'kfDr;ksa
dks vkgwr djus ds fy,] lh vkj
ih lh dh /kkjk 482 ds varxZr
;kfpdk dk izk:i.k(
vfHkgLrkarj.k
vfHkgLrkarj.k esa py rFkk vpy laifÙk
dk gLrkarj.k tks fcØh ds i'pkr~ fy[kr
}kjk fdlh O;fDr ds thou dky ds
nkSjku fd;k tk,] 'kkfey gSA ¼Hkkjrh;
LVkEi vf/kfu;e 1899 dh /kkjk 2¼10½½A
gLrkarj.k ml izfØ;k dk uke gS ftlds
varxZr fdlh Hkw&laifÙk dk LoRokf/kdkj]
fdlh ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr vFkok
fdUgh O;fDr;ksa dh ,d Js.kh ls nwljh
Js.kh dks ,d foys[k }kjk gLrkarfjr fd;k
tkrk gSA vr% gLrkarj.k ls vFkZ os lHkh
vko';d dk;Z djuk gSa tks fdlh ,d
O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks LoRokf/kdkj
gLrkarfjr djus dh izfØ;k esa vkrs gSa]
rFkk blesa fuEu 'kkfey gSa&
LoRokf/kdkj dk ijh{k.k(
LoRokf/kdkj ds gLrkarj.k laca/kh
nLrkostksa dk gLrkarj.k(
gLrkarj.k ds fooj.k cukuk( rFkk
lHkh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks iwjk
djus dh vko';d rS;kfj;ka
djukA
gLrkarj.k ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks
laifÙk ls lacaf/kr fof/kd LoRokf/kdkj
vUrfjr djuk vFkok laifÙk ij fdlh
Hkkj dks iznku djuk] ;Fkk ca/kd vkSj
xguA ,d lkekU; gLrkarj.k laO;ogkj
esa nks eq[; ckrs 'kkfey gksrh gSaA
lafonkvksa dk fofue;] ftlds ekè;e ls
lkfE;d LoRokf/kdkj dk varj.k gksrk gS
rFkk lafonk dk vuqikyu ftlds ekè;e
ls fof/kd LoRokf/kdkj varfjr gksrk gSA
LoRokf/kdkj dk ijh{k.k
LoRokf/kdkj ds ijh{k.k dk vFkZ gS fd
lHkh futh ,oa ljdkjh vfHkys[kksa esa
laifÙk ds LoRokf/kdkj vFkok iz'uxr
fgr tks LoRokf/kdkj dks izHkkfor djrk
gS] dk ijh{k.k djukA bl rjg dh
[kkst lkekU; rkSj ij iqjkus foys[kksa]
U;klksa] olh;rksa vkSj laifÙk ij vU; Hkkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk gksrk gS] ftlls
;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd u,
Lokeh ds fgr esa lgh LoRokf/kdkj
varfjr gks x;k gSA nks"kiw.kZ LoRokf/kdkj
dk vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkw&laifÙk dk
LoRokf/kdkj voS/k gS] D;ksafd iwoZ esa
LoRokf/kdkj dk nkok djus okys O;fDr
dk LoRokf/kdkj iw.kZ ugha Fkk] vFkok tgk¡
ij laifÙk fooj.k xyr rkSj ij fn;k
x;k gS] vFkok tgk¡ ij LoRokf/kdkj
vFkok blds varj.k esa dksbZ nks"k gSA
fdlh vpy laifÙk ds LoRokf/kdkj dh
tkWp ds fy, lcls vPNk jkLrk ;g gS
fd izFke ckj esa gh LoRokf/kdkj ds
m)j.k rS;kj dj fy, tk,aA
LoRokf/kdkj dk m)j.k vpy laifÙk ij
LoRokf/kdkj dh fly&flysokj fyf[krksa
dh J`[kayk dk ,d laf{kIr ,oa fu;fer
lkj gS rFkk blesa laifÙk ij lHkh rjg
ds Hkkj vkSj izHkkjksa dk dFku gksrk gS tks
laifÙk ds Åij gks ldrs gSa rFkk
Ø;drkZ dks ftlds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh
tkuh pkfg,A
foys[k dks fuEu rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
x;k gSA
xSj olh;rh Js.kh ds
gLrkarj.k dk vkSipkfjd
ys[ku(
ftlds ekè;e ls fdlh
vf/kdkj] LoRokf/kdkj vFkok
fgr dh ?kks"k.kk] vuqeksnu
vH;i.kZ] lhfer djuk vFkok
lekIr djus dk izØe 'kkfey
gSA
nwljh rjQ ,d fy[kr fof/kd izd`fr
dk dksbZ Hkh nLrkost] ftlds ek/;e ls
dksbZ vf/kdkj vFkok nkf;Ro mRiUu]
varfjr] lhfer] foLrr gksrk gqvk izrhr
gksrk gS] dk vfHkys[k gksrk gSA
LoRokf/kdkj ds varj.k laca/kh foys[k ds
Hkkx
foys[k dk fooj.k
fdlh foys[k dk fooj.k mldh izd`fr
vFkok Js.kh ds laca/k esa fu.kkZ;d ugha
gksrkA foys[kksa ds fuoZpu djrs gq, ;g
/kkfjr fd;k x;k gS ds foys[k ds fooj.k
dks vR;f/kd egRo ugha fn;k tk
ldrkA foys[k dk fooj.k] dHkh&dHkh
laO;ogkj ds okLrfod Lo:i dks Nqik
ldrk gS rFkk O;fDr dks laO;ogkj dh
okLrfodrk dks fpfUgr djus ds fy,
foys[k ds fooj.k ls ijs tkuk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k & ,d foys[k dk uke
foHkktu foys[k fy[kk x;k Fkk rFkk og
firk dh laifÙk;ksa dk foHkktu gh izrhr
gksrk FkkA rFkkfi ;g ik;k x;k ds firk
dh vU; laifÙk iq= dks varfjr dh xbZ
Fkh vkSj mldh mi;qDr tkWp djus ij
ik;k x;k fd ;g ,d nku foys[k FkkA
¼iksuw cuke rkyqd yS.M cksMZ] fpRrwj]
,vkbZvkj 1982 dsjy 330½
fu"iknu dh frfFk
izR;sd foys[k ij ,d frfFk gksuh
pkfg,A dksbZ foys[k blfy, voS/k ugha
gksrk fd ml ij dksbZ frfFk vafdr ugha
gS vFkok ml ij ,d vlEHko frfFk dk
mYys[k gS] ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa foys[k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dh lgh frfFk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,
lk{; Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
izR;sd ifjfLFkr esa ;g ,d [k.Muh;
/kkj.kk gksrh gS fd foys[k dks] foys[k ij
mYyf[kr frfFk ij cuk;k vFkok
fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA¼#def.k vEey
cuke vadek uk;Mw] ,vkbZvkj 1926
enzkl 744½
foys[k ds i{kdkj
fdlh Hkh foys[k ds de ls de nks
i{kdkj gksus vko';d gSaA laifÙk ds
varj.k laca/kh dksbZ foys[k tks lafonk dk
ifj.kke gS ds i{kdkj lafonk gsrq l{ke
gksus pkfg,A rFkkfi dksbZ vo;Ld vFkok
vU; v{ke O;fDr mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
varfjrh gks ldrk gS] tgk¡ ij varfjrh
ds Åij dk;Z vFkok Hkwy dk dksbZ
nkf;Ro ugha Mkyk x;k gSA bu ekeyksa esa
Hkh varj.kdÙkkZ dksbZ ,slk gh O;fDr gks
ldrk gS tks lafonk gsrq l{ke gksA
foys[k ds i{kdkjksa dk fooj.k lgh :i
esa fn;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkfi ;fn fdlh
i{kdkj ds uke dk xyr fooj.k fn;k
x;k gS tks ml dk lgh uke ugha gS]
foys[k dks igpku dk lk{; izLrqr djus
ij lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA
O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lewg tks ,d Js.kh ds
:i esa oxhZdr gks ldrk gS dks Hkh
i{kdkj cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;Fkk ^^v*
ds lHkh _.knkrk^^A
vk[;ku
vk[;ku dks fdlh foys[k] djkj vFkok
vU; fdlh vkSipkfjd fy[kr esa ml
dFku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS]
ftls blfy, lfUufo"V fd;k x;k gS
fd og O;k[;k vkSj vFkok fy[kr ds
izorZd Hkkx dh vksj ys tk;A
;fn vk[;ku izorZd Hkkx ds v/khu gksrk
gS] ysfdu vk[;ku dk lgkjk i{kdkjksa
dks vk'k; tkuus ds fy, fy;k tkrk
gSA bl lanHkZ esa ykMZ bZ'oj dk dguk
gS fd &
^^;fn vk[;ku Li"V gs vksj izorZd Hkkx
vLi"V gs rks vk[;ku dk iz;ksx
vFkfoU;kl ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ;fn
vk[;ku vLi"V gs rfkk izorZd Hkkx
Li"V gs rks izorZd Hkkx vfHkHkkoh gksxkA
;fn vk[;ku rFkk izorZd Hkkx Li"V gS
rks izorZd Hkkx vfHkykoh gksxkA ;fn
vk[;ku rfkk izorZd Hkkx nksuksa Li"V gS
ysfdu vkil esa vlaxr gS] izorZd Hkkx
dks viuk;k tk;sxkA**
vk[;ku dk Hkkx fof/kd :i esa foys[k
dk vko';d Hkkx ugha gS] ;|fi bldk
iz;ksx i{kdkjksa ds vk'k; laca/kh fdlh Hkh
lansg dh O;k[;k djus dsfy, fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ¼Hkkjr la?k cuke vejsUnz
ukFk ljdkj] ,-vkbZ-vkj 1967 dydÙkk
119½
vk[;ku dh rqyuk fdlh lafof/k esa
mn~nsf'kdk ls dh tk ldrh gSa ;g ,d
,lh pkch gS ftlls izorZd Hkkx dk vfkz
lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vk[;ku dks lkekU; rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa
ckaVk tk ldrk gSA
o.kZukRed vk[;ku % ;s varj.kdrkZ ds
LoRokf/kdkj ds bfrgkl dks izdV djrs
gSa] rfkk foys[k ds fu"iknu rd dh
fLFkfr dks Li"v djrs gSa] ftlesa
varj.kdrkZ }kjk LoRokf/kdkj izkfIr ds
rjhds rd 'kkfey gSaA
ifjp;kRed vk[;ku % ;g i{kdkjksa }kjk
iz'uxr foys[k esa izos'k ds vk'k; vFkok
izsj.kk dks izdV djrs gSa] rfkk ml
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
foys[k dks Hkh lanfHkZr djrs gSa] ftlds
lEikju gsrq bl foys[k dk fu"kkju
fd;k tk jgk gSA
gScsUMe % gScsUMe dk mís'; varfrjh dks
varfjr fd, tk jgs fgr dks ifjHkkf"kr
djuk gksrk gSA gScsUMe ds vuqlkj fgr
lEiw.kZ vFkok izfrcaf/kr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
;fn varfjr dh tkus okyh laefÙk ij
Hkkj gs rks bldk lanHkZ gScsUMe esa fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A
izlafonk % izlafonk, djkj vFkok
vuqca/k gS] tks ,d i{kdkj vFkok vU;
i{kdkj] ;k nksuksa i{kdkj vFkok fdlh
,d i{kdkj dks cak/krs gSaA ;g vko';d
gS fd varj.kdrkZ rFkk varfjrh dh
izlafonkvksa dks Øe'k% vyx&vyx
ldsfrr fd;k tk;] ftlls f dbl
rjg dk dksbZ lansg u jgs fd dksbZ
izlafonk vUrj.kdrkZ vfkok vUrfjrh ds
ykHk ds fy, yxkbZ xbZ gsa mnkgj.k ds
fy, izfrQy ds fy, fdØsrk dh
LoRokf/kdkj laca/kh izlafonk ;g gksxhA
;g fd foØsrk fgr ds vrus
Hkkx dk Lokeh gS tks varxZr
fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk;g fd mls
varfjr djus dk izkf/kdkj mls
izkIr gSA
;g fd varfjrh dks varfjr fd,
x, fgr dk mls iw.kZ ykHk
feysxkA
;g fd varj.k dh fo"k; oLrq
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hkkj ls jfgr
gSA
;g fd vUrj.kdrkZ vk'okluksa
ds ek/;e ls vU; ,ls nLrkostksa
dk fu"iknu djsxk ftudk fd
vUrfjrh ds LoRokf/kdkj dks iw.kz
djus dh vko';drk gks( mrus
Hkkx ds lanHkZ esa tks vUrfjr
fd;k tk jgk gSA
lk{;kadu ¼VsLVkVe½
;g foys[k dk lk{kh Hkkx gs ftlesa
i{kdkjksa dk vk'k; 'kkfey gksrk gS] rfkk
;g lkekU; rkSj ij fuEu izdkj
vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA
^^vc ;g foys[k lk{kh gS --- vFkok ^^vc
;g vuqca/k i= lkL;fdr djrk gS**
bR;kfn
izoZÙkd Hkkx
lkekU; rksj ij izorZd Hkkx esa fuEu
'kkfey gksrs gSa &
izfrQy & izfrQy dks bl :I
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS
fd ;g opu ds cnys dqN
leku oLrq ftls Lohdkj fd;k
x;k gS vfkok ftl ij djkj
gqvk gSA ¼lafonk ij yhd½ tgk¡
lafonk esa ijLij opu 'kkfey
gS] ogka ij izR;sd i{kdkj ij
;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vius
opu dk ikyu ds rFkk nwljs
i{k ds opu ikyu dks Lohdkj
djsA
izfrQy & izfrQy dh i;kZIr
dk iz'u laO;ogkj ds le;
i{kdkjksa }kjk fopkj.kh; gksrk gs
vksj lkekU;rksj U;k;ky; bl
ekeys esa cgqr lko/kkuh ls
fu.kz; djrs gSa rfkk lkekU;rksj
ij lafonk dh Lora=krk esa
gLr{ksi ugha djrs ftlls
i{kdkj viuh Lora= bPNk ls
fu.kz; dj viuh lkSnsckth dk
ykHk ys ldsA i{kdkj fdlh Hkh
izfrQy ijlger gksus ds fy,
Lora= gS c'krsZ f dog ,slk
izfrQy gs ftls fof/k Lohdkj
Lohdk;Z gksA
jlhn mi/kkjk & izfrQy dh
izkfIr lwpuk foys[k esa nsuk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vko';d gsA rfkkfi ijØkE;
fy[krksa tsls] fofue; i=] cpu
i= vFkok pSd bR;kfn ds lanHkZ
esa fof/k dh /kkj.kk gksrh gS fd
mUgsa fdlh izfrQy ds cnys
rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA
izorZd 'kCn % ;s i{kdkjksa ds
vk'k; rFkk laO;ogkj dh izd`fr
dks izdV djrs gSaA bu izorZd
'kCnksa dk Li"V ,oa lkQ gksus
pkfg,A
iklZYl %
iklZYl dk vFkZ lEifr ds
fooj.k rFkk vUrfjr fd, tk jgs fgr
dk fgLlk gksrk gSA bl rjg dk fooj.k
laf{kIr gksuk pkfg,] vlko/kkuh ls
eqdnesackth dh lEHkkouk c<+rh gSA ;fn
lEifÙk vFkok fgr dk dqN fof'k"V uke
j[kk x;k gS rks ;g mi;qDr gksxk fd
mldk fooj.k blh uke ls fn;k tk;A
;g Hkh lykg nh tkrh gS fd foys[k ds
lkFk ,d ifjf'k"V tksM+ fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A ftlesa vUrfjr fd, tkus okys
fgr vfkok lEifÙk dk fooj.k gksA
viokn ,oa vkj{k.k
lEifÙk dk gLrkUrj.k vioknksa ,oa
vkj{k.kksa ds v/khu vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk
ldrk gS rFkk vUrfjr dh x;h lEifÙk
dk lkekU; fooj.k dks bu viokn dk
vFkZ] lkekU; rkSj ij ftls iznku f;dk
x;k gS mlds izorZu ls dqN fudky
ysuk gksrk gSA lHkh rjg ds viokn
vko';d rkSj ij lEifr ls lacaf/kr gksus
pkfg, rfkk foys[k ds fu"iknu ds le;
og vf/kdkj vfLrRo esa gksuk vko';d
gSA ,sls viokn foys[k ds fojks/kh ugha
gks ldrsA
mnkgj.k % ^v* viuh lEifÙk dks ^ch*
dks vUrfjr djrs le; foys[k esa ;g
'krz j[krhgs f dog viuh Hkwfe ls y?kq
[kfut inkfkz fudkyus dk vf/kdkj
dk;e j[ksxhA ;g lEifÙk ds gLrkUrj.k
esa ,d viokn gsA rfkkfi] ;g fdlh Hkh
fLFkfr esa foys[k ds fojks/k esa ugha gksuk
pkfg, D;ksafd y?kq [kfut fudkyus dk
vf/kdkj dk vFkZ tehu vFkok vod`nk
dks [kksnuk ugha gs ftlls fd ^c* dks
vUrfjr dh xbZ Hkwfe dh Åijh lrg dk
dksbZ uqdlku gksA
vkj{k.k dk vFkZ vUrfjr dh xbZ lEifÙk
ls dqN vfuxfur nk; dks cukuk gSA
bUgsa lkekU; rkSj ij vUrfjrh }kjk
vUrj.kdrkZ ds i{k esa vf/kdkj nku gSA
mnkgj.k % ^v* viuh lEifÙk dks ^c* dks
vUrfjr djrs le;] vius fy;s ;k vU;
fdlh O;fDr ds fy, ml lEifÙk esa
lq[kkf/kdkj dk vkj{k.k dj ldrk gSA
vfHklk{;kadu ¼VsfLVeksfu;e½
foys[k esa 'kkfey ekeyksa ds lk{kh ds
rkSj ij i{kdkj lkekU;r;k bls foys[k
ds vur esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa( ftudh
vfHkO;fDr fuEu gks ldrh gSA ^^mijksDr
ds lk{; esa ge] mijksDr i{kdkjksa esa bl
foys[k dks mifjfyf[kr fnu ,oa o"kZ esa
fuEufyf[kr lkf{k;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa
gLrk{kj djrs gSaA**
;g foys[k fy[kr vFkok lafonk dk
vfUre Hkkx gksrk gs rfkk ;|fi ;g
vko';d ugha gS ysfdu vkn'kZ :i esa
vfHklk{;kadu dks foys[k ds var esa
fuxfer fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn foys[k
fdlh dEiuh vFkok fof/kd O;fDr }kjk
fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k gS rks vfHklk{;kadu
dks] ;g fd i{kdkjksa us vius gLrk{kj
dj mlis viuh eqgj yxk nh gs]
fy[kuk pkfg,A izk:i.k dks vfUre :i
fn, tkus ds mijkar foys[k vFkok
fy[kr dks izkf/kØr fd, tkus dh
vkSipkfjdrkvksa esa lk{;kadu iathdj.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vfkoka LVkEi yxkuk 'kkfey gS ftuesa ls
,d ;k fQj vf/kd dk vuqikyu foys[k
vFkok fy[kr dks fu;fer djus okyh
fof/k ds Åij fuHkZj djsxkA
nLrkost dk lk{;kadu
fdlh foys[k vFkok fy[kr ds lk{;kadu
dk vFkZ gS fd ,d vFkok mlls vf/kd
O;fDr mlds fu"iknu ds le; mifLFkr
gS rFkk ;g fd mlds lk{; esa mUgksaus
fu"iknu dk dFku djus okyh lk{;kadu
mi/kkjk ij gLrk{kj fd, gSA
lkekU; rkSj ij oS/k lk{;kadu
dh vko';d 'krz ;g gs fd nks
;k nks ls vf/kd lkf{k;ksa us %
fu"iknd dks foys[k vFkok
fy[kr dks gLrk{kj djrs gq,
ns[kk gks(
mUgksaus fu"iknd ls O;fDrxr
:I esa] gLrk{kj fd, tkus dh
Lohd`rh yh gks(
muesa ls izR;sd us foys[k vFkok
fy[kr ij fu"iknd dh
mifLFkfr esa gLrk{kj fd, gSaA
fdlh foys[k dh oS/krk ds fy, ;g
vko';d ugha gs fd blds fu"iknu dks
fdlh lk{kh }kjk lk{;kafdr fd;k x;k
gks c'krsZ fd ,slk lafof/k }kjk vknsf'kr
u gksA fueu ekeyksa esa fdlh nLrkost
ds fu"iknu ds ckn mldk lk{;kadu
vko';d gS%
ca/kd % lEifÙk vUrj.k
vf/kfu;e /kkjk 59
nku% lEifÙk vUrj.k vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 124
olh;r % Hkkjrh; mRrjkf/kdkj
vf/kfu;e 1925 dh /kkjk 63-
lh-ih-lh ds vkns'k 6 fu;e 15 ¼4½ ds
vuqlkj lHkh izdkjds vfHkopu 'kiFk
i= ds lkFk nkf[ky fd, tkrs gSaA lHkh
'kiFk i= vko';d :I ls 'kiFk vk;qDr
vfkok yksd izek.kd }kjk lk{;kafdr
fd, tkus pkfg,A
nLrkostksa dk iathdj.k
vU; ds vfrfjDr nLrkostksa ds
iathdj.k dk mís'; ;g gS fd
nLrkostksa ds yksd iathdj.k dk
rjhdk miyC/k djkuk(
blls tulkekU; dks fof/kd
vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Ro ds lanHkZ esa
lwpuk nh tk ldrh gS(
tks fdlh fof'k"V lEifÙk dks
izHkkfor djrk gks(
nLrkostksa dks LFkkbZ cukuk
ftudk ckn esa fof/kd egRo gks
ldrk gS] rFkk /kks[kk bR;kfn dks
jksdukA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;-8 lk{; fof/k
izLrkouk
lk{; dkuwu tSlk fd Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e]
1872 ¼vf/kfu;e½ esa fufgr gS] ,d izfØ;kRed
fof/k gS] u fd dksbZ ewy fof/kA lk{; fof/k
flfoy ,oa vkijkf/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa esa leku gS]
;|fi vf/kfu;e dh dqN /kkjk,a ,slh gSa ftudk
fo'ks"k vuqiz;ksx ;k rks flfoy dkuwu (tSls /kkjk
52&55] vkSj /kkjk 115&117) ;k vkijkf/kd
dkuwu ¼tSls /kjk 24&30½ esa gksrk gSA lk{;
fof/k ds eq[; fl)kar gSa% lk{; dks ekeyksa rd
gh lhfer gksuk pkfg,%
&viokg lk{;ksa dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk,xk(
&leLr oknksa esa lcls vPNs lk{; izLrqr fd;s
tk,sxs ¼tkudh ukjk;.k Hkksj cuke ukjk;.k
ukenso dkne] ¼2003½2 ,llhlh 91)
Hkkx 1
rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr
ifjHkk"kk,a
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ^U;k;ky;*] ^rF;*]
^nLrkost*] ^lk{;*] ^lcwr*] ,oa ^fu.kZ;d lcwr*]
lfgr fofHkUu 'kCnkofy;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh
gSA cgqr lh ifjHkk"kk,a O;kid ugha gS fdUrq
lexz izÑfr dh vf/kd gS] mnkgj.k ds :i esa
U;k;ky;*] ^rF;*] ^fook|d rF;* ,oa ^lk{;*
dh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kCnkoyh
^rF;* dks lexz :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
vkSj blds varxZr ,slh dksbZ oLrq] oLrqvksa dh
voLFkk] ;k oLrqvksa dk laca/k tks bafnz;ksa }kjk
cks/kxE; gks] vkSj dksbZ ekufld n'kk] ftldk
Hkku fdlh O;fDr dks gks] vkrh gSA
n`"Vkar% ;g fd dksbZ euq"; veqd jk; j[krk gS]
veqd vk'k; j[krk gS] ln~HkkoiwoZd ;k
diViwoZd dk;Z djrk gS] ;k fdlh fof'k"V 'kCn
dks fof'k"V Hkko esa iz;ksx djrk gS] ;k mls
fdlh fof'k"V laosnuk Hkku gS ;k fdlh
fofufnZ"V le; esa Fkk] ,d rF; gSA
,d rF; nwljs rF; ls lqlaxr dgk tkrk gS]
tcfd rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr bl
vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa esa fufnZ"V izdkjksa esa ls
fdlh Hkh izdkj ls og rF; ml nwljs rF; ls
lalDr gksA ^fook|d rF;* ds vUrxZr ,slk
dksbZ Hkh rF; vkrk gS ftls vdsys gh ls] ;k
vU; rF;ksa ds lalxZ esa] fdlh ,sls vf/kdkj]
nkf;Ro ;k fu;ksZX;rk ds] ftldk fdlh okn ;k
dk;Zokgh esa izk[;ku ;k izR;k[;ku fd;k x;k
gS] vfLrRo] vufLrRo] izÑfr ;k foLrkj dh
mRifÙk vo';eso gksrh gSA lHkh izklafxd rF;
fook|d rF; dk va'k ugha gks ldrs gSaA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar% [k dh gR;k dk d vfHk;qDr gSA d ds
fopkj.k esa fuEufyf[kr rF; fook| gks ldrs
gSa% (1) ;g fd d us [k dh e`R;q dkfjr dh(
(2) ;g fd d dk vk'k; [k dh eR;q dkfjr
djus dk Fkk] vkSj (3) ;g fd d dks [k ls
xEHkhj vkSj vpkud izdksiu feyk FkkA ;g rF;
fd oh dks ,d vlkè; chekjh Fkh] ,d izklafxd
rF; gks ldrk gS fdUrq ,d fook|d rF; ugha
Hkh gks ldrk gSA
'kCnkoyh ^lk{;* dks lexz :i ls ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k gS] vkSj bls U;k;ky; ds le{k
izLrqr lkexzh ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS]
ftlds vk/kkj ij dksbZ U;k;ky; ekeys esa fdlh
rF; dh fo|ekurk ;k vfo|ekurk dk
mi/kj.kk djrk gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ds
varxZr fo'ks"k :i ls ekSf[kd vkSj nLrkosth
lk{; dks lekfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
dksbZ rF; ^lkfcr* gqvk dgk tkrk gS] tc
U;k;ky; vius le{k ds fo"k;ksa ij fopkj djus
ds i'pkr~ ;k rks ;g fo'okl djs fd ml rF;
dk vfLrRo gS ;k mlds vfLrRo dks bruk
vf/klaHkkO; le>s fd ml fof'k"V ekeys dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh izKkoku O;fDr dks bl
vuqeku ij dk;Z djuk pkfg, fd ml rF; dk
vfLrRo gSA (lkfcr* dh ifjHkk"kk ns[ksa)
vf/kfu;e ^lkfcr ugha gqvk* vkSj ^uk lkfcr*
gksus ds ekeyks esa varj Li"V djrk gSA lcwr ds
Hkkj ,oa ekud dks le>kus ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g
egRoiw.kZ yxrk gSA
lcwr dk Hkkj
lkekU; fu;e ;g gS fd fdlh rF; dks fl)
djus dk Hkkj ml i{k ij gksrk gS tks ml rF;
dk vkjksi yxkrk gSA gkykafd ;g fu;e fdlh
i{k ij ykxw gksus okys dkuwu esaa mi/kj.kk ds
v/khu gksrk gSA (lS;n vdcj cuke dukZVd
jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1979 ,llh 1848)
mnkgj.kLo:i ijØkE; izys[k vf/kfu;e
(usxksf'k,cy baLVªesaV ,DV)] 1881 dh /kkjk 138
ds varxZr fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeys esa] ;|fi
ekeys dks fl) djus dk Hkkj
f'kdk;rdrkZ@psd ds vknsf'krh ij gS] fdUrq
mlds i{k (ijØkE; izys[k vf/kfu;e] 1881 dh
/kjk 181 ds varxZr) esa ,d mi/kkj.kk fo|eku
gS fd vkns'kd }kjk psd dk vkgj.k fdlh xq.k
;k nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djus ds fy, djus gsrq
fd;k x;k FkkA gkykafd ;g vkns'kd @
vfHk;qDr ds fy, NwV gS fd og ,slh ,d
mi/kj.kk dk [kaMu fopkj.k esa mfpr lk{;
izLrqr djds djsA
lcwr dk ekud
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lcwr dk ekud dk;Zokfg;ksa dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA flfoy ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud
lkekU;r% laHkkoukvksa dh cgqrk;r ;k
laHkkoukvksa ds larqyu ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tcfd
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud leLr
;qfDriw.kZ lansg ls ijs gksrk gSA vkijkf/kd
ekeyksa esa lcwr dk ekud flfoy ekeyksa dh
vis{kk mPp Lrj dk gksrk gSA
ftruk xaHkhj vijk/k gksrk gS mruh gh l[r
vko';d lcwrksa dh fMxzh gksrh gS] pwafd
vfHk;qDr dks ltk nsus ds fy, vk'oklu dh
mPp Lrj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA (ekSle flag
jk; cuke if'pe caxky jkT;] (2003) 12
,llhlh 377)
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa vfHk;qDr eklwfe;r dh
mi/kkj.kk dk YkkHk mBkrk gS ftls vfHk;kstu
dks U;k;ky; ls nks"kfl)h lqfu'pr djus ds
fy, uklkfcr djuk iM+sxkA eklwfe;r ds
mi/kkj.kk ds fy, uklkfcr ugha gqvk cus jgus
gsrq i;kZIr ugha gSA
gkykafd vkijkf/kd fof/k;ksa esa LFkkukiu nkf;Ro
ds izko/kkuksa ds fy, lanHkZ vo'; fn;s gksus
pkfg, tSls ijØkE; izys[k vf/kfu;e] 1881 dh
/kjk 141] vko';d oLrq vf/kfu;e] 1955 dh
/kkjk 10 lhek 'kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1962 dh /kkjk
140] mRikn 'kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1955 /kkjk 9 dd]
tgk¡ fdlh vfHk;qDr ij fdlh daiuh esa mlds
in ds vk/kj ij eqdnek pyk;k tkrk gS rFkk
vijk/k dk laKku gksus dks u lkfcr djus ds
fy, ;k ,sls vijk/k dks jksdus esa visf{kr
deZBrk fl) djus ds fy, lcwr dk Hkkj
vfHk;qDr ij Mkyk tkrk gSA
rF;kssa dh lqlaxfr
/kkjk 3 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd ,d rF;
nwljs rF; ls lqlaxr dgk tkrk gS tcfd rF;ksa
dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr bl vf/kfu;e ds
mica/kksa esa fufnZ"V izdkjksa esa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj
ls og rF; ml nwljs rF; ls lalDr gksA
vf/kkfu;e dk vè;k; 2 ¼/kkjk 5 ls 55½ rF;ksa
dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr gSA
'kCnkoyh ^xzkg~;rk* ,oa ^lqlaxr* dks izk;% vny
cny dj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq ;s
fof'k"V vFkksZ ds lkFk fHkUu gSaA
fiQlu dgrs gSa fd dksbZ rF; lqlaxr gks
ldrk gS vkSj rks Hkh lqfo/kk ;k uhfr ds vk/kkj
ij bldk lk{; vxzkg~; gks ldrk gSA ;g
fu.kZ; djus ds fy, fd fdlh rF; dk lk{;
xzkg~; gS] igys ;g tkuuk lgh gksxk dh D;k
;g lqlaxr rF; gS] vkSj rc ;g ns[kuk fd
D;k bldh xzkg~;rk dks fu;af=r djus okys
izko/kku@dkuwu jpuk gSA
n`"Vkar% ;g rF; fd okndkjh d us vius odhy
[k dks fy[kk gS fd lafonk rksM+us ds fy,
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nkf;Ro xzkg~;rk ,d lqlaxr rF; gks ldrk gS]
fdUrq vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds v/khu ls
vxzkg~; ekuk x;k gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6% jht tslrh
;g /kkjk ,d gh laO;ogkj ds Hkkx gksus okys
rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ls lacaf/kr gSSA ;g /kkjk
izko/kku djrh gS fd rF; lqlaaxr gSa ;|fi os
ekeys esa ugha gS] ;fn os ,d gh laO;ogkj dk
Hkkx gksrs gSA ;g ,sls lHkh rF;ksa ds fy, lR;
gS] pkgs os mlh le; vkSj mlh LFkku ij ;k
fofHkUu le;ksa vkSj LFkkuksa ij ?kfVr gq, gksaA
lj tsEl LVsiQu us 'kCnkoyh ^laO;ogkj* dks
rF;ksa ds ,d ,ssls lewg ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k gS tks ,d nwljs ls bl rjg tqM+s gksrs gaS
fd mUgsa ,d gh uke ls lanfHkZr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tSls dksbZ vijk/k] lafonk] xyr] ;k
,slk tkap dk dksbZ vU; fo"k; tks ekeys esa
'kkfey gksA
n`"Vkar% [k dks ihVdj mldh gR;k djus dk d
vfHk;qDr gSA d ;k [k ;k ikl [kM+s yksxksa }kjk
tks dqN Hkh fiVkbZ ds le; ;k mlls brus
vYidky iwoZ ;k i'pkr~ dgk ;k fd;k x;k Fkk
fd og mlh laO;ogkj dk Hkkx cu x;k gS] og
lqlaxr rF; gSA
n`"Vkar% iz'u ;g gS fd D;k [k ls vkfn"V veqd
eky d dks ifjnÙk fd;k x;k Fkk\ og eky]
vuqØe'k% dbZ eè;orhZ O;fDr;ksa dks ifjnÙk
fd;k x;k FkkA gj ,d ifjnku lqlaxr rF;
gSA
vf/kkfu;e dh /kkjk 6 ds varxZr xzkg~; rF;
vaxzsth dkuwu esa ^jht tslrh* fl¼kar ds varxZr
xzkg~; gS] gkykafd 'kCnkoyh ^jht tslrh* dk
vFkZ vLi"V ¼fofHkUu :i ls O;k[;kfir ftlesa
fook|d rF;] ,oa pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ka
'kkfey gS] vkSj blfy, fofHkUu fo}kuksa dh
lqfopkfjr jk; bl 'kCnkoyh ls iw.kZr% cpus ds
fy, gSA ,slk dgk x;k gS] fdUrq bl 'kCnkoyh
ds iz;ksx ds izlax dks le>uk Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7&9
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7&9 ,d laO;ogkj ds Hkkx
gksus okys rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr ds fl)kar dh
O;k[;k djrh gSa] bls /kkjk 6 esa fn;k x;k gSA
/kjk 8 fdlh Hkh ,sls rF; dks tks fdlh
fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr rF; gsrq ;k rS;kjh
nf'kZr ;k xfBr djrk gS] lqlaxr ekurh gSA
/kkjk 8 lqlaxr fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh ds laca/k
esa fdlh ikVhZ dh ^rS;kjh* ,oa ^vkpj.k* dk Hkh
lqlaxr :i esa mYys[k djrh gSA
/kkjk 8 ds Li"Vhdj.k 1 esa ^vkpj.k* 'kCn dks
Li"V djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd bl /kkjk esa
^^vkpj.k** 'kCn ds vUrxZr dFku ugha vkrs] tc
rd fd os dFku mu dFkuksa ls fHkUu dk;ksZ ds
lkFk&lkFk vkSj mUgsa Li"V djus okys u gksaA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vr% ;g Li"V gS fd fof'k"Vrk gS] ,d vksj
lk/kkj.k dFkuksa ds eè; vkSj nwljh vksj ,sls
dFkuksa ds tks lkFk&lkFk gSa vkSj dfri; dk;Z
dks Li"V djrs gSaA
/kkjk 8 dk Li"Vhdj.k 2 mYys[k djrk gS fd
tc fdlh O;fDr dk vkpj.k lqlaxr gS] rc
mlls] ;k mldh mifLFkfr vkSj Jo.kxkspjrk esa
fd;k x;k dksbZ Hkh dFku] tks ml vkpj.k ij
izHkko Mkyrk gS] lqlaxr gSA
n`"Vkar% iz'u ;g gS fd D;k [k ds izfr d
10]000 #i, dk nsunkj gSA ;s rF; fd d us
x ls /ku m/kkj ekaxk vkSj ?k us x ls d dh
mifLFkfr vkSj Jo.kxkspjrk esa dgk fd ^^eSa rqEgsa
lykg nsrk gwa fd rqe d ij Hkjkslk u djks]
D;ksafd og [k ds izfr 10]000 #i, dk nsunkj
gSa]** vkSj fd d dksbZ mÙkj fn, fcuk pyk x;k]
lqlaxr gSA
n`"Vkar% d fdlh vijk/k dk vfHk;qDr gSA ;s
rF; fd vfHkdfFkr vijk/k ls iwoZ ;k vijk/k
djus ds le; ;k i'pkr~ d us ,sls lk{; dk
izca/k fd;k ftldh izo`fÙk ,slh Fkh fd ekeys ds
rF; mlds vuqdwy izrhr gks ;k fd mlus
lk{; dks u"V fd;k ;k fNik;k ;k fd mu
O;fDr;ksa dh] tks lk{kh gks ldrs Fks] mifLFkfr
fuokfjr dh ;k vuqifLFkfr mikIr dh ;k yksxksa
dks mlds laca/k esa feF;k lk{; nsus ds fy,
rS;kj fd;k] lqlaxr gSA
ea'kk ¼eksfVo½
,sls ekeyksa esa ftuesa ifjfLFkfrtU; lk{;
'kkfey gSa] dk;Z ds ihNs dh ea'kk@i{kdkjksa dh
foyqIrk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA CySd dk fof/k
'kCndks'k ea'kk dks] ^,slk dqN tks dk;Z ds fy,
funsZf'kr djrk gS* ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh
gSA tgka lqlaxr rF; ;k fook|d rF; dk
lk{; miyC/k gS] ea'kk vlaxr cu tkrh gSA
n`"Vkar% d ca/ki=k ds vk/kkj ij #i, ds lank;
ds fy, [k ij okn ykrk gSA [k bl ckr dk
izR;k[;ku djrk gS fd mlus ca/ki=k fy[kkA
;g rF; lqlaxr gS fd ml le;] ca/ki=k dk
fy[kk tkuk vfHkdfFkr gS] [k dks fdlh fof'k"V
iz;kstu ds fy, /ku pkfg, FkkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 11 dks izk;% ds vf/kfu;e ds
vè;k; 2 dk vof'k"V mica/k ekuk tkrk gSA
;g vf/kfu;e ds vU; mica/kksa }kjk lqlaxr
crk, x;s rF;ksa ls fHkUu gS] tSls /kjk 7 ;k /kkjk
32 esa] /kkjk 11 ds varxZr dksbZ rF; lqlaxr
gksus ds fy, bls igys ;g lqfu'pr djuk
gksxk fd og fdlh fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr
rF; dk vfLrRo ;k vukfLrRo vR;ar
vf/klaHkkO; ;k vuf/klaHkkO; cukrk gSaA ;g
mYys[kuh; gS fd izk;% vkijkf/kd fopkj.kksa esa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vyhoh dh vihy /kkjk 11 ds varxZr lk{; dk
,d fu;e gSA
n`"Vkar% Ikz'u ;g gS fd D;k d us fdlh veqd
fnu dydÙks esa vijk/k fd;kA ;g rF; fd og
ml fnu ykgkSj esa Fkk] lqlaxr gSA ;g rF; fd
tc vijk/k fd;k x;k Fkk] ml le; ds
yxHkx d ml LFkku ls] tgka fd mijk/k fd;k
x;k Fkk] bruh nwjh ij Fkk fd d }kjk ml
vijk/k dk fd;k tkuk ;fn vlaHko ugha] rks
vR;ar vuf/klkaHkO; Fkk] lqlaxr gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 17&23% LohÑfr;ka
LohÑfr;ka /kkjk 17 ds varxZr bl izdkj
ifjHkkf"kr dh x;h gaS fd og ekSf[kd ;k
nLrkosth ;k bysDVªkfud :Ik ls varfoZ"V dFku
gS] tks fdlh fook|d rF; ;k lqlaxr rF; ds
ckjs esa dksbZ vuqeku bafxr djrk gS vkSj tks ,sls
O;fDr;ksa esa ls fdlh ds }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa fd;k x;k gS tks ,rfLerui'pkr~ of.kZr gSA
/kkjk 18&20 mu O;fDr;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
o.kZu djrs gSa ftUgsa /kkjk 17 esa ^LohÑfr* dh
ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr lanfHkZr fd;k x;k gSA
LohÑfr rF; dk ,d dFku gS ftlesa ;g
Lohdkj djrs gq, lk{; izLrqr djus ls gV
tkuk ;k de djuk ekuk tkrk gS fd foi{k
}kjk izLrqr lk{; lR; gSA ;g /kkjk dsoy
ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr ¼nLrkosth½ LohÑfr ls
lacaf/kr gSA
/kkjk 18 ,sls O;ogkj ls lacaf/kr gS ftlls
LohÑfr ds leku ekuk tkrk gSA LohÑfr;kas dks
fdlh i{k ds fo#) lk{; ds :i esa Lohdkj
fd;k tkrk gS pwafd os ml i{k }kjk izLrqr rdZ
ds lR; ls vlaxr gaSA mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn dksbZ
O;fDr flfoy okn esa dgrk gS fd mlds
O;kolkf;d fgLlsnkj dks mls /ku nsuk gS]
mlds }kjk vius mlh O;kolkf;d fgLlsnkj dks
i= ds :i esa fn;k x;k ,d dFku fd mu
nksuksa ds eè; dksbZ nsunkjh ugha gS ,d LohÑfr
ekuk tk,xk vkSj mlds nkos dks >qByk nsxkA
LohÑfr;ksa dks O;kid :i ls U;kf;d ,oa
xSj&U;kf;d LohÑfr ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA U;kf;d LohÑfr;ka fdlh i{k
}kjk fopkj.k ls iwoZ fdlh dk;Zokgh esa fdlh
i{k }kjk dh tkrh gS] rFkk ,sls lcwr dk ltu
djrh gaS tks LohÑfr djus okys i{k ij
ckè;dkjh gksrk gSA xSj&U;kf;d LohÑfr;ka os gaS
tks okn ds fjdkMZ esa ntZ ugha gksrh gSa vkSj
lkekU; thou ;k O;kolk; esa ?kfVr gks ldrh
gSA U;kf;d LohÑfr;ksa ds foifjr] xSj&U;kf;d
LohÑfr;ka dsoy vkaf'kd :i ls ckè;dkjh
gksrh gSa] flok; ml fLFkfr ds tc ;s ^foca/k*
izHkko j[krh gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
/kkjk 21 esa izko/kku gS fd LohÑfr;ka mUgsa djus
okys O;fDr;ksa ds fo#) lqlaxr gSa] fdarq mUgsa
djus okys O;fDr }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls ;k
mlds fgr izfrfuf/k }kjk dqN voLFkkvksa ds
flok; mUgsa lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldsxkA bl
mica/k ds fiNs fl)kar ;g gS] fd LohÑfr djus
okys O;fDr dks vius dFkuksa dks fl) djus dh
vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg, D;kasfd ,sls O;fDr
ds fy, ,slh LohÑfr;ka djds vius xyr dk;ksZ
ds ifj.kkeksa ls cpus dk vk/kkj iznku djuk
ljy gks tk,xkA
n`"Vkar% d vkSj [k ds chp iz'u ;g gS fd
veqd foys[k dwVjfpr gS ;k ugha\ d izfrKkr
djrk gS fd og vlyh gS] [k izfrKkr djrk gS
fd og dwVjfpr gSA [k dk dksbZ dFku fd
foys[k vlyh gS] d lkfcr dj ldsxk rFkk d
dk dksbZ dFku fd foys[k dwVjfpr gS] [k
lkfcr dj ldsxkA fdarq d viuk dFku fd
foys[k vlyh gS] lkfcr ugha dj ldsxk vkSj u
gh [k viuk ;g dFku dh foys[k dwVjfpr gS]
lkfcr dj ldsxkA
gykafd /kkjk 21 esa 3 viokn gSa tgka fdlh
O;fDr }kjk LohÑfr dh tk ldrh gSA fcuk
iwokZxzg ds lapkj ftldk flfoy oknksa esa okrkZ
ds nkSjku mYys[k gksrk gS /kkjk 21 ls lajf{kr gS]
vkSj mu okrkZvksa esa dksbZ LohÑfr dk u gksuk
lqlaxr gksxk ;k bUgsa djus okys i{k ds fo#)
fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 24&30% laLohÑfr
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 24&26 laLohÑfr ds folaxr
gksus dk mYys[k djrh gS] tcfd /kkjk 27& 30
mYys[k djrh gS] fd U;k;ky; bl ij è;ku ns
ldrk gSA 'kCnkoyh ^laLohÑfr* vf/kfu;e ds
varxZr ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSA ¼izhoh dkSafly esa
idy ukjk;.k Lokeh cuke lezkV¼,vkbZvkj
1939 ihlh 47½ esa vfHkfu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd
laLohÑfr dks ;k rks vijk/k ds ifjizs{; esa
Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, ;k i;kZIr :i esa
fdlh nj ij ,sls lHkh rF;ksa dks tks vijk/k dh
lajpuk djrs gSaA blds i'pkr~ ds oknksa esa
loksZPp U;k;ky; us] idy ukjk;.k Lokeh okn
dk mYys[k djrs gq,] fu.kZ; fn;k fd laLohÑfr
esa ;k rks vijk/k dks Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,
;k i;kZIr :i esa fdlh nj ij ,sls lHkh rF;ksa
dks tks vijk/k dh lajpuk djrs gSaA ,d dFku
tks vkRe fjgkbZ dk fo"k; lekfgr djrk gS og
laLohÑfr ugha gks ldrk gSA
lHkh laLohÑfr;ka LohÑfr;ka gS] ;|fi bldk
mYVk lR; ugha gSA
laLohÑfr;ka dsoy vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa gksrh gS]
tcfd LohÑfr;ka flfoy ,oa vkijkf/kd nksuksa
ekeyksa esa gks ldrh gSA laLohÑfr vius LkHkko
ds vuq:i bls djus okys ij xaHkhj naMkRed
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ifj.kke Mky ldrh gS] vkSj vf/kfu;e esa ,slh
fdlh laLohÑfr ds LoSfPNd izÑfr ij cgqr
egRo fn;k x;k gSA laLohÑfr dks lqlaxr gksus
ds fy,] LoSfPNd gksus ds vfrfjDr ,slk
vfHk;qDr }kjk Lo;a fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
laLohÑfr;ka nks izdkj dh gksrh gaS] U;kf;d vkSj
vfrfjDr U;kf;dA U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ka naM
izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ¼lhvkjihlh½ dh /kkjk 164
ds varxZr fufgr gSa vkSj muds lqlaxr gksus ds
fy, lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 164 ds izko/kkuksa dks
iwjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vfrfjDr U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ka lk{; dk ,d
detksj :i ekuh tkrh gaS vkSj vke rkSj ij
mu ij dksbZ fo'okl fd;s tkus ls igys iqf"V
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA /kkjk 24 fdlh O;fDr
}kjk laLohÑfr dks Li"V :i ls jksdrk gS tks
U;k;ky; esa fdlh izkf/kdkjoku O;fDr dh vksj
ls mRizsj.kk] /kedh ;k opu ds dkj.k izLrqr
dh xbZA mYys[kuh; gS fd laLohÑfr dks
folaxr ekuus ds fy, ,slh ckrksa tSls ncko
vkSj izHkko ds vkSipkfjd lcwr fn[kkus dh
vko;'drk ugha gksrh gSA ;g i;kZIr gS fd
U;k;y; ds eu esa lansg mRiUu dj fn;k
tk;sA ¼jktLFkku jkT; cuke jktk jke] ¼2003½
8 ,llhlh 180½A
/kkjk 25 fdlh vfHk;qDr O;fDr }kjk iqfyl
vf/kdkjh ls dh xbZ laLohÑfr dks vo#)
djrh gSA /kkjk 25 dk mís'; ;g lqfu'pr
djuk gS fd iqfyl vf/kdkjh ncko] lrkus tSls
vuqfpr lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, laLohÑfr
dks vatke ugha nsrs gSa] ;k vU; :i ls ncko
Mkyrs gq, vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ls laLohÑfr;ka
djkrs gSaA vkijkf/kd fopkj.k esa bldk [krjk
1984 esa ns[kk x;k FkkA ¼egkjkuh cuke ckcw
yky] ¼1884½ vkbZ,yvkj 6 ,,y,y 509½
ckcwyky okn esa U;k;ky; us ik;k fd lk{;
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 25 dks bl mís'; ls fu#fir
fd;k x;k gS fd nks"k fl)h dk Js; ysus ds
fy, vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ls laLohÑfr;ka djkus
ds fy, iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dnkpkj dks
jksduk vkSj 'kwU; djuk iM+rk FkkA gkykafd
fLFkfr;ksa esa vHkh Hkh lq/kkj ugha gqvk gS] vkSj
/kkjk 25 vfHk;qDr O;fDr ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ
vf/kdkj gS vkSj iqfyl dks vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa
dks etcwj djus ;k vU;Fkk ncko Mkyus ls
jksdrk gSA ¼iatkc jkT; cuke cjdr jke]
,vkbZvkj 1972 ,llh 276½ Vh,Mh, ,oa
ihvksVh, tSlh fof/k /kkjk 25 ls eqDr gSa] vkSj
ofj"B iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa laLohÑfr;ksa dh
vuqefr nsrh gS] l[r fuxjkuh ds varxZr
Lohdk;Z gksdjA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 26
/kkjk 26 ds varxZr dksbZ Hkh laLohÑfr] tks
fdlh O;fDr us ml le; dh gks tc og
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gks] ,sls O;fDr
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ds fo#) lkfcr u dh tk,xh tc rd fd og
eftLVªsV dh lk{kkr~ mifLFkfr esa u dh xbZ gksA
;g /kkjk] /kkjk 25 ds varxZr fn;s x;s fl)kar
dk foLrkj ekuh tk ldrh gSA rFkk mlh Mj
ij vk/kkfjr gS fd iqfyl fdlh vfHk;qDr dks
voSnkfud :i ls laLohÑfr ds fy, ncko Mky
ldrh gS] ;fn iqfyl dks ugha rc fdlh vkSj
dks ;g mYys[kuh; gS] fd 'kCnkoyh ^fgjklr*
dk vk'k; okLrfod fxjiQrkjh ls ugha gSA
/kkjk 27 mYys[k djrh gS fd tc fdlh rF;
ds ckjs esa ;g vfHklk{; fn;k tkrk gS fd fdlh
vijk/k ds vfHk;qDr O;fDr ls] tks iqfyl
vf/kdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gks] izkIr tkudkjh ds
ifj.keLo:i mldk irk pyk gS] rc ,slh
tkudkjh esa ls] mruh] pkgs og laLohÑfr dh
dksfV esa vkrh gks ;k ugha] ftruh rn~}kjk irk
pys gq, rF; ds Li"Vr;k lacaf/kr gS] lkfcr
dh tk ldsxhA ;g /kkjk tkap ,stsafl;ksa }kjk
^[kqyklk* djus ds fy, iz;qDr dh tkrh gSA ;g
egRoiq.kZ gS fd lwpuk ,d fjdojh dks n'kkZrh
gS pwafd ;fn iqfyl fdlh fo'ks"k LFkku esa
fo"k;d oLrq ds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkurh Fkh]
rks ;g /kkjk ykxw ugha gksxhA /kkjk 27 bl
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ;fn fdlh vfHk;qDr
laLohÑfr rF;ksa dh [kkst ls lefFkZr gS] rks
,slh laLohÑfr dks] ;|fi ;g rF; dh [kkst ls
lacaf/kr gS] lR; ekuk tk ldrk gS vkSj bls
ckgj ugha fd;k tk,xkA
/kkjk 27 vkaf'kd :i ls viuh Hkk"kk ds dkj.k
/kkjk 25 ,oa 26 dk ijUrqd ekuh tkrh gSA
iqyqdqjh dksVS;k cuke jktk&lezkV] ,vkbZvkj
1947 ihlh 67] okn esa fizoh dkSafly us
vfHkfuf.Zkr fd;k fd ^^/kkjk 27 tks dykRed
ugha gSa] iwoZ dh /kkjk }kjk fu"ks/k ds fy, viokn
iznku djrh gS] vkSj iqfyl dh fgjklr esa fdlh
O;fDr }kjk fn;s x;s dfri; dFkuksa dks lkfcr
djus esa l{ke cukrh gSA bl /kkjk dks iz;ksx esa
ykus ds fy, ;g n'kk gS fd fdlh vijk/k esa
iqfyl vf/kdkjh dh fgjklr esa fdlh vfHk;qDr
ls izkIr lwpuk ds ifj.kkeLo:i rF; dh [kkst
dks vLi"V gks ldrh gS] dks vfHklk{; ekuk
tkuk pkfg, vkSj bl ij rF; ls fof'k"V :i
ls lacaf/kr lwpuk vkSj mlls [kkst dks lkfcr
ekuk tk ldrk gSA**
cksEcs jkT; cuke dkFkh dkyw vks?kM] ,vkbZvkj
1960 ,llh 1125 okn esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh
U;k;ihB us vfHkfu.kZ; fn;k fd /kkjk 27 ds
varxZr LohÑr dFku lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20
¼3½ ds fu"ks/k ds varxZr ugha vkrs gSa c'krsZ dh
ckè;rk dk mi;sx lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy,
fd;k x;k gksA
bl izko/kku dh lafo/kkfudrk dks mÙkj izns'k
jkT; cuke nssoeu mikè;k;] ,vkbZvkj 1960
,llh 1125 okn esa pqukSrh nh xbZ FkhA loksZPp
U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd /kkjk 27
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 dk fcYdqy mYya?ku
ugha djrh gS D;ksafd fgjklr esa O;fDr vkSj
fgjklr esa ugha O;fDr ds eè; oS/kkfud varj
gksrk gS] vkSj mUgsa leku laj{k.k dh vko';drk
ugha gSA
gky ds Jherh lsyoh vkSj vU; cuke dukZVd
jkT;] 2010 ¼4½ ,llh,,ybZ 690 okn esa
loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk gS fd vko';d czsu
eSfiax] ukdksZ fo'ys"k.k vkSj >wB dk irk yxkus
ds ijh{k.k vlaoS/kkfud gSa D;ksafd os O;fDrxr
vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku djrs gSaA vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 27 ds varxZr bl rjg ds ijh{k.kksa ls
izkIr lwpuk dks lqlaxr ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq
loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
dsoy ,slh lwpuk dks] tks vfHk;qDr ds LoSfPNd
:i ls lger gksus ij izkIr dh tkrh gS]
Lohdkj fd;k tk,xkA
_
voS/kkfud :i ls izkIr lk{;
jkT; cuke uotksr la/kw vkSj vQlku xq:
¼2005½ 11 ,llhlh 600 okn esa vfHk;qDr }kjk
Vsi fjdksMZsM lk{;@Qksu Vsi fjdksfMZaXl dh
xzg~;rk ds laca/k esa iz'u mBk;k x;k fd os Vsyh
xzkQ vf/kfu;e ds varxZr fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k dk
mYya?ku gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us vHkh fu/kkZfjr
fd;k fd VsyhxzkQ vf/kfu;e ds mica/kksa ds
vuq:i gksuk vkSj u gksuk] njly] xzkg~;rk dks
izHkkfor ugha djrk gS] vkSj vkj- ,e- eydkuh
cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 1973 lhvkjvkbZ] ,y ts
228 dk mYys[k fd;kA
Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; voS/kkfud :i ls izkIr lk{;
¼tSls fdlh bekjr ;k O;fDr dh voS/kkfud
[kkst ls½ dh xzkg~;rk ij fopkj djrs gq, ;g
fu/kkZfjr dj pqds gSa fd ;|fi lk{; voS/k <+ax
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq bls fdlh vijk/k
esa vfHk;qDr i{k ds f[kykQ mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud
U;k;ihB us iwj.key cuke tkap funs'kd
¼1974½ 1 ,llhlh 345½ esa Hkh bl fl)kar dks
eatqjh nh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 29
/kkjk 29 ,sls vfrfjDr U;kf;d laLohÑfr;ksa dk
mYys[k djrh gS tks /kkjk 24&28 ds varxZr
ugha vkrh gSA
/kkjk 30
/kkjk 30 lgvfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh laLohÑfr;ksa
ls lacaf/kr gSA ;g mica/k /kkjk 133 tks lg
vijk/kh ls lacaf/kr gS ds foifjr gks ldrk gSA
/kkjk 133 izko/kku djrh gS fd lgvijk/kh
vfHk;qDr O;fDr ds fo#) l{ke lk{kh gksxkA
loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd
lgvijk/kh dk lk{; dh fdlh vfHk;qDr O;fDr
dk nks"k fl) djus ds fy, mi;ksx djus ls
igys iqf"V dh tkuh pkfg,] vkSj bl nf"Vdks.k
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dks /kkjk 30 ds varxZr lk{; dk fuoZpu djrs
gq, Hkh viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ¼ dYiukFk jk;
cuke jkT;] 1997 ¼8½ ,llhlh 732½A ¼lqjs'k
cq/kjey dykuh cuke egkjk"Vª jkT;] 1998 ¼7½
,llhlh 337½ okn esa dgk x;k fd fdlh
vfHk;qDr dh laLohÑfr fdlh lgfHk;qDr ds
fo#) mi;ksx ugha dh tk ldrh gS] tc rd
fd og vfHk;qDr Hkh fopkj.k esa 'kkfey u gksA
n`"Vkar% d vkSj [k dks x dh gR;k ds fy,
la;qDrr% fopkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;k lkfcr
fd;k tkrk gS fd d us dgk] ^^[k vkSj eSaus x
dh gR;k dh gSA** [k ds fo#) bl laLohÑfr
ds izHkko ij U;k;ky; fopkj dj ldsxkA x
dh gR;k djus ds fy, d dk fopkj.k gks jgk
gSA ;g nf'kZr djus ds fy, lk{; gS fd x dh
gR;k d vkSj [k }kjk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj [k us
dgk Fkk fd ^^d vkSj eSus x dh gR;k dh gSA**
U;k;ky; bl dFku dks d ds fo:) fopkjkFkZ
ugha ys ldsxk D;ksafd [k la;qDrr% fopkfjr ugha
gks jgk gSA
/kkjk 32 ,oa 33% mu O;fDr;ksa ds dFku ftUgsa
lk{; esa cwyk;k ugha tk ldrk
/kkjk 30 izko/kku djrh gS fd buds }kjk fn;s
x;s dFku%
&,slk O;fDr tks ej x;k gS(
&,slk O;fDr tks fey ugha ldrk gS(
&,slk O;fDr tks lk{; nsus ds fy, vleFkZ gks
x;k gS(
&,slk O;fDr ftldh gkftjh brus foyac ;k
O;; ds fcuk mikIr ugha dh tk ldrh gS(
mDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;qfDr;qDr gaSA
e`rd ?kks"k.kk,a
/kkjk 23 , e`R;q ds dkj.k ds laca/k esa fn;s x;s
dFkuksa ls lacaf/kr gSA bl mica/k ds varxZr
fn;s x;s dFkuksa dks vU;Fkk e`rd ?kks"k.kk,a ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA /kkjk 32 ds fy,
vQokg fu;e viokn gSA ;g mica/k izk;%
ngst mRihM+u ekeyksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS]
tgka ngst ihM+hr vius dFku nsus dk volj
fn;s tkus ds fy, l{ke gksrk gS] fpfdRlk
is'ksoj }kjk mls ,slk djus esa l{ke ?kksf"kr fd;s
tkus ds i'pkr~( ,sls dFku vkijkf/kd dk;Zokgh
esa mi;ksx fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
idyk ukjk;.k Lokeh okn esa e`rd us viuh
iRuh dks dFku fn;k Fkk fd og vfHk;qDr ds
ikl /ku ,d= djus ds fy, tk jgk FkkA dqN
fnuksa ds ckn e`rd dk 'kjhj ,d ,sls Vªd esa
iM+k gqvk ik;k x;k ftls vfHk;qDr us [kjhnk
FkkA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd e`rd }kjk viuh
iRuh dks fn;k x;k dFku laO;ogkj dh
ifjfLFkfr ftlls mldh e`R;q gqbZ ds :i esa
/kkjk 32 ¼1½ ds varxZr lk{; eas Lohdk;Z gSA
e`rd ?kks"k.kk ds lqlaxr gksus ds fy, dFku nsus
okys O;fDr dks ?kVuk esa gq, ?kko ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ifj.kkeLo:i er lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko';d
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 40&45% U;k;y; ds fu.kZ;
dc lqlaxr
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 40
/kkjk 40 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh ,sls fu.kZ;]
vkns'k ;k fMØh dk vfLrRo] tks fdlh
U;k;ky; dks fdlh okn ds laKku ls ;k dksbZ
fopkj.k djus ls fof/k }kjk fuokfjr djrk gS]
lqlaxr rF; gS tcfd iz'u ;g gks fd D;k ,sls
U;k;ky; dks ,sls okn dk laKku ;k ,slk
fopkj.k djuk pkfg,A vr% /kkjk 40 ds varxZr
fu.kZ; dh lqlaxrrk bl mica/k ds varxZr
of.kZr izÑfrd U;k; dh fo|ekurk ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA bl mica/k esa eq[; fl)kar ;g gS fd
fdlh O;fDr dks ,d gh dk;Z ds fy, nks ckj
nafMr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vkijkf/kd fof/k ds varxZr ;g fl)kar lafo/kku
ds vuqPNsn 20 ¼2½ esa fufgr gS vkSj lhvkj
ihlh dh /kkjk 300 esa O;k[;kfir gS tgka ;fn
dksbZ O;fDr fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk
fopkj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;k rks nks"k fl) ;k
nks"k eqDr fd;k tk pqdk gS] rks mls mlh
vijk/k ;k vijk/kksa ds fy, leku rF;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij nwljh ckjh fopkfjr ugha fd;k
tk,xkA
n`"Vkar% d] fnYyh dk ukxfjd pksjh dk
vfHk;qDr gS vkSj l{ke vf/kdkfjrk okys
U;k;ky; }kjk nks"k fl) vkSj ltk lquk;k tk
pqdk gSA pwafd bl dk;Z dk dqN Hkkx dkuiqj esa
Hkh gqvk] bl fy, dkuiqj U;k;ky; vc mls
leku rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fopkfjr djuk pkgrk
gSA , bl nks"k fl)h vkSj ltk okys fu.kZ; dks
dkuiqj U;k;ky; ds le{k izLrqr dj ldrk gS]
tks /kkjk 40 ds vzrxZr lqlaxr gksxk vkSj
dkuiqj U;k;ky; dks leku rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
nwljk fopkj.k lapkfyr djus ls jksd nsxkA
flfoy fof/k esa ;g fl)kar flfoy izfØ;k
lafgrk] 1908 dh /kkjk 11 esa ik;k tk ldrk
gS tgka ;g iwoZ&U;k; ds fl)kar ls lacaf/kr gSA
fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; }kjk fdlh fookn ;k
fook|d esa fdlh fo"k; dks ,d ckj
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k tk pqdk gS rks mls mUgha
i{kksa ds eè; iqu%fopkfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
gSA vr% fopkj.k djus okys U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;
/kkjk 40 ds varxZr mUgha rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij
dksbZ okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk laKku ysus ls jksd
ldrk gSA
vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; ij flfoy U;k;ky; dk
fu.kZ; vkSj mldh foifjr fLFkfr dh lqlaxfr
,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u vkijkf/kd U;k;ky; ij
flfoy U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; vkSj mldh foifjr
fLFkfr dh lqlaxfr gSA ds th izse'kadj cuke
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
iqfyl baLisDVj ,oa vU;] ¼2002½ 8 ,llhlh 87
okn esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us vU; ckrksa ds lkFk
vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd%
& iwoZ dk fu.kZ; tks vafre gS lk{; vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 40&43 ds izko/kkuksa ds varxZr
fo'oluh; gks ldrk gS(
& leku i{kksa ds eè; flfoy okn esa iwoZ U;k;
dk fl)kar ykxw gks ldrk gS(
& vkijkf/kd ekeys esa] lhvkjlhihlh dh /kkjk
300 izko/kku djrh gS fd ,d ckj nks"k fl) ;k
nks"k eqDr fd;s x;s O;fDr dks leku vijk/k ds
fy, iqu%fopkfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn
mlesa nh x;h n'kk,a larq"V gksrh gS( vkSj
& ;fn vkijkf/kd ekeys ;k flfoy dk;Zokfg;ka
,d gh dkj.k ls gSa rks /kkjk 43 dh dksbZ Hkh
n'kk,a larq"V gksus ij flfoy U;k;ky; dk
fu.kZ; lqlaxr gksxk] fdUrq ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd og fu.kkZ;d gksxk] flok; /kkjk 41 ds
mica/kksa ds vuq:iA
U;k;ky; us vkxs dgk gS fd fdlh U;k;ky;
dks fu.kZ; djuk gksxk fd iwoZ flfoy dk;Zokgh
¼;fn /kkjk 40 ,oa 42 ;k vf/kfu;e ds vU;
mica/kksa ds v/khu lqlaxr½ esa fn;k dksbZ fu.kZ;]
vkns'k] ;k fMØh fdl gn rd ckè;dkjh ;k
fu.kkZ;d gSa] mlesa fuf.kZr ekeyksa ds laca/k esa A
n`"Vkar% Hkwfe ij rFkk [k dh laifÙk ij d }kjk
vfrpkj ds ekeys esa] ][k vius bldh gdnkjh
dh ?kks"k.kk djus ds fy, rFkk d ds vf/kdkj ls
okil nh ykus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gSa
mlds ckn vfrpkj ds fy, d ds fo#) [k
}kjk ,d vkijkf/kd vfHk;kstu esa nksuksa i{kksa ds
eè; flfoy dk;Zokfg;ksa esa fn;k x;k fu.kZ;
lqlaxr gksxk] vkSj U;k;ky; fofu'p; dj
ldrk gS fd og vafre :i ls [k dh gdnkjh
vkSj laifRr ij vf/kdkj dks LFkkfir djrk gSA
,sls ekeys esas d dks vfrpkj ds fy, nks"kh ekuk
tk ldrk gSA
blfy, izR;sd ekeys esa igys bl iz'u ij
fopkj djuk gksxk fd D;k fu.kZ;] vkns'k] ;k
fMØh lqlaxr gS] vkSj nwljk iz'u] ;fn lqlaxr]
bldk izHkko d;k gS] gksxkA ;g lhfer mís';
ds fy, lqlaxr gks ldrk gS tSls ea'kk ;k
fook|d rF; ds :i esaA ;g izR;sd ekeys ds
rF;ksa ij fuHkZj djsaxkA
dkuwu ds bl iz'u ij gky ds fu.kZ;% lsB
jken;ky tkV cuke y{eh izlkn] ts Vh 2009
¼5½ ,llhlh 461 vkSj lS;n vldjh gnh vyh
vxqfLru beke cuke fnYyh jkT;] ts Vh 2009
¼4½ ,llhlh 522]½] gSa ftuesa ;g euk x;k gS
fd tSlk ds th izse'kadj okn esa] fd ;fn fdlh
flfoy U;k;y; dk fu.kZ; vkijkf/kd U;k;ky;
ij ckè;dkjh ugha gksrk gS rks vkijkf/kd
U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; fuf'pr :i ls flfoy
U;k;ky; ij ykxw ugha gksxkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fdlh vkijkf/kd fopkj.k esa fdlh vfHk;qDr ds
nks"kh gksus ds iz'u dk fu'p; djuk U;k;ky;
ij fuHkZj gSA vkSj mls ;g mlds le{k miyC/k
lk{; ds vk/kkj ij djuk pkfg,] leku
i{kdkjksa ds eè; flfoy eqdnes fn;s x;s fu.kZ;
ls Lora=krkiwoZdA dksbZ fu.kZ; ;k fMØh lHkh
ekeyksa esa lk{; esa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 44
/kkjk 44 izko/kku djrh gS fd Okkn ;k vU;
dk;Zokgh dk dksbZ Hkh i{kdkj ;g nf'kZr dj
ldsxk fd dksbZ fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh] tks
/kkjk 40] 41] ;k 42 ds v/khu lqlaxr gS vkSj
izfri{kh }kjk lkfcr dh tk pqdh gS] ,sls
U;k;ky; }kjk nh xbZ Fkh] tks mls nsus ds fy,
v{ke Fkk] ;k diV ;k nqLlaf/k }kjk vfHkizkIr
dh xbZ FkhA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 45&51% vU; O;fDr;ksa dh
jk;sa dc lqlaxr
tc fookn dfri; {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr gks rks
U;k;ky;ksa dks fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA ;|fi fdlh U;k;ky; ds
lEeq[k dk;Zokfg;ksa esa rhljs O;fDr;ksa dh jk;
;k fo'okl folaxr gS] vkSj bl fy, vLohdk;Z
gS] fdUrq dfri; izÑfr ds rhljs i{k ds lk{;
dks vf/kfu;e ds varxZr lqlaxr cuk;k x; gSA
fo'ks"kK lk{;
/kkjk 45 izko/kku djrh gS fd tc U;k;ky; dks
fons'kh fof/k ;k foKku ;k dyk dh fdlh ckr
ij ;k gLrys[k ;k vaxqfy&fpUgksa ds ckjs esa jk;
cukuh gksa] rks fo'ks"k dq'ky O;fDr;ksa dh jk;sa
lqlaxr rF; gSaA
bl izdkj ds lk{; detksj ekus tkrs gSA
vkijkf/kd fopkj.k esa ,d fo'oluh;
izR;{kn'khZ@us= xokgh dks fpfdRlk is'ksojks
}kjk fpfdRlk jk;@lk{; dh vis{kk vf/kd
rjthg nh tkrh gSA ¼jekdkar jk; cuke enu
jk;] 2003 ¼12½ ,llhlh 395½
U;k;ky; fo'ks"kK lk{;ksa ds lanHkZ esa laiw.kZ
lk{;ksa ds fy, iz;klksa ds lkFk mfpr lrdZrk
,oa lko/kkuh cjrus dh lykgk ns pqds gaSA
¼eqjkjh yky cuke eè; izns'k jkT;] ,vkbZvkj
1980 ,llh 531½
/kkjk 45 ,oa 47 esa ekU;rk nsrh gSa fd gLrys[k
dks] fdlh fo'ks"k dq'ky O;fDr dh jk;] ys[kd
ds lk{;] vkSj ml O;fDr ds lk{; tks lacaf/kr
O;fDr ds gLrys[k ls ifjfpr gS] }kjk lkfcr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd /kkjk
73 ds varxZr U;k;ky; Lo;a gLrk{kj] gLrys[k]
;k lhy dh rqyuk dju essa l{ke gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 52&55% 'khy dc lqlaxr
/kkjk 52 ,oa 55 flfoy ekeyksa esa i{kdkjksa ds
'khy ds lk{; ls lacaf/kr gS] tcfd /kkjk 54
vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa i{kdkjksa ds 'khy ds lk{;
ls lacaf/kr gSA /kkjk 55 ds Li"Vhdj.k ds v/khu
'kCnkoyh ^'khy* esa O;fDr dh [;kfr ,oa LoHkko
nksuksa vkrs gSaA
/kkjk 54 ds varxZr vkijkf/kd ekeykas esa fdlh
vfH;qDr dk iwoZru cqjk 'khy folaxr gksrk gS]
tc rd fd bl ckr dk lk{; u fn;k x;k gks
fd og vPNs 'khy dk gS] ftlds fn;s tkus dh
n'kk esa og lqlaxr gks tkrk gSA
Hkkx 2% lcwr ds fo"k; esa
vf/kfu;e dh /kjk 56&58% rF;] ftudk lkfcr
fd;k tkuk vko';d ugha gS
/kkjk 57 izko/kku mu rF;ksa dk mYys[k djrh gS
ftudh U;kf;d vos{kk U;k;ky; djsxk vkSj
/kkjk 56 ds v/khu ,sls rF;ksa dks lkfcr fd;k
tkuk vko';d ugha gSA ,sls rF;ksa esa tSls] Hkkjr
ds jkT; {ks= esa izo`Ùk leLr fof/k;ka] le; ds
izHkkx] i`Foh ds HkkSxksfyd izHkkx rFkk 'kkldh;
jkti=k esa vf/klwfpr yksd&mRlo] miokl vkSj
vodk'k&fnu 'kkfey gSaA
/kkjk 58 izko/kku djrh gS fd Lohd`r rF;ksa dks
lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko';d ugha gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 59&60% ekSf[kd lk{;
tkap ds v/khu rF; ds fo"k; ds laca/k esa ,sls
lHkh dFku ftudh U;k;ky; vuqefr nsrk gS ;k
xokg }kjk bls blds leq[k izLrqr djus dh
vko';drk gksrh gS] ekSf[kd lk{; gSaA
/kkjk 59 izko/kku djrh gS fd nkLrkostksa dh
varoZLrq ds flok; lHkh rF; ekSf[kd lk{; }kjk
lkfcr fd, tk ldsaxsA /kkjk 60 ^vQokg fu;e*
dh ,d vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj ;g vko';d ekurh
gS fd ekSf[kd lk{;] leLr voLFkkvksa esa izR;{k
gh gksxkA vr% dksbZ xokg dsoy mlh rF; dk
lk{; ns ldrk gS ftldk mls izR;{k Kku gSA
n`"Vkar% d ij [k ml jde ds fy, okn ykrk
gS tks d }kjk [k ls yh x;h FkhA mlds lk{;
esa x dgrk gS fd [k us d dks /ku m/kkj fn;k
Fkk tks rF; mlds O;fDrxr laKku esa bl fy,
Fkk D;ksafd x ml le; mifLFkr Fkk tc [k us
d dks /ku m/kkj fn;k FkkA x dk ekSf[kd lk{;
lqlaxr gS vkSj izR;{k lk{; ekuk tk,xkA
gykafd ;fn vius lk{; esa x dgrk gS fd p us
mls crk;k Fkk fd ^d us [k ls /ku m/kkj fy;k
gSA* ;g vQokg lk{; gksxk vkSj lqlaxr ugha
gksxkA
tSlk fd igys o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS] /kkjk 6]
/kkjk 32] vkSj /kkjk 45 ds varxZr fn;s tkus
okys fo'ks"kK lk{; vQokg fu;e dk viokn gSa
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vkSj vf/kfu;e }kjk Li"V :i ls lqlaxr cuk,
x;s gSaA
nLrkosth lk{;
/kkjk 74 nLrkostksa ds ,d oxZ dks ^yksd
nLrkost* ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr ¼,oa n`"Vkafrr½
djrh gS vkSj /kkjk 75 yksd nLrkostksa ds
vfrfjDr vU; lHkh nLrkostkas dks futh
nLrkost ekurh gSaA 'kCnkoyh ^nLrkosth lk{;*]
os lHkh nLrkost tks U;k;ky; ds fujh{k.k ds
fy, izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSa] ds :i esa /kkjk 3 ds
varxZr ifjHkkf"kr dh xbZ gSA
izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lk{;
/kkjk 61 izko/kku djrh gS fd nLrkostksa dh
varoZLrq ;k rks izkFkfed ;k f}rh;d lk{; }kjk
lkfcr dh tk ldsxhA
/kkjk 63 f}rh;d lk{; dh ,d lexz ifjHkk"kk
nsrh gS ftlesa 'kkfey gSa% izekf.kr izfr;ka] ewy
ls ;kaf=d izfØ;kvksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ izfr;ka]
nLrkostksa ds izfrys[k] vkSj fdlh nkLrkost dh
vUroZLrq dk ml O;fDr }kjk] ftlus Lo;a mls
ns[kk gS] fn;k gqvk ekSf[kd o`rkarA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 65 mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
mYys[k djrh gS tgka fdlh nLrkost dks
lkfcr djus ds fy, izkFkfed lk{; ds vHkko esa
f}rh;d lk{; dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izkFkfed lk{; dks lcls vPNk lk{; ekuk
tkrk gS vkSj iz'ukxr rF;ksa dh loksZRre
fuf'prrk dks /kkfjr djrs gSaA f}rh;d lk{;
dsoy rHkh fn;s tkrs gS tc izkFkfed lk{;
Lo;a Lohdk;Z gksaA fdlh nLrkost ds f}rh;d
lk{; rc ugha fn;s tk ldrs tc ewy lk{;
vLohdk;Z gksA
n`"Vkar% fdlh ewy dk QksVksfp=] ;|fi nksuksa dh
rqyuk u dh xbZ gks rFkkfi ;fn ;g lkfcr
fd;k tkrk gS fd QksVksfp= oLrq ewy Fkh] ml
ewy dh varoZLrq dk f}rh;d lk{; gSA
n`"Vkar % izfr dh udy djds rS;kj dh xbZ
fdUrq rRi'pkr~ ewy ds rqyuk dh xbZ izfrfyfi
f}rh;d lk{; gS] fdUrq bl izdkj rqyuk dh
gqbZ izfr ewy dk f}rh;d lk{; ugha gS] ;|fi
ml izfr dh ftlls og udy dh xbZ gS ewy
ls rqyuk dh xbZ FkhA
baysDVªkfud vfHkys[k dks LohÑfr nsus ds fy,
vf/kfu;e dks lwpuk vf/kfu;e] 200 }kjk
la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 65
d izko/kku djrh gS fd bysDVªkfud vfHkys[kksa
dh vUroZLrq /kkjk 65 [k ds izko/kkuksa ds vuqlkj
lkfcr dh tk ldsxhA /kkjk 65 [k mu n'kkvksa
dk izko/kku djrh gS ftuds varxZr bysDVªkfud
vfHkys[kksa lkfcr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 91&100% nLrkosth lk{;
}kjk ekSf[kd lk{; dk viotZu
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 91
/kkjk 91 izko/kku djrh gS fd] tcfd fdlh
lafonk ds fuca/ku nLrkost ds :i esa ys[kc)
dj fy, x, gksa] rFkk mu lc n'kkvksa esa] ftuesa
fof/k }kjk visf{kr gS fd dksbZ ckr nLrkost ds
:i esa ys[kc) dh tk,] ,slk Lo;a dsoy ml
nLrkost }kjk lkfcr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k
dfri; fof'k"V ekeyksa esa mldh vUroZLrq ds
f}rh;d lk{; }kjkA
bl /kkjk esa loksZRre lk{; fu;e fufgr gS &
fd fdlh rF; dks lkfcr djus ds fy,
U;k;ky; ds le{k loksZRre lk{; izLrqr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
n`"Vkar% ;fn dksbZ lafonk dbZ i=kksa esa vUrfoZ"V
gS] rks os lHkh i=k] ftuesa vUrfoZ"V gS] lkfcr
djus gksaxsA
n`"Vkar% [k }kjk fn, x, /ku dh jlhn [k dks
d nsrk gS] lank; djus dk ekSf[kd lk{; is'k
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lk{;xzkâk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 92
/kkjk 92 /kkjk 91 dks ;g izko/kku djrs gq,
vuqiwfjr djrh gS] fd tc dksbZ lafonk ys[k
}kjk lkfcr gks pqdh gksrh gS] rc fojks/k]
ifjorZu] tksM+us ;k blds ewy izko/kkuksa ls
?kVkus ds fy, i{kdkjksa ds eè; dksbZ lk{;
ekSf[kd le>kSrs ds :i esa ugha fn;k tk ldrk
gSA bl /kkjk esa 6 ijUrqd fn;s x;s gSa tks bl
izko/kku ds iz;kstu dks vkSj Li"V djrs gaSA
n`"Vkar% chek dh ,d ikWfylh bl eky ds fy,
dh xbZ gS tks ^^dydÙkk ls yanu tkus okys
iksrksa esa** gSaA eky fdlh fof'k"V iksr ls Hkstk
tkrk gS] tks iksr u"V gks tkrk gSA ;g rF;
fd og fof'k"V iksr ml ikWfylh ls ekSf[kd
:i ls viokfnr Fkk] lkfcr ugha fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% [k dks igyh ekpZ] 1873 dks 1]000
#i;s nsus dk d iDdk fyf[kr djkj djrk gSA
;g rF; fd mlh le; ,d ekSf[kd djkj gqvk
Fkk] fd ;g /ku 31 ekpZ rd u fn;k tk,xk]
lkfcr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% [k dk cklk d HkkM+s ij ysrk gS vkSj
,d dkMZ nsrk gS] ftlesa fy[kk gS ^^dejs 200
#i, izfrekl** d ;g ekSf[kd djkj lkfcr dj
ldsxk fd bu fuca/kuksa ds varxZr Hkkxr% Hkkstu
Hkh FkkA
Hkkx 3 lk{; dk is'k fd;k tkuk ,oa izHkko
lcwr dk Hkkj
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 101&111 fdlh U;k;ky;
leq[k dk;Zokfg;ka U;k;ky; ds le{k i{kdkjksa
ds vf/kdkj ,oa nkf;Roksa dk mi/kkj.kk pkgrh
gSA 101&111 ds varxZr vf/kfu;e ;g Li"V
djrk gS fd fdl i{k dks fdu rF;ksa dks lkfcr
djus ds Hkkj ls eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 101
/kkjk 101 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd tks dksbZ
fdlh rF; ds vfLrRo dh ckr djrk gS] mls
lkfcr djuk gksxk fd mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo
gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh rF; dk vfLrRo
lkfcr djus ds fy, vkc) gS] rc ;g dgk
tkrk gS fd ml O;fDr ij lcwr dk Hkj gSA
n`"Vkar% d U;k;ky; ls pkgrk gS fd U;k;ky;
mu rF;ksa ds dkj.k] ftuds lR; gksus dk og
izk[;ku vkSj [k izR;k[;ku djrk gS] ;g fu.kZ;
ns fd og [k ds dCts esa dh veqd Hkwfe dk
gdnkj gSA d dks mu rF;ksa dk vfLrRo lkfcr
djuk gksxkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 103
/kkjk 103 mYys[k djrh gS fd fdlh fof'k"V
rF; ds lcwr dk Hkkj ml O;fDr ij gksrk gS
tks U;k;ky; ls ;g pkgrk gS fd og mlds
vfLrRo ij fo'okl djs] tc rd fd fdlh
fof/k }kjk ;g micaf/kr u gks fd ml rF; ds
lcwr dk Hkkj fdlh fof'k"V O;fDr ij gksxkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 104&113
/kkjk 104 ls 113 bl ds fy, fu;eksa izko/kku
djrh gS fd dc lcwr dk Hkkj ;k fdlh
fof'k"V rF; ds ckjs esa Lkk{; nsus dk Hkkj ,d
fof'k"V O;fDr ij gksrk gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 105
/kkjk 105 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh vkijkf/kd
ekeys esa tc dHkh dksbZ vfHk;qDr vius okn dks
Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk] 1860 ¼vkbZihlh½ ds
lk/kkj.k vioknksa esa ls fdlh ds varxZr ;k rks
vkbZihlh ;k vU; fdlh fof/k esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh
fo'ks"k viokn ;k ijUrqd ds varxZr ykuk
pkgrk gS] rc mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vfLrRo dks
lkfcr djus dk Hkkj ml vfHk;qDr ij gS] vkSj
U;k;ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vHkko dh
mi/kkj.kk djsxkA
n`"Vkar% gR;k dk vfHk;qDr] d vfHkdfFkr djrk
gS fd og fpÙkfoÑfr ds dkj.k ml dk;Z dh
izÑfr dks ugha tkurk FkkA d dks lkfcr djuk
gksxk fd mldk fpÙk foÑr gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar% gR;k dk vfHk;qDr d] vfHkdfFkr djrk
gS fd og xEHkhj vkSj vpkud izdksiu ds
dkj.k vkRek&fu;a=k.k dh 'kfDr ls oafpr gks
x;k FkkA d dks lkfcr djuk gksxk fd xEHkhj
vkSj vpkud izdksiu gqvk FkkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 106
/kkjk 106 izko/kku djrh gS fd tc dksbZ rF;
fo'ks"kr% fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr ds Kku es gS] rc
ml rF; dks lkfcr djus dk Hkkj ml O;fDr
ij gSA ;g /kkjk 101 esa vUrfoZ"V ml lkekU;
fu;e dk viokn gS] tks izko/kku djrk gS fd
;g Hkkj ml O;fDr ij gS tks rF; dk mYys[k
djrk gSA /kkjk 106 esa fufgr fl)kar izfrj{kk
ds mu ekeyksa esa ykxw gksrk gS tks izfroknh ds
O;fDrxr laKku esa gS] vkSj ml le; ykxw ugha
gks ldrk tc rF; dk Kku izfroknh ds
vfrfjDr vU; fdlh O;fDr dks Hkh gks ldrk
gSA
n`"Vkar% tcfd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh dk;Z dks ml
vk'k; ls fHkUu fdlh vk'k; ls djrk gS]
ftlls ml dk;Z dk Lo:i vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ka
bafxr djrh gSa] rc ml vk'k; dks lkfcr djus
dk Hkkj ml ij gSA [k ij jsy ls fcuk fVdV
;k=k djus dk vkjksi gSA ;g lkfcr djus dk
Hkkj fd mlds ikl fVdV Fkk] ml ij gSA
mi/kkj.kk tc U;k;ky; fdlh rF; ds vfLrRo
dh mi/kkj.kk djrk gS rks bls ^mi/kkj.kk* dgk
tkrk gSA ;g ,d fu;e vkSj dkuwu dk l`tu
gS vkSj U;k;ky; mi/kkj.kk djrs gq, fdlh
fof'k"V rF; ;k lk{; ls dksbZ fo'ks"k vUr%
lanHkZ izkIr djrk gSA gykafd ;fn ,sls fdlh
vUr% lanHkZ dk lR; ;k lVhdrk u lkfcr gks
tkrh gS] rks rc mi/kkj.k vlR; eku yh tkrk
gSA
mi/kkj.k dk izHkko ;g gS fd ml i{kdkj
ftlds i{k esa dksbZ rF; mi/kj.k fd;k x;k gS
ij lcwr dk izkFkfed Hkkj gksrk gS tc rd fd
mi/kj.k vlR; fl) ugha gks tkrk gS] tgka ls
;g Hkkj fQj ls igys i{kdkj ij gh vk tkrk
gSA
mi/kkj.k ;k rks lkekU; ekuoh; vuqHko ;k
uhfr ,oa vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSA mi/kkj.kk
nks izdkj ds gksrs gS( rF;ksa ds mi/kkj.kk vkSj
fof/k ds mi/kkj.kkA
vf/kfu;e /kkjk 4 esa izko/kku djrk gS fd
U;k;ky; fdlh rF; dks mi/kkj.kk dj ldrs gS
tgk¡ vf/kfu;e }kjk fufnZ"V gS] rF; mi/kkj.kk
djsaxs tgka vf/kfu;e }kjk fufnZ"V gS] vkSj
dfri; rF;ksa ds lcwr ij vU; rF;ksa dks
fu.kkZ;d :i ls lkfcr ekusaxsA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 79&90
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
/kkjk 79&90 izekf.kr izfr;ksa ds vlyh gksus ds
ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 79½ lk{; ds vfHkys[k ds
vlyh gksus ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 80½]
ljdkj ds izkf/kdkj }kjk cuk, x, ekufp=ksa ;k
js[kkadksa ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk 83] vkSj 30
o"kZ iqjkus nLrkostksa ds ckjs esa mi/kkj.kk ¼/kkjk
90½] lfgr nLrkostksa ls lacaf/kr mi/kkj.kkvksa
dk izko/kku djrh gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 113&d] 113&[k ,oa
114&d
/kkjk 113&d] 113&[k ,oa 114&d Øe'k% o"kZ
1983] 1984] ,oa 1986 esa la'kks/kuksa }kjk tksM+h
x;h gSA bu mica/kksa dks ,d fuokjd ds :i esa
efgykvksa ds fo#) vijk/kksa esa nks"kfl) dks
c<+kus ds lk/kuksa ds :i esa tksM+k x;k gSA
/kkjk 113&d ¼vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 498&d ds
lkFk i<+s½ esa izko/kku gS fd] tc ;g iz'u gS fd
D;k fdlh L=h }kjk vkRegR;k dk djuk mlds
ifr ;k mlds ifr ds fdlh ukrsnkj }kjk
nq"izsfjr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj ;g nf'kZr fd;k
x;k gS fd mlus vius fookg dh rkjh[k ls
lkr o"kZ dh vof/k ds Hkhrj vkRegR;k dh Fkh
vkSj ;g fd mlds ifr ;k mlds ifr ds ,sls
ukrsnkj us mlds izfr Øwjrk dh Fkh] rks
U;k;ky; ekeys dh lHkh vU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
è;ku esa j[krs gq, ;g mi/kkj.kk dj ldsxk fd
,slh vkRegR;k mlds ifr ;k mlds ifr ds
,sls ukrsnkj }kjk nq"izsfjr dh xbZ FkhA bl /kkjk
ds varxZr mi/kkj.kk vfuok;Z ugha gSA
/kkjk 114 d izko/kku djrh gS fd tgk¡ dksbZ
efgyk U;k;ky; ds le{k vius lk{; esa cksyrh
gS fd mlus cykRlax ds fy, lgefr ugha nh]
vkSj tgk¡ vfHk;qDr }kjk lkfcr gks tkrk gS]
vkSj iz'u ;g gS fd D;k cykRlax L=h dh
lgefr ;k fcuk lgefr ds fd;k x;k] ogk¡
U;k;ky; ;g mi/kkfjr djsaxk fd mlus mlus
lgefr ugha nh FkhA ;g mYys[kuh; /kkjk
114&d vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 376 ¼2½ ds varxZr
cykRdkj ds fy, vfHk;kstuksa esa ykxw gksrh gS]
/kkjk 376 ¼2½¼p½ dks NksM+djA
/kkjk 113 [k ¼vkbZihlh dh /kkjk 304 [k ds
lkFk i<+s izko/kku djrh gS fd tgkaa iz'u ;g gS
fd D;k fdlh O;fDr us fdlh L=kh dh ngst
e`R;q dh gS vkSj ;g nf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS fd
e`R;q ds dqN iwoZ ,sls O;fDr us ngst dh ekax
ds fy,] ;k mlds laca/k esa ml L=h ds lkFk
Øwjrk dh Fkh ;k mldks rax fd;k Fkk] rks
U;k;ky; ;g mi/kkj.kk djsxk fd ,sls O;fDr us
ngst e`R;q dkfjr dh FkhA 'kCnkoyh 'kh?kz igys
lqlaxr gS vkSj ,d lkisf{kd 'kcnkoyh gSA
;g rF;ksa vkSj izR;sd ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa]
rFkk ngst ekax ij vk/kkfjr Øwjrk ds izHkko
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vkSj vfHkdfFkr ifj.kkeh e`R;q ds eè; thoar
lac)rk] ij fuHkZj djsxkA
;s 3 izko/kku loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk foLrkj ls
fopkfjr fd;s x;s gS] vkSj jktckcw vkSj vU;
cuke eè; izns'k jkT;] ts Vh ¼2008½ ,llh 25]
vkSj xksiky cuke jktLFkku jkT;] ts Vh ¼2009½
2 ,llh 419 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds fofu'p;
bl laca/k esa egRoiw.kZ gSaA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 114
/kkjk 114 U;k;ky; dks ,sls fdlh Hkh rF; dks
mi/kkfjr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gS ftls og
mlds le{k fdlh ekeys ds rF;ksa ds laca/k esa
izkÑfrd ?kVukvksa] ekuoh; vkpj.k rFkk yksd
vkSj futh dkjckj ds lkekU; vuqØe esa ?kfVr
gksuk laHkkO; le>rk gSA /kkjk 114 ,d vuqefr
gS u fd vfuok;Zrk vkSj U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh
fof'k"V ekeys esa mi/kkj.k djus ls badkj dj
ldrk gS] ;|fi ,dlk mi/kkj.kk vU; ekeyksa
esa leqfpr :i ls fd;k x;k gks ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% U;k;ky; mi/kkfjr dj ldsxk%
& fd pqjk, gq, eky ij ftl euq"; dk pksjh
ds 'kh?kz mijkar dCtk gS] tc rd fd og vius
dCts dk dkj.k u crk lds] ;k rks og pksj gS
;k mlus eky dks pqjk;k gqvk tkurs gq, izkIr
fd;k gS(
&fd U;kf;d vkSj inh; dk;Z fu;fer :i ls
laikfnr fd, x, gS(
&fd ;fn og lk{;] tks is'k fd;k tk ldrk
Fkk vkSj is'k ugha fd;k x;k gS] is'k fd;k tkrk]
rks ml O;fDr ds vuuqdwy gksrk tks mldk
fopj.k fd, gq, gS(
&fd ;fn dksbZ euq"; ,sls fdlh iz'u dk mÙkj
nsus ls bUdkj djrk gS] ftldk mÙkj nsus ds
fy, og fof/k }kjk foo'k ugha gS] rks mÙkj] ;fn
og fn;k tkrk] mlds vuuqdwy gksrkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 115&117% foca/k
/kkjk 115 esa izko/kku gS fd tgka ,d O;fDr us
viuh ?kks"k.kk] dk;Z ;k yksi }kjk vU; O;fDr
dks fo'okl lk'k; djk;k gS ;k dj ysus fn;k
gS fd dksbZ ckr lR; gS vkSj ,sls fo'okl ij
dk;Z djk;k ;k djus fn;k gS] rc u rks mls
vkSj u mlds izfrfuf/k dks vius vkSj ,sls
O;fDr ds] ;k ,lds izfrfuf/k ds] chp fdlh
okn ;k dk;Zokgh esa ,l ckr dh lR;rk dk
izR;k[;ku djus fn;k tk,xkA
foca/k ,d dkuwuh fl)kar gS] ftlds }kjk dksbZ
O;fDr mlds }kjk cuk, x;s izfruhf/k;ksa }kjk
vkck) gks tkrk gS ;k vius O;ogkj ls cgkj gks
tkrk gSA ;g fof/k ;k bfDoVh dk fu;e ugha
gS] cfYd lk{; dk fu;e gSA foca/k flfoy fof/k
dk fu;e gS] vkSj vkijkf/kd dk;Zokfg;ksa ykxw
ugha gksrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
foca/k ,oa iwoZ&U;k; ds eè; varj
foca/k] iwoZ&U;k; ds fl)kar ls fHkUu gSA ds
ekeys esa dksbZ O;fDr mlds fo#) cksyus ls
izfrcaf/kr gksrk gS ftldk og igys izfrfuf/Ro
dj pqdk gS] tcfd iwoZ&U;k; ds ekeys esa
fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; ls fu.kZ; izkIr djus ds
ckn ogh ekeyk fQj ls fdlh U;k;ky; ds
le{k fopkfjr ugha gks ldrk gSA
iwoZ&U;k; esa ckn okys U;k;ky; dks vf/kdkfjrk
izkIr ugha gksrh gS] tcfd foca/ ds ekeys esa iwoZ
izfrfuf/Ro@?kks"k.kk ds izfrdwy rF; ;k lk{;
;k nsus okyk O;fDr focaf/kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA
foca/ vkSj diV esa Hkh varj gksrk gSA foca/k ij
dkjZokbZ ugha dh tkrh gS tcfd diV dkjZokbZ
dk dkj.k curk gSA foca/k NqV ls Hkh vyx gSA
n`"Vkar% d lk'k; vkSj feF;k :i ls [k dks ;g
fo'okl djus ds fy, izfjr djrk gS fd veqd
Hkwfe d dh gS] vkSj ,rn~ }kjk [k dks mls Ø;
djus vkSj mldk ewY; pqdkus ds fy, mRizsfjr
djrk gSA rRi'pkr~ Hkwfe d dh lEifÙk gks
tkrh gS vkSj d bl vk/kkj ij fd foØ; ds
le; mldk mlesa gd ugha Fkk] foØ; vikLr
djus dh bZIlk djrk gSA mls vius gd dk
vHkko lkfcr ugha djus fn;k tk,xkA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 116 ,oa 117
/kkjk 116 ,oa 117 foca/k ds fl)kar dh n`"Vkar
Lo:i gS vkSj fof'k"V ekeyksa esa foca/k ls
lacaf/kr gSA Nxuyky esgrk cuke gjh HkkbZ
iVsy] 1982 ¼1½ ,llhlh 223 okn esa mu
n'kkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ftuds
varxZr fdlh ekeys dks foca/k ds nk;js esa yk;k
tkrk gSA foca/k fofHkUu izdkj ds gks ldrs gS
ftuesa fjdkMZ ds fo"k; }kjk foca/k] dk;Z }kjk
foca/k] ,oa buiSl }kjk foca/k 'kkfey gSaA fjdkMZ
ds fo"k; }kjk foca/k eq[; :i ls fdlh fu.kZ;
ds izHkko vkSj lk{; esa mldh LohÑfr ls
lacaf/kr gSA dk;Z }kjk foca/k dk fl)kar ml
le; gksrk gS tc fdlh O;fDr dks focaf/kr
djuk visf{kr gksrk gS ;k fgr esa mlds iwoZorhZ
fdlh laifÙk ij vf/kdkj ;k fdlh dk;Z ds
varxZr dfri; ykHk izkIr dj pqdk gSA buiSl
foca/k lafonk ds le>kSrs vkSj dnkpkj ;k
xyrc;kuh ls mRiUu gksrk gS tks ml i{kdkj
dh ea'kk ftlds fo#) foca/k vfHkdfFkr gS ds
vuq:i vf/kdkj esa ifjorZu dks izsfjr dj pqdk
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 118&134% lk{kh
/kkjk 118 izko/kku djrh gS fd lHkh O;fDr
lk{; nsus ds fy, l{ke gSa] tc rd fd
U;k;ky; dk ;g fopkj u gks fd dksey o;l]
vfrck/kZD;] 'kjhj ds ;k eu ds jksx ;k fdlh
vU; dkj.k ls os muls fd, x, iz'uksa dks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
le>us ls ;k mu iz'uksa ds ;qfDrlaxr mÙkj nsus
ls fuokfjr gSaA vf/kfu;e ;g mYys[k djrk gS
fd og lk{kh] tks cksyus esa vleFkZ gS] viuk
lk{; fdlh vU; izdkj ls ns ldrk gS] ftlesa
og mls cks/k xE; cuk ldrk gksA /kkjk 119 ds
varxZr ,sls lk{; dks ekSf[kd lk{; gh le>k
tk,xkA
/kkjk 120 ds varxZr vkijkf/kd ,oa flfoy
dk;Zokfg;ksa nksuksa esa ifr ,oa iRuh ,d nwljs ds
fo#) l{ke lk{kh gksrs gSaA /kkjk 121 izko/kku
djrh gS] fd dksbZ Hkh U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV
U;k;ky; esa ,sls U;k;k/kh'k ;k eftLVªsV ds ukrs
vius Lo;a ds vkpj.k ds ckjs esa fdUgh iz'uksa
dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk,xk]
flok; ,sls fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ds fo'ks"k vkns'k
ds ftlds og v/khuLFk gSA gykafd vU; lHkh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ U;k;kf/k'k ;k eftfLVªsV ,d
l{ke lk{; gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 122&129% fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
lalwpuk,a
/kkjk 122&129 izko/kku djrh gS fd lalwpukvksa
ds dqN :i izdVhdj.k ls lajf{kr gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] /kkjk 122 dqN vioknksa dks NksM+dj
fookfgr fLFkfr esa nh xbZ lalwpukvksa dks
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj iznku djrh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 123&126
/kkjk 123 jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa esa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
dk izko/kku djrh gS vkSj fdlh O;fDr dks jkT;
ds fdlh Hkh dk;Zdykiksa ls lacaf/kr vizdkf'kr
'kkldh; vfHkys[kksa ls O;qRiUu dksbZ Hkh lk{;
nsus jksdrh gS] flok; lEi`Dr foHkkx ds izeq[k
vf/kdkjh dh vuqKk dsA
/kkjk 124 fdlh yksd&vf/kdkjh dks 'kkldh;
fo'okl esa nh gqbZ lalwpukvksa dks izdV djus ij
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dk izo/kku djrh gS] tcfd og
le>rk gS fd ml izdVu ls yksdfgr dh gkfu
gksxhA odhyksa vkSj eqofDdyksa ds eè; is'ksoj
lalwpukvksa dks /kkjk 126 ds varxZr nks ijUrqdksa
ds v/khu lajf{kr fd;k x;k gSA
n`"Vkar% eqofDdy d] vVhZuh [k ls lajf{kr gS&
^^eSaus dwVjpuk dh gS vkSj eSa pkgrk gwa fd vki
esjh izfrj{kk djsaA** ;g lalwpuk izdVu ls
lajf{kr gksxhA
n`"Vkar% d ij xcu dk vkjksi yxk, tkus
yxk, tkus ij og viuh izfrj{kk djus ds fy,
vVkuhZ [k dks izfr/kkfjr djrk gSA dk;Zokgh ds
vuqØe esa [k ns[krk gS fd d dh ys[kkcgh esa
;g izof"V dh xbZ gS fd d }kjk mruh jde
nsuh gS ftruh ds ckjs esa vfHkdfFkr gS fd
mldk xcu fd;k x;k gS] tks izfof"V mlds
fu;kstu ds vkjaHk ds le; ml cgh esa ugha
FkhA ;g [k }kjk vius fu;kstu ds vuqØe esa
laizsf{kr ,slk rF; gksus ls] ftlls nf'kZr gksrk
gS fd diV ml dk;Zokgh ds izkjaHk gksus ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
i'pkr~ fd;k x;k gS] izdVu ls lajf{kr ugha
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 132
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 132 lHkh lkf{k;ksa ij lR;
cksyus dk nkf;Ro Mkyrh gSA /kkjk 132 esa
izko/kku gS fd bl vk/kkj ij fdlh iz'u dk
mÙkj mls vijk/k esa Qalk ldrk gS lk{kh mÙkj
nsus ls {kE; u gks ldsxkA
gkykafd ;g /kkjk ijUrqd ds ekè;e dgrh gS
fd ,slk dksbZ Hkh mÙkj] ftls nsus ds fy, dksbZ
lk{kh foo'k fd;k tk,xk] mls fxjÝrkjh ;k
vfHk;kstu ds vè;k/khu ugha djsxk vkSj u ,sls
mÙkj }kjk feF;k lk{; nsus ds fy, vfHk;kstu
ds flok; og mlds fo#) fdlh nkf.Md
dk;Zokgh esa lgh lkfcr fd;k tk,xkA
;|fi /kkjk 132 lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 20 ¼3½ dk
mYya?ku yxrh gS] fdUrq bldk ijUrqd /kkjk
dks lajf{kr djrk gS vkSj lafo/kku ds vuqdwy
cukrk gSA ¼y{ehir pksjkfj;k cuke egkjk"Vª
jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1968 ,llh 938½
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 135&166% lkf{k;ksa dh ijh{kk
/kkjk 134 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh ekeys esa
fdlh rF; dks lkfcr djus ds fy, lkf{k;ksa dh
dksbZ fof'k"V la[;k visf{kr ugha gksxhA loksZPp
U;k;ky; us fofHkUu oknksa esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k
gS fd lk{; dh xq.koRrk egRoiw.kZ gS u fd
ek=kA
/kkjk 135 izko/kku djrh gS fd flfoy ,ao
vijkf/kd izfØ;k fof/k;ka tSls fd ykxw gSa og
O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr djsxh ftlesa lkf{k;ksa dh
is'kd'k vkSj ijh{kk dh tkrh gSA
/kkjk 137 eq[; ijh{kk dks] fdlh lk{kh dh ml
i{kdkj }kjk ijh{kk] tks mls cqykrk gS] ds :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA ;g vkxs izfrijh{kk dks
Hkh] fdlh lk{kh dh izfri{kh }kjk dh xbZ ijh{kk]
ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
/kkjk 138 Li"V :i ls ijh{kk Øe dk mYys[k
djrh gS vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ :i ls izko/kku
djrh gS fd izfrijh{kk dk mu rF;ksa rd
lhfer jguk vko';d ugha gS] ftudk lk{kh us
viuh eq[; ijh{kk esa lk[; fn;k gSA
izfrijh{kk ,oa tkap ds nkSjku fn;s x;s dFkuksa
dk mi;ksx
/kkjk 145 izko/kku djrh gS fd fdlh lk{kh dh
mu iwoZru dFkuksa ds ckjs esa] tks mlus fyf[kr
:i esa fd, gSa] ;k tks ys[kc) fd, x, gSa vkSj
tks iz'uxr ckrksa ls lqlaxr gSa] izfrijh{kk dh
tk ldrh gSaA
fdlh lk{kh dh izfrijh{kk ds le;] tk¡p ds
nkSjku fn;s x;s dFkuksa dks dsoy vfHk;kstu
lk{kh ds izfrdqy gksus ij bl <+ax ls mi;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gS tSlk fd /kkjk 145 esa
fufnZ"V gSA ¼lriky cuke fnYyh iz'kklu]
,vkbZvkj 1976 ,llh 294½
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 162 ds ijUrqd ds varxZr
tkap ds nkSjku iqfyl }kjk vfHkfyf[kr lkf{k;ksa
ds dFku dsoy vfHk;kstu lk{kh ds izfrdqy
gksus ij lk{; vf/kkfu;e dh /kkjk 145 ds
varxZr fufnZ"V <a+x ls mi;ksx fd;s tk ldrs
gSA lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 162 ¼1½ ds ijUrqd esa
fo'ks"k mYys[k ds vuq:i] /kkjk 161 ds varxZr
fn;k x;k ,slk dFku vfHk;kstu izfroknh ;k
U;k;ky; lk{kh dh iqf"V ds fy, iz;ksx ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼rf'kanj flag cuke mRrj
izns'k jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 1959 ,llh 1012½
lwpd iz'u
/kkj 141 lwpd iz'u dks] dksbZ iz'u] tks ml
mÙkj dks lq>krk gS] ftls iwNus okyk O;fDr
ikuk pkgrk gS ;k ikus dh vk'kk djrk gS] ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA
eq[; ijh{kk esa ;k iqu% ijh{kk esa fcuk U;k;ky;
dh vuqKk ds ,sls iz'u iwNus dh vuqefr ugha
gksrh gSA ¼/kkjk 142½ gkykafd /kkjk 143 izko/kku
djrh gS fd izfrijh{kk ds nkSjku lwpd iz'u
iwNs tk ldsaxsA izfrijh{kk dk mís'; ncs gq,
rF;ksa dks mtkxj djuk vkSj lk{kh dh
fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi djuk gSA
izfrjks/kh lk{kh
/kkjk 154 lk{kh dks cqykus okys O;fDr dks ,slk
dksbZ Hkh iz'u iwNus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ftls
foi{k }kjk izfrijh{kk ds fy, j[kk tk ldrk
gSA ;g /kkjk ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh xokgh ls ls
lacaf/kr gS ftagsa lkeU;r% ^izfrjks/kh lkf{k;ksa* ds
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc dksbZ lk{kh dqN ,slk
dgrk gS tks vfHk;kstu ekeys ds fy,
fouk'kdkjh gS] rks vfHk;kstu dks ;g fuosnu
djus dk gd fn;k tkrk gS fd ml xokg dks
izfrjks/kh ds :i esa O;ogkj fd;k tk;s vkSj ,sls
ekeys esa fopkj.k U;k;ky; dks ljdkjh odhy
ds fy, ml lk{kh ls izfrjks/kh ds :i esa
O;ogkj djus dh vuqefr nsuh pkfg, ¼th ,l
cD'k cuke jkT;] ,vkbZvkj] 1979 ,llh 569½
jfcUnz dqekj ns; cuke mM+hlk jkT;] ,vkbZvkj
1977 ,llh 170 ,oa dksyh y[keu HkkbZ cuke
xqtjkr jkT;] ,vkbZvkj 2000 ,llh 210 oknksa
esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
izfrjks/kh lk{kh dh laiw.kZ xokgh dks vLohÑr
djus dh vko';drk ugha gS vkSj U;k;ky;
xokgh ds ml va'k ij fo'okl dj ldrk gS
tks fo'okl vkSj ØsfMV dks izsfjr djrk gSA
izfrjks/kh lk{kh dh xokgh dks ml gn rd
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS tgk¡ rd og
vfHk;kstu ekeys esa lgk;d gSA gky ds
izpyuksa dks nf"Vxr j[krs gq, tgka vfHk;kstu
lk{kh fopkj.k ds nkSjku izfrjks/kh cu x, vkSj
iqfyl dks fn;s vius iwoZ ds dFkuksa ds
fojks/kkHkklh gks x;s] fopkj.k U;k;ky; vc
lhvkjihlh dh /kkjk 340 esa of.kZr esa izfØ;k ds
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
©2010, Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All Rights Reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction
of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
varxZr vfHk;kstu izkjaHk djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr
gSa] ,sls lkf{k;ksa ds fo#) tgka os Li"V :i ls
vlR; FksA
lkf{k;ksa dh fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi
/kkjk 153 ,oa 155 mu rjhdksa dk izko/kku djrh
gS ftuesa lk{kh dh fo'oluh;rk ij vf/k{ksi
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd o"kZ
2003 esa ,d la'kks/ku ds ekè;e ls /kkjk 155 dks
la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k vkSj /kkjk 155 ¼4½ fujflr
dj nh x;hA /kkjk 155 ¼4½ esa izko/kku fd;k
x;k Fkk fd cykRdkj ds ekeys esa fdlh
vfHk;ksD=h dk mlds vfHkdfFkr vuSfrd pfj=
ij mldh fo'oluh;rk dks vf/k{ksi djus ds
fy, izfrijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar% [k dks csps x, vkSj ifjnku fd, x,
eky ds ewY; ds fy, [k ij d okn ykrk gSA
x dgrk gS fd mlus [k dks eky dk ifjnku
fd;kA ;g nf'kZr djus ds fy, lk{; izLFkkfir
fd;k tkrk gS fd fdlh iwoZ volj ij mlus
dgk Fkk fd mlus ml eky dk ifjnku [k dks
ugha fd;k FkkA ;g lk{; xzkg~; gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k; -9 fof/k'kkL=
ifjp; % fof/k'kkL= fof/kd fl)kUrksa rFkk
fof/kd n'kZu dks lekfgr djrk gSA ;g
flQZ ^D;k* ls lEcaf/kr ugh gS] vfirq ^D;w¡
ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gSA fof/k'kkL= fof/k esa ,d
fuf'pr izdkj ds vUos"k.k dks fn;k tkus
okyk uke gSA ;g vUos"k.k vrkfRod
lkekU; rFkk fl)kUrksa ls lEcaf/kr gS]
ftlds vk/kkj ij ^fof/k ds vko';d
fl)kUr rFkk fof/kd ra= dk l`tu fd;k
tk ldrk gS (P. J. Fitzoerald
(ed.Salmand on Jurisprudence, 12th
edn
Universal law Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd,
1966, P1)) fof/kd fl)kar ewy :i ls
fof/k D;k gS** bl iz'u ds tokc ls
lEcaf/kr gSA fof/kd dh mfpr le> rFkk
O;k[;k ds fy, le;≤ ij bl iz'u
ds tokc fn;s tk pqds gSA gkykafd ;g
mfpr gksxk fd ge mudk v/;;u fopkjksa
ds leqg ds :i esa djsA
izkd`frd fof/k ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj fof/k
rdZ ds vuq:i fu;eks dk lewg gSA bues
uSfrd fl)akr 'kkfey gS] tks dh fo'o dh
izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gS] rFkk ftls izk—frd
rkfdZdrk }kjk gh [kkstk tk ldrk gSA
(P.J. Fitzgeras (ed salmond on
Jurisprudence, 12thedn. Universal
law publishing co. Ltd. 1966 P. 15)
vk/kwfud fof/kd ra= dk ,d vko';d igyw
^fof/k dk 'kklu gSA blds vuqlkj vki
pkgs fdrus Hkh mPp D;¡w u gks] vki fof/k ls
mPp ugh gks ldrs gks** vFkkZr fof/k dk
'kklu esa dkuwu ;k fof/k lokZsPp gS rFkk
dksbZ Hkh ekuo fof/k ls c<+ dj ugh gSA
Hkkjr esa fof/k dk L=ksr] lafo/kku dsUnz o
jkT; fo/kkue.My rFkk mPpre U;k;ky;
rFkk mPp U;k;ky; ds dsl ykW gSA pwafd
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fof/k ds 'kklu dk izko/kku
djrk gS] vr% vf/kdkjh fof/k }kjk ck/; gSA
fof/k ds 'kklu dh le:irk vko';d :i
ls Li"Vrk iznku ugh djrh mnkgj.k ds
fy, ^^ewy lajpuk dk fl)kUr** tks dh
mPpre U;k;ky; us ds'kokuUn Hkkjrh c-
Hkkjr la?k AIR 1973 Sc 1461 bl
ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g Li"V
fd;k fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;g vfyf[kr
fu;e gS tks laln dh lafo/kku lalk/ku dh
'kfDr vlhfer ugh gSA lafo/kku ds leLr
la'kks/ku ds vko';d rRoks dks lqjf{kr j[kk
tk ldsA
lafo/kku dh ewy lajpuk dk fl)kUr fof/k
'kkL= ds dbZ fo)kuks ds e/; fookn dk
lkj gSA fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; D;k
varj gSA ;gk¡ ges oSdfYid uSfrd fl)krksa
dk lgkjk ysuk iMs+xk tks fd fo'o ds
vko';d izd`fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftldk
iz;ksx lkye.M us vius fof/k dh izd`fr
'kk[k dh O;k[;k esa fd;k FkkA fof/k dh
izkd`frd fof/k dh 'kk[kk rFkk uSfrdrk ds
e/; lkeatL; LFkkfir djrs gq, ;g Li"V
djrh gS fd ldkjkRed fof/k viuh
vf/kdkfjdrk mRd`LV iz—frd fof/k ls izkIr
djrh gSA rFkk tc Hkh ;g uSfrd fof/k ls
;k ekudks ls nwj tkrh gS ;g viuh
vf/kdkfjdrk [kks nsrh gSA
gkykafd izk—frd fof/k fl)kUr ;g
mn~?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk
ds e/; lac/k gS ijUrq fof/kd ldkjkRedrk
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
blds foijhr ;g LFkkfir djrh gS fd
fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; dksbZ varj ugh
gSA ;gk¡ ;g vko';d gS fd fof/k rFkk
uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k ij vkSj foLrkj ls
ppkZ dh tk,A
rhu laLdj.k &izFke n`"V;k ;g dFku dh
fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k gS cM+k
lk/kkj.k o ljy lk yxrk gS ijUrq ;g
vius dbZ lkjs laLdj.k ftlds leFkZd
Thomas Acquinas gS] ;g Li"V djrs gS
fd ldkjkRed fof/k ds og fu;e tks
izkd`frd fof/k ls Vdjko esa gS] voS/k gSA
f}rh; laLdj.k tks fd gkokMZ ykW fo|ky;
ds izksQslj Lan Fuller }kjk LFkkfir gS]
Li"V djrk gS fd dbZ okLrfod fof/kd
ra= fuf'pr uSfrd fl)kUrksa ls ck/; gSA
rrh; laLdj.k vkDlQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; ds
izksQslj H.L.A. Hartds mrjkf/kdkjProf.
Ronald Dwarkin }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k
x;k gSA blds vuqlkj uSfrd fu.kZ;ks dk
vuqlj.k fof/k dh le> rFkk iz;qfDr ds
fy, vko';d gSA
ikjEifjd izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr&tSlk fd
lkyeaM us ;g Li"V fd;k gS fd ikjEifjd
izkd`frd fof/k dk dsUnzh; fl)kUr gS fd
oSdfYid uSfrd fl)kar czkgE; dh izd`fr
ds vko';d rRo ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk
ftudh [kkst ekuoh; rdZ ds }kjk dh tk
ldrh gS izk—frd fof/k dh le> dk
ifj.kke Ies injesta non estlexvU;k; iw.kZ
fof/k dksbZ ugh gks ldrhA ijEijkxr
izkd`frd fof/k ds bl fu"d"kZ dh mlds
leFkZd yksu Qwyj }kjk ckn esa de dj
fn;k x;kA
yksu Qwyj dh vkUrfjdrk dh fof/k
&izksQslj yksu Qqyj us ikjEifjd izkdfrd
fof/k fl)kUr ds foLrkfjr nkcs dks NksVk
dj fn;k ] buds vuqlkj uSfrd fl)kUr
fdlh Hkh okLrfod dkuwuh ra= es izFke
fopkj.kh; rRo gS bUgksus vkUrfjd uSfrdrk
ds dkuwu dh ckr dh tks fd fdlh Hkh
fof/k ra= dks pykrk gSA bUgksus vkB
fl)kUrks dk izfroknu fd;kA
1½ fu;e lkekU; gksus pkfg,A
2½ fu;e izLFkkfir gksus pkfg,A
3½ iwoZO;kih fu;e cukuk rFkk ykxw gksuk
de gksuk pkfg,A
4½ fu;e le>us ;ksX; gksus pkfg,A
5½ fu;e vuqlj.k fojks/kkHkklh ugh gksus
pkfg,A
6½ fu;e le; ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A
7½ fu;e le; ds vuq:i gksus pkfg,A
8½ ?kksf"kr le; rFkk ykxw gksus okys fu;e
ds e/; vuq:irk gksuh pkfg,A
Qqyj vius bu vkB fl)kUrksa ds lanHkZ esa
dbZ igyqvk ij vLi"V Fks D;k vkUrfjd
uSfrdrk ds dkuwu dk ikyu izFke n`"V;k
fdlh Hkh dkuwu ds ikyu rFkk Hkkx ugh gSA
M~okjfdu dk vFkZ dk fl)kUr&M~okjfdu
ds fl)kUr dks okLrfod leL;k ds n`"Vkar
ls Li"V :i ds le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g
Riggs V. Palmer, 115 NY 506 ds ekeys
ij vk/kkfjr gSA bles ,d O;fDr nwljs
O;fDr dh lEifÙk esa olh;r pkgrk Fkk
ftls mlus [kqn ekjk gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ
esa U;k;ky; us bl fl)kar dk iz;ksx fd;k
fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius xyr d`R; ds
ykHk ugh mBk ldrk] M~okjfdu us ;g
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lq>k;k fd bl ekeys esa iz;Dr fl)kar ;g
Li"V djrk gS fd dkuwu flQZ fu;eksa dk
laxzg ugh gSA vfirq ;g ,sls fl)kUrksa]
uhfr;ksa rFkk ekudks dk lewg gS tks fd
fof/k ra= dks pykrs gSA ;gk¡ ij /;ku nsus
;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd M~okjfdu ;g Lohdkj
ugh djrk fd mlesa fopkjksa dks izkd`frd
fof/k fl)kUrks ds vuq:i Lohdkj fd;k
tk,A mles flQZ ,d vfHkys[k esa ;g
lq>ko fn;k fd izkd`frd fof/k dk tks
vifj"d`r fooj.k ;fn lgh gS rks izR;sd
fl)kUr tks fof/k dh ckr djrk gS fd dbZ
ckj lgh tokc esa fd, uSfrd iz'uks ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fQj esa izkd`frd dkuwu
dk vijk/kh gw¡A
fof/kd ldkjkRdrk&fof/kd lekjkRedrk
izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr ds leLr igyqvksa
ls fdukjk djrk gSA ;g izkd`frd fof/k
fl)kUr ds foijhr gSA bldk ekuuk gS fd
U;k; rFkk uSfrdrk esa e/; dksbZ lacU/k ugh
gSA ;g fopkj /kkjk ldkjkRed dkuwu ij
/;ku dsfUnzr djrh gS rFkk ;g izkd`frd
vf/koDrkvksa ls nwj gS blds vuqlkj izR;;
ds vUrxZr dksbZ le>kSrk ugh gSA fofHkUu
fo)kuks }kjk fof/kd ldkjkReDrk ds dbZ
laLdj.k LFkkfir fd, gSA ;g fo)ku gS
tkSu vkSfLVu] ,p ,y , gkWV rFkk tkWlQ
jSat
tkWu vkWfLVu% tkWu vkWfLVu us cgqr gh
lk/kkj.k ladYiuk dh LFkkiuk dh fd fof/k
,d vkns'k gSA tks fd jktuSfrd izHkqRo
}kjk LFkkfir gS rFkk eatwjh }kjk fØ;kfUor
(P.J. Fitzgerald (Ed.) Salmond on
Jurusprudencce, 12th
edn. Universal Law
Publishig Co. Pvt. Ltd. 1966 P 25-26)bl
vklku ls laLdj.k us iz'uksa ds tokc nsus
ds LFkku ij u, iz'u [kM+s dj fn,A
vkns'k D;k gS rFkk ;s izkFkZuk ls dSls fHkUu
gSA ;fn X dks mlds ckWl Y}kjk ,d
fxykl ikuh ykus ds fy, dgk tkrk gS rks
D;k ;g vkns'k gS] ;k izkFkZuk\ D;k
vkns'kdrkZ rFkk vkns'kxzgrk ds e/; flQZ
'kfDr dj lEca/k gSA vkLVhu ds vuqlkj
lkekU; vkns'k Hkxoku ls balkuks dks fn;k
tkrk gS ;g nSO; fof/k gS] rFkk ;g uSfrd
nkf;Ro nsrh gSA mlh izdkj lkekU; vkns'k
jktuSfrd ;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsuk vko';d gS
fd fof/k dks vkns'k ds Lo:i es ifjHkkf"kr
djuk Hkzked gS D;ksfd ;g fØfeuy dkuwu
es rks lR; gks ldrh gS] ijUrq lafonk
dkuwu ;k oSokfgd dkuwu es igyk ukxfjdksa
ds fy, vko';d nkf;Ro ugh nsrk rFkk
nwljk ukxfjdks dks fookg dk vkns'k ugh
nsrk oSokfgd dkuwu flQZ ;g crkrs gS fd
;fn fdlh dks fookg djuk gS rks mlds
dqN vkSipkfjdrk rFkk izfØ;kRed
vko';drk,s gS ftudk vuqlj.k gksuk
pkfg,A ;g ukxfjdks ds fy, fookg
vko';d ugh curh gSA
vkfLVu jktuSfrd izHkqrk dk dksbZ O;fDr ;k
O;fDr;ks ds leqg ds :i es ifjHkkf"kr
djrk gS ftldks dh jktuSfrd leqg
vuqlfjr djus gS] ij tks fdlh dk
lafo/kku ds varxZr mPpre inkf/kdkj
jk"Vªifr Hkh lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps es
ifjorZu ugh dj ldrhA ge Hkkjr ds yksx
,d jktuSfrd izHkqRok ds Lo:i esa dkQh
QSys gq, gSA ftuesa lEizHkqrk fuf'prrk ds
lkFk ryk'kh tk ldsA
vkWfLVu ds rdZ ds vuqlkj eatwjh dk fopkj
fof/k dh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkkuqlkj
oks yksx tks fof/k ds fo#) gS mUgs fof/k
}kjk nf.Mr fd;k tkrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izkd`frd fof/k fl)kUr ds vk/kkj dks
[kkfjt djrs gq, vkWfLVu dgrs gS fd fof/k
,d ladYiuk gS tks 'kfDr ij vk/kkfjr gS
rFkk mldh uSfrdrk ds ifjis{; esa ugh
ns[kuk pkfg,A
,y-,y-,- gkVZ % lfEefyr fof/kd
ldkjkRedrk
gkVZ }kjk fodflr fopkj/kkjk ,d vksj tgk¡
izk—frd fof/k dk fojks/k djrh gS] ogh
nwljh vksj vkfLVu dh vo/kkj.kk dk [k.Mu
djrh gSA gkVZ vkWfLVu ds izHkqRo }kjk
vkns'k dh rqyuk canqd/kkjh vkneh dh
ifjfLFkfr ls djrk gSA tgk¡ ,d O;fDr
mlds iSls ;k mlds thou ij [kM+k gSA
gkVZ ds vuqlkj fof/kd nkf;Ro canqd/kkjh
dh ifjfLFkfr ls fHkUu gSA gkVZ ds vuqlkj
fof/k rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; dksbZ lEca/k ugh
gSA
gkVZ fof/k dks izkFkfed rFkk ek/;fed
fu;eks ds laxzg.k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
djrk gSA gkVZ ds vuqlkj fu;e rc gksrk gS
tc yksx ¼1½ ,d fuf'pr rjhds ls orkZo
djs ¼ckgjh ifjfLFkfr½ ¼2½ vkisf{kr O;ogkj
ls fopyu dks vkykspukvks dk vk/kkj ekurs
gSA izkFkfed fu;e og gksrs gS tks nkf;Ro
Mkyrs gS] ek/;fed fu;eksa dk vFkZ ;g ugh
gS fd ;g egRoghu gSA vfirq ek/;fed
fu;e rc rd ugh gks ldrs tc rd
ek/;fed fu;e nkf;Ro ugh MkyrsA gkVZ ds
vuqlkj ek/;fed fu;eksa ds izdkj ¼1½
ekU;rk dk fu;e ¼2½ ifjorZu dk fu;e ¼3½
mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fy, fu;e
jst rFkk esjeksj fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk
lfEefyr fof/kd ldkjkRedrk rFkk fo'ks"k
fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds e/; ewy Hksn ;g gS
fd tgk¡ lfEefyr fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ;g
Lohdk;Z djrh gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
fdlh fof/kd oSf/kdrk esa uSfrd fopkj.k
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] ijUrq fo'ks"k fof/kd
ldkjkRedrk bls [kkfjt djrh gSA
fo'ks"k fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds vuqlkj
djuk pkfg, rFkk djuk gS ds e/; varj
crkrh gSA fof/k dk ,d Lora= izkf/kdkj gSA
rFkk fof/k dk vuqlj.k ,d nkf;Ro gSA
ekun.Mksa dk mn~ns'; vfHkdrkZ ds fu.kZ;
ysus dh 'kfDr dks cnyuk gS vkSj ;fn
vfHkdrkZ ekun.Mksa ij iz'ufpUg yxk,xk
rks 'krsZ viuh izkf/kdkfjrk [kks nsxk fof/k dk
L=ksr uSfrd fopkjtu gksdj fof/kd
izkf/kdkj gksrk gSA
fo'ks"k fof/kd ds eq[; LFkkid tkslsQ jst
rFkk ,suMªjh esjeksj gSA fo'ks"k fof/kd
ldkjkRed dh fLFkr ldkjkRed dh fLFkr
iw.kZ :i ls jksusYM Mokajfdu ls fHkUu gSSA
iquZokn djs M~okjfdu Tiggg V. Palmer dh
okLrfod leL;k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftlds
vuqlkj fdlh O;fDr dks mlds xyr d`R;
ls ykHk ugh feyrk pkfg, fo'ks"k fof/kd
ldkjkRedrk fjx dks oS/kkfud ekurh gS]
mlds rRo ds dkj.k ugh vfirq L=ksr ds
dkj.k tks fd ,d U;k;k;y; gksA fo'ks"k
fof/kd ldkjkRedrk ds vuqlkj ekin.Mks
dk mn~ns'; yksx ds e/; fo/ks; dks lekIr
djrk gS vkSj ;fn yksx iqu% bldh djsaxs
rks ekin.M Lor% viuh vf/kdkfjDrk [kks
nsaxs vr% ekin.Mksa dh fof/kd oS|rk L=ksr
esa gksrh gS
gkVZ Msoyhu rFkk vk/kqfud dky esa uSfrdrk
&
tc lekt uSfrdrk dk ifjorhZ /kkj.kk
ns[krh gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa ijEijkxr
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
uSfrdrk rFkk xaHkhj uSfrdrk esa varj
tkuuk pkfg, fof/k 'kkL= ds fl)kUr tSls
dh izkd`fr fof/k rFkk fof/kd ldkjkRedrk
tc Hkh fof/kd rFkk uSfrdrk ds e/; lEca/k
dh ckr djrs gS rc budk rkRi;Z xaHkhj
uSfrdrk ls gh gksrk gSA tks fd rkfdZd
ekudks dk ?kksrd gS u fd lkekftd
fopkj.k dk
gkykafd fof/k 'kkL= esa ,d fookn gS ftls
dh gkVZ Msoyhu fookn dgrs gSA bldk
/;ku lekt esa ikjEifjd Hkwfedk dh vksj
gksrk gSA
gkVZ rFkk Msofyu ds fookn dks le>us ls
iwoZ ;g vko';d gS fd ts-,l-fey ds
uqdlku ds fl)kUr dks le>k tk,A fey
ds vuqlkj yksd rFkk futh igyqvksa esa Hksn
gksrk gSA mlds vuqlkj lekt dk oS/kkfUrd
Hkwfedk yksd {ks= esa gksrh gSA lekt flQZ
uqdlku ds fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr
dh Lora=rk esa gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA
ftlls nwljs ds uqdlku dks jksdk tk ldsA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk Hkkx IIIekSfyd
vf/kdkjksa ds ifjis{; es gS rFkk /kkjk 19 ¼1½
ds ek/;e ls lekt dks O;fDr dh Lora=rk
esa gLr{ksi ij jksd gSA lfo/kku 19¼1½ dh
ij yksdfgr rFkk uSfrdrk ds vk/kkj ij
fucZU/k dk izko/kku djrk gSA lafo/kku esa
ekSfyd vkf/kdkjksa dks gkVZ dh fopkj/kkjk
dk leFkZu esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ogh
nwljh vksj Ms~ofyu ds vuqlkj lekt dks
vkRej{kk dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk lafo/kku ds
iznÙk ;qfDr;qDr fucZU/k bldk mnkgj.k gSA
M~sofyu vkus fopkjksa dh fl)h ds fy,
fookg dkuwu ij vk/kkfjr gSA ijUrq dqN
lekt ,d fookg izFkk dks ekurs gS ogh
nwljh vksj dwN lekt cgq fookg izFkk dks
ekurs gSA ;s mudh uSfrd lafgrk ds e/;
varj gS tks mUgs ,d lkFk tksMs+ j[krk
gSA(Andrew A Hnan, Arguing alrout law
2nd
edn wadswarth Publishing Company,
Belment, 2001, Pp 161-164)
;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsus ;kX; ckr gS fd Msoyhu
us vius fopkjksa esa fufgr vUrfoZjks/k dks
Hkqyk fn;k] ijUrq lekt esa uSfrd lafgrk
bruh uktwd gksrh gS fd buesa tjk lk
fopyu fdlh Hkh {k.k bldks rksM+ ldrk
gSA ;fn lekt ds vYila[;d oxZ uSfrd
lafgrk ds ,sls igyw dks ekuus ls badkj dj
nsrs gS tks lekt dks tksMs+ gq, gS rks ;g
lekt ds cgqla[;dks ds fy, mfpr ladsr
ugh gSA M~sofyu dk fopkj.k] le; dh
igyw ij Qalk gS] D;ksfd ;fn lekftd
lafgrk vifjorZuh; gksrh rks Hkkjrh; lekt
esa vkt Hkh lrh izFkk rFkk cky fookg gksrs
ijUrq dkuwu bldks jksdrk gS rks lekt
vuojr pyrk jgrk gSA iz[;kr izks-
,p],y], gkVZ Hkh M~sofyu dh fopkj/kkjk dh
vkykspuk djrs gq, ;g dgrs gSA fd lekt
vius ifjorZu ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
uSfrd lafgrk ls tqM+s jgus ls fLFkjrk dk
iz'u mriUu gks ldrk gSA(AndrewAltman
Arguing Anout law 2nd
edn wadsworth
Publishing Company Belmant 2001, PP
161-164)gkVZ rFkk M~sofyu fof/kd izfrfØ;k
esa varxZr gh fookn djrs gSA og og
yksdfgr rFkk f'k"Vrk dh j{kk ds fy,
lanHkZ esa lekt ds tokc dh ckr djrs gSA
M~sofyu Li"V djrs gS fd ;fn lekt ds
uSfrdrk dk fojks/k djuk gS rks mfpr
ek/;e flQZ fof/k gSA
;fn nk'kZfudrk dh ckr djs rks nks izdkj
dh uSfrdrk gksrh gSA ikjEifjd uSfrdrk
rFkk xaHkhj uSfrdrk tgk¡ ikjEifjd
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
uSfrdrk cgqla[;d yksxks ds uSfrd fopkjksa
dk izfrfcEc gS] ogha xaHkhj uSfrdrk tks
rF;xr lgh gS mldk izfrfcEc gS gkykafd
;g cgqla[;dks ds fopkjksa ls esy ugh
j[krk gSA
fof/k dk dk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k &fof/k dks
le>us dk ,d nwljk nf"Vdks.k dk;kZRed
n`f"Vdks.k gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k rqyukRed
ldkjkRed ds izfrfØ;k Lo:i mRiUu gqvk
gSA
;g n`f"Vdks.k fof/k ds izkjC/k rFkk fof/kd
laLFkkuks ds lanHkZ esa vly lkekftd
ifjfLFkfr ij tksj nsrk gSA rFkk ;g O;fDr
dk ifj{k.k lkekftd ifjis{; es djrk gS
uk fd oS;fDr lanHkZ esa O;kid lanHkZ esa ckr
djs rks dk;kZRed n`f"Vdks.k dks nks Hkkxksa esa
ckaVk tk ldrk gS ¼1½ ,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk
rFkk ¼2½ lkekftd fopkj/kkjkA
,sfrgkfld fopkj/kkjk&
ÝsMfjd dkyZ lsfotuh rFkk gsujh esuh dks
bl fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZd ekuk tkrk gSA
lsfotuh ds vuqlkj fof/k 3 ls fodflr
djus okys yksxksa dh vkRek dk izfrfcEc gSA
tSlk fd lsfotuh dk rdZ gS fd fof/k dk
L=ksr yksxks ds vke psruk gSA bldks flQZ
,sfrgkfld tM+ks rFkk vke psruk ls fodkl
ds }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g fopkj
bl fopkj ls dkslks nwj gS fd fof/k O;fDr
dh Lora= Hkkouk dk izfrfcEc gSA fo/kku
dks flQZ rHkh le>k tk ldrk gS tc iz—
fr ds bfrgkl ;k lekt ds bfrgkl]
ftlds fy, fo/kku cuk gS dks le>k tk
ldsA ijUrq fo/kkue.My flQZ vkRe psruk
dks c[kku djus gSA
esus us fof/k ds v/;;u ds fy, rqyukRed
rFkk ekuo foKku nf"Vdks.k dk lgkjk
fy;kA mUgksus fof/k ds fodkl ds pkj pj.kksa
dh O;k[;k dhA
¼1½ og le;] tc fof/k dk fuekZ.k jktk
}kjk fd;k tkrk Fkk] rFkk jktk nSoh; izsj.kk
ds varxZr dk;Z djrk Fkk
¼2½ nwljk pj.k es vkns'k izFkkxr Lo:i esa
cny x;kA
¼3½ vYila[;dksa dk mn; tSls iqtkjh vkfn
ftudh Kku rFkk ijEijkxr fo/kku ds
iz'kklu ij idM+ FkhA
¼4½ fof/k dk lafgrk ds :i esa mn;
dqN lekt bu pj.kks ds vuq:i fodflr
ugh gq, rFkk mUgs eSuh us ^fLFkj* xfr'kkhy
lekt dgkA xfr'kkhy lekt fof/kd
dYiukvks (Legal Fiction)bfDoVh rFkk
fo/kkue.My dh lgk;rk ds fof/k dk vfxze
fodkl djrs gSA eSuh ds vuqlkj xfr'khy
lekt vc rd izkfLFkfr ls lafn;k dh vksj
vxzlj gqvk gSA bls fuEu izdkj ls le>
ldrs gSA
izkfLFkfr&O;fDr dk fof/k ds lkFk lEca/k
,d fuf'pr fLFkfr dk ifj.kke gS] tgk¡
O;fDr dh bPNk ugh gksrh rFkk ftl fLFkfr
dks O;fDr viuh bPNk ls cny ugh ldrk
lafonk&,d O;fDr dh lkekftd le>kSrs ls
rgr fLFkfr tgk¡] O;fDr dh Lora=rk
egRoiw.kZ gSA
lkekftd fopkj/kkjk&lkekftd fopkj/kkjk
dks vklku 'kCnksa es le>us ds fy, bruk
dguk iM+sxk fd ;g ,d fopkj/kkjk gS tks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fd ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls dqN dne vkxs
gSA
iksM ds vuqlkj fof/k ,d ;a= gS ftlds
}kjk lkekftd fgr tks Vdjko dh fLFkfr
esa gS ds e/; lkeatL; LFkkfir fad;k tk
ldrk gSSA ;g fof/k ds }kjk lkekftd
vfHk;kaf=dh gSA ;g n`f"Vdks.k dbZ fofHkUu
/kkjkvks dks le>us es lgk;d gSA
iksM dh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj fof/k dh
fo"k;oLrq fgr gSA ;g fgr ;k rks yksdfgr]
;k rks futh fgr] ;k fQj lkekftd fgr gks
ldrs gSA
bu Vdjko ds fgrksa dks izkFkfedrk nsus ds
fy,] ikWM ds vuqlkj O;fDr dks mu lc
vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ifjis{; esa lkspuk gksxk
ftuds mij lkekftd le:irk vk/kkfjr
gSA
U;k;&
U;k; D;k gS \ U;k; ds D;k ekud gSA
;g iz'u dbZ fo)kuks dks ijs'kku fd;s gq;s
gSA U;k; ds fo"k; esa izks- tku 'kSy dh —fr
A Theory of Justics (John Rawls, A
Theory of Juustics, Oxford University
Press, Oxford 197),d egRoiw.kZ ys[ku gSA
bl iqLrd esa jkWy us U;k; ds nks fl)kUrks
dk o.kZu fd;k gSA
U;k; dk izFke fl)kar&fl)kar ¼Lora=rk
dk fl)kar½ izR;sd O;fDr dks Lora=rk dk
vf/kdkj gksuk pkfg, rFkk ;g vf/kdkj lHkh
ds e/; leku gksuk pkfg,
U;k; dk f}rh; fl)kar & lkekftd rFkk
vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dks bl izdkj —fed
djuk pkfg, rkfd ¼1½ de ykHkkafor yksxks
dks vf/kdre ykHk feys ¼2½ lHkh dks volj
dh lekurk izkIr gksA
jkWy dks Lo;a ifjfLFkfr dh detksjh dk
Kku Fkk jkWy dk fl)kar vklkuh ls 'kCnksa
es iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq
lkekftd leL;kvks dks gy djus es dfBu
gS mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuks es
ofapr yksxks ds ¼1½ dksVk izFkk dh fdl
izdkj O;fDr ns[krs gSA dksVk izFkk Li"V :i
ls U;k; ds izFke fl)kar dk mYya?ku gS
D;kasfd og O;fDr dks ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij
mR—"Vrk dh Js.kh ds vUnj gS] ijUrq mls
viuh lhV ,sls oafpr O;fDr dks nsuh gksrh
gS tks fd tUe ij vk/kkfjr gS D;k bl
rjg ds dk;ZØ; lekurk dk izko/kku djrk
gSA
vHkh gky gh es izks- veZr; lsu U;k; ds
fopkj ij iquZfopkj.k viuh iqLrd The
Idea of Justice esa fd;k gSA izks- lsu us
U;k; ds varxZr tfVyrkvks dks ,d jkspd
n`"Vkar ls Li"V fd;k gSA lsu rhu cPpks
dk mnkgj.k ysrs gS ,suh] ckSo] dkykZ] ckalqjh
ij >xMrs gSA ,suh bl vk/kkj ij ckalqjh
ij >xM+rh gS fd mls ctkuk vkrh gS ;s
mldh gS ckWo ckalqjh ij ;g nkok bl
vk/kkj ij djrh gS fd oks xjhc gS rFkk
mlds ikl vU; f[kykSus ugh gSA dkykZ bl
vk/kkj ij nkok djrh gS fd mlus ckalqjh
cukbZ gS] vr% ;g mldh gSA ;g rhuksa
vius vius i{kksa esa rdZ nsrs gSA (Amartya
Sen, the idea of justics, penguin Boods,
New York 2009, p12)
fof'k"V dkuwuh vo/kkj.kk,sa&
dqN fof/kd vo/kkj.kk,s tSls drZO;
vf/kdkj] Loar=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkfn dks
iw.kZ :i ls ugh le>k tkrk gSA bls lqxe
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
cukus ds fy, Henfeld esa ,d eSfVªDl
rS;kj fd;kA (See Henfeld, 23 yale law
Journal 16 (1923) and Henfeld 26 Yale
law Journal 710 (1917)
Hohfeldus bu vo/kkj.kkvksa tSls fd
vf/kdkj rFkk drZO;ks dks U;kf;d ifjis{; esa
le>us dh dksf'k'k dhA ,d U;kf;d lEca/k
nks i{kdkjks dks e/; Vinculamjuris rFkk
rhljs i{k dh vuqifLFkfr ds izHkko dks eku
dj pyrk gSA Hohfeld nks izdkj ds
U;kf;d leca/k eku dj pyrs gSA
¼1½ U;kf;d lgHkkxh rFkk ¼2½ U;kf;d
fojks/kh lgHkkxh rkfdZd lgHkkfxrk dh vksj
b'kkjk djrs gS] ogh blds foijhr U;kf;d
fojks/kh ftUgs U;kf;d udkjkRed Hkh dgrs
gS ,d vo/kkj.kk dh mifLFkfr ij mldh
foijhr vo/kkj.kk dh vuqifLFkfr dh vksj
b'kkjk djrs gSA
vf/kdkj] nkok Loar=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
drZO; fcuk nkok] vf/kdkj
vf/kdkj] nkok rFkk drZO; ds e/; Å/okZ/kj
rhj bafxr djrk gS fd ;gk U;kf;d
lgHkkfxrk gSA pawfd vf/kdkj rFkk nkok
U;kf;d lgHkkxh gSA Hohfeld ds vuqlkj
Xes vf/kdkj] nkok dh mifLFkfr Y esa
drZO; dh mifLFkfr dks n'kkZ,xhA Loar=rk]
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj rFkk fcuk nkok] fcuk vf/kdkj
ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj bafxr djrk gSA fd ;s
U;kf;d lgHkkxh gSA Henfeld ds vuqlkj
X esa Lora=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj esa fcuk nkok]
fcuk vf/kdkj dks bafxr djrs gSA
ogh fod.kZ bafxr djrs gS fd vf/kdkj]
nkok rFkk fcuk vf/kdkj] fcuk nkok ,d
nwljs ds U;kf;d fojks/kh gSA Hohfeld ds
eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X es vf/kdkj] nkok dh
mifLFkfr X esa fcuk nkok fcuk vf/kdkj dh
vuqifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA ogh
Xesa Lora=rk] fo'ks"kdf/kdkj dh vius vkius
drO;Z dh vuqifjfLFkfr bafxr djrh gSA
n`"Vkar &S.R. Batra V. Smt Raruna Batra
(2007) 3 SCC169 ds ekeys es cgq Jherh
r#.kk mPpre U;k;ky; esa ;g okn nk;j
djrh gS fd ftl ?kj esa og 'kknh ds ckn
ls jg jgh gS mls oSokfgd ?kj ?kksf"kr fd;k
tk,sA ewy :i ls ?kj Jherh r#.kk c=k
dh lkl dk gS u fd r#.kk c=k ds ifr
dk ekeys dh lquokbZ es Justice S.B.
Singha rFkk Justice Markandeya Katju
dh [k.M ihB us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd
r#.kk c=k ds vf/kdkj Hkkjrh; dkuwu ds
rgr muds bls Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ls
vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA mPpre
U;k;ky; ds vuqlkj r#.kk c=k dh
mifLFkfr mudh lkl ds ?kj esa ,d
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Lora=rk gSA fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
Loar=rk rFkk fcuk vf/kdkj] fcuk nkok ds
e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj U;kf;d lgHkkfxrk dh
vksj b'kkjk djrs gSA rFkk Hohfeld ds
eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj lkl ds ?kj esa mifLFkfr
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj] Lora=rk gS rFkk ;s fcuk nkok]
fcuk vf/kdkj dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA mlh
izdkj Lora=rk] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj U;kf;d
foifjr gS drZO; ds Hohfeld us blh izdkj
nwljh vo/kkj.kk tSls dh 'kfDr] nkf;Ro]
izfrj{kk rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; eSfVªDl
iznf'kZr fd;k gS] tSls
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
'kfDr izfrj{k
nkf;Ro aa Fodykaxrk
'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj
;g bafxr djrk gS fd ;g vkil esa fof/kd
lgHkkxh gS] pwafd Honfield dh eSfVªDl ds
vuqlkj 'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro vkil esa fof/kd
lgHkkxh gS vr% X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr
Y es nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr
djrh gSA mlh izdkj izfrj{kk rFkk
fodykaxrk ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj ;g bZ'kkjk
djrk gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSA rFkk
eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa izfrj{kk dh
mifLFkfr Li"V :i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh
mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA
'kfDr rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; fod.kZ rhj
;g crkrs gS fd ;g nksuks fof/kd foifjr
gSA Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa
'kfDr dh mifLFkfr vko';d :i ls Y esa
fodykaxrk dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA ogh
izfrj{kk rFkk nkf;Ro fof/kd foifjr gSA X
esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr Y esa izfrj{kk dh
vksj bZ'kkjk djrh gSA
n`"Vkar &PV Narasimha Rao V. State
(CBI/SPE) ds ekeys esa iz'u ;g mBk dh
D;k laln lnL; iSls ds cnys oksV ds
ekeys es mUgs lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ls
izfrj{kk izkIr gSA
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fd
mPpre U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud ihB ftlesa
U;k;k/kh'k ,l-lh- vxzoky] th-,u-js] ,-,l-
vkuUn] ,l-ih- ck#pk] rFkk jktsUnz ckcw us
cgqer ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd laln
lnL;ksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 105 ¼2½
rFkk 105 ¼3½ ds varxZr vfHkj{kkizkIr gSA
vr% mu ij laln esa cksyus ds cnys iSls
ysus ds ekeys esa vfHkj{kk gSA gkykafd
mPpre U;k;ky; ds bl fu"d"kZ dh tks
ftlds vuq:i fj'or ysus okyks dks flQZ
blfy, tkus fn;k fd og laln lnL; gS]
dh dkQh vkykspuk gqbZ FkhA ijUrq mPpre
U;k;ky; dh rkfdZdrk dk Hohfeld ds
eSfVªDl }kjk le>k tk ldrk gSA mPpre
U;k;y; us Li"V fd;k dh laln lnL;ks
dks laoS/kkfud vfHkj{kk izkIr gSA izfrj{kk
rFkk fodykaxrk ds e/; Å/okZ/kj rhj ls
;g Li"V gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSA
rFkk Hohfeld ds vuqlkj izfrj{kk dh
mifLFkfr ¼laln lnL;ksa ds ekeys esa½
fodykaxrk ¼mPpre U;k;ky; dh½ dh vksj
bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj nkf;Ro vfHkj{kk
ds foifjr gS vr% laln lnL;ksa ds e/;
vfHkj{kk dh mifLFkfr muesa e/; nkf;Ro dh
vuqifLFkfr dks vksj bafxr djrh gSA
dkuwu dh O;k[;k
eku ys dh vkius vius fe= dks pksdysV
ykus ds fy, 100 #i;s fn;sA vc vkidk
fe= D;k djsxk\ og dkSu lh pksdysV
yk,xk\ og fd nqdku ij tk,xk\ D;k og
cls gq, iSls djsxk bu okD;ksa esa tks Hkh
lR; gS og fof/k dk cyorj dkj.k ls lR;
gSA ;fn mij fn;s iz'uksa esa vkids fe= dks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dksbZ Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS rks og vki
ls iwN ldrk gSA gkykafd bl izdkj dh
Li"Vrk dh vis{kk fo/kkue.My ls fo/kku ds
lanHkZ esa ugh dh tk ldrhA
gj jkst vf/koDrk fof/k ds dbZ Lo:iksa ls
eq[kkfrc gksrs gS lafo/kku] fo/kku] dsl ykW
fu;e] ck/;rk,] fn'kk funsZ'k] lwpuk] vkfnA
dksbZ Hkh fo/kku fuekZrk leLr ifjfLFkfrvksa
esa ml fo/kku ds iz;ksx dh dYiuk ugh dj
ldrkA vr% O;k[;k vifjgk;Z gSA
fof/k dh O;k[;k nks izdkj dh lgk;rk ls
dh tk ldrh gS ¼1½ vkUrfjd lgk;rk ls
¼2½ ckgjh lgk;rk vkUrfjd lgk;rk esa
'kh"kZd] izLrkouk] ifjHkk"kk] izko/kku rFkk
O;k[;k vkrs gS rFkk ckgjh lgk;rk ds
varxZr lalnh; bfrgkl fof/k vk;ksx dh
fjiksVZ rFkk fons'kh fu.kZ; 'kkfey gSA
General Clauses Act 1897 Hkh lkekU;
'kCnksa dks le>us esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
fof/k dh O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa dbZ lkjs fu;e
gS] muesa ls dqN fuEufyf[kr gSA
¼1½ 'kkfCndrk dk fu;e&
;g O;k[;k dk ljyre fu;e gSA blds
vuqlkj tc fo/kku ds 'kCn lh/ks rFkk ,d
vFkZ fy;s gq, gksrs gS rc 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k
ewy :i esa djrh pkfg, fcuk dqN tksMs+ ;k
?kVk,A
mlh izdkj Lora=rk@fo'ks"kkf/kdkj U;kf;d
foifjr gS drZO; ds hohfeld us blh izdkj
nwljh vo/kkj.kk tSls dh 'kfDr] nkf;Ro] izfrj{kk
rFkk fodykaxrk ds eè; eSfVªDl iznf'kZr fd;k
gS] tSls
'kfDr izfrj{kk
nkf;Ro fodykaxrk
'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro ds eè; mèokZ/kj rhj ;g
bafxr djrk gS fd ;g vkil esa fof/kd
lgHkkxh gS] pwafdhohfelddh eSfVªDl ds
vuqlkj 'kfDr rFkk nkf;Ro vkil esa fof/kd
lgHkkxh gS vr% X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr
Y esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr
djrh gSA mlh izdkj izfrj{kk rFkk
fodykaxrk ds eè; mèokZ/kj rhj ;g bZ'kkjk
djrk gS fd ;g fof/kd lgHkkxh gSa rFkk
eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj X esa izfrj{kk dh
mifLFkfr Li"V:i ls Y esa fodykaxrk dh
mifLFkfr dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA
'kfDr rFkk fodykaxrk ds eè; fod.kZ
rhj ;g crkrs gS fd ;g nksuksa fof/kd
foijhr gSA honfeldds eSfVªDl ds vuqlkj
X esa 'kfDr dh mifLFkfr vko';d :i ls
Y esa fodykaxrk dh vksj bafxr djrh gSA
ogha izfrj{kk rFkk nkf;Ro fof/kd foijhr gSA
X esa nkf;Ro dh mifLFkfr Y esa izfrj{kk
dh vksj b'kkjk izkIr gSA
n`"Vkar&P.V. Narasimha Rao Vs. State
(CBI/SPE) ds ekeys esa iz'u ;g mBkfd
D;k laln lnL; iSls ds cnys oksV ds
ekeys esa mUgsa lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ls
izfrj{kk izkIr gSA
lafo/kku dh /kkjk 105 ;g izko/kku djrh gS
fdbl lafo/kku ds mica/kksa vksj laln dh
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izfØ;k dk fofu;eu djus okys fu;eksa vkSj
Lfkk;h vkns'kksa ds v/khu jgrs gq,] laln esa
okd&Lokra=; gksxkA
laln esa ;k mldh fdlh lfefr esa laln
ds fdlh lnL; }kjk dgh xbZ fdlh ckr
;k fn, x, fdlh er ds laca/k esa mlds
fo:) fdlh U;k;ky; esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh
ugha dh tk,xh vksj fdlh O;fDr ds fo:)
laln ds fdlh lnu ds izkf/kdkj }kjk ;k
mlds v/khu fdlh izfrosnu] i=] erksa ;k
dk;Zokfg;ksa ds izdk'ku ds laca/k esa bl
izdkj dh dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk,xhA
vU; ckrksa esa laln ds izR;sd lnu dh vksj
izR;sd lnu ds lnL;ksa vksj lfefr;ksa dh
'kfDr;ka] fo'ks"kkf/kdkj vkSj mUeqfDr;ka ,slh
gksaxh tks laln le;≤ ij fof/k }kjk
ifjfuf'pr djs vkSj tc rd os bl izdkj
ifjfuf'pr ugha dh tkrh gS rc rd ogha
gksaxh tks lafo/kku ¼pokyhloka la'kks/ku½
vf/kfu;e 1978 dh /kkjk 15 ds izo`Ùk gksus
ls Bhd igys ml lnu dh vksj mlds
lnL;ksa vkSj lfefr;ksa dh FkhA
mPpre U;k;ky; dh laoS/kkfud ihB ftlesa
U;k;k/kh'k ,l-lh-vxzoky] th-,u-js- ,-,l-
vkuUn] ,l-ih-ck:pk rFkk jktsUnz cksl us
cgqer ls ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd laln
lnL;ksa dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 105¼2½
rFkk 105¼3½ ds varxZr vfHkj{kk izkIr gSA
vr% mu ij laln esa cksyus ds cnys iSls
ysus ds ekeys esa vfHkj{kk gSA
gkWykafd mPpre U;k;ky; ds bl fu"d"kZ
dh tks fd ftlds vuq:i fj'or ysus okyks
dks flQZ blfy, tkus dh fn;k fd og
laln lnL; gS dh dkQh vkykspuk gqbZ
FkhA ijUrq mPpre U;k;ky; dh rkfdZdrk
dks Hohfeld ds eSfVªDl }kjk le> tk
ldrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k
dh laln lnL;ksa dks laoS/kkfud vfHkj{kk
izkIr gS rFkk Honfeld ds vuqlkj izfrj{kk
dh mifLFkfr ¼laln lnL;ksa ds ekeys esa½
fodykaxrk ¼mPpre U;k;ky; dh½ dh vksj
bafxr djrh gSA mlh izdkj nkf;Ro vfHkj{kk
dh mifLFkfr muesa eè; nkf;Ro dh
vuqifLFkfr dks vksj bafxr djrh gSA
dkuwu dh O;k[;k
eku ysa dh vkius vius fe= dks pksdysV
ykus ds fy, 100 :i;s fn;sA vc vkidk
fe= D;k djsxk\ og dkSu lh pksdysV
yk,sxk\ og fdl nqdku ij tk,sxk\ D;k
og cps gq, iSls okil djsxk bu okD;ksa esa
tks Hkh lR; gS og fof/k dh cyorj dkj.k
ls lR; gSA ;fn mij fn;s iz'uksa esa vkids
fe= dks dksbZ Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS rks
og vki ls iwN ldrk gSA gkWykafd bl
izdkj dh Li"Vrk dh vis{kk fo/kkue.My esa
fo/kku ds lanHkZ esa ugha dh tk ldrhA
gj jkst vf/koDrk fof/k ds dbZ Lo:iksa ls
eq[kkfrc gksrs gSa & lafo/kku] fo/kku] dsl
ykW] fu;e] ckè;rk,] fn'kk funsZ'k] lwpuk
vkfn\
dksbZ Hkh fo/kku fuekZrk leLr ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa ml fo/kku ds iz;ksx dh fof/k dh O;k[;k
nks izdkj dh lgk;rk ls dh tk ldrh gSA
vkUrfjd lgk;rk ls
ckgjh lgk;rk
vkUrfjd lgk;rk esa 'kh"kZd] izLrkouk]
ifjHkk"kk] izko/kku rFkk O;k[;k vkrs gSa rFkk
ckgjh lgk;rk ds varxZr lalnh; bfrgkl
Hkh lkekU; 'kCnksa dks le>us ess lgk;rk
djrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fof/k dh O;k[;k ds lanHkZ esa dbZ lkjs fu;e
gSa] muesa ls dqN fuEufyf[kr gS%
'kfCndrk dk fu;e
;g O;k[;k dk ljyre fu;e gSA blds
vuqlkj tc fo/kku ds 'kCn lh/ks rFkk ,d
vFkZ fy;s gq, gksrs gSa rc 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k
ewy :i esa djuh pkfg,] fcuk dqN tksM+s ;k
?kVk;sA 'kfCndrk dk fu;e dkQh egRoiw.kZ
gSa ;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
'kfCndrk ds fu;e ds iz;ksx ds ihNs
okLrfod dkj.k jktuSfrd gSA U;kf;d Lo;a
dks fof/k fuekZrk rFkk O;k[;k ds eè; Hksn
xyr Hkh gks ldrk gSa pfy;s gkVZ&Qqyj ds
fookn ls ,d izeq[k n"Vkar ysrs gSA (HLA
Hart "Positivism and the Seperation of
Law & Morals", 71 Harvard Law
Review 593, 619 (1958) izks- gkVZ ,d
lk/kkj.k fu;e ds ekè;e ls bls Li"V djrs
gSa fu;e gS fd ^ikdZ esa okguksa dk izos'k
fu"ks/k gSA ;fn Volkswagen,Polo ikdZ esa
?kqlrh gS] rks fu;e dh O;k[;k esa ^okgu
'kCn Li"V gS D;k Volkswagen,Polo ,d
okgu ckxhps esa ugha tk ldrs] vr% bl
iz'u dk tokc ldkjkRed gksxkA
vkb;s] vc FkksM+h cnyh ifjfLFkrh ns[krs gSaA
ikdZ esa ?kwers gq, ,d O;fDr dks ân;?kkr
gqvk rFkk Volkswagen,Polo dks
vkikrdkyhu baejtsalh dh rjg iz;ksx
fd;k x;k D;k Volkswagen Polo us fu;e
rksM+k gSA bl fu;e dh fof/k O;k[;k ;s
Li"V djrh gS fd pwafd Volkswagen,Polo
,d dkj gS vr% mldk izos'k ikdZ esa fu"ks/k
gSA ij bl izdkj dh fof/kd O;k[;k
lkekU; Kku ds foijhr gSA ;s cgqr
eqf'kdy gS fd 'kkfCndrk dk fu;e ifjis{;
ds fu;e ls esy [kk;sA fu;e dk ifjis{;
;g fcYdqy Hkh izko/kku ugha djrk fd ikdZ
esa fdlh O;fDr dks fpfdRlh; lgk;rk uk
nhtk,A blh izdkj ifjis{;@izlax dk
fu;e cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA
izlax dk fu;e
O;k[;k dk izlax dk fu;e lkekU; le>
ds vuq:i gSA blesa 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k
vkerkSj ij izlax ds lanHkZ esa gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar &Åij mYysf[kr ikdZ esa tgk¡
Volkswagen'kkfey Fkh] vc nwljh leLr
mRiUu gksrh gSA ,d ^'kkfjfjd :i ls
vl{ke O;fDr ij Motorised wheel chair
ls ikdZ ds vanj vkuk pkgrk gSA D;k
Wheel Chair,d okgu gS\ fu;e ds
vuqlkj ikdZ esa okgu fu"ks/k gSA rks
D;kWheelchairij Hkh fu"ks/k gksxkA
gekjh lkekU; le> ;g dgrh gS fd ;g
xyr gksxk fd ikdZ esaWheelchairdks vkus
ls jksdk tk,A D;ksa\ fu;e ds ihNs D;k
izlax@ifjis{; gSA ifjis{; ;g gSfd ikdZ esa
okguksa dks vkus ls blfy, jksdk tk, rkfd
mlesa ?kweus okys yksx ijs'kku uk gksA ,d
'kkfjfjd :i ls vl{ke O;fDr ikdZ esa
cxSjWheelchairds ugha ?kwe ldrkA D;k
fu;e dk mís'; ,d fuf'pr oxZ ds yksxksa
dks ikdZ esa ?kweus ls jksdsxkA tokc
udkjkRed gksxkA
dbZ ckj fu;e esa iz;qDr 'kCn Lor% viuh
O;k[;k dj nsrs gSaA bu lanHkZ esa 'noscitur
a sociis ,d ySfVu 'ejusdemgeneris' ds
fu;e iz;qDr gksrs gSaA
noscitur a sociis ,d ySfVu eSfDle gS
ftldk vFkZ gS 'kCn dk vFkZ ml ds lanHkZ
ls ,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA Ejusdem
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized user or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
generis dk vFkZ gS ,d gh izdkj vFkok
Js.kh dsA Ejusdem generis ds vuqlkj tc
,d lkekU;'kCn fof'k"V 'kCnksa ds lk{k
fy[kk gS rc lkekU; 'kCn dh O;k[;k lwph
ds vU; 'kCnksa esa lkFk dh tkuh pkfg,A
n`"Vkar &lafo/kku dh /kkjk 12 ds vuqlkj
vU; izko/kkuksa ds vfrfjDr lafo/kku ds bu
Hkkx esa jkT; ds vUrxZr dsUnz ljdkj laln
jkT; fo/kku e.My rFkk Hkkjr la?k dh
lhek ds varxZr vU; LFkkuh; rFkk vU;
izkf/kdkj tks fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu
vkrs gSaA jkT; gS ;g iz'u fd D;k
International Airport Authority lafo/kku
ds vuq- 12 ds varxZr jkT; gS fd ugha ds
tokc esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k
fd vuq- 12 esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^vU; izkf/kdkj
ds vuqlkj International Airport
Authority jkT; gSA (Ramana Dayaram
Shetty Vs. International Airport
Authority of India, AIR 1979 SC 1628)
fj"Vh dk fl)kUr &fl"Vh ds fl)kUr ds
vuqlkj iz'u ds varxZr oS/kkfudrk dk iz'u
ugha gksuk pkfg, vfirq oS/kkfudrk ds le{k
iz'u dh fLFkfr vko';d gSA blh rjg ls
fo/kku ds lEeq[k ifjfLFkfr vko';d gS rFkk
og fj"Vh ftldk fo/kku mipkj iznku
djrk gSA vr% vo/kku dh O;k[;k bl :i
esa gksuk pkfg, rkfd fj"Vh dk neu gks lds
rFkk mipkj izHkkoh gks ldsA
n`"Vkar &Hindustan Lever Employee
Union Vs. Hindustan Lever Limited AIR
1995 SC470 ds ekeys esa Hindustan
Lever Employee Union rFkk TOMCO
ds lfEeyu dh ;kstuk fooknksa esa FkhA nksuksa
dEiuh;ksa ds lsod bu lfEeyu dks ysdj
fpafrr FksA ;kstuk ij fookn dk ,d dkj.k
;g Hkh Fkk fd ;g ;kstuk dsUnz ljdkj
}kjk ekU;rk izkIr ugha FkhA ;g ekU;rk
Monopolies rFkk Restrictive Trade
Practice Actdh /kkjk 23 ds vuq:i feyuh
Fkh] gkWykafd bl /kkjk dks ckn esa fujLr dj
fn;k x;kA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa mPpre
U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fd D;ksafd fjf"V
dk lek/kku /kkjk ds fujLrhdj.k ls gks
tkrk gS rFkk bl izdkj bl lfEeyu dks
dsUnz ljdkj }kjk ekU;rk fn;k tkus dh
ekax mfpr ugha gSA
XX
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo’k;---10 fof/kd vkpkj ,oa vf/koDrkvks dh
vkpkjlafgrk
ifjp;%&
ewy :i ls ckj dkamfly vkQ bf.M;k dks
;s vf/kdkj gS fd og vf/koDrkvksa ds
O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr fu;eksa dk izko/kku dj
ldsaA BCI }kjk cuk;s x;s fu;e O;kid
ugha gSA vf/koDrkvksa ds vf/kdkj] drZO;
rFkk fo'ks’kkf/kdkjk as ls lEcaf/kr fu;e flfoy
izfØ;k lafgrk] vf/k’Brk vf/kfu;e ds
vfrfjDr fl)karks fopkj/kkjkvkas] ijEijkvkas
rFkk jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk l`ftr fu;eksa
esa fufgr gSA (Oil & Natural Gas
Commission V, Offshore Enterprises
AIR 1993 Bom 217)
vf/koDrk dh ifjHkk’kk%& vf/koDrk ls rkRi;Z
vf/koDrk vf/kfu;e ds micU/kksa ds v/khu
fdlh ukekoyh esa ntZ vf/koDrk ls vfHkizsr
gSA ¼/kkjk 2 ¼1½¼2½½
izos”k rFkk jftLVªs”ku%&
BCI, ,MoksdsV ,DV ds v/khu vius d`R;ksa
ds fuoZgu ds fy, fu;e cuk ldsxhA BCI
vf/koDrkvksa ds :i esa ukekafdr fd, tkus
ds fy, gdnkj O;fDr;ksa dk oxZ ;k izoxZ
ds lanHkZ esa fu;e cuk ldsxh (549 (1)
vf/koDrk vf/kfu;e ;g izko/kku djrk gS]
fd dqN fuf”pr O;fDr;ksa dks vf/koDrk ds
:i esa iaftdr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g
O;fDr fuEufyf[kr gS%&
¼1½ uSfrd nqO;Zogkj ds nks’kh ¼2½ vLi`”;rk
ds vkjksih rFkk og O;fDr ftUgsa uSfrd
nqO;Zogkj ds dkj.k viuk in NksM+uk iM+kA
ijUrq ukekadu ds fy, ;FkkiwoksZDr fujgZrk]
mlds [fu;qZDr ;k fjgk fd;s tkus ;k
inP;qr ;k tSlk ekeyk dks gVk, tkus] ls
nks o’kZ dh vof/k dh lekfIr ds i”pkr~
izHkkoh ugha jgsxhA ;g ckr nks’kh ik;s x;s
fdlh ,sls O;fDr ij ykxq ugha gksxh ftlds
laca/k esa vijk/kh ifjfo/kk vf/kfu;e 1958
ds mica/kksa ds v/khu dk;Zokgh dh x;h gSA
[S.24 (A)(2), Advocates Act]
n`’Vkar%& A ,d ljdkjh lsok ds fy,
vkosnu djrk gSA lsok ds dqN fuf”pr in]
,d fuf”pr fiNM+s oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr g SaA
A vkjf{kr oxZ ls ugha gSA ijUrq og ukSdjh
izkIrh ds fy, QthZ izek.ki= tek djkrk
gSA ekeys dh lquokbZ esa ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k
x;k fd mlus uSfrd v/kerk ls lacaf/kr
vijk/k fd;k gS] rFkk A nks’kh gSA A eqfDr
ds nks o’kZ rd vf/koDrk ds :i esa iathdr
ugha gks ldrk (Kumari Madhuri Patil V.
Additional Commissioner, Tribal
Development) AIR 1995 SC 94)
n`’Vkar%& A, tks dh ,d vf/koDrk gS] ml
ij equflQ U;k;ky; esa Hkkstu vodk”k ds
njE;ku B ij tks fd foi{kh vf/koDrk gS]
pkdq ls geyk djus dk vkjksi gS] A us
xksyh Hkh pykbZ FkhA A vijk/k dk nks’kh gS
rFkk jkT; ckj dkmafly dks A dks bl
vijk/k ds fy, fof/k O;olk; ls fu’ks|
djus dk vf/kdkj gSA jkT; ckj dkmafly
dh vuq”kklu lehfr dks ;g vf/kdkj gS]
fd ,sls O;ogkj ds nks’kh vf/koDrkvksa dks
ltk ns ldrh gSA (Based on Himkat Ali
Khan V. Ishwar Prasad Arya, AIR 1997
SC 864)
;gk¡ è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS] ;fn ,d
vkosnudrkZ tks fd vf/koDrk ds :i esa
iathd`r gksuk pkgrk gS] vkSj uSfrd v|erk
dk nks’kh gS] tSlk dh Åij ds n`’Vkar esa
n”kkZ;k x;k gS] eqfDr ds nks o’kZ ds i”pkr~
rd mldk jftLVªs”ku ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA
n`’Vkar%& Åij ds mnkgj.k esa A fdlh ij
pkdw ls geyk djus ds LFkku ij fdlh
jkT; laLFkku ls ¼State Bank ;k vk;dj
foHkkx½ ls iSls pqjkrk gS] rc Hkh A us
uSfrd v|erk dk vijk/k fd;k gS] rFkk
ml ij nks o’kZ dk fu’ks/k yx ldrk gSA A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
uSfrd v|erk ds dkj.k nks o’kZ ds fy,
nks’kh gSA ijUrq og ukekadu ds fy, iqu%
vkosnu djrk gSA ijUrq mls nks o’kZ rd
iathd`r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
n`’Vkar%& A tks fd ,d vf/koDrk gS] og
vLi’Vrk vf/kfu;e 1955 dk nks’kh gS] vr%
mldk uke jksy esa ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
mlh izdkj A ,d vkosnu djrk gS] ijUrq
og vLi’Vrk vf/kfu;e ds varxrZ nks’kh Hkh
gS] vr% mls nks o’kZ ds fy, fu’ks/k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
nqO;Zins”ku rFkk diV }kjk ukekadu%& ;fn
Hkkjrh; fof/kK ifj’kn~ dks ;g lek/kku gks
tkrk gS] fd fdlh O;fDr us fdlh vko”;d
rF; ds lEcU/k esa nqO;Zins”ku }kjk ;k diV
}kjk vlE;d~ vlj Mkydj vf/koDrk
ukekoyh esa viuk uke ntZ djok;k gS] rks
og ml O;fDr dks lquokbZ dk volj nsus
ds i”pkr~] mldk uke vf/koDrk ukekoyh
esa ls gVk ldsxhA (S 26 (1) Ad. Act)
diV ,d csbZekuh gS] ftldk mÌs”; ykHk
dekuk gSA (S.P. Chegakuaraya Naidu V.
Jagnath AIR 1994 SC 583)
n`’Vkar%& P iath;u ds fy, vkosnu djrk
gS] ijUrq og Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk
411 rFkk 473 ds varxrZ nks’kh gSA rFkk og
;g ckr fdlh dks ugha crkrkA P dk uke
ukekadu lwph ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 17 ds
varxrZ ;g drZO; gS] fd og tkudkjh
crk,a fQj pkgs iwoZ&vijk/k ds laca/k esa iwNk
x;k gks ;k ugha ijUrq P dks crkuk pkfg,A
(Joginder Singh V. Bar Council of India
AIR 1975 Del 192)
n`’Vkar%& P, ,d ,MoksdsV gS rFkk og
ukekadu lwph esa ukekadu djkuk pkgrk gS]
ijUrq og vius fo:) py jgs nqO;Zogkj ds
ekeys dks fNikrk gS] P ukekadu djkus dk
gdnkj ugh gSA (Inder Singh, Inre 1963
(65) PLR 619)
d`I;k bl ifjis{; esa lafonk vf/kfu;e dh
/kkjk 17 ds n`’Vkar rFkk /kkjk 18 dks i<+sA
,d ckj jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk iathdj.k
dk vkosnu fujLr gksus ij og O;fDr nwljs
jkT; ckj dkmafly esa vkosnu ugha dj
ldrk] tc rd fd og jkT; ckj dkmafly
rFkk ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k fy[kr esa
Lohd`rh uk nsA ¼/kkjk 27] Ad. Act½
vU; jkstxkj ij fucZU/ku
;fn ,d O;fDr fof/k O;olk; djuk pkgrk
gS] rks og flQZ fof/k O;olk; gh dj
ldrk gSA mls viuk eu bl izdkj cukuk
gksxk fd og flQZ fof/k O;olk; djs dqN
vkSj ughaA (Re S, a Pleader Raghunath
Pur AIR 1936 Pat1)
ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k fu;e 1975 vU;
jkstxkj ij fucZU/k yxkrk gSA
¼1½ ,d ,MoksdsV O;fDrxr :i ls fdlh
O;kikj esa “kkfey ugh a gks ldrk] ijUrq
jkT; ckj dkamfly ds fu;eksa ds vuq:i
og fdlh QeZ esa Sleeping Partnership
dj ldrk gSA ijUrq O;kikj fof/k O;olk;
dh izfr’Bk ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A (BCI
rules Part VI Chapter II, Section VII
Rule 47)
,d ,MoksdsV fdlh dEiuh dk
Mk;jsDVj ;k cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVj
ds ps;jeSu ds in ij Qhl ds fcuk
o Qhl lfgr in izkIr dj ldrk
gSA A ijUrq ;g in fØ;kUred
LoHkko dk ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,d
,MoksdsV fdlh dEiuh dk eSusftax
Mk;jsDVj ;k lsdsVªjh ugha gks
ldrkA (BCI, Rules Part VI,
Chapter II, Section II, Rule 48)
,d vf/koDrk fof/k O;olk; djrs
le; fdlh O;fDr] ljdkj] QeZ
vkfn esa iw.kZdkfyd osruHkksxh ugha
gks ldrkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;fn dksbZ vf/koDrk vU; jkstxkj
Lohdk;Zrk gS rks mls bldh
tkudkjh ml jkT; ckj dkmafly
dks nsuh gksxh ftlesa mldk
ukekadu gS rFkk og rc rd fof/k
O;olk; ugha djsxk tc rd fd
og vU; jkstxkj esa layXu gSA
(BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II,
Sector VII, Rule 49)
jkT; ckj dkmafly vf/koDrk dks
dsUnz] jkT;] fdlh jkT; dkWiksZjs”ku
o fdlh fo|k;h fudk; esa fof/k
vf/kdkjh ds in ij iw.kZdkyhu
osruHkksxh ds in ij fu;qfDr dj
ldrk gSA /kkjk 28(2) (d) rFkk
24(l)(e), Adv. Act dI;k bls
BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II,
Section VII, Rule 49 ds lkFk i<+sa½
fof/k vf/kdkjh ,d ,slk vf/kdkjh
gksrk gS tks dsUnz] jkT;] jkT;
dkWiksZjs”ku o fdlh fo|k;h fudk;
dh vksj ls U;k;ky; esa iSjoh djrk
gSA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter
II, Section VII, Rule 49)
;fn ,d vf/koDrk dks ikfjokfjd O;kikj
mÙkjkf/kdkj esa feyrk gS] rc vf/koDrk ,sls
O;kikj dks tkjh j[k ldrk gS] ijUrq
vf/koDrk futh ;k O;fDrxr rkSj ij ,sls
O;olk; dk izca/ku ugha dj ldrk
mÙkjkf/kdkj esa izkIr O;kikj dk oks vf/koDrk
Hkkxhnkjh j[k ldrk gSA (BCI, Rules Part
VI, Chapter II, Section VII, Rule 50)
n`’Vkar%& A dks vkS/kksfxd fookn vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 17B ds vUrxrZ HkÙkk feyrk gS]
tc ekeys dk fopkj.k mPpre U;k;ky; esa
yfEcr Fkk A rc Hkh vUojr fof/k O;olk;
esa layXu Fkk vr% A v/kerk dk nks’kh gS
rFkk mls fof/k O;olk; ls fu’ks/k fd;k tk
ldrk gSA (Shaik Mahboob Hussain Vs
Bar Council of State of Andhra Pradesh
High Court Hyderabad, AIR, 2003 NOC
295)
n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa A dks HkÙkksa
dh izkfIr ds LFkku ij og fdlh O;fDr]
ljdkjh] QeZ] dkWiksZjs”ku vkfn esa iw.kZdkyhu
osruHkksxh gksrs rc Hkh A }kjk fu;e dks
mYya?ku fd;k ekuk tkrkA
n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ;fn A dks
jkT; ckj dkmafly }kjk ;g vkns”k izkIr
gksrk gS fd og fdlh dsUnzh; ;k jkT; rFkk
yksd dkWiksZjs”ku esa fof/k vf/kdkjh ds in ij
dk;Z dj ldrk gS] ml ifjfLFkfr esa A
}kjk fdlh fu;e dk mYya?ku ugha fd;k
ekuk tkrkA
n`’Vkar%& mijksDr mnkgj.k esa A ;fn HkÙks
ysus ds LFkku ij fdlh dEiuh ds cksMZ
vkWQ Mk;jsDVj ds in ;k ps;jeSu ds in
ij o “kqYd lfgr ;k jfgr dk;Z djrk gS]
rc Hkh A }kjk fdlh fu;e dk mYya?ku
ugha fd;k x;k ijUrq /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr
;g gS fd bu inkas ij A ds drZO;
fØ;kRed Lo:i ds ugha gksus pkfg, rFkk
A uk gh fdlh dEiuh ds Mk;jsDVj ;k
lsØsVjh ds in ij dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
n`’Vkar%& A mÙkjkf/kdkj }kjk izkIr O;kikj
esa Hkkxhnkjh ;k mls pyk ldrk gS] ijUrq
A dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij mlds izca/ku esa
Hkkx ysus dh vkKk ugha gSA
,d vf/koDrk%&
ikfjJfed ds cnys lalnh;
fcy dh leh{kk dj ldrk gSA
osruHkÙkksa ij fof/k iqLrdkas dks
laikfnr dj ldrk gSA
v[kckjksa ds fy, iqu%fujh{k.k
dj ldrk gSA
fof/k ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh djk
ldrk gSA
ijh{kk i=kas dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk
ijh{k.k dj ldrk gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fof/kd rFkk xSj fof/kd fo’k;
dk f”k{k.k] i=dkjhrk dj
ldrk gS ¼ijUrq ;g foKkiu
rFkk iw.kZdkyhd jkstxkj ds
fu;eksa ds fo:) uk gks½A
ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k ,d vf/koDrk
dks va”kdkyhu jkstxkj djus dh vuqefr
nsrk gS] ijUrq ;g%&
jkT; ckj dkmafly ds vuqlkj
dh izd`fr mlds O;oklkj ds
fo:) ugh gksuh pkfg,A
;g fof/k O;olk; dh izfr’Bk
ds fo:) ugh gksuk pkfg,A
;g fu;e BCI }kjk
le;≤ ij tkjh fu;eksa ds
v/khu gksrs gSA (BCI, Rules
Part VI, Chapter II, Section
VII, Rule 52)
vf/koDrk ds drZO;
ckj dkmafly vkQ bafM;k ds fu;eksa ds
vuqlkj ,d vf/koDrk dh vU; drZO;ksa ds
vfrfjDr eqofDdy ds fy, U;k;ky; ds
fy,] lgHkkxh;ksa ds fy, rFkk fojksf/k;kas ds
fy, dqN drZO; gSA
vf/koDrk ds vius eqofDdyksa ds fy, drZO;
i{ki= Lohdk;Z djuk%&
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa ;k izkf/kdj.k
esa i{ki= dks Lohdk;Z djuk gksxkA “k qYd
vf/koDrk dh ckj esa fLFkfr rFkk ekeys ds
Lo:i ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ,d vf/koDrk
fuf”pr ifjfLFkfr dks i{ki= dks Lohdk;Z
djus ls euk Hkh dj ldrk gSA (BCI,
Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II,
Rule II)
n`’Vkar%& C ds fo:) ,d Øhfeuy ekeys
esa IC ckj fdlh Hkh ofj’B vf/koDrk dh
lsok ugha ys ik;kA C us ckj ds izR;sd
lnL; ds ikl x;k ij lHkh us mls fujk”k
fd;kA ckj ds dqN ofj’B vf/koDrkvksa us
i{ki= blfy, Lohdk;Z djus ls euk dj
fn;k] D;ksafd muds f”kdk;rdÙkkZ ls lEcU/k
gks rFkk vU; lHkh f”kdk;rdÙkkZ ds izHkko esa
FksA ekeys ds fopkj.k esa U;k;ky; us ;g
Li’V fd;k fd ,d vfHkoDrk dks ;fn
“kqYd iznku fd;k tk, rks mls i{ki=
vLohdk;Z djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gS
rFkk nwljs i{kdkj ds lkFk lEca/k gksus ds
dkj.k vLohdk;Z djus dk dksbZ vkSfpR;
ugha gSA (Lalta Vs Zahoor Ahmed AIR
1925, Oudh 672)
opui= dks u rksM+uk%&
vkerkSj ij ,d vf/koDrk Lohdk;Z opui=
dks ugha rksM+ ldrk tc rd
,slk djus dk dksbZ Li’V dkj.k uk
gksA
tc rd dh bldh mfpr rFkk
;qfDr;qDr lwpuk eqofDdy dks u ns
nh xbZ gksA
;fn ,d vf/koDrk Lo;a dks opui= ls nwj
djrk gS] rks mls eqofDdy dks vuqikftZr
“kqYd ykSVkuk gksxkA (BCI, Rules Part VI,
Chapter II, Section II, Rule 12)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS] rFkk og
ekeys dh iSjoh fuor gksuk pkgrk gS] ijUrq
og uk rks bldk dks funsZf”kr izko/kku Fkk]
uk gh og eqofDdy dks bldh lwpuk nsrk
gS rFkk u gh og eqofDdy dks vuqikftZr
“kqYd gh vnk djrk gSA vr% A, ekeys dh
iSjoh ls Lo;a dks eqDr ugha dj ldrkA
(Patel Maganlal Dhanijibhai Vs Patel
Laxmidal Narainbai Kansagana AIR
1988, Guj. 48)
tc vf/koDrk ekeys esa Lo;a xokg gks rc
og i{ki= Lohdk;Z djus ls eqDr gksa ;g
vko”;d gS fd tc vf/koDrk dks ,slk yxs
dh vkxs pydj mls mDr ekeyksa esa xokg
cuk;k tk ldrk gS] rks mls i{ki= dks
Lohdk;Z gh ugha djuk pkfg,A
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;fn vf/koDrk us i{ki= ij gLrk{kj dj
fn;s gS] rFkk ifjfLFkfr o”k mldh xokgh
vko”;d gS rks rRdky mls iSjoh NksM+ nsuh
pkfg,A ;fn mlls rRdky eqofDdy dk
i{k izHkkfor uk gksA (BCI, Rules Part VI,
Chapter II, Section II, Rule 13)
flfoy U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og
fdlh vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k
vf/koDrk ds :i esa vkus ls jksd nsA ;fn
vf/koDrk fdlh ekeys esa xokg gS rFkk
okLrfod :i ls vf/koDrk dks gVkus ds
fy, izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA (S 151 Code of
Civil Procedure)
n`’Vkar%& ,d foHkktu ds ckn esa] A ,d
vf/koDrk gS rFkk og izfroknh D dk
izfrfuf/kRo dj jgk gSA D, P }kjk ,d
“kiFk i= izLrqr djrk gSA bl “kiFki= esa
igpku A }kjk dh xbZ gSA vFkkZr~
“kiFk&i= dh ekSfydrk fl) djus ds fy,
A dh xokgh vko”;d gSA vc A ekeys esa
D dh iSjoh ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd blesa
A dh xokgh dh lEHkkouk gSA
(Chhatrapati Shivaji Vs State of Bihar
AIR 1990 Pat 157)
,d vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og
i{kkdkj ;k i{kkdkjksa ls lEcaf/kr vius fgr
rFkk lEca/kkas dh iw.kZ rFkk [kqydj ?kks’k.kk
djks ,d vf/koDrk ds fy, ;g vko”;d gS
fd og i{kdkjkas ls orZeku rFkk Hkwrdkyhu
lEca/kkas dh ?kks’k.kk vius i{kdkj ls djsA
vfHkoDrk dks ;fn fookn ls dksbZ ykHk gksus
okyk gks] rks og bldh tkudkjh eqofDdy
dks ns rkfd oks ;g fu’d’kZ ij vk lds fd
og i{ki= ds lkFk vkxs c<+uk pkgrk gS ;k
ughaA (BCI, Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rules 14)
vf/koDrksa dks i{kdkj ds fgr dks loksZifj
ekuuk pkfg, rFkk mls vius O;fDrxr
LokFkZ dk R;kx dj nsuk pkfg,A vf/koDrk
dks Hk;eqfDr gksdj leqfpr lk/kuksa ds }kjk]
vius eqofDdy ds fgrksa dh j{kk djuh
pkfg,A
vf/koDrk dks vius i{kdkj dh fQj pkgs
og vijk/k esa nks’kh gks ;k ugh a vius
O;fDrxr fopkjksa ls Åij mBrs gq, j{kk
djuh pkfg,A vf/koDrk dks fof/k esa lPph
fu’Bk j[kuh pkfg, rFkk fof/k ds vuqlkj
fdlh O;fDr dks leqfpr lk{;ksa ds vk/kkj
ds fcuk nks’kh ugh a Bgjk;k tk ldrkA
(BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section
II, Rule 15)
n`’Vkar%& A, C dh iSjoh djrk gS] ,d
ekeys esa ftlesa C nks’kh gS Hkkjrh; n.M
lafgrk dh /kkjk 289 ds varxrZ nks’kh gSA C
ij ,d vkØed ikyrw i”k q dks ikyu
lEca/kh vkijkf/kd ykijokgh dk vkjksi gSA
bl ikyrw i”kq us ‘J’ dks xaHkhj pksV igq¡pkbZ
gS] ekus dh A dks vkØed i”kqvk as dk Hk;
gS rFkk mldk ekuuk gS fd tks i”k q ekuo
ds fy, vkØed rFkk ?kkrd gS mUgsa lekt
esa j[kus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA A dk
;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ,sls i”kq ekfydk sa dks
ltk feyuh pkfg,A ;gk¡ A dk ;g drZO;
gS fd og vius uhth rFkk O;fDrxr fopkjkas
ls Åij mBdj C ds fgrkas dh j{kk djks A
dks ;gk¡ ;g Hkh [;ky j[kuk pkfg, dh
lk{;ksa ds vHkko esa C dgh nks’kh fl) uk
gksA (Mohammad Sadique Vs Emperor
(1904) 1Crl 1059CA11 ij vk/kkfjrA)
bl izdkj vfHk;kstu djuk rkfd csxqukg
dks ltk uk gks%&
vijkf/kd ekeykas ds izksflD;wVj dks bl
izdkj vfHk;kstu djuk pkfg, dh ,d
csxqukg dks ltk uk gksA vfHk;kstd dks bl
ckr dk [;ky j[kuk pkfg, dh fdlh rF;
dks [kjkc u fd;k tk;s ftlls dh
nks’keqDrrk fl) gksrh gksA (BCI, Rules
Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 16)
n`’Vkar%& P, D ds fo:) ,d cgq&pfpZr
gR;k ds ekeys esa vfHk;kstu dj jgk Fkk] D
ds fo:) ,d etcwr ekeyk cukus ds fy,
ehfM;k P dh rkjhQ dj jgh FkhA P dks 9
xokg feyrs gS] tks D ds fo:) xokgh dks
rS;kj FksA le; ds lkFk&lkFk P dks ;g
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vkHkkl gksrk gS fd 9 es ls 8 xokg foijhr
ckr cksy jgs gS ;k vius c;ku ls iyV jgs
gSA P dks xokgkas dh lR;rk ij “kadk gksrh
gSA P dks ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd cpk gqvk
,d xokg tks xokg ds fy, rS;kj gS]
mldh ea”kk ihfM+r dks ekjus dh FkhA ,slh
ifjfLFkfr esa P dk ;g drZO; gS fd og
lcdks rF; ls voxr djk;s rFkk xokgkas ds
vk/kkj ij D dks iz”uxr djuk can dj nsA
(Davis Vs State 660 SE 2nd 354)
vf/koDrk dk ;g Hkh drZO; gS fd og vius
eqofDdy ls lEcksaf/kr fo”ks’kkf/kdkj rFkk
xqIr lwpuk dks ckgj u crk;sA Hkkjrh;
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds vuqlkj
,d vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd izR;{k
rFkk vizR;{k :i ls /kkjk 126 dk mYya?ku
u djsaA (BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rule 17)
lk{; vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 126 ds o`frd
lalwpuk rFkk xksiuh; tkudkjh ds vykok
fuEufyf[kr ds ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrk
gSA
vf/koDrk rFkk i{kdkj ds e/;
opuca/k ds nkSjku gqbZ lalwpukA
(126(1) Evidence Act)
fdlh nLrkost dh fLFkfr rFkk
lkexzh ds lEca/k esa] ftlls
vf/koDrk ekeys ds nkSjku igpku esa
vk;kA
opuca/k ds nkSjku vf/koDrk }kjk
i{kdjk dks nh xbZ lykgA (S 126
Evidence Act)
fuEu lwpuk dks vf/koDrk lkoZtfud dj
ldrk gSA
fdlh vkxkeh vfo/kkbZ d`R; dh
lalwpukA
oupca/k ds nkSjku ;fn vf/koDrk
dks vU; vijk/k ds lEca/k esa
tkudkjh gksA
n`’Vkar%& A vius odhy ls dgrk gS ^^eSaus
dwVjpuk dh gS rFkk eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe
esjk cpko djks** ;g lalwpuk lkoZtfud
djus ;ksX; ughaA
,d vf/koDrk ml ifjfLFkfr esa tkudkjh
lkoZtfud dj ldrk gS tc mls ,slk
djus ds fy, Lo;a i{kdkj us lgefr ns nh
gksA
n`’Vkar%& mnkgj.k ds fy, Åij fn;s n`’Vkar
esa A, B ls ;g dgrk gS fd ^^eSaus dwVjpuk
dh gS rFkk eS pkgrk gw¡ fd rqe esjk cpko
djksA** A, B ls ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd ^^eSa
nks’keqDr gksdj vkuk pkgrk gw¡ ;fn tt
eq>s {keknku ns ns] rks Hkh vijk/k Lohdkjus
dks Hkh rS;kj gw¡A** ;gk¡ ij B lwpuk ckgj
crk ldrk gS ;fn tt A dk {keknku dks
jkth gks rks ;gk¡ /;ku ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd
B rHkh tkudkj ckgj nsrk gS tc A
mldh vkKk ns nsrk gSA
* vf/koDrk dksbZ Hkh lwpuk ckgj ikjh dj
ldrk gS ;fn i{kdkj Hkfo’; esa dksbZ
voS/kkfud dk;Z dh lalwpuk mls nsrk gSA
(R6 (1) lk{; vf/kfu;e)
Clark Vs. United States ds egRoiw.kZ
ekeys esa U.S. loksZPp U;k;ky; ;g
izko/kku djrk gS fd ;fn A ,d i{kdkj
odhy ls lykg ysrk gS] ;g lykg mls
diV djus ds lgk;rk nsrh gS] vr% A dks
vc dkuwu ls dksbZ lgk;rk ugha feysxhA
i{kdkj dks ges”kk lR; crkuk pkfg,A
(Clark Vs. United States 289, USI, 15
(1933))
jkstxkj dh lekfIr ds ckn Hkh /kkjk 126 ds
drZO; ikjh jgrh gSA
eqdnesckth ds fy, mrsftr uk djukA
,d vf/koDrk dks fdlh Hkh le;
eqdnesckth ds fy, mrsftr ugha djuk
pkfg,A vklku “kCnksa esa dgs a rks odhy dks
i{kdkjkas ij ncko Mkydj ;k ckrksa esa ysdj
eqdnesckth ugha djuh pkfg,A (BCI,
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II,
Rule 18)
fof/k O;olk; ds izR;sd lnL; dh ;g
ftEesnkjh gS fookn] ikfjokfjd erHksnkas rFkk
vU; >xM+kas dk ln~Hkkouk ls fuiVkjk
djk;s] rFkk ;g fl) djsa dh fd vke
/kkj.kk xyr gS dh odhy flQZ vius fgrksa
ds fy, eqdnesckth dks ugha c<+krsA (Justia
Raj Kishore Prasad, Paper Road at
Rotary Club Meeting Patna 1956 AIR
Journal Section).
n`’Vkar%& C ifjokj dh rhu larkuksa esa ls
,d gSA mldk vfoHkkftr tk;nkn es 1/3
dk fgLlk gSA C, A ds ikl tkrk gS rFkk
dksbZ oSdfYid jkLrk pkgrk gS ftlls
foHkktu Li’V gksA A, C dks dgrk gS fd
mlds chl lky ds vuqHko ls og ;g dg
ldrk gS fd U;k;ky; esa tkdj vki yM+rs
gS rks mUgas T;knk Hkkx feyrk gS] ;g
eqdnesckth ds fy, HkM+dkukA
vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd og vius
i{kdkj ds funsZ”kksa dk ikyu djsA (BCI,
Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section II,
Rule 19)
,d vf/koDrk eqdnes ds ifj.kke ds vk/kkj
ij ;k mlds Hkkx ds vk/kkj ij vius “k qYd
dk fu/kkZj.k ugha dj ldrkA
(BCI, Rules Part VI, Chapter II, Section
II, Rule 26)
n `’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS og vius
i{kdkj C ds lkFk ;g djkj djrk gS fd
C tks fd vHkh vius ls eqDr gS ;fn og
viuk osru rFkk HkÙks ikus esa le{k gksrk gS
rks A dks 5000/- #i;s feysxkA A dks bl
izdkj ds le>kSrs dk gd ugha gSA bldh
Lohd`fr Hkh ugha gSA
(P Vanketadri Shastri Vs. Sardar Kesar
Singh 1975 (2) APJ 180)
vf/koDrk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls uk rks
cksyh yxk ldrk u gh [kjhn ldrk gSA
fdlh fcØh ds fØ;kUo;u esa csph
xbZ dksbZ laifr
vf/koDrk gkykafd vius i{kdkj ds
fy, cksyh yxkus ij fu’ks| ugh a gSA
i{kdkj }kjk vf/koDrk dks cksyh
yxkus ;k lEifr [kjhnus ds fy,
izkf/kd`r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A (BCI,
Rules Part VI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rule 22)
,d vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ds lkFk vius
“kqYd dks iwoZ nkf;Ro ds cnys ugha lsV
djuh pkfg,A ;g nkf;Ro mlds eqofDdy
ds lkFk jkstxkj ds nkSjku vftZr ugha
gksrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rule 23)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS ftlus C ls
500/- # m/kkj fy;s Fks] C, A ds ikl vius
olh;r fy[kokus ds fy, vkrk gS A, C ls
dgrk gS fd eSa olh;r mu 500/- # ds
cnys fy[k nsrk gw¡A vr% A us fu;e 23
dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA
,d vf/koDrk dks vius eqofDdy ds
fo”okl dk xyr ykHk ugh a mBkuk pkfg,A
(BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section
II, Rule 24)
,d vf/koDrk dks ml iSls dk fglkc ;k
ys[kk j[kuk pkfg, tks mls eqofDdy ls
izkIr gqvk gSA
ys[kk esa ;g n”kkZuk pkfg,
eqofDdy ls izkIr iSlkA
eqofDdy ij [kpZ fd;k iSlkA
“kqYd ds [kkrs ij fd;k fodyuA
(BCI Rules, PartVI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rule 24)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS tks fd C dh
iSjoh dj jgk gSA A dks C ls 750/- #-
Niokus ds dk;Z gsrq izkIr gq,A A us ;g
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
iSls U;k;ky; es tek djk fn;s] rFkk ckn
esa “ks’k 242/- #- fcuk C dh vuqefr ls
fudky fy,A vr% A fu;e 25 ds mYya?ku
dk nks’kh gSA (M, an Advocate, Re, AIR
1957 SC 149)
tc vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ls /ku izkIr
gksrk gS rc vf/koDrk dks ;g Li’V djuk
pkfg, fd ;g /ku “kqYd dk Hkkx gS] ;k
[kpks± ds fy, gSA fcuk eqofDdy dh
Lohd`fr ds vf/koDrk [kpks± ds en esa izkIr
/ku dks vius “kqYd ds fy, ugh a fudky
ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section II, Rule 26)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS tks fcuk
eqofDdy dh Lohdfr ds U;k;ky; ls /ku
fudky ysrk gS rFkk ckn esa og eqofDdy C
dks iwjk iSlk okil Hkh ugha djrkA ijUrq
viuk “kqYd dkVus ds ckn “ks’k jkf”k ykSVk
nsrk gSA tc A us eqofDdy ds LFkku ij
tc U;k;ky; ls /ku fudkyk rc A dks C
ls Lohd`fr ysuh pkfg, FkhA A us /kkjk 26
dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Varigonda
Kameswaramma Vs Duvvuri V.
Swananthan AIR 1964 AP 158)
tc Hkh vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ls ;k
mldh rjQ ls iSlk feyrk gS rc mls
“kh?kz vfr ”kh?kz bldh lwpuk eqofDdy dks
nsuh pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI,
Chapter II, Section II, Rule 27)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS mls C
¼eqofDdy½ dh vksj ls /ku izkIr gksrk gS]
ijUrq A, C dks bldh tkudkjh ugha nsrkA
Kkr gksus ij tc C, A ls /ku ekaxrk gS rks
og mls ykSVkus esa vleFkZ jgrk gSA A us
/kkjk 27 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Re an
advocate AIR 1961 Ker 209(FB))
,d vf/koDrk dks eqofDdy ds ys[kksa dh
izfrfyfi mlds ekaxus ij mls lkSiuh
pkfg,A ijUrq izfrfyfi “k qYd eqofDdy }kjk
nh tkuh pkfg,A
,d vf/koDrk dks bl izdkj dk cUnkscLr
ugha djuk pkfg, ftlls vf/koDrk dks izkIr
/ku dtZ ds :i esa cny tk,A (BCI
Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section II,
Rule 31)
ftl ekeys dh iSjoh Lo;a vf/koDrk dj
jgk gS mlesa ,d vf/koDrk eqofDdy dks
iSls m/kkj ugha ns ldrkA (BCI Rules,
Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 32)
U;k;ky; ds izfr drZO;%&
,d vf/koDrk dks lnSo U;k;ky; dh
izfr’Bk ds vuq:i O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A
,d vf/koDrk dHkh ykpkj ugha gks ldrkA
tc Hkh U;kf;d vf/kdkj ds fo:) f”kdk;r
dk Bksl vk/kkj gks rks vf/koDrk dk ;g
vf/kdkj rFkk drZO; gS fd oks mi;qDr
izkf/kdkjh ds le{k viuk [ksn O;Dr dj
ldsA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section I, Rule I)
og vf/koDrk tks U;k;ky; dh voekuuk
dk nks’kh gS] og fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa iSjoh]
;k vU; dk;Z djus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gksxk]
tc rd dh og ektZu uk dj ysA
(Shaymalal Vyas Vs Inderchand Jain
another, AIR 2008 MP18)
mPp U;k;ky; U;k;ky; dh voekuuk ds
nks’kh O;fDr dh U;k;ky; es a mifLFkfr ij
jksd yxk ldrh gSA D;ksafd mPp U;k;ky;
dks U;k;ky; vf/koDrk ds O;ogkj lEca/kh
fu;e cukus dk vf/kdkj gSA (A 145 (1)
(a) of Indian Constitution)
mPpÙke U;k;ky; ,d vfHkysf[k; U;k;ky;
gS] rFkk mls vfHkysf[k; U;k;ky; dh
leLr “kfDr;ka izkIr gS rFkk ;s viuh
voekuuk ds nks’kh dks ltk Hkh ns ldrk
gSA (A 129 of India Constitution)
voekuuk ds fy, nf.Mr djus dh “kfDr
leLr mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks izkIr gSA (A 215
of Indian Constitution)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
U;k;ky; dh voekuuk nks izdkj dh gks
ldrh gSA
flfoy voekuuk & flfoy voekuuk ds
varxrZ fdlh vkns”k] fu.kZ;] fcØh] fjV ;k
U;k;ky; dh nwljh izfØ;k dk tkucw> dj
voekuuk “kkfey gSA (S.2(b) the contempt
of courts Act 1971)
fØfeuy voekuuk & fØfeuy voekuuk esa
fdlh rF; dks Nkiuk ¼”kCn] fpUg ;k vU;
lkn`”; oLrqvkas½ ;k vU; d`R; djuk tks fd
U;k;ky; dh izfr’Bk dks dyafdr
djuk ;k mls dyafdr djus dk
izlk; djrs gSA
U;kf;d izfØ;k esa nwf’kr iwokZx`g
gLr{ksi ;k gLr{ksi djus dk iz;kl
djrs gSA
fdlh Hkh jhfr ls U;kf;d iz”kklu
;k izfØ;k esa vojks/k djuk ;k
vojks/k djus dk
n`’Vkar % vf/koDrk A dh fjV ;kfpdk
mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk [kkjht dj nh
tkrh gSA A blls f[kUu gksdj dgrk gS fd
fo’k; ,slk ugh Fkk ftl ij Hkkjr ds eq[;
U;k;/kh”k lquokbZ djrsA A vkxs dgrk gS
fd fjV dk [kkjht gksuk vuqfpr rFkk
voS/kkfud Fkk rFkk ;g vuq- 14 dk [kqyk
mYya?ku gSA
A, ds dFkukas ds ifjis{; esa U;k;ky; us ;g
fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd A ds dFku U;k;ky;
dks dyafdr djus okys gS] rFkk mudh Hkk’kk
fu;e 2 dk mYya?ku gSA rFkk ;g ,d
fØfeuy voekuuk gSA (Dr. D.C. Saxena
Vs Hon’ble Chief Justice of India, AIR
1996 SC 24 81)
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds izfr lEeku
j[kuk pkfg, rFkk U;k;ky; dh izfr’Bk dks
le>uk pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI,
Chapter II, Section I, Rule 2)
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks
xyr rFkk voS/kkfud rjhdksa ls izHkkfor
ugha djuk pkfg,A ,d U;k;k/kh”k ds lkFk
fopkj.kh; eqÌs ij lalwpuk iw.kZ :is.k fu’ks|
gSA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section I, Rule 3)
n`’Vkar%& A, ,d vf/koDrk gS tks D dk
cpko dj jgk gS] D ij C }kjk geyk
djds xaHkhj vigrh djus dk vkjksi gSA C
dk ijh{k.k R }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk R
us viuh esMhdy fjiksZV esa ;g fy[kk dh C
dks ÝsDpj gqvk gS] vc A, R dks 300/- nsus
dh is”kd”k djrk gS rkfd ,d ldjkRed
esMhdy fjiksZV cukbZ tk ldsA A, ftlus
fu;e 3 dk mYya?ku fd;k gS D;ksafd og
xyr rFkk voS/kkfud rjhdksa ds U;k;ky;
ds fu.kZ; dks izHkkfor dj jgk FkkA
(Chandrashekhar Sami Vs Bar Council
of Rajasthan AIR 1983 SC 1012)
,d vf/koDrk dks vius eqofDdy dks
fuEufyf[kr ls cpk lds%&
xyr O;ogkj ls
U;k;ky; ls lEckasf/kr ,sls d`R; tks
Lo;a vf/koDrk ugha dj ldrk
vfHkoDrk ,sls eqofDdy dks ekeys ysus ls
euk dj ldrk gS tks xyr rjhdkas dk
iz;ksx dj jgk rFkk ,d vf/koDrk dks
U;k;ky; esa larqfyr Hkk’kk dk iz;ksx djuk
pkfg,A (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section I, Rule 4)
n`’Vkar%& Åij fn;s n`’VkUr esa A ,d
vf/koDrk gS rFkk fØfeuy ekeys eas D dk
cpko dj jgk gSA D, ftlus C ij ?kkrd
geyk fd;k gS] fQj D, A ls lEidZ djrk
gS fd og MkWDVj dks fj”or ns dj
ldkjkRed fjiksZV izkIr dj ysA ;gk¡ ij A
dk ;g drZO; gS fd og D dks ,sls O;ogkj
ds fy, euk djs] vxj D fQj Hkh ugha
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
ekurk rks] og A, D dk izfrfuf/kRo djuk
NksM+ ldrk gSA
,d vf/koDrk dks U;k;ky; esa ges”kk mfpr
x.kos’k ;k Mªsl esa vkuk pkfg,A (BCI
Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I,
Rule 52)
,d vf/koDrk viuk x.kos’k U;k;ky; ds
vfrfjDr rFkk dqN ioks±] ij rFkk ,sls
LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ ckj dkmafly vkWQ bafM;k
}kjk U;k;ky; fuf”pr djs igu ldrk gS]
vU;= ughaA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter
II, Section I, Rule 7)
,d vf/koDrk U;k;ky; esa] fVªcwuy esa] esa
fdlh laxBu] laLFkku] dkWiksZjs”ku ds cpko
o foi{k esa ugha vk ldrk ftldk dh og
dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dk lnL; gksA (BCI
Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I,
Rule 8)
vf/koDrk fdlh ,sls ekeys dk vfHkopu
ugha djsxk ftlesa mlds vkfFkZd fgr
layXu gksA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter
II, Section I, Rule 9)
n`’Vkar%& A dks ml dEiuh dk okni{k
Lohdk;Z ugha djuk pkfg, ftldk og Lo;a
eSusftax Mk;jsDVj gksA
vfHkoDrk tekur nkrk ugha cu ldrk rFkk
og eqofDdy ds fy, tekur dks izekf.kr
Hkh ugha dj ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI,
Chapter II, Section I, Rule 10)
n`’Vkar%& ,d fØfeuy ekeys esa A
vf/koDrk C dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA C
,d tekurh vijk/k fd;k gS] A, C dh
_.k”kks/ku {kerk dks izekf.kr djrk gSA A
us fu;e 10 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA (Vijay
Singh Rathore Vs. Murarilal 1980 1
SCR (205)
foi{kh ds izfr drZO;%&
vf/koDrk foi{kh i{kdkj ls flQZ fookn ls
lEcaf/kr lalwpuk djsxk] og Hkh foi{kh
i{kdkj ds izfrfuf/k }kjk gksxkA (BCI
Rules, Part VI, Chapter II, Section I,
Rule 34)
n`’Vkar%& nks cguksa W rFkk S ds e/;
lEifr fookn esa A ¼vf/koDrk½ W dk
izfrfuf/k dj jgk Fkk rFkk T ¼vf/koDrk½ S
dk izfrfuf/k gS W, A dks crkrh gS fd mls
QdZ ugha iM+rk ;fn mls ewY;oku oLrq,a uk
feys] D;ksafd og rks flQZ xk¡o dk ?kj
pkgrh gS] ftlls mldh O;fDrxr ;kns
tqM+h gqbZ gSA A lh/ks S ds ikl tkdj ;g
izLrko j[krk gSA vr% A us fu;e 34 dk
mYya?ku fd;k gSA
vf/koDrk dk ;g drZO; gS fd foi{kh
i{kdkj ds lkFk fd;s leLr okns iw.kZ djus
dk iz;kl djsA (BCI Rules, Part VI,
Chapter II, Section I, Rule 35)
lg;ksfx;ksa ds izfr drZO;
,d vf/koDrk vius d`R; dk izR;{k rFkk
vizR;{k foKkiu ugha dj ldrk rFkk u gh
;kpuk djsxkA
ifji=] foKkiu] nykyksa] O;fDr
lajpukvksa }kjk ;k
O;fDrxr lEcU/kksa ls ijs lk{kkRdkj
v[kckjksa esa vius fopkj ns dj
vf/koDrk ekeys ls lEcaf/kr viuh rLohj
ugha Niok ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI,
Chapter II, Section I, Rule 36)
,d vf/koDrk dh ukeifV~Vdk rFkk lkbu
cksMZ fuEufyf[kr izdkj dk gksuk pkfg,&
,d ;qfDr;qDr vkdkj dk gksuk
pkfg,A
ml ij ;g mYys[k ugha gksuk
pkfg, fd og ckj dkWmfly dk
lnL;] izslhMsaV vkfn gS ;k fdlh
vU; laxBu dkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
(c) Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorised use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
;g mYysf[kr ugh gksuk pkfg, fd
og fdlh O;fDr ;k laxBu ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA
;g mYys[k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd
og fdlh fo”ks’k izdkj ds d`R; esa
ikjaxr gSA
;g mYys[k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd
og U;k;k/kh”k ;k ,MoksdsV tujy
jg pqdk gSA
tc eqofDdy “k qYd nsus esa l{ke gS rc
vf/koDrk fu;eksa ls de “kqYd ugha ys
ldrkA (BCI Rules, Part VI, Chapter II,
Section I, Rule 38)
n`’Vkar%& A ,d vf/koDrk gS rFkk E ,d
bathfu;j ;g nksukas Hkkxhnkjh djrs gS rFkk
nksuksa ykHk rFkk gkfu dh cjkcj dh
Hkkxhnkjh djrs gSA ;s bathfu;fjax lafonk ds
lanHkZ esa fof|d lykg nsrs gSA A us fu;e
37 dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA
vf/koDrk vius uke dk mYys[k ;k
iz;ksx fdlh lgk;rk tqVkus ;k fof/k
O;olk; ds vukf/kdr iz;ksx ds fy,
ugha dj ldrkA
XX
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
vf[ky Hkkjrh; ckj ijh{kk
ijh{kk mi;ksxh lkexzh
fo"k;--11 lEifÙk dkuwu
'kCn ^lEifÙk* dks Hkkjr ds fdlh Hkh fo/kku esa
ifjHkkf"kr ugh fd;k x;k gSa bls cgqr lkekU;
lanHkZ esa lHkh fof/k vf/kdkj rFkk ykHk ftudk
vkfFkZd egRo gks ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk
gSA lEifÙk dks dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA tSls & py lEifÙk] vpy lEifÙk]
okLrfod lEifÙk rFkk vewrZ lEifÙk] ewrZ lEifÙk
rFkk fujkdkj lEifÙkA General Clauses Act
1897 ds vuqlkj vpy lEifÙk esa fuEufyf[kr
'kkfey gSaA
1- Hkwfe
2- Hkwfe ls izkIr ykHk
3- Hkwfe ls tqM+h oLrq,a ;k Hkwfe ls LFkk;h
:i ls tqM+h phtsa
iV~Vk rFkk ca/kd Hkh vpy lEifÙk gS] vf/kdkj]
tehu ds VqdM+s ij esyk yxus ls izkIr jkf'k
dk vf/kdkj ;g vc og ykHk gS tks Hkwfe ls
izkIr gS] ;g lc vpy lEifÙk gSA
1- lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ds varjky
Hkwc) ls vfHkizsfjr gSA Hkwfe esa ewfyr
tSls isM+ rFkk >kM+h ;s lc vpy
lEifÙk gS ijUrq [kM+k dk"B] Qly
vpy lEifÙk dk fgLlk ugha gksxh] [kM+s
dk"B ls rkRi;Z ml isM+ ls gS] tks
bekjrh ydM+h nsrk gSA [kM+k dk"B isM+
ls fHkUu gS D;ksafd [kM+s dk"B dh ydM+h
dk iz;ksx bekjr ds cukus esa gksrk gS]
ogha isM+ ,d vpy lEifÙk gSA
n`"Vkar & Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa [kM+s dk"B ds
varxZr uhe] 'kh'ke] ccwy rFkk Vhd ds isM+
'kkfey gSA
ftu oLrqvksa dh uhao tehu esa gS og vpy
lEifÙk ekuh tkrh gS tSls nhokj] vkfnA blds
fy, oLrq ds tehu es jgus ds vk'k; dks ns[kk
tkrk gSA tc dksbZ oLrqLo;a ds Hkkj ls Lor%
/kal tkrh gS rks og vpy lEifÙk ugha ekuh
tkrh gSA
n`"Vkar & iRFkjksa ds VqdM+s ,d nwljs ds Åij
j[kdj lw[kh nhokj dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA
ftldh uhao tehu esa gSA ;g ,d vpy
lEifÙk gksxhA
tks Hkwfe esa uhao okyh lEifÙk ds LFkk;h ykHkizn
iz;ksx ds fy, mlh ls laca/k ,slh oLrqvksa dks
vpy lEifÙk dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s oLrq,a
,slh tqM+h gqbZ oLrq ls mlds LFkk;h ykHk ds
fy, layaXu gksrh gSA tSls edku ds njokts]
'kVj] f[kM+fd;k¡ vkfn edku ds LFkk;h ykHkizn
miHkksx ds fy, mlds lkFk layaXu gksrs gSaA
lEifÙk dk varj.k % lEifÙk ds ekfyd esa dbZ
izdkj ls ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls %
1- LosPNk ls ¼VªkUlQj izksiVhZ ,DV }kjk
fu;af=r½
2- mRrjkf/kdkj ls ¼ilZuy ykW lsD'ku
}kjk fu;af=r½
3- fo/kh dh dk;Zokgh ls ¼Hkweh vf/kxzg.k
dkuwu 1894 }kjk fu;af=r½
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ,d izkFkfed fo/kku
gSA ftlls nks ;k vf/kd thfor O;fDr;ksa ds
eè; lEifÙk dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lEifÙk vf/kfu;e ,DV ds varxZr lEifÙk
varj.k dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS
fd ftlds }kjk dksbZ thfor O;fDr ,d ;k
vusd thfor O;fDr;ksa ds e/; lEifÙk
gLrkUrfjd djrk gksA thfor O;fDr;ksa ls
rkRi;Z flQZ euq";ksa ls gh ugha gksrk cfYd
oS/kkfud O;fDrRo okyh laLFkkvksa ls Hkh gSA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj
gj og O;fDr tks lafonk djus ds fy;s l{ke
gks vkSj varj.kh; lEifÙk dk gdnkj gks ;k
varj.kh; ds tks mldh viuh ugha gS] O;;u ds
fy;s izk/khÑr] ,slh lEifÙk dk varj.k iw.kZr% ;k
Hkkxr% rFkk vkR;afrd :i ls ;k l'krZ] mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vius foLrkj rd vkSj ml
izdkj ls] tks fdlh Hkh rRle; &izor&fof/k
}kjk vuqKkr vksj fofgr gks] djus ds fy,
l{ke gSA
tc rd fd dksbZ fHkUu vk'; vfHkO;Dr u gks
;k vko';d :i ls foof{kr u gks] lEifÙk dk
varj.k varfjrh dks rRdky gh lEifÙk esa ds
vkSj mldh fof/kd izlaxfr;ksa esa ds ml leLr
fgr dk laØe.k dj nsrk gS ftldk laØke.k
djus ds y, varjd rc leFkZ gks ¼/kkjk 08½
n`"Vkar & ,slh izlaxfr;ksa ds varxrZ fuEufyf[kr
vkrs gSaA
1- tgk¡ fd lEifÙk Hkwfe gks] ogk¡ mlls
vikc) lq[kkpkj] varj.k ds i'pkr~
izksnwHkoeku mlds HkkVd vkSj ykHk Hkwc)
lc phtsA
2- tgk¡ fd lEifÙk Hkwc) e'khujh gks] ogk¡
mlds taxe Hkkx vkSj tgk¡ fd lEifÙk
dksbZ x`g gks ogk¡ mlls mikc)
lq[kkpkj varj.k ds i'pkr~ izksnwHkoeku
mldk HkkVd vkSj mlds lkFk LFkk;h
mi;ksx ds fy, micaf/kr mlds rkys]
pkfc;k¡] NM+s] }kj] f[kM+fd;k¡ vkSj vU;
lc phtsA
dqN vf/kdkjksa dk lEifÙk varj.k dh Hkkafr
varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ;s vf/kdkj
fuEufyf[kr gSA
fdlh izR;{k okfjl dh lEink dk mrjkf/kdkjh
gksus dh laHkkouk] dqY; dh eqR;q ij fdlh
ukrsnkj dh olh;r & lEink vfHkizkIr djus
dh laHkkouk ;k blh izÑfr dh dksbZ vU;
laHkkouk] ek= varfjr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA
n`"Vkar & A ,d fgUnq gS ftlds ikl Lo;a dh
vftZr lEifÙk gS rFkk B mldh fo/kok gS] rFkk
C, A dk HkkbZ gS B dh e`R;q ds ckn C dh
izR;{k okfjl gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA
fdlh mÙkjHkkO; 'krZ ds Hkax gksus ds dkj.k iqu%
izos'k dk vf/kdkj ek= ml lEifÙk dk] ftl
ij rn~}kjk izHkko iM+k gS] Lokeh ds flok;
fdlh vU; dks vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
n`"Vkar & A, B dks 5 o"kZ ds fy, Hkwfe yht ij
nsrk gS rFkk B ij ;g 'krZ j[krk gS fd oks
tehu ij dksbZ VSad ugha [kksnxk ijUrq B Hkwfe
ij VSad [kksnrk gSa 'krZ ds Hkax gksus ds dkj.k
A, C dks iqu% izos'k dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS] ;g
varj.k voS/k gSA
dksbZ lq[kkpkj vf/k"Bk;h LFky ls i`FkDr%
vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
n`"Vkar & ,d Hkwfe ds VqdM+s ij vf/kdkj] tSls
jkLrk ikus dk vf/kdkj Hkwfe ds varj.k ds fcuk
bl vf/kdkj dk varj.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
lEifÙk dk ,slk fgr] tks miHkkx esa Lo;a Lokeh
rd gh fucZfU/kr gS] mlds }kjk vUrfjr ugha
fd;k tk ldrk(
n`"Vkar & A, O;fDr dks ?kj fdjk;s ij fn;k
x;k] og O;fDr ml ?kj dk varj.k ugha dj
ldrkA
Hkkoh Hkj.kiks"k.k dk vf/kdkj] pkgs og fdlh Hkh
jhfr ls mn~Hkwr] izfrHkwr ;k vo/kkfjr gks]
vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
n`"Vkar & ,d jkthukesa ds vUrxZr ,d O;fDr
dks ,d xkao Hkj.k iks"k.k ds fy, bl 'krZ ij
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fn;k x;k fd og mldk thou i;kZUr varj.k
ugha dj ldsxk ;g vf/kdkj Hkkoh Hkj.kiks"k.k
dk vf/kdkj gS] vr% bldk varj.k ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
okn ykus dk vf/kdkj ek= varfjr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA
;g ^ek=* 'kCn dk dkQh egRo gS] ,d O;fFkr
i{kdkj dk vf/kdkj gSA bl izdkj {kfr ds fy,
okn ykus ds vf/kdkj dks varfjr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA gkWykafd tgk¡ lEifÙk & {kfriwfrZ ysus
ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk varfjr gksrh gS ogk¡ varj.k
oS/kkfud gSA
n`"Vkar & A B dks Hkfo"; frfFk esa 10 cksjs nsus
dks jkth gksrk gS] B vius fgr dk varj.k C
dks djrk gS] mlds ckn A lafonk Hkax djrk gS
C, A ls {kfriwfrZ olwyus ds fy, okn pykrk
gSA C {kfriwrhZ olwyus dk gdnkj gksxk] D;ksafd
B ls C dks flQZ okn ykus dk gd ugha fn;k
Fkk] vfirq mls lafonk ds fØ;kUo;u dk
vf/kdkj Hkh fn;k Fkka ogha nwljh vksj B dks
lafonk ds Hkax gksus ij {kfriwfrZ olwyus dk
vf/kdkj ek= okn ykus dk vf/kdkj gS] vr% ;g
voS/k gSA
yksd in vUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj u
yksd vkfQlj dk lacye~] mlds ns; gksus ls]
pkgs iwoZ ;k i'pkr~] vUrfjr ugh fd;k tk
ldrk(
o`fÙkdk,¡] tks ljdkj ds lSfud] ukSlSfud]
ok;qlSfud vkSj flfoy isU'ku Hkksfx;ksa dks
vuqKkr gksa] vkSj jktuSfrd isU'kusa vUrfjr ugha
dh tk ldrh(
dksbZ Hkh vUrj.k tgk¡ rd og rn~r }kjk ml
fgr dh] ftl ij] izHkko iM+k gS] izÑfr ds
izfrdwy gks] tks Hkkjrh; lafonk vf/kfu;e] 1872
¼1872 dk 9½ dh /kkjk 23 ds vFkZ ds vUrxZr
fdlh fof/kfo:) mís'; ;k izfrQy ds fy;s gks]
;k ¼3½ tks ,sls O;fDr dks] tks vUrfjrh gksus ls
fof/kr% fujfgZr gks] ugha fd;k tk ldrk(
n`"Vkar & dqN ,slh fuf'pr oLrq,s ftUgsa muds
lq>ko ds dkj.k varfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
;s oLrq,a gS & gok] ty] izdk'k bUgsa
rescommunes vFkkZr lkeqnkf;d oLrq,sa dgrs
gSaA
;fn fdlh O;fDr dks fof/k }kjk lEifÙk varj.k
ls fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gS] rks og O;fDr lEifÙk
varj.k vf/kfu;e ds varxZr varj.k ugha dj
ldrk tSls lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
136 U;k;k/kh'k] fof/k O;olk;h rFkk dksbZ Hkh
vkfQlj tks dksZV ls lacaf/kr gS vuq;ksX; nkos
ds fy, izfrcaf/kr djrh gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 43 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd dksbZ
O;fDr diViwoZd ;k Hkwyo'k ;g O;ins'k djrk
gs fd og veqd LFkkoj lEifÙk dks vUrfjr
djus ds fy;s izkf/kd`r gS vkSj ,slh lEifÙk dks
izfrQykFkZ vUrfjr djus dh izO;atuk djrk gS]
ogk¡ ,slk vUrj.k] vUrfjrh ds fodYi ij fdlh
Hkh ml fgr ij izo`r gksxk] ftls vUrjd ,slh
lEifÙk esa mrus le; ds nkSjku dHkh Hkh vftZr
djs ftrus le; rd ml vUrj.k dh lafonk
vfLrRo esa jgrh gSA
/kkjk 43 dks izHkkoh cukus ds fy, diViwoZd ;k
Hkwyo'k O;;ns'k vko';d gSA
n`"Vkar & d] tks fgUnw gS vkSj vius firk [k ls
i`Fkd gks x;k gS] rhu [ksr] {k] = vkSj K ;g
O;isn'k djrs gq, x dks csp nsrk gS] fd d mUgsa
vUrfjr djus ds fy;s izkf/kd`r gSA bu [ksrksa esa
ls K [ksr d dk ugha gS] D;ksafd foHkktu ds
le; [k us bls vius fy;s izfr/k`r dj fy;k
Fkk] fdUrq [k ds ejus ij okfjl ds :i esa K
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dk d izkIr dj ysrk gSA x us foØ; lafonk
dks fo[kf.Mr ugha fd;k gS blfy;s og d ls
vis{kk dj ldsxk fd d ls K dks iznÙk djsA
n`"Vkar & A ;g n'kkZrk gS fd mls laifr esa
varj.k dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk og B ij bls ca/kd
j[krk gS] ijUrq A dks ,sls dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha
FkkA
varj.k ij vojks/k & laifRr varj.k vf/kfu;e
dh /kkjk 10 dksbZ Hkh ,slh 'krZ ;k fu/kkZj.k tks
varfjrh dks lEifÙk varj.k ls vojks/k djs 'kwU;
gSA tgk¡ iw.kZ vojks/k voS/kkfud gS ogha vkaf'kd
vojks/k fu"ks/k ugha gS ;g fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy,
fd vojks/kiw.kZ gS ;k vkaf'kd] mlds izHkkoksa dk
vè;;u djuk gksrk gS] u fd 'kCnksa dkA
n`"Vkar & ;g vojks/k fd A viuh lEifÙk
fdlh dks rksgQs esa ugha ns ldrk] oS/k gS D;ksafd
;g vkaf'kd vojks/k gSA
;g 'krZ fd varfjfr viuh lEifÙk dks 3 o"kZ esa
varfjr ugha dj ldrk oS?k gS] D;ksafd ;g
vkaf'kd vojks/k gS] ijUrq ;g 'krZ fd varfjfr
20 o"kZ rd viuh lEifÙk varfjr ugha dj
ldrk voS/k gS] D;ksafd ;g iw.kZ vojks/k gSA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 10 nks vioknksa dk izko/kku
djrh gSa izFke iV~Vs dh n'kk ds ftlesa fd og
'krZ iV~Vk drkZ mlds v/khu nkosnkjksa ds Qk;ns
ds fy, gks] nwljk fdlh oSokfgd L=h dks tks
fgUnq] eqLyeku ;k ckS) u gks ;k mlds Qk;ns
ds fy, bl izdkj varfjr dh tk ldsxhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 11 ds vuqlkj lEifÙk ds
vUrj.k ij ml lEifÙk esa fdlh O;fDr ds i{k
esa fgr vkR;afrdr% l`"V fd;k tkrk gks] fdUrq
vUrj.k ds fuoZU/ku funsZ'k djrs gksa fd og ,sls
fgr dk fdlh fof'k"V fjfr ls mi;kstu ;k
miHkksx djs] ogk¡ og ,sls fgr dks ,sls izkIr
vkSj O;;fur djus dk gdnkj gksxka ekuksa ,slk
dksbZ funsZ'k Fkk gh ughaA
/kkjk 11 Li"V fgr ds fo:) fuoZU/ku ls
laca/khr gSA ;g Li"V fgr ds iw.kZ varj.k dh
ifjfLFkfr esa ykxw gksrh gSA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks lEifÙk nku esa nsrk gS rFkk
;g funsZ'k nsrk gS fd B mlesa jgs] ;g nku
vkR;kafrd gS] vr% funsZ'k 'kwU;] B ml lEifÙk
es jg Hkh ldrk gS vksj ugha HkhA
,d vUrj.kdrkZ viuh lEifÙk ds Li"V fgrks
dh j{kk ds fy, vU; vpy lEifÙk ds iz;ksx ds
ifjis{; esa funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrk gS rFkk ,sls
funsZ'kksa ds mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa og gtkZuk
izkIr djus dk gdnkj gksxkA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks ,d ?kj nku esa nsrk gS rFkk
;g 'krZ j[krk gS fd B bl ?kj dks ÅpkbZ
bruh ugha c<+k,sxk fd cktw esa cus A ds ?kj esa
gok rFkk izdk'k vo:) gks] ,slk funZs'k oS/k gSA
A, B dks ,d Hkwfe dk iV~Vk djrk gS rFkk og
Hkwfe ds eè; dk Hkkx vius iz;ksx ds fy, j[krk
gS] og B dks vU; Hkwfe ds Hkkx rd jkLrk nsus
dk funsZ'k nsrk gS] ;g ,d oS/k funsZ'k gSA
,d vpy lEifÙk ds varj.k ls lacaf/kr mRiUu
lafonkRed nkf;Ro dks izlafonk dgrs gSaA
izlafonk nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA ldkjkRed
izlafonk ¼fdlh d`R; dks djus rFkk iSls nsus dk
nkf;Ro½ rFkk udkjkRed izlafonk ¼fdlh d`R;
dks uk jdus dk nkf;Ro½A
lafgrk dh /kkjk 40 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd futh
LFkkoj lEifÙk ds vf/kd Qk;nkizn miHkksx ds
fy, fdlh vU; O;fDr dk fdlh nwljs O;fDr
dh LFkkoj lEifÙk esa ds fdlh fgr ;k lq[kkpkj
ij vukfJr ;g vf/kdkj gks fd og i'pkr~
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dFkfr lEifÙk dk fdlh fof'k"V jhfr ls
miHkksx fd;s tkus ij vojks/k yxk ns] vFkok
tgk¡ fd vU; O;fDr ,slh ckè;r ls Qk;nk
mBkus dk gdnkj gks] tks lafonk ls mn~Hkwr
gksrk gS vkSj LFkkoj lIefr ds LokfeRo ls
mikc) gS] fdUrq tks mlesa fgr ;k lq[kkpkj dh
dksfV esa ugha vkrkA
ogk¡ ,slk vf/kdkj ;k ckè;rk ,sls vUrfjrh ds
fo:) rks izofrZr dh tk ldsxh] ftldks
mldh lwpuk gS ;k tks ml lEifÙk dk] ftl
ij rn~r }kjk izHkko iM+k gS] vkuqxzfgd vUrfjrh
gS] fdUrq ml vUrfjrh ds fo:) ugha tks
lizfrQy gS vkSj ftls vf/kdkj ;k ckè;rk dh
lwpuk ugha gS vkSj u mlds gkFk esa dh oSlh
lEifÙk ds fo:)A
/kkjk 40 dk ;g fu;e Tulk Vs. Moxhay ds
fu;e ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
/kkjk 40 ds /kkjk 11 ds lkFk i<+us ij ;g
fu"d"kZ vkrk gSA
varfjrh ds ikl izlfonk fopkj.kh; gks
izlafonk cxy dh Hkwfe ds fgr esa gks rFkk ;g
izlafonkdrkZ dh Hkwfe ds ikl gksA
,d varfjrh izfrQy ds lkFk ijUrq fcuk lwpuk
ds udkjRed izlafonk ls ckè; ugha gksrk ogha
nwljh vksj izfrQy ds fcuk rFkk lwpuk ds fcuk
varfjrh udkjkRed izlafonk ls ckè; gksrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A ds ikl flQZ ,d tehu dk VqdM+k
gS rFkk og mls B dks csp nsrk gS] izlafonk B
ij ckè;dkjh ugha gksxhA
;fn A ds ikl X rFkk Y nks tehu ds VqdM+s
gSa A, X ¼tehu ds VqdM+s dks½ B dks ,d Y dks
Qk;ns esa csp mi;ksx dh izlafonk ds lkFk csp
nsrk gS] ;g izlafonk B ij ckè;dkjh gksxh fQj
pkgs ;s ldkjkRed gks ;k udkjkRedA
;fn B, X, C dks csp nsrk gS] rc C ij A ds
izfr izlafonk ckè; dkjh gksxh] ;fn izlafonk
udkjkRed gS rFkk C dks mldk Kku gsa
vKkr O;fDr dks varj.k rFkk 'kk'orrk ds
fo:) fu;e
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 varj.k dks
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mls nks thfor O;fDr;ksa ds
eè; varj.k crkrh gS] ijUrq vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk
13 vKkr dks varj.k ekU; cukrh gSA /kkjk 13
ds vuqlkjA
tgk¡ fd lEifÙk ds vUrj.k ij ml lEifÙk esa
dksbZ fgr mlh vUrj.k }kjk l`"V fdlh iwfoZd
fgr ds vè;/khu ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;ns ds fy;s
tks vUrj.k dh rkjh[k dks vfLrRo esa u gks]
l`"V fd;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;nsds
fy;s l`"V fgr izHkkoh u gksxk tc rd fd
mldk foLrkj lEifÙk esa vUrjd ds lEiw.kZ
vof'k"V fgr ij u gksA
bl izdkj vKkr ls iwoZ lEifÙk fdrus Hkh yksxksa
dks varfjr dh tk ldrh gS] vKkr dks fuf'pr
varj.k dh vkKk ugha gSA
n`"Vkar & d ml lEifÙk dk] ftldk og Lokeh
gS] [k dks vuqØe'k% vius vkSj viuh vkfJr
iRuh ds thoui;ZUr ds fy;s vkSj mÙkjthoh dh
e`R;q ds i'pkr d ds nwljs iq= ds fy;s U;kl
ds :I esa vUrfjr djrk gSA T;s"B iq= ds
Qk;ns ds fy;s bl izdkj l`"V fgr izHkko'khy
ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd mldk foLrkj ml lEifÙk
esa d ds lEiw.kZ vof'k"V fgr ij ugha gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 14 'kk'orrk ds fu;e ds
ifjis{; esa izko/kku djrh gS ;g dksbZ Hkh
lEifÙk&vUrj.k ,slk fgr l`"V djus ds fy;s
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
izo`r ugha gks ldrk tks ,sls vUrj.k dh rkjh[k
dks thfor ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds
thoudky ds] vkSj fdlh O;fDr dh] tks ml
dkykof/k ds volku ds le; vfLrRo esa gks]
ftls ;fn og iw.kZo; izkIr djsa rks og l`"V fgr
feyuk gks] vizkIro;rk ds I'pkr~ izHkkoh gksuk
gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 10 ds vuqlkj tgk¡ fd
O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa ds fdlh oxZ ds Qk;ns ds
fy;s l`"V fgr /kkjkvksa 13 vksj 14 esa vUrfoZ"V
fu;eksa esa ls fdlh ds dkj.k ,sls O;fDr ;k ,sls
lEiw.kZ oxZ ds laca/k esa fu"Qy gks tkrk gS] ogk¡
mlh laO;ogkj esa l`"V vkSj ,sls iwfoZd fgr dh
fu"Qyrk ds i'pkr~ ;k ij izHkkoh gksus ds fy;s
vk'kf;r dksbZ fgr Hkh fu"Qy gks tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A B dks Hkwfe nku esa nsrk gS] tks fd
mldh Hkrhts dh csVh gS] ;g okn B ds
thoui;ZUr gS rFkk mlds ckn mlds oa'ktksa ds
fy,] ;fn mlds dksbZ gks rks] ;fn B dks iq#"k
oa'kt u gksus ij B dh iq=h ds fy, vkSj ;fn
B ds iq= rFkk iq=h nksuksa u gks rks ;g A ds
Hkrhts dks gksxk] D;ksafd ;gk¡ B dh vKkr iq=h
dks varj.k 'kwU; gSa blfy, A ds Hkrhts dks ;g
varj.k /kkjk 16 ds v/khuugha fd;k tk ldrkA
è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr ;g gS fd i'pkr~orhZ fgr]
iwoZorhZ fgrks ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrs]
laifr varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 7 ds vuqlkj
lEifÙk ds fdlh varj.k ds fuca/ku fufnZ"V
djrs gSa fd ml lEifÙk ls mnHkwr vk; varjd
ds thou ls ;k varj.k dh rkjh[k ls gks vBkjg
o"kZ dh dkykof/k rd iw.kZr% ;k Hkkxr% lafpr
dh tk,sxh] bl micfU/kr ds flok; ,slk funsZ'k
'kwU; gksxkA
n`"Vkar & A, B dks thou Hkj ds fy, lEifÙk
varfjr djrk gS rFkk mlds ckn B dh larku
dks tks 18 o"kZ dh gksxh mls] bl funsZ'k ds
lkFk dh B lEifÙk ls vk; thou Hkj izkIr
djsxk rFkk B dh larku dks lEifÙk izkIr gksus esa
20 o"kZ rd lEifÙk ys vk; B izkIr djsxkA ;g
'krZ voS/k gS] D;ksafd ;g 18 o"kZ dh vo/kh ls
vf/kdA
;g fu;e fuEu vioknksa ls xzLr gSA
vUrjd ds _.kksa dk ;k vUrj.k ds
v/khu dksbZ fgr ikus okys fdlh vU;
O;fDr ds _.kksa dk lank; djus ds]
vFkok
vUrj ds ;k vUrj.k ds v/khu dksbZ
fgr ikus okys fdlh vU; O;fDr ds
iq=&iq=h;ksa ;k nwjrj lUrfr ds fy;s
Hkkxksa dk micU/k djus ds] vFkok
vurfjr lEifÙk ds ifj{k.k ;k vuqj{k.k
ds]
og fgr fufgr gksaxs tks ;fn
(a) ftlds }kjk fgr dk miHkksx eqYroh
fd;k tkrk gS
(b) mlh lEifÙk esa dksbZ iwfrZd fgr
fdlh vU; O;fDr ds fy;s fn;k
tkrk ;k vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS
(c) ml lEifÙk ls mn~Hkwr vk; dks ml
le; rd lwfpr fd, tkus dk
funs'k fd;k tkrk gS] tc rd
miHkksx dk le; ugha vk tkrk
(d) dsoy ,sls fdlh mica/k ls fd ;fn
dksbZ fo'ks"k ?kVuk ?kfVr gks tk, rks
og fgr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks
laØkUr gks tk,xkA ;g vk'k; fd
fgr fufgrugha gksxk vuqfer u
fd;k tk,xkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
fufgr fgr dCtk vfHkizkIr djus ls
igys varfjrh dh eR;q gks tkus ls
foQy ugha gks tkrk
tgk¡ fd lEifÙk & vUrj.k ls ml lEifÙk esa
dksbZ fgr ,sls O;fDr ds Qk;nsds fy;s l`"V
fd;k tkrk gS tks ml le; vtkr gS og
viuk tUe gksus ij fufgr fgr vftZr dj ysrk
gS] ;|fi mls ;g gd u gks fd og vius tUe
ls gh mldk miHkksx djus yxsA ¼/kkjk 20½
n`"Vkar & A B dks thou Hkj ds fy, lEifÙk
varfjr djrk gS rFkk mlds ckn C dks vc C
ds dqN fgr B ds Åij fuHkZj djrs gSaA
A B dks C ds lkFk lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS
rFkk B dks ;g funsZf'kr djrk gS fd og C dks
;g lEifÙk mlds 25 o"kZ dk gksus ij nsA vc
C ds lEifÙk esa fufgr fgr gSA
lekfJr fgr og gksrs gSa tks fd
lEifÙk&vUrj.k ls ml lEifÙk esa fdlh O;fDr
ds i{k esa fgr fofufnZ"V vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds
?kfVr gksus ij gh vfkok fdlh fofufnZ"V
vfuf'pr ?kVuk ds ?kfVr u gksus ij gh izHkkoh
gksus ds fy;s l`"V fd;k x;k gks] ogk¡ ,slk
O;fDr rn~r }kjk ml lEifÙk esa lekfJr fgr
vftZr djrk gSA ,slk fgr iwoZ dfFkr n'kk esa
ml ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij vkSj i'pkr~ dfFkr
n'kk esa ml ?kVuk dk ?kfVr gksuk vlEHko gks
tkus ij fufgr fgr gks tkrk gSA
lekfJr fgr] okn ykus ds vf/kdkj ls fHkUu
gSA
n`"Vkar & A ,d fgUnq gS] mldh e`R;q gks tkrh
gS rFkk mlds ckn B mldh fo/kok rFkk C
mldk HkkbZ cprs gSA dsoy C, A dh lEfr esa
LokfeRo ys ldrk gSA
A ,d fgUnq gS og viuh lEifÙk dk bl izdkj
cankscLr djrk gs fd mlds ejus ds ckn
lEifÙk mldh iRuh dks feysxh] iRuh ds ckn
;fn mldh dksbZ larku gksxh rks mls feysxh]
vU;Fkk ;g D dks izkIr gksxhA D ds fgr
lekfJr fgr gSA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 21 ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh fgr
lekfJr fgr flQZ blfy, ugha gksxk fd og
lEifÙk dks ,d fuf'pr vk;q dk gksus ij izkIr
djrk gS] vfirq ;fn ,slh lEifÙk ls izkIr vk;
ml O;fDr dks nh tkrh gS] ;k mlds Qk;ns ds
fy, mi;ksftr dh tkrh gSA
l'kZr varj.k & l'krZ ds rkRi;Z gS fd tc
lEifÙk&vUrj.k ls l`"V vkSj fdlh 'krZ ij
fuHkZj fgr fu"Qy gks tkrk gS ;fn ml 'krZ dh
iwfrZ vlaHko gks] ;k fof/k }kjk fuf"k) gks ;k
,slh izd`fr dh gks fd ;fn og vuqKkr dh
tk, rks og fdlh fof/k ds mica/kksa dks foQy
dj nsxh ;k diViw.kZ gks] ;k ,slh gks ftlesa
fdlh nwljs ds 'kjhj ;k lEifÙk dks {kfr
vUroZfyr ;k vUrfgr gks] ;k ftls U;k;ky;
vuSfrd ;k yksduhfr ds fo:) le>rk gksA
n`"Vkar & A B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk varfjr
djrk gs fd og C dh e`R;q gks tkrh gS] vr% ;s
varj.k 'kwU; gSA
A, B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk nsrk gS fd og
vius ifr dk R;kx dj ns] ;g vUrj.k 'kwU;
gSA
A, B dks bl 'krZ ij lEifÙk varfjr djrk gS
fd og D, E, F dh Lohd`fr ls fookg djsxk D
ej tkrk gS] ijUrq B, E rFkk F dh Lohdfr ls
fookg djrh gS] rks B }kjk 'krZ dks iwjk djuk
ekuk tk,sxkA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
l'krZ vUrj.k ds ekeys esa ;fn varj.k fdlh
?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr gks rFkk ?kVuk ds fy, dksbZ
le; fu/kkZfjr ugha gS rc 'krZ fujLr le>h
tk,sxh tc og O;fDr ?kVuk dks vlEHko cuk
nsrk gSA
n`"VkUr & A, B dks olh;r cukrk gS rFkk ;g
izko/kku djrk gS fd bl olh;r dk izHkko
lekIr gks tk,sxk ;fn B, A dh iq=h ls fookg
ugha djrk] B fdlh vtuch ls fookg dj ysrk
gS] vr% olh;r dk izHkko lekIr gks x;kA
ogha nwljh vksj ;fn ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ds
fy, le; fu/kkZfjr gS rc fu/kkZfjr le; esa
?kVuk ds uk ?kVus ij fgr nwljs O;fDr dks
pyk tkrk gSA
Lis Pendens dk fl)kUr ;k fopkjk/khu okn
dk fl)kUr
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 52
^fopkjk/khu okn ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu djrh
gSA bl /kkjk ds vuqlkj vpy lEifÙk dk
varj.k fu"ks/k gksxk ;fn fuEufyf[kr rRo iw.kZ u
gks rksA
l{e U;k;ky; ds lEeq[k okn yfEcr
gksuk pkfg,A
okn diViw.kZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A
okn esa vpy lEifÙk ij vf/kdkj izR;{k
;k vizR;{k :i ls iz'uxr gksuk
pkfg,A
fooknhr lEifÙk dk vUrj.k gksuk
pkfg,A
lEifÙk dk vUrj.k vU; i{kdkjksa ds
vf/kdkjksa dks izHkkfor djuk pkfg,A
fdlh okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk yEcu bl /kkjk ds
iz;kstuksa ds fy;s ml rkjh[k ls izkjEHk gqvk
le>k tk,xk ftl rkjh[k dks l{ke
vf/kdkfjrk okys U;k;ky; esa og okni= izLrqr
fd;k x;k gks og dk;Zokgh lafLFkr dh xbZ vkSj
rc rd pyrk gqvk le>k tk;sxk tc rd
ml okn ;k dk;Zokgh dk fuiVkjk vfUr fMØh
;k vkns'k }kjk u gks x;k gks vkSj ,slh fMØh;k
vkns'k dks iwjh rqf"V ;k mUekspu vfHkizkIr u
dj fy;k x;k gks ;krRle;&izoÙk&fof/k }kjk
mlds fu"iknu ds fy;s fofgr fdlh vof/k ds
volku ds dkj.k og vufHkizkI; u gks x;k gksA
n`"VkUr & B ds dCts esa ,d edku ds lanHkZ esa
A ml ij okn ykrk gSA okn ds fopkjk/khu
gksus ds nkSjku B edku dks csp nsrk gSA A dk
okn c[kkZLr gksxkA
A, B ij ,d edku ij dCts ds lanHkZ
esa okn ykrk gSA okn ds fopkjk/khu gksus
ds nkSjku B }kjk C dks varj.k
'kwU;dj.kh; gSA
A, B dks lEifÙk dk iV~Vk nsrk gS] B
lEifÙk ij ls C dks] tks dh xyr
rjhds ls lEifÙk dk iz;ksx djjgk gS]
gVkus ds fy, okn nk;j djrk gS] rHkh
A lEifÙk D dks varjfr dj nsrk gS]
okn ds yfEcr gksus dk A }kjk D dks
varj.k ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxka
D;ksafd okn esa A i{kdkj ugha gSA
A, B dks ,d edku csprk gS] C A ds
edku cspus ds vf/kdkj dks U;k;ky;
esa pqukSrh nsrk gS] rFkk U;k;ky; ls
lEifÙk dk gd ekaxrk gS] okn yfEcr
jgus ds nkSjku B, C dks edku csp nsrk
gS okn yfEcr jgus ds nkSjku B }kjk C
dks edku cspus ij dksbZ izHkko ugha
gksxk] D;ksafd okn esa B i{kdkj ugha gSA
(Bala Rama Chandra Vs. Daula 27
BLR 238)
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
A rFkk B xqIr :i ls ;g le>kSrk
djrs gSa fd A ij ml edku ij dCts
ds fy, okn yk,xk tks A ds cCts esa gSa
rFkk A rFkk B bl okn dks xaHkh :i ls
yksx] tc okn yfEcr gksxk rc B
lEifÙk C dks cspdj iSlk vkil esa ckaV
ysxs] D;ksafd ;g ekeyk yfEcr gS rks
U;k;ky; bl lkSns dks fujLr dj nsxk
rFkk A vkSj B dks iSlk fey tk,xk]
ijUrq U;k;ky; lkSis dks fujLr ugha
djrk rFkk lEifÙk C dks feyrh gS]
D;ksafd B dk okn diViw.kZ gSA
Hkkfxy ikyu dk fl)kUr %
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 53A Hkkfxy ikyu
ds fl)kUr dk izfriknu djrh gSA
tgk¡ fd dksbZ O;fDr fdlh LFkkoj
lEifÙk dks izfrQykFkZ vUrfjr djus ds
fy;s vius }kjk ;k viuh vksj ls
gLrk{kfjr ys[kc) ,slh lafcnk djrk gS
ftlls ml vUrj.k dks xfBr djus ds
fy;s vko';d fuca/ku ;qfDr;qDr
fu'p; ds lkFk vfHkfuf'pr fd;s tk
ldrs gSa]
vkSj vUrfjrh] us lafonk ds Hkkfxyikyu
esa ml lEifÙk ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx dk
dCtk ys fy;k gs ;k vUrfjrh] ftldk
dCtk igys ls gh gS] lafonk ds Hkkfxd
ikyu esa vikuk dCtk pkyw j[krk gs
vkSj ml lafonk dks vxzlj djusds
fy;s dksbZ dk;Z dj pqdk gS]
vkSj vUrfjrh lafonk ds vius Hkkx dk
ikyu dj pqdk gS] ;k ikyudjus ds
fy;s jtkeUn gS]
og bl ckr ds gksrs gq, Hkh fd tgk¡
fd vUrj.k dh dksbZ og vUrj.k fdlh
rRle;izo`Ùk&fof/k }kjk mlds fy;s
fofgr jhfr ls iwjk ugha fd;k x;k gS]
vUrjd ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds
v/khu nkok djus okyk dksbZ O;fDr
vUrfjrh ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj ds
v/khu nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds
fo:) ml lEifÙk ds fo"k; esa] ftl
ij vUrfjrh us dCtk ys fy;k gS ;k
pkyw j[kk gS] dksbZ Hkh ,slk vf/kdkj tks
ml lafonk ds fucU/kuksa }kjk vfHko;Dr
:i ls micfU/kr vf/kdkj ls fHkUu gS]
izofrZr djkus ls fooftZr gksxkA
n`"Vkar & Hkkfxy ikyu ds lanHkZ esa nku
ls cpko ugha fd;k tk ldrk] D;ksafd
nku izfrQy ds fcuk varj.kh; gSA
fgUnq vfoHkkT; ifjokj dh vksj ls
^drkZ* }kjk lafonk ij gLrk{kj fd;k
tkuk /kkjk 53A ds varxZr oS/k gSA
Hkkfxy ikyu esa varfjfr }kjk laifr ij
;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ij dCtk djuk
vko';d gSA vkSj ;fn dCtk gS rks mls
cuk;s j[kuk vko';d gSa vUrfj.kh dks
lafonk dk ikyu vko';d gSA
n`"Vkar & ;fn ,d Øsrk fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd nsus
ds jkth ugha gS rks mls dCtkbZ lEifÙk ls
fuokZflr djus dk gd gSA (Bachardas
Vs. Ahmedabad Municipality AIR
1941 Bom 346)
yxkrkj dCtk cuk;s j[kus rFkk dCtk izkIr uk
djus ds fy, Hkkfxr ikyu dk cpko fy;k tk
ldrk gSA /kkjk 53A ds v/khu iznr fl)kUr
mu ekeyksa ij ykxw ugha gksrk tgk¡ le>kSrk
fdlh fof/k ds v/khu ^'kwU;* gksA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
LFkkoj lEifÙk ds foØ; ds fo"k; esa
LFkkoj lEifÙk ds foØ; dks lEifÙk varj.k
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 54 esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k
gSa blds vuqlkj foØ;A ;fn nks ;k vf/kd
lEifÙk;ksa dk Lokeh mUgsa ,d O;fDr ds ikl
ca/kd j[k nsrk gS vksj fQj mu lEifÙk;ksa esa ls
,d ;k vf/kd dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks csp
nsrk gS rks rRizfrdwy lafonk ds vHkko esa Øsrk
mDr ca/kd _.k dks mls u csph xbZ lEifÙk ;k
lEifÙk;ksa ls] tgk¡ rd fd mlls ;k muls
mldh r`f"V gks ldrh gS] rqf"V djkus dk
gdnkj gS fdUrq bl izdkj ugha fd mlls
ca/kddkj ds ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj/khu
nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds ;k mDr lEifÙk;ksa
esa ls fdlh esa izfrQykFkZ fgr vftZr djus okys
fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa ij izfrdwy
izHkko iM+sA /kkjk esa iz;qDr ^dher* dk rkRi;Z
ekSfnzd izfrQy ls gSA ;fn izfrQy ekSfnzd ugha
gS rks ysu&nsu foØ; ugha gks ldrk gSA
okLrfod LFkkoj lEifÙk ftldh dher 100 :
gks ds foØ; ds fy, iathdr nLrkost dh
vko';drk gksrh gS bu ekeyks esa iath;u
foØ; ds fy, ,d iw.kZ fu/kkZfjr 'krZ gSA ;fn
iath;u dh vuqifLFkfr esa lEifÙk dk
LFkkuUrj.k ugha gks ldrkA LFkkoj lEifÙk ij
vokLrfod vf/kdkj og vf/kdkj gksrs gSa tks
lEifÙk ij okLrfod dCts ds fcuk izkIr gksrs
gSa] tSls eNyh idM+us dk vf/kdkj] jkLrs dk
vf/kdkj vkfnA
vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 54 foØe lafonk dk Li"V
djrs gq, ;g dgrh gS fd LFkkoj lEifÙk dh
foØ;&lafonk ;g lafonk gS fd ml LFkkoj
lEifÙk dk foØ; i{kdkjksa ds chp r; gq,
fuca/kuksa ij gksxkA og Lor% ,slh lEifÙk esa
dksbZ fgr ;k ml ij dksbZ Hkkjl`"V ugha djrhA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 56 ds vuqlkj ;fn nks ;k
vf/kd lEifÙk;ksa dk Lokeh mUgsa ,d O;fDr ds
ikl ca/kd j[k nsrk gS vksj fQj mu lIefÙk;ksa
esa ls ,d ;k vf/kd dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr dks
csp nsrk gS rks rRizfrdwy lafonk ds vHkko esa
Øsrk mDr ca/kd _.k dks mls u csph xbZ
lEifÙk ;k lEifÙk;ksa ls] tgk¡ rd fd mlls ;k
muls mldh rqf"V gks ldrh gS] rqf"V djkus dk
gdnkj gS fdUrq bl izdkj ughafd mlls
ca/kddkj ds ;k mlls O;qRiUu vf/kdkj/khu
nkok djus okys O;fDr;ksa ds ;k mDr lEifÙk;ksa
esa ls fdlh esa izfrQykFkZ fgr vftZr djus okys
fdlh nwljs O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa ij izfrdwy
izHkko iM+sA
cU/kd
ca/kd fofufnZ"V LFkkoj lEifÙk esa ds fdlh fgr
dk og vUrj.k
tks m/kkj ds rkSj ij fn;s x;s ;k fn;s tkus
okys /ku ds lank; dks orzeku ;k Hkkoh _.k ds
lank; dks ;k ,sls opuca/k dk ikyu] ftlls
/ku laca/kh nkf;Ro iSnk gks ldrk gS] izfrHkwr
djusds iz;kstu ls fd;k tkrk gSA
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e fuEu izdkj ds cU/kdksa
dks ekU;rk nsrk gSA
lknk ca/kd
ca/kd drkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dk d Ctk ifjnÙk
fd;s fcuk ca/kd /ku pqdkus ds fy;s vius dks
O;fDrr% vkc) djrk gS vkSj vfHkO;Dr ;k
foof{kr rkSj ij djkj djrk gS fd ml lafonk
ds vuqlkj lank; djus esa mlds vlQy jgus
dh n'kkesa ca/kdnkj dks ca/kd&lEifÙk dk foØ;
djkus dk vkSj foØ; ds vkxeksa dks] tgk¡ rd
og vko';d gks ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa
mi;ksftr djkus dk vf/kdkj gksxk] ogk¡ og
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
laO;ogkj lknk ca/kd vkSj ca/kdnkj lknk
ca/kdnkj dgykrk gSA blesa dCts dk varj.k
ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vr% ca/kd nkj dh
lEifÙk ls fdjk;k ;k ykHk ysus dk dksbZ
vf/kdkj ugha gSA lEifÙk ij ca/kdnkj }kjk
dCtk Hkh ughafd;k tk ldrkA ca/kdnkj dks
flQZ ,d gh vf/kdkj gS og ;g fd ca/kdnkj
U;k;ky; }kjk foØ; dj ldrk gsA tc ca/kd
drkZ ca/kd /ku nsus ds fy, ckè; gksrk gSA rc
ca/kd nkj ca/kd /ku ds fy, okn yk ldrk gS
;k lEifÙk ;k mlds fo:) okn yk ldrk gS
rks ca/kd nkjus ca/kd /ku ds fy, oknyk;k gS
rc izkIr fMØh dgyk,xhA ogha nwljh vkSj tc
ca/kd nkj ca/kd lEifÙk ds fo:) okn ykrk
gSA rc ca/kd nkj dks lEifÙk ds foØ; ds fy,
vkns'k fey ldrk gSA
l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/ku %
tgk¡ fd dksbZ ca/kd drkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dks
n`";r% csp nsrk gSA bl 'krz ij fd fdlh
fuf'pr rkjh[k dks ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa
O;froe gksrs gh foØ; vkR;afrd gks tk,xk]
vFkok bl 'krZ ij fd ,slk lank; fd;s tkus
ij foØ; 'kwU; gks tk,xk] vFkok
bl 'krZ ij fd ,slk lank; fd;s tkus ij Øsrk
og lEifÙk foØsrk dks vUrfjr dj nsxk] ogk¡
,slk laO;ogkj l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kd vkSj
ca/kdnkj l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kdnkj dgykrk
gSA
l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/ku esa ca/ku drkZ }kjk ca/ku
/ku ds fy, dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha gksrkA bl
ifjfLFkfr esa ca/kdnkj dks mipkj flQZ iqjksca/ku
}kjk izkIr gksrk gsA;fn ca/ku nkj dks fMØh
iqjksca/k izkIr gksrh gS rks ca/kd drkZ dks mlds
ekspu ds vf/kdkj ls fo:) dj fn;k tk,xkA
n`';eku ekfydRo ;FkkZr ekfydRo esa ifjofrZr
gks tkrk gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d leku lEifÙk ds ysu nsus esa
i{kdkj nks vyx&vyx nLrkost tek djrs
gSaA ;gk¡ ij ca/kd l'krZ foØ; }kjk ca/kd ugha
gksxkA
Hkksxca/kd &
tc ca/kdrkZ ca/kd&lEifÙk dk dCtk ca/kdnkj
dks ifjnÙk dj nsrk gS vkSj mls izkf/kdr djrk
gS fd ca/kd /ku dklank; fd;s tkusrd og
,slk dCtk izfr/kr djs vkSj ml lEifÙk ls
izksn~Hkwr HkkVdksa vkSj ykHkksa dks izkIr djs vkSj
mUgsa C;kt eqís ;k ca/kd /ku ds lank; esa ;k
Hkxr% C;kt eqís ;k Hkkxr% ca/kd /ku ds lank;
esa fofu;ksftr dj ys] ogk¡ og laO;ogkj
Hkksx&ca/kd vkSj og ca/kdnkj Hkksx&ca/kdnkj
dgykrk gSA
D;wafd ;g le>kSrk lEifÙk ds vf/kdkjdks ysdj
gksrk gSA vr% ca/kd nkj lEifÙk ds vf/kdkj dks
ysdj gksrk gSA vr% ca/kd nkj lEifÙk ij dCts
ds fy, okn ykldrk gSA ijUrq mls cspus rFkk
iqjksca/k ds fy, okn ugha yk ldrkA
n`"Vkar & ,d ca/kd drkZ ,d fuf'pr lEifÙk
ij B ij dCtk nsus ds fy, jkth gksrk gS rFkk
og ,d fu;r frfFk fu/kkZfjr djrk gS rfkk
dCtk gksus rd 24-1 C;kt Hkh r; djrk gSA
;g ca/kd Hkksx ca/kd gksxkA
vaxzsth ca/kd &
tgk¡ fd ca/kddrkZ ca/kd /ku dk izfrlank;
fuf'pr rkjh[k dks djus ds fy;s vius dks
vkc) djrk gS vkSj ca/kd&laEifr dks ca/kdnkj
dks vkR;afrd :i ls fdUrq bl ijUrqd ds
vè;/khu vUrfjr djrk gS fd djkj ds vuqlkj
ca/kd /ku ds lank; ij ca/kdnkj mls ca/kddrkZ
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
dks izfr&vUrfjr dj nsxk] ogk¡ og laO;ogkj
vaxzsth ca/kd dgykrk gSA
gd foys[kksa ds fo{ksi }kjk ca/kd & bl izdkj
ds ca/kd U;k;laxr ca/kd Hkh dgykrs gSaA bl
izdkj dsca/kd esa ca/kd drkZ }kjk ca/kd nkj dks
gd & foys[k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk ml
lEifÙk ij izfrHkwr djus ds vkJ; ls fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa ca/kd nkj ds vf/kdkj lknk
ca/kd ds leku gksrs gSaA
foy{k.k ca/kd & ;g ,d vfof'k"V Js.kh gS
blesa os ca/kd tks Åij fy[kh fdlh Js.kh esa
ugha vkrsA og bl Js.kh esa vk tkrs gSA ,d
lknk Hkksx ca/kd foy{k.k ca/kd dh Js.kh esa
vk,xkA bl ca/kd esa ca/kd nkj dks ;g gd
gksrk gS fd og fdjk;k rFkk ykHk ij C;kt
izkIr dj ldrk gSA
,d l'krZ foØ; Hkksx ca/kd foy{k.k ca/kd dh
Js.kh esa vkrk gS blesa ca/kd nkj lEifÙk dk
drkZ gksrk gSA rFkk ,d fu;r frfFk ,d ca/kd
/ku u nsus dh fLFkfr esa ca/kd nkj dks l'krZ
fcØh ds vf/kdkj izkIr gks tkrs gSaA
ca/kd ds izdkj & ca/kd fuEu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls
izHkkfor gks ldrk gSA
1- dCtk izkIr djrk
2- jftLVªhÑr lk/ku
3- gd&foys[kksa dk tek djkuk
100 ls vf/kd ca/ku ds ekeys esa iath;u
lk/ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl fu;e
esa ge&foys[kksa }kjk ca/ku ,d viokn gSA
ekspu djus dk vf/kdkj
lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 60 ds
vuqlkj ca/kudrkZ ds ca/ku /ku nsus ds ckn
lEifÙk ds ekspu dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g vf/kdkj
rc izorZu esa vkrk gS tc ca/kd /ku cdk;k gks
tkrk gSA bl ekeys esa ca/kd dks ekaxus dk
vf/kdkj gSA
ca/ku lk/ku rFkk ge foys[kksa dh okilh
dPpk dr lEifÙk dk leiZ.k
fyf[kr esa ca/kdkj ds vf/kdkj rFkk
muds iath;u }kjk laifr dk varj.k
ekspu dk vf/kdkj flQZ rc miyC/k gksrk gS
tc ca/kd ds ykxw gksus dk okn vlQy gks
x;k gSA ekspu dk vf/kdkj ,d oS/kkfud
vf/kdkj gSA
n`"Vkar & ,d ca/kd i= esa ;g 'krZ dh;fn
ekspu ds vf/kdkj dks ,d fuf'pr le; ds
vUnj mi;ksx es uk yk;k tk, rc ca/kd nkj
dks ca/kd lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha gksxk
rFkk ca/kd i= foØ; i= esa ifjofrZr gks
tk,xkA bl izdkj dh 'krZ 'kwU; gS
(Gangadhar Vs Shankarlal AIR 1958 SC
773)
200 o"kZ dk ca/ku ekspu ij jksd gS vr% ;g
'kwU; gSA
Hkkj
Hkkj dks lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 100
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] blds vuqlkj tgk¡
fd ,d O;fDr dh Lfkkoj lEifÙk i{kdkjksa ds
dk;Z }kjk ;k fof/k dh fØ;k }kjk fdlh nwljs
O;fDr dks /ku ds lank; ds fy;s izfrHkwfr cu
tkrh gS vkSj og laO;ogkj ca/kd dh dksfV esa
ugha vkrk] ogk¡ ;g dgk tkrk gS fd
i'pkr~&dfFkr O;fDr dk ml lEifÙk ij Hkkj
gSA lEifÙk varj.k vf/kfu;e ds og lkjs
izko/kku tks lknk ca/kuij ykxw gksrs gSa og Hkkj
ij Hkh tkxw gksaxsA
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
n`"Vkar & A dks vius ukuk ls ,d lEifÙk
izkIr gksrh gSA A vius HkkbZ B dks ;g opu
nsrk gS fd og B dks lEifÙk dk fdjk;k nsxk]
vr% B ij lEifÙk dk Hkkj gks ;g opu nsrk gS
f dog B dks lEifÙk dk fdjk;k nsxk] vr% B
ij lEifÙk dk Hkkj gSA
iV~Vk & vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 105 ds vuqlkj
LFkkoj lEifÙk dk iV~Vk ,slh lEifÙk dk
miHkksx djus ds vf/kdkj dk ,slk vUrj.k gS]
tks ,d vfHkO;Dr ;k foof{kr le; ds fy;s ;k
'kk'or dky ds fy;s] fdlh dher ds] tks nh
xbZ gks ;k ftls nsus dk opu fn;k x;k gks]
fdlh vU; ewY;oku oLrq ds tks dkyko/kh; :i
ls ;k fofufnZ"V voljksa ij vUrfjrh }kjk] tks
ml vUrj.k dks ,sls fucU/kuksa ij izfrxghr
djrk gS] vUrjd dks dh ;k nh tkuh gS]
izfrQy ds :i esa fd;k x;k gksA
og vUrjd iV~VkdrkZ dgykrk gS] og vUrfjrh
iV~Vsnkj dgykrk gS] og dher izhfe;e
dgykrh gS vkSj bl izdkj ns; ;k dj.kh; /ku]
va'k] lsok ;k vU; oLrq HkkVd dgykrh gSA
iV~Vk lEifÙk esa fgr ;k vf/kdkj laca) djrk
gS rFkk bls ykblsal ds ifjis{k; esa le>k tk
ldrk gSA Indian Easement Act 1882 ds
vuqlkj ;fn dksbZ nLrkost fdlh dks Hkqfe ij
vkus ;k mldk iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS
fcuk dCtk fd;s rks og ykblsal dgyk,sxkA
ykblsal lEifÙk esa dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha nsrk] ;s u
rks varj.kh; fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk u gh ;g
mRrjkf/kdkj esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
ogha nwljh vksj iV~Vk lEifÙk esa fgr nsrk gS
rFkk varj.kh; gS o bls mRrjkf/kdkj esa Hkh fn;k
tk ldrk gSA
n`"Vkar & A B dks ,d Hkwfe dk VqdM+k ?kj ds
fy;s nsrk gSA ;g mls ,d fuf'pr le; rFkk
dher esa fn;k tkrk gSA B dks Vksy bdV~Bk
djus dk vf/kdkj gS ijUrq og LFkkbZ nqdkunkjksa
ds eè; gLr{ksi ugha dj ldrkA rFkk u gh A
dh bZPNk ds fcuk dksbZ fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSa
rFkk lafonk ds vUr esa mls Hkwfe ij ls dCtk
gVkuk gksxkA dbZ lkjs fucZU/kksa ds ckotwn Hkh B
dk Hkwfe ij mfpr fu;a=.k gSA vr% B dks
iV~Vk izkIr gS u fd ykblsal
cSad ds iz;ksx ds fy, ifjlj esa cSad eSustj
fuokl djrk gS fcuk dksbZ Hkkj fn;s] vr% cSad
eSustj dks ykblsal gSA
fdlh LFkkoj lEifÙk ij o"kZ nj o"kZ dk iV~Vk
;k ,d ls vf/kd o"kZ dk iV~Vk flQZ iathdr
lk/kuksa }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU; lHkh
iV~Vs ;k rks iathdr lk/kuksa }kjk ;k dCtk
lfgrk ekSf[kd le>ksrs }kjk fd;s tk ldrs gSA
nku
nku fdlh py rFkk vpy lEifÙk dh
efyfd;r esa ifjorZu djrk gSA ;g LosPNk
ls;k fcuk izfriQy Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ijUrq lEifÙk vfLrRo esa gksuh pkfg,A vr%
Hkfo"; dh lEifÙk dks nku esa ugha fn;k tk
ldrk gSA nku] Loar= bPNk }kjk gksuk pkfg,A
dksbZ Hkh nku tks izrhM+u }kjk fd;k x;k gS]
'kwU; gksrk gSA
vpy lEifÙk dk nku iathd`r lk/kuksa ds lkFk
nks xokgks dh fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq tgk¡
lEifÙk py gksrh gS ogk¡] dCtk gLrkarj.k }kjk
nku fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ckj fd;k gqvk
nku vizfrlagj.kh; gSA ijUrq nku dks fuEu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izfrlagj.kh; fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
nkrk vksj vknkrk djkj dj ldsaxs fd fdlh
,slh fofufnZ"V ?kVuk ds ?kfVr gksus ij] tks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
nkrk dh bPNk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh] nku
fuyfEcr ;k izfrlaâr gks tk,xkA
nku mu n'kkvksa esa ls ¼izfrQy ds vHkko ;k
vlQyrk dh n'kk dks NksM+dj½] fdlh Hkh n'kk
esa izfrlaâr fd;k tk ldsxk ftuesa fd ;fn og
lafonk gksrk rks fo[kf.Mr fd;k tk ldrkA
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds vUrxZr mipkj U;kllaxr
mipkj gksrs gSa] tks dh ewy :i {kfriwfrZ ds
LFkku ij iznku fd;s tkrs gSA
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 5 rFkk 6
ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr d`R;ksa dks fof/k ds
U;k;ky; esa vpy laifr ds dCts ds lanHkZ esa
yk;k tk ldrk gSA
ekfydRo gd ds fy, okn
dCts ds gd ds fy, okn
oknh ds iwoZ dCts ij vk/kkfjr okn]
tgk¡ ij oknh dks fcuk Lohd`r vFkok
fcuk fof/kds gVk fn;k x;kA
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 05 ds
vuqlkj tks O;fDr] fdlh fofufnZ"V LFkkoj
lEifÙk ds dCts dk gdnkj gS og flfoy
izfØ;k lafgrk] 1908 ¼1908 dk 5½ }kjk
micaf/kr izdkj ls mldk izR;q)dj.k dj
ldsxkA
mu ekeyksa esa tgk¡ O;fDr dks lEifÙk ls fcuk
Lohd`fr rFkk fcuk fof/kd dk;Zokgh ds gVk;k
x;k gS r cog O;fDr ,slk gksus ds 06ekg ds
Hkhrj okn yk ldrk gSA ijurq bl vk/kkj ij
ljdkj ds fo:) okn ugha yk;k tk ldrkA
fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds vUrxZr mipkj lafonk
rFkk le>kSrs ds vuq:i gksrk gSA blds v/khu
O;fDr og lc cpko izkIr dj ldrk gS tks
mls ml fof/k }kjk izkIr gS ftuls lafonk
'kkflr gSA
n`"Vkar & fofufnZ"V vuqrks"k ds fy, ,d okn
nk;j fd;k x;k tgk¡ ij lafonk esa [kljk
uEcj dk myys[k ugha fd;k x;k vkSj Hkwfe dh
lgh eki dk mYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA bl
ekeys esa ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd bldks fofufnZ"V
vuqrks"k ds vUrxrZ ugha yk;k tk ldrkA
D;ksafd ;g vfuf'pr gksus ds dkj.k 'kwU; gSA
(Nahar Singh Vs. Harnak Singh, (1996)6
SCC699)
fdlh Hkh lafonkdk fofufnZ"V ikyu U;k;ky;
ds foosdkuqlkj izofrZr djk;k tk ldsxkA
¼d½ tcfd ml dk;Z dk] ftldks djus dk
djkj gqvk gS] vikyu }kjk dkfjr okLrfod
uqdlku dk vfHkfuf'p; djus ds fy, dksbZ
ekud fo|eku u gks( vFkok
¼[k½ tcfd og dk;Z] ftlds djus dk djkj
gqvk gks fd mlds vikyu ds fy, /ku ds :i
esa izfrdkj ;Fkk;ksX; vuqrks"k u igqaprk] gks
n`"Vkar & A B dks ,d ?kj 100000 esa nsus dh
lafonk djrk gS B dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og
A ds fo:) mDr jkf'k nsdj ?kj [kjhnuh dh
fMØh izkIr dj ldsA
lafgrk dh /kkjk 13 ds vuqlkj
tgk¡ fd fdlh LFkkoj lEifÙk dks ,slk O;fDr
ftldk mlesa dksbZ gd u gks] vFkok dsoy
viw.kZ gd gks] cspus dh vFkok iV~Vs ij nsus dh
lafonk djs ogk¡] Øsrk ;k iV~Vsnkj dks bl
vè;k; ds vU; mica/kksa ds v/khu fuEufyf[kr
vf/kdkj gS vFkkZr~ &
¼d½ ;fn foØsrk vFkok iV~VkdrkZ us lafonk
ds i'pkr~ lEifÙk esa dksbZ fgr vftZr fd;k gks
All India Bar Examination: Preparatory Materials
© 2010 Bar Council of India and Rainmaker Training & Recruitment Private Limited. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use or reproduction of these materials shall attract all applicable civil and criminal law remedies.
rks Øsrk;k iV~Vsnkj ,sls fgr esa ls lafonk dh
iwfrZ djus ds fy, mls foo'k dj ldsxkA
¼[k½ tgk¡ fd gd dks fof/kekU; cukus ds
fy, vU; O;fDr;ksa dh lgefr vko';d gks
vkSj foØsrk ;k iV~VkdrkZ dh izkFkZuk ij os
lgefr nsus dks vkc) gks] ogk¡ Øsrk ;k
iV~Vsnkj mldh ,slhlgefr mikIr djus ds
fy, foo'k dj ldsxk vkSj tcfd gd dks
fof/kekU; cukus ds fy, vU; O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk
gOrkarj.k vko';d gks vkSj fork ;k iV~VkdrkZ
dh izkFkZuk ij os gLRkarj.k djus dks vkc) gks
rc Øsrk ;k iV~Vsnkj mldh ,slk gLrkarj.k
mikIr djus ds fy, foo'k dj ldsxkA
¼x½ tgk¡ fd foØsrk foYyaxe jfgr lEifÙk
dks cspus dh izO;atuk djs fdUrq laifr Ø;&/ku
ls vuf/kd jkf'k ds fy, ca/kfdr gS vkSj foØsrk
dks okLro esa dsoy ekspu dk gh vf/kdkj gks
ogka Øsrk mls ca/kd dk ekspu djkus ds fy,
vkSj ca/kddkj lsfof/kek; mUekspu vkSj tgk¡
vko';d gks] ogka gLrkarj.k Hkh vfHkizkIr djus
ds fy, foo'k dj ldsxkA
¼?k½ tgk¡ fd foØsrk ;k iV~VkdrkZ lafonk ds
fofufnZ"V ikyu ds fy, okn yk;s vkSj gd ds
vHkko ;k viw.kZ gd ds vk/kkj ij okn [kkfjt
gks tk;s ogka izfroknh dh vius fu{ksi dh] ;fn
dksbZ gks] ml ij C;kt lfgr okilh dk vkSj
okn dks vius [kpsZ ikus dk vf/kdkj gS rFkk
,sls fu{ksi] C;kt vkSj [kpksZa ds fy, ml fgr
ij ;fn dksbZ gks] /kkj.kf/kdkj gS tks ml lEifÙk
esa foØsrk vFkok iV~VkdrkZ dk gks tks lafonk
dh fo"k;oLrq gSA
¼1½ mi/kkjk ¼1½ ds mica/k taxe lEifÙkds
foØ; ;k HkkM+s dh lafonkvksa dks Hkh] ;kor~'kD;
ykxw gksaxsA
XX