“All roads lead to Rome.” “Rome was not built in a day.” “When in Rome...” How did Rome...
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The Roman Republic “All roads lead to Rome.” “Rome was not built in a day.” “When in Rome . . .” How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture?
“All roads lead to Rome.” “Rome was not built in a day.” “When in Rome...” How did Rome win such a place in modern popular culture?
All roads lead to Rome. Rome was not built in a day. When in
Rome... How did Rome win such a place in modern popular
culture?
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Lets read about it! Woof!
Slide 5
Legend has it that Romulus built Rome on the Palentine Hill one
of the Seven Hills of Rome Romulus Remus Rome's Elite Fortresses
& Government
Slide 6
People settled on seven hills along the Tiber River between
1000-900 BCE Called Latins or Italics Many geographical advantages:
Easy to defend Fertile soil Access to rivers allows for trade in
the Mediterranean Sea Other more powerful societies controlled the
rest of the Italian peninsula Example: Greeks and Etruscans
Slide 7
Can be broken into three eras For over 200 years, Rome was a
Kingdom For about 500 years, Rome was a Republic For about 500
years, Rome was an Empire
Slide 8
Really Etruscan Kingdom
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Early kings of Rome Not much is known as their written works
did not survive Who were they? Most developed Latin/Italic people
Located in northern, central Italy Most likely descendants of
modern-day Turkey and native Italian population By 6 th century BCE
they were the most powerful city state (modeled after the Greek
system)
Slide 12
Romans resented the all-powerful Etruscan kings who gave them
no say in their government 509 BCE the Romans revolted against
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Result: End of the Etruscan kings
Slide 13
Romans keep many Etruscan ideas: Hierarchy of Gods (Greek in
origin) Alphabet (also Greek in origin) Toga I told you they
borrowed freely from other cultures! Toga! Toga!
Slide 14
Just a smidgen of Phoenician A spoonful of Persian A dollop of
Egyptian A heaping portion of Greek Yum, Etruscan! Goin back for
Greek seconds!
Slide 15
What are the three eras we can break Roman history into? Who
were the early kings of Rome? What was the name of the last king of
the Etruscans?
Slide 16
Can be broken into three eras For over 200 years, Rome was a
Kingdom For about 500 years, Rome was a Republic For about 500
years, Rome was an Empire
Slide 17
Romans never wanted a king again or any government with a
single ruler Establish a Republicwhat is it? Republic literally
comes from a Roman term Res Publica, or the public concern or
public affairs This essentially translates to sharing all
power
Slide 18
By 264 BCE the Romans controlled the entire Italian peninsula
The Republican Government consisted of 1. The Consuls Two chief
officials who led the government Appointed to perform the duties
that, prior to them, the king was responsible for, like military
authority and ensuring civic welfare and acting as chief diplomat
and religious authority. Elected once a year; Each had equal power;
could veto the other
Slide 19
By 264 BCE the Romans controlled the entire Italian peninsula
The Republican Government consisted of 2. The Senate Originally
advisors to the king; aristocratic Chosen by consuls 300
upper-class patricians Members for life Most powerful part of the
government Deliberated on and voted on laws (consuls proposed) The
model for the US government
Slide 20
What were the pros of this system compared to monarchy? What
possible problems could this lead to?
Slide 21
Dictator Roman official who had all the power of a king, but
could only hold office for 6 months Used only in dire emergencies
Praetors Junior consuls who helped develop first rules for Roman
judicial system (courts)
Slide 22
Patricians Members of wealthy families; only people eligible
for the Senate Plebeians everyone else in ancient Rome (except the
patricians) from well-to-do tradesmen all the way down to the very
poor
Slide 23
Similarities : Both pater familias Both could own slaves
Citizens of Rome were adult freemen from both classes - plebs and
patricians. Women, children, and slaves were not citizens
Differences: Did not mix socially Illegal for plebs and patricians
to marry Lifestyles were very different Patricians very wealthy and
lived an opulent lifestyle, plebs did not
Slide 24
The Senate (power) was only open to patrician families
Plebeians resented the Senate who: Took riches from war Created
prosperous farms run by slaves Left many plebian famers unemployed
Reaction: Plebeians refuse to serve in the military in
protest!
Slide 25
1.Twelve Tables 450 BCE; a board of 10 men were entrusted to
draw up a basic legal tradition and publish them on wood (later
bronze) to be placed in the forum 1.Creation of the Assembly an
elected body that had 10 Tribunes to discuss and decide issues on
behalf of Plebeians 2.Plebs could marry into Patrician families
3.Eventually Senators could be Plebs (but very uncommon)
Slide 26
Eventually the Assembly was given the power to elect the two
consuls every year Sowhat would be the impact?!?
Slide 27
Consuls executive branch Praetors looked after legal cases
Censors guided public morals and administered the census Curulian
Aediles supervised markets, festivals and temples Quaestors
custodian of the public treasury Tribunes represented the rights of
the people (2-10) Appoints Dictator in times of extreme need (6
months) Senate Appointed by Consul Advises Consuls Elected by
Assembly Appoints Consuls Assembly
Roman army had 30 Legions Each Legion had about 5,500 men Each
Legion was divided into 10 units called Cohorts The First Cohort
consisted of approximately 800 men Had specialists such as
blacksmiths or engineers The other 9 Cohorts consisted of
approximately 480 men Each Cohort was divided into 6 Centuries of
about 80 men Each Century was commanded by a Centurion The First
Cohort only had 5 centuries
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Concept of uniforms was not part of their culture Armor was not
standardized and varied according to the province of origin Romans
had no concept of obsolescence; armor handed down, bought
second-hand
Slide 32
Basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of red or undyed
(off-white) wool Senior commanders white cloaks and plumes
Centurions distinguished by transverse crests on their helmets,
chest ornaments and the long cudgels (clubs) they carried.
Slide 33
The Roman Legionaries wore a red coarse woolen tunic to keep
them warm and to provide protection and padding from their armor
The red tunic was also significant because their enemies would
never see them bleed
Slide 34
A galea was a Roman soldier's helmet Most of the helmets used
by legionaries had a crest holder. legionaries had their crests
mounted longitudinally centurions had them mounted transversely.
The crests were usually made of plumes or horse hair.
Slide 35
Lorica was the term for Roman armor Consisted of metal strips
("girth hoops" fashioned into circular bands), fastened to internal
leather straps.
Slide 36
A greave was a piece of armor that protects the tibia Usually
contained a metal outside with a felt padding inside Often only
worn on one leg shield (4ft in length) usually covered second
leg
Slide 37
Heavy-soled hob-nailed boots issued to Roman soldiers of all
ranks Open design allowed for free passage of air to feet (designed
so as to reduce blisters) Socks not normally worn Iron hobnails
hammered into soles, to provide reinforcement and traction.
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The Roman military belt Heavily decorated with metal ornaments
and designed to hold the sword and dagger
Slide 40
The "classical" Roman short sword is called gladius Generally
made out of steel Two-edged for cutting and had a tapered point for
stabbing during thrusting The pugio was a dagger Used as a stabbing
weapon and utility knife
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Latin word for shield 22 lb large rectangular, curved Made from
3 sheets of wood glued together; covered with canvas and leather
Round or conical piece of material at the centre of a shield called
a boss Advantages: Light enough to be held in one hand and its
large height (4 ft) and width covered the entire wielder (3 ft) The
metal boss in the center also made it a punching weapon as
well
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Javelin commonly used by the Roman army Average length 6 ft 7
in long Weighed between 4.4 and 11.0 lbs The pyramidal tip was
hardened, but the shank (or shaft) was not Result: the softness of
the shank would cause it to bend after impact, thus rendering the
weapon useless to the enemy. 24 inches