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“All Summer in a Day”
Introduction to Literary Elements Literature & Composition
Fiction
Prose/narrative (story form writing) about imaginary people, places and events
Something that is made up--- not factual
Can seem realistic
Plot
Exposition
Rising A
ction Falling Action
Resolution (Denouement)
Climax
Turning Point (Inciting Incident)
Foreshadowing The use of clues or hints by the author to prepare the reader for what will happen later
Can use background information, mood & music
Conflict
Character vs. Character
Character vs. Society
Character vs. Self
Character vs. Nature
Character vs. Technology/Machine
Character vs. Supernatural/Deity
Characterization
What the character says
What the character does
What the character thinks/feels
What other characters say & think about him/her
The character’s physical appearance or environment
Dynamic Characters
Static Characters
Those who transform or evolve in the story; usually major characters
Those who do NOT change or grow, but remain the same; usually minor characters
Protagonist The character with whom the reader is meant to sympathize
The character who grows or learns something
Often the “hero”
Antagonist The character (or force) who stands in conflict with the protagonist
Often the “villain”
Setting
Time/When
Place/Where
Social Atmosphere (affected by historical era, social movements, and crises)
Tone
• The author’s attitude toward his/her subject• Emotion words are used to label this element in a story (e.g. – angry, indifferent, excited, sad)
Mood / Atmosphere The reader’s emotional response to the characters and events of a story
Often influenced by setting and tone
Emotion words also used here
Symbols Concrete objects that suggest abstract ideas
Something that stands for something else
For example: red rose=love
Point of View: Perspective 1st person: narrator is a character in the story (“I” perspective) – can be unreliable!
3rd person limited: story is told through the thoughts & feelings of ONE character; the reader may feel like she is looking “over the shoulder” of a character (“S/he”perspective)
3rd person dramatic: narration includes ONLY actions, words, and events (like a movie camera would record); NO ONE’s thoughts and feelings are revealed in the narration (“S/he”perspective)
Point of View (cont.)
3rd person omniscient: story is told from a god-like perspective; narrator is NOT a character in the story, can relate inner thoughts and feelings of all characters at any time
NOTE: This type of narration is difficult to use in a short story—it’s more common in a novel where different chapters can be narrated by different characters. FYI, we won’t read a story in this PoV in this unit!!
Irony Situational: when the opposite of what is expected occurs
Verbal: when a character says one thing but means another (the opposite)
Dramatic: when the audience/reader knows something that a character does not know
Theme The universal truth revealed about life
Must be stated in a complete sentence
Avoids using clichés, giving advice or stating a rule