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СПИСАНИЕ ЗА ХУМАНИТАРНИ НАУКИ
Брой 2, Година IБрой 2, Година I
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10 Peter Soustal. Tabula Imperii Byzantini, 6 – Thrakien (Thrake, Rodope und Haimimontos). Wien: Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1991, p. 173 – „[…] 2,5 km wsw des Dorfes befinden sich auf einem höheren Bergrücken Spuren (Aufschüttung) einer wohl auf frühbyz. Zeit zurückgehenden Befestigung (60×130 Schritt); deren Bezeichnung als Smilevo grКНТštО erinnert wohl an die Herrschaft des Zaren Smilec, des Bruders Vojsils u. Radoslavs; vermutlich irreführend u. unrichtig ist die Benennung dieser Festungsspuren als Smilecov măЧКstТr. […]”. 11 . , ІІ: .
: ТгНКЯКЦ.МШЦ, 2014, 170-174. 12 Nedyalka Gizdova. Akandzhievo, in Rumen Ivanov (ed.). Tabula Imperii Romani, K35/2 Philippopolis. Sofia: Tendril Publishing House, 2012, p. 12 – „[...] Fortress Smilevo Gradishte, 4th – 5th c., located 2.5-3 km SW of the village, in Smilets Manastir district. Remains of stone walls with red mortar have been found. […]”.
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17
2015 . ,
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- .
„KALETO” / „SMILEVO GRADISHTE” NEAR BELOVO
Jordan Iliev
Abstract. In the following lines is presented a critical overview of the available information about the archaeological remains on a peak in Sredna Gora Mountain, НОsТРЧКtОН Лв tСО ХШМКХs Кs „KКХОtШ” Шr „SmТХОЯШ РrКНТsСtО”. Presented is also the current situation on the object and some observation about its interpretation are ПШrmЮХКtОН. It’s ЧШtОН tСКt mШst ЩrШЛКЛХв ТЧ КЧtТqЮТtв ШЧ tСО ЩОКФ tСОrО аКs К Thracian sanctuary with monumental architecture, which was transformed in late antiquity into fortress. The fortress probably continued existence in the Middle Ages. Life on the peak continues until a major fire that can not be dated without archaeological excavations.
18
, -
. 1, ,
(juvenes), 2.
" " - 3. , , , ( Spangenhelm) -
, . ( . . ), -
4. (strenuitas), (corage), (hardiesce) (vaillantize).
5.
milites 6.
7.
, -
8. 9.
, XI . . ( ) . ( )
(960-1031), II .
1 - ( . peregrinus). 2 Houts, E. Normandy and Byzantium. - In: Byzantion, 55, 1985, 544-559. 3 . . ., 2012, . 87. 4 . Oakeshott, E. A Knight and his Horse, Dufour Editions, 1998. 5 Webber, N. The Evolution of Norman Identity, 911-1154, Boydell, Woodbridge, 2005, 60-71. 6 Toubebert, P. LК ЩrОЦТчrО СТstШrТШРrКЩСТО НО ХК МШЧqЮшtО ЧШrЦКЧНО НО Х’ItКХТО ЦцrТНТШЧКХО (БIО siècle). - In: I caratteri originari della conquista normanna. Diversità e identità nel Mezzogiorno (1030-1130), ed. R. Licinio – F. Violantete [Atti delle sedicesime giornate normanno-sveve., Bari 2006, 15-49. 7 . D'AХОssКЧНrШ V., StШrТШРrКПТК О ЩШХТtТМК ЧОХХ'ItКХТК ЧШrЦКЧЧК, NКЩoli, 1978. 8 Martin J.-M. La Pouille du VIe au XIIe siècle, Roma, 1993, p. 214. 9 Joranson, E. The Inception of the Normans in Italy – Legend and History. - In: Speculum, 23, 1948, 353-396.
19
. , X ., , , .
, 10.
" " , ,
, ,
11. , - .
, 1018 .
.
, - , 12.
, . ,
,
. , gastaldi, comites palatii,
.
, . ,
- fideles, idonei homines , II (1052-1072)13. - , idonei homines, . . . , ,
10 Amatus, 18-24; Chron. Casin., II. 37, 236-39. 11 Gesta, I, 98-102; Lupus Protospatharius, s.a. 1017. 12 .
, (princeps agminis) (Rainulf Drengot). , ,
IV . – III.
, . , - , . . ,
, ,
( , ) , .
, . 13 Garufi, C. A. Sullo strumento notarile nel Salernitano nello scorcio del secolo X I, Archivio storico italiano 46, 1910, 324-326.
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, , - .
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, 1008-1014 ., . , .
, ,
, , 14. ( )
- ( . . incastellamento)15.
, (1038-1055),
16. , . ,
, 17. ,
- "capitali nemici"18. , -
, 19. , ,
, , . ( ), 1009 ., - 20.
, -
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, ; – ; ; – . – . Wickham, Early Medieval Italy, 155-157.
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21
. ,
casale , , 1029 . , IV (1005-
1027;1029), ѝ (beneficium)21.
, II (1014-1024) ( ) . 1038 . II (1024-1037)
, . ,
. 1041 . , .
, , 22. ,
, ,
23.
,
. , , ,
II - 1020-1025 ., 40- XI . -
24. - ,
, , . X . -
, - , 21 Codice diplomatico normanno di Aversa, ed. A. Gallo. Naples, 1926. № 43, № 53. 22 1035 . 12- - , , .
, ( ) .
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,
. 1042 . , ,
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, 25.
26 27. .
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, , ,
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, - 30.
31.
, ,
, , . , 17 1053 .,
, . ,
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, o II. - (1046), ( ) (1046-1051) IV. 1046 . ,
. , , ,
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. 1048 . II . ( ) , -
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23
, 34, - , , ,
. 35. , , ,
, - , ,
. . , ,
. " - milites Dei",
: " , , , ,
".
.36
( . . contado) civitates37. ,
1066 ., ,
(castra castella). ,
33 "Anschetillus de Quadrellis" - . Chibnall, M. (ed. and trans.) The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis (Oxford Medieval Texts, 1969-80), Vol. II, . III, p. 59; Catalogus Principum Capue : "Riccardus comes de Aversa, primus princeps Normanus" "filius Asclittini comitis", - "principe Normannorum Riccardo de Aversa" - . Catalogus Principum Capuæ, MGH SS III, p. 210;
, , - . Amatus III.12, p. 90;
: "Richardum filium Asclittini" "Raidulfus Trinclinocte comes" - Leonis Marsicani, Chronica Monasterii Casinensis II.67, MGH SS VII, p. 676.; Chronicon Amalphitani , "Ricardus de gente Normannorum"
1058 . - Muratori, L. A. Antiquitates Italicae Medii aevi, 1773, I, Chronici Amalphitani fragmenta, XXIX, p. 364; 34 Delogu, P. L'evoliuzione politica dei Normanni d'Italia fra poteri locali e potestá universali. - In: Atti del Congresso internazionale di studi sulla Sicilia Normann, Palermo, 1973, 51-104. 35 Guillou A. Roberto il Guiscardo sfruttatore del Catepanato bizantino. - In: Roberto il Guiscardo e il suo tempo. Relazioni e communicazioni nelle Prime Giornate normanno-sveve, Bari, 1973, 147-152. 36 Angold. M. Knowledge of Byzantine History in the West: the Norman Historians (Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries). - In: Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies, XXV, 2003, 19-35; Boehm, L. Nomen gentis Normannorum. Der Aufstieg der Normannen. - In: Spiegel der ЧШrЦКЧЧТsМСОЧ HТstШrТШРrКЩСТО, SОttТЦКЧО НТ stЮНТШ НОХ МОЧtrШ ТtКХТКЧШ НТ stЮНТ sЮХХ’КХtШ ЦОНТШОvo 16, 1968, 623–704; Loud, G. The Gens Normannorum – Myth or Reality. - In: ANS 4, 1982, 104–116; Wolf, K. Making History: the Normans and their Historians in Eleventh-Century Italy, Philadelphia 1995, 3-4, 172-175; Davis, R. The Normans and their Myth, London 1976, 49–69. 37 . ЯШЧ FКХФОЧСКЮsОЧ, V. IХ ЩШЩШХКЦОЧtШ: ОtЧТч, ПОНТ, ТЧsОНТКЦОЧtТ. - In: Terra e uomini nel mezzogiorno normanno-svevo (Atti delle settime giornate normanno-sveve, Bari, 15–17 ottobre 1985), ed. G. Musca, Bari, 1987, 68–69.
24
incastellamento 38. - castrum castellum ,
- , , 39. , " "
,
, XI .
, - , - ,
,
, . ( . husun) (oikoi)
, - , 40. ,
(pyrgoi) , -
41.
, . ,
- e . qser/qasr
, . , - , - 42. 43 80- XX .
- , ,
. ,
, , , ,
,
38 Martin, J.-M. Note sur l'habitat fortifié médiéval en Pouille. In: Castrum I. Habitats fortifiés et ШrРКЧТsКtТШЧ НО Х’ОsЩКМО ОЧ MцНТtОrrКЧцО ЦцНТцЯКХО. TКЛХО rШЧНО tОЧЮО р LвШЧ ХОs 4 Оt 5 ЦКТ 1982. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 1983, 105-108. 39 Chibnall, M. Orderic Vitalis on Castles. - In: Anglo-Norman Castles, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2003, 119-133. 40 Witthow, M. Rural Fortifications in Western Europe and Byzantium, Tenth to Twelfth Century. - In: Byzantinische Forschungen, 21, 1995. 41 Magdalino, P. The Byzantine Aristocratic oikos - In: the Byzantium Aristocracy, IX-XII Centuries, BAR, 221, 1984, 92-111. 42 Maurici, F. La terminologia delle fortificazioni nella Sicilia normanna e sveva. - In: Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studio, Castello di Lagopesole, 16-19 ottobre 1997, I, Roma, 1998, 25-39 43 Denys. P. A castle in the sand: mottes in the Crusader east. – In: Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale. XVIII, 187–190.
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, - , 44.
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26
" . ,
, . 1062 .,
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(opus galicum). (caestra) ,
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motte ( )54. -
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27
, 57. - motte-and-ЛКТХОв
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- , I (942-996) 59.
, " - " , - ,
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, - XI .60
, - - 61.
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28
(mons a pretis) Cava dei Tirreni ( )64. ШЩЮs МКОmОЧtТМТЧm
magistri commacini, 65. XII . - Santa Maria
di Guglieto, . ,
, . , . . castrum lapidum
, , . , -
. , ,
. , , (domus),
(aula), , , , .
, . (capella)
, ,
- - .
(camera). , ,
( )66.
. (castellum),
( ) castrum, - , (intra muros)
. , .
XII . - , , . ,
( ) 67.
. , 68. ,
64 Arthur, Naples, 32-33. 65 Peduto, P. Nascita di un mestiere. Lapicidi, ingegneri, architetti di Cava dei Tirreni (secc. XI-XVI). Cava dei Tirreni, Avagliano,1982, 16-17. 66 . BШЮКrН, M. LО château de Caen, Caen, 1979. 67 Dedalo, E. Società, potere e popolo nell'età di Ruggero II. Atti delle terze giornate normanno-sveve, Bari, 1977, p. 181. 68 Delogu, I Normanni in citta, 173-205. - . . .
29
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, 69.
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30
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Abstract
The article revolves around the problems of integration of the gypsies in the Bulgarian society after 9th September 1944. As an introduction, it focuses on the culture, everyday life, moral and worldview of the gypsies in Bulgaria, their different ethnic groups and traditions. The main focus of this research covers the period 1944−1989, tСО ОrК ШП tСО CШЦЦЮЧТst rОРТЦО ТЧ BЮХРКrТК. TСО КrtТМХО НОsМrТЛОs tСО ЩШХТtТМs ШП РвЩsТОs’ ТЧtОРrКtТШЧ ТЧ tСО BЮХРКrТКЧ sШМТОtв ЮsОН Лв tСО BЮХРКrТКЧ communist party. The different types of strategy and politics for handling the ТЧtОРrКtТШЧ ЩrШЛХОЦs КrО НТЯТНОН ТЧ ПОа ЩОrТШНs: 1944−1956, 1956−1970 КЧН 1970−1989. As К МШЧМХЮsТШЧ tСТs rОsОКrМС КТЦs tШ НОsМrТЛО ШЮr ЩrОsОЧt ЩrШЛХОЦs with the unsuccessful integration of the gypsies as a problem which is unsolved since 1944.
:
- , – . , , (1944-1989 .).
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- „ “ – , . <http://socbg.com/> 09.06.2015 .
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B. AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS, EPISCOPUS HIPONENSIS
SERMO 191
IN NATALI DOMINI, VIII
I. 1. ,
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I. 1. Verbum ut indigna pro indignis ferret incarnatum est. Verbum Patris per quod facta sunt tempora, caro factum, Natalem suum nobis fecit in tempore; et in ortu humano habere voluit unum diem, sine cuius nutu divino nullus volvitur dies. Ipse apud Patrem praecedit cuncta spatia [1010]saeculorum: ipse de matre in hac die cursibus se ingessit annorum. Homo factus, hominis factor: ut sugeret ubera, regens sidera; ut esuriret panis, ut sitiret fons, dormiret lux, ab itinere via fatigaretur, falsis testibus veritas accusaretur, iudex vivorum et mortuorum a iudice mortali iudicaretur, ab iniustis iustitia damnaretur, flagellis disciplina caederetur, spinis botrus coronaretur, in ligno fundamentum suspenderetur, virtus infirmaretur, salus vulneraretur, vita moreretur. Ad haec atque huiusmodi sustinenda pro nobis indigna, ut liberaret indignos; quando nec ille aliquid mali, qui propter nos tanta pertulit mala, nec nos boni aliquid merebamur, qui per eum tanta accepimus bona; propter haec ergo, qui erat ante omnia saecula sine initio dierum Dei Filius, esse in novissimis diebus dignatus est hominis Filius; et qui de Patre natus, non a Patre factus erat, factus est in matre quam fecerat; ut ex illa ortus hic aliquando esset, quae nisi per illum nunquam et nusquam esse
1 . Verbum ut indigna pro indignis ferret incarnatum est – indignus
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2. Virginitate matris illaesa natus Christus. Sic adimpletum est quod praedixerat Psalmus: Veritas de terra orta est. Maria virgo ante conceptum, virgo post partum. Absit enim ut in ea terra, hoc est in ea carne unde orta est veritas, periret integritas. Nempe post resurrectionem suam, cum spiritus putaretur esse, non corpus: Palpate, inquit, et videte, quia spiritus carnem et ossa non habet, sicut me videtis habere. Et tamen illius iuvenilis corporis soliditas, non patentibus foribus se ad discipulos intromisit. Cur ergo qui potuit per clausa ostia magnus intrare, non potuit etiam per incorrupta membra parvus exire? Sed neque hoc, neque illud volunt credere increduli. Ideo potius fides utrumque credit; quia infidelitas utrumque non credit. Ipsa est quippe infidelitas, cui nulla in Christo videtur esse divinitas. Porro si fides Deum natum credit in carne, Deo non dubitat utrumque possibile; ut et corpus maioris aetatis non reserato aditu domus, intus positis praesentaret, et sponsus infans de thalamo suo, hoc est utero virginali, illaesa matris virginitate procederet.
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II. 3. Ecclesia mente et virgo et mater. Illic namque unigenitus Dei Filius humanam sibi dignatus est coniungere naturam, ut sibi capiti immaculato immaculatam consociaret Ecclesiam; quam Paulus apostolus virginem vocat, non solas in ea considerans etiam corpore virgines, sed incorruptas omnium desiderans mentes. Desponsavi enim vos, inquit, uni viro, virginem castam exhibere Christo. Ecclesia ergo imitans Domini sui matrem, quoniam corpore non potuit, mente tamen et mater est et virgo. Nullo itaque modo virginitatem matri suae nascendo Christus ademit, qui Ecclesiam suam de fornicatione daemonum redimendo virginem fecit. Ex cuius [1011]incorrupta virginitate procreatae virgines sanctae, quae terrenas nuptias contemnentes, esse etiam carne virgines elegistis, gaudentes celebrate solemniter hodierno die Virginis partum. Ille quippe est natus ex femina, qui non est a masculo satus in femina. Qui vobis attulit quod amaretis, matri non abstulit quod amatis. Qui sanat in vobis quod traxistis ex Eva, absit ut vitiaret quod dilexistis in Maria.
94
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III. 4. Virginitas Mariae imitanda. Illa igitur cuius vestigia sectamini, et ut conciperet, cum viro non mansit; et cum pareret, virgo permansit. Imitamini eam quantum potestis; non fecunditate, quia hoc non potestis, salva virginitate. Sola utrumque potuit, quorum vos unum habere voluistis; quia hoc perditis, si utrumque habere velitis. Sola utrumque potuit, quae omnipotentem peperit, per quem potuit. Solum enim unicum Dei Filium, isto unico modo fieri oportebat Filium hominis. Nec tamen ideo non est vobis aliquid Christus, quia unius est virginis fetus. Ipsum quippe vos, quem filium edere non potuistis carne, sponsum invenistis in corde; et talem sponsum, quem et redemptorem sic teneat felicitas vestra, ut peremptorem non timeat virginitas vestra. Qui enim matri virginitatem nec corporali abstulit partu, multo magis in vobis eam spirituali servat amplexu. Nec propterea vos steriles deputetis, quia virgines permanetis. Nam et ipsa pia integritas carnis, ad fecunditatem pertinet mentis. Agite quod ait Apostolus: quoniam non cogitatis ea quae sunt mundi, quomodo placeatis maritis; cogitate quae Dei sunt, quomodo illi in omnibus placeatis; ut non uterum fetibus, sed animum fecundum possitis habere virtutibus. Postremo omnes alloquor, omnibus dico; universam virginem castam, quam desponsavit Apostolus Christo, ista voce compello. Quod miramini in carne Mariae, agite in penetralibus animae. Qui corde credit ad iustitiam, concipit Christum; qui ore confitetur ad salutem, parit Christum. Sic in mentibus vestris et
2 : (fidelitas vestra).
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fecunditas exuberet, et virginitas perseveret.
: Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina (PL). Vol. 38, col. 1009–1011;
.
3 .
96
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192
( )
B. AURELIUS AUGUSTINUS, EPISCOPUS HIPONENSIS
SERMO 192
IN NATALI DOMINI, IX
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I. 1. Incarnatio Filii Dei propter homines, quam admiranda. Hodie Veritas de terra orta est, Christus de carne natus est. Gaudete solemniter, et sempiternum diem hodierno quoque admoniti cogitate, aeterna dona spe firmissima concupiscite; filii Dei esse accepta potestate praesumite. Propter vos temporalis effectus est temporum effector, propter vos in carne apparuit [1012]mundi Conditor, propter vos creatus est Creator. Quid adhuc mortales mortalibus rebus oblectamini, et fugitivam vitam, si fieri posset, tenere conamini? Spes longe clarior effulsit in terris, ut terrenis vita promitteretur in coelis. Hoc ut crederetur, res incredibilior praerogata est. Deos facturus qui homines erant, homo factus est qui Deus erat; nec amittens quod erat, fieri voluit ipse quod fecerat. Ipse fecit quod esset, quia hominem Deo addidit, non Deum in homine perdidit. Miramur virginis partum, et novum ipsum nascendi modum incredulis persuadere conamur, quod in utero non seminato germen prolis exortum est, et a complexu carnis viscera immunia filium hominis protulerunt, cuius patrem hominem non tulerunt; quod virginitatis integritas et in conceptu clausa, et in partu incorrupta permansit. Mira est ista potentia, sed plus est miranda misericordia, quod ille qui sic nasci potuit, nasci voluit. Erat enim iam unicus Patri, qui unicus natus est matri; et ipse est factus in matre, qui
97
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sibi fecerat matrem: sempiternus cum Patre, hodiernus ex matre; post matrem de matre factus, ante omnia de Patre non factus; sine quo Pater nunquam fuit, sine quo mater nunquam fuisset.
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II. 2. Virginibus, viduis et coniugatis ex Christi nativitate laetitiae causa. Ecclesia, mater est et virgo. Exsultate, virgines Christi, consors vestra est mater Christi. Christum parere non potuistis, sed propter Christum parere noluistis. Qui non ex vobis natus est, vobis natus est. Verumtamen si verbi eius memineritis, sicut meminisse debetis; estis etiam vos matres eius, quia voluntatem facitis Patris eius. Ipse enim dixit: Quicumque facit voluntatem Patris mei, ipse mihi frater et soror et mater est. Exsultate, viduae Christi: qui fecundam fecit virginitatem, illi vovistis continentiae sanctitatem. Exsulta etiam, castitas nuptialis, omnes fideliter viventes cum coniugibus vestris: quod amisistis in corpore, in corde servate. Ubi iam non potest esse a concubitu caro integra, sit in fide virgo conscientia, secundum quam virgo est omnis Ecclesia. In Maria Christum pia virginitas peperit; in Anna Christum viduitas parvum grandaeva cognovit; in Elisabeth Christo coniugalis castitas et anilis fecunditas militavit.
98
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Omnes gradus fidelium membrorum capiti contulerunt, quod ipsius gratia conferre potuerunt. Proinde quia veritas et pax et iustitia Christus est, hunc fide concipite, operibus edite; ut quod egit uterus Mariae in carne Christi, agat cor vestrum in lege Christi. Quomodo autem non ad partum Virginis pertinetis, quando Christi membra estis? Caput vestrum peperit Maria, vos Ecclesia. Nam ipsa quoque et mater et virgo est: [1013]mater visceribus charitatis, virgo integritate fidei et pietatis. Populos parit, sed unius membra sunt, cuius ipsa est corpus et coniux, etiam in hoc similitudinem gerens illius virginis, quia et in multis mater est unitatis.
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III. 3. Veritas de terra, iustitia de coelo. Die minimo anni cur natus Christus. Omnes itaque unanimes, castis mentibus et affectibus sanctis, diem Natalis Domini celebremus: quo die, sicut istum sermonem exorsi sumus: Veritas de terra orta est. Iam enim et quod in eodem psalmo sequitur, factum est. Nam ille qui de terra ortus est, hoc est, de carne natus est, quia de coelo venit, et super omnes est; procul dubio cum ascendit ad
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Patrem, etiam iustitia de coelo prospexit. Hanc enim iustitiam verbis suis ipse commendat, promittendo Spiritum sanctum: Ipse, inquit, arguet mundum de peccato, et de iustitia, et de iudicio. De peccato quidem, quia non crediderunt in me; de iustitia, quia ad Patrem vado; et iam non videbitis me. Haec est iustitia, quae de coelo prospexit. A summo enim coelo egressio eius, et occursus eius usque ad summum coeli. Ne vero quisquam contemneret veritatem, quia de terra orta est, cum sicut sponsus processit de thalamo suo, id est, de utero virginali, ubi Verbum Dei creaturae humanae quodam ineffabili coniugio copulatum est; ne hoc ergo quisquam contemneret, et quamvis mirabiliter natum, et dictis factisque mirabilem, tamen propter similitudinem carnis peccati nihil amplius Christum quam hominem crederet; cum dictum esset: Tanquam sponsus procedens de thalamo suo, exsultavit ut gigas ad currendam viam; continuo subiunctum est: A summo coelo egressio eius. Quod ergo audis: Veritas de terra orta est, dignatio est, non conditio; misericordia est, non miseria. Veritas ut de terra oriretur, de coelo descendit; sponsus ut de thalamo suo procederet, a summo coelo egressio eius. Inde est quod hodie natus est, quo die minor dies nullus in terris, a quo tamen incrementa dies sumunt. Qui ergo inclinatus est, et nos erexit, minimum elegit diem, sed unde lux crescit; ipso suo tali adventu, nos etiam tacitus tanquam sonitu magni clamoris exhortans, ut qui pauper propter nos factus est, in illo divites esse discamus; qui propter nos formam servi accepit, in illo libertatem accipiamus; qui propter nos de terra ortus est, in illo
100
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coelum possideamus.
: Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina (PL). Vol. 38, col. 1011–1013;
.
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ISSN 2367-802X
