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ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
ON NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGY
OPEN FILE REPORT 90-2
Compiled by Robert O. Walton ill
1823
Geological Survey Section
Division of Land Resources
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
James G. Martin, Govemor
1990
William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION
The Geological Survey Section examines, surveys, and maps the geology, mineral resources,and topography of the state to encourage the wise conservation and use of these resources by industry,commerce, agriculture, and government agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of NorthCarolina.
The section conducts basic and applied research projects in environmental geology, mineralresource exploration, and systematic geologic mapping. Services include identifying rock andmineral samples submitted by citizens and providing consulting services and specially preparedreports to agencies that need geological infoffi1ation.
The Geological Survey Section publishes Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educational Series, Geologic Maps and Special Publications. For a list of publications or moreinfonnation about the section please contact the Geological Survey Section at P.O. Box 27687,Raleigh, N011h Carolina 27611-7687, or call (919) 733-2423.
Jeffrey C. ReidChief Geologist
ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONSON
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGYAS OF JANUARY, 1990
OPEN-FILE REPORT 90-2
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Introduction
The Alphabetical listing ofTheses and Dissertations on North Carolina Geology is a updateof:
NCGS open file 77-1, Burt, E.R. III, 1977, AlphabeticalListing q,fTheses andDissertations onNorth Carolina Geology and NCGS open file 77-1 (Revised in 1980).
Additional infonnation was obtained from:
1) Dissertation abstracts on-line by Dialog Infonnation Services (800-521-3042)
2) Thesis and Dissertation lists from selected Universities
Copies of theses and dissertations may be obtained from University MicrofilmsInternational (800-521-3042) or from the issuing university. The North Carolina GeologicalSurvey maintains a reference collection of selected theses and dissertations on Piedmont andMountain geology at its 5th Floor office in the Archdale Building on North Salisbury street,Raleigh (919) 733-2423. A reference collection of selected Coastal Plain theses and dissertationsis maintained at the North Carolina Geological Survey Coastal Plain office on Reedy Creek Roadin west Raleigh (919) 733-7353. Select theses and dissertations on geology in the western part ofthe state is maintained at the North Carolina Geological Survey Asheville Office (704) 251-6208.The North Carolina Geological Survey does not make copies of these holdings.
The titles of the citations in this listing may vary slightly from the original title, because ofspace limitation in the data fields. Most changes are in the abbreviation of words such as NC forNorth Carolina, etc.
Please send any corrections, additions, or ommissions to this open-file report to ChiefGeologist, Geological Survey Section, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7687, or phone(919) 733-2423.
No
rth
Ca
rolin
aG
eo
log
ica
lS
urv
ey,
Op
en
-File
90
-2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OlO
GY
,-Ja
nu
ary
1990
.by
R.O
.W
alto
nIII
LAST
FIR
ST
Abd
clza
hir.
M.A
.
Abs
her,
B.S
.
Ach
aiba
r,Ja
ikis
an
Ake
rs,
W.H
.
Alc
orn,
s.R.
Alle
n,D
.W.
Alle
n.G
.C.
Alle
n,R
.T.
Alli
son,
M.A
.
Am
ick,
H.C
.
And
erso
n,F
.E.
And
erso
n,G
.D
And
erso
n,M
S.
Arbogas~
J.S
.
Ast
woo
d.P
.M.
Alit
.E
.H.
Auc
h,T
.W.
Aus
burn
,M
.P.
Bab
b,J.
S.
Bab
iker
,H
.M.n
Bai
lar,
E.F
.
Bai
ley,
ItH
.
Bai
ley,
ItH
.
Bal
lard
,J.
A.
Bar
berio
,S
.J.
Bar
ifai
jo,
N.S
.
Bar
ker,
R.E
.
Bar
tlett,
C.S
.,Jr
.
Bar
too,
Col
leen
Bas
cle.
R.J
.
Bat
ten,
!tW
.
Bau
m,
G.R
.
Bea
rce,
D.N
.
Beh
ensk
y,J.
F.,J
r.
TIT
LE
The
geol
ogy
oft
heC
arol
ina
slat
ebe
lt,n
on
hem
Moo
reC
ount
ytN
on
hC
arol
ina
Pet
roge
nesi
sof
gran
ulit
efa
cies
rock
sat
Win
ding
Stai
rGap
,N
orth
Car
olin
aB
lue
Rid
ge
Ape
trol
ogic
and
geoc
hem
ical
stud
yof
som
eam
phib
olite
bodi
esin
the
Smith
Riv
erA
lloch
thon
,Vir
gini
a
Plan
kton
icfo
ram
inif
era
and
bios
trat
igra
phy
ofso
me
Neo
gene
Form
atio
nsno
rthe
rnFl
orid
aan
dA
tlant
icC
oast
alPl
ain
Ser
pent
iniz
atio
nof
the
Hol
com
beB
ranc
hdu
nite
,Non
hC
arol
ina
Cla
ym
iner
als
ofT
ar·P
amlic
oR
iver
sedi
men
ts
Che
mic
alan
dm
iner
alog
icva
riat
ions
duri
ngpr
ogra
dem
etam
orph
ism
inth
eG
reat
Sm
oky
MO
lDlt
ainS
ofN
C·T
enn
The
Tri
assi
cro
cks
oft
heW
ades
boro
area
Min
eral
ogy
and
sedi
men
tatio
nof
the
c1ay
·siz
edfr
actio
n,Pu
ngo
Riv
erFo
nnat
ion,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
cont
inen
talm
argi
n
Geo
logy
ofB
ooke
rCre
ekqu
adra
ngle
Cha
nges
inte
XlU
rala
ndco
mpo
sitio
nalp
rope
rtie
sof
abe
ach
sedi
men
tnea
rthe
mou
thof
the
Cap
eF
earR
iver
,NC
Dis
trib
utio
nof
copp
eran
dzi
ncin
grou
ndw
ater
ina
sele
cted
area
ofk
now
nm
iner
aliz
atio
n,C
aban
usan
dS
tanl
yco
unti
es,N
C
The
hydr
olog
yof
the
Neu
sew
aste
wat
ertr
eabn
ents
ite
Ruv
iald
epos
itio
no
fTri
assi
cR
edB
eds,
Dur
ham
basi
n,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Ape
trof
abri
cSb
ldy
oft
wo
alpi
ne-t
ype
ultr
amaf
icbo
dies
Tec
toni
can
dge
olog
icre
lati
onsh
ips
ofv
ario
usm
iner
alde
posi
tsin
east
ern
Nor
thA
mer
ica
Pal
eoec
olog
yin
terp
reta
tion
of
ala
teP
leis
toce
nem
arin
efo
ssil
bed
inea
ster
nN
orth
Car
olin
a
Str
atig
raph
y,st
nlet
ure
and
petr
olog
yo
fthe
nort
hern
half
of
the
Top
ton
quad
nmgl
c,N
OM
Car
olin
a
The
cong
lom
erat
eso
fthe
Jone
s-Fo
rdqu
adra
ngle
Geo
logy
oft
heC
egg
Cop
perM
ine
and
vici
nity
,Lee
and
Ota
tham
Cou
ntie
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
chem
istt
yan
dpe
trog
enes
isof
the
Cra
nb
eny
mag
neti
tede
posi
t,B
lue
Rid
gepr
ovin
ce,N
on
hC
arol
ina
Pale
oenv
ironm
ents
,pal
eoec
olog
y,an
dst
ratig
raph
yof
mol
lusc
anas
sem
blag
esfr
omth
eY
orlc
tow
nPm
.(U
pper
Mio
-Iow
erPl
io.)
NC
Sedi
men
t..pe
lecy
pod
rela
tions
hips
inth
eY
orkt
own
Fonn
atio
nal
ong
the
Olo
wan
Riv
er,n
orth
east
ern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geol
ogy
oft
heM
eny
Oak
sse
ctio
no
fth
eD
urha
mT
rias
sic
basi
no
fNo
nh
Car
olin
a
Sed
imen
tati
onpa
ttern
son
the
lago
onal
side
ofa
barr
ieri
slan
dal
ong
the
NoI
thC
arol
ina
coas
t
Petr
ogra
phy
ofN
utbu
shC
reek
faul
tzon
e,N
orth
Car
olin
a-V
irgi
nia
An
envi
ronm
enta
lana
lysi
so
frec
ents
edim
ents
and
mic
rofa
una
oft
heco
ntin
enta
lshe
lfo
fth
eso
uthe
aste
rnU
nite
dSt
ales
Geo
logy
ofth
eS
outh
ern
Pine
squ
adra
ngle
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pal
eom
agne
tic
stud
ies
ofi
ntru
sive
rock
sin
the
sout
hern
App
alac
hian
Pie
dmon
t
Pat
tern
corr
elat
ion
and
wel
l-lo
gin
terp
reta
tion
ofe
aste
rnN
orth
Car
olin
asu
bsur
face
geol
ogy
Th
ese
dim
ents
oft
heB
eauf
ortI
nlet
area
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Str
atig
raph
icfr
amew
ork
oft
heM
iddl
eE
ocen
eto
Low
erM
ioce
neF
onna
tion
so
fNo
nh
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofth
eC
hilh
owee
Gro
upan
dth
eO
coee
Seri
esin
the
sout
hwes
tern
Bal
dM
ount
ains
Rea
sses
smen
toft
hedi
sLof
bent
hic
fora
min
ifer
aof
the
shel
fand
slop
eof
the
Atla
ntic
mar
gin
and
Gul
fofM
exic
oof
the
U.S
.
Pag
e2
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
I1Y
DE
G
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
leM
1984
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)M
1983
Tenn
esse
e(K
noxv
ille
)M
1971
Tul
ane
D
1975
Sout
hC
arol
ina
M
1965
UN
eC
hape
lHill
M
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1908
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1988
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
1923
UN
eC
hape
lH
illM
1962
Nor
thw
este
rnM
1972
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1975
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1976
Duk
eM
1970
Sout
hC
arol
ina
M
1951
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1987
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
1983
Flo
rida
Sta
teM
1921
UN
CO
lapc
1H
illM
1978
NO
Tth
Car
olin
aS
tate
M
1984
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lM
1973
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1971
UN
eC
hape
lH
illM
1959
UN
CC
hape
l Hill
M
1971
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1986
UN
eO
1ape
lHill
M
1958
Okl
ahom
aM
1967
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lM
1980
Mas
sach
uset
tsM
1976
Sou
thC
arol
ina
M
1959
UN
CC
hape
lH
illM
1977
UN
CC
hape
lH
illD
1966
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
D
1977
Mia
mi(
Flo
rida
)M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Op
en
·File
90-2
.-T
HE
SE
SA
ND
DIS
SE
RT
AT
ION
SO
NN
OR
TH
CA
RO
LIN
AG
EO
lOG
Y.-
Jan
ua
ry19
90.
byR
.O
.W
alto
nIII
LA
ST
FIR
ST
Bel
gea.
Paul
Bel
lis,
B.J
.
Bel
lis,
C.l
.
Ben
nen,
E.H
.,II
Ben
son,
P.H
.,il
l
Ben
son.
p.H
.,m
Ben
ton.
S.B
.
Ber
ger,
P.s.
Ber
nste
in,
H.A
.
Ber
ry,
E.C
.
Ber
ryhi
ll,
LR
.
Bey
er,
P.I
.
Bin
gham
.E
dgar
Bir
d,S
.O.
Bla
ck,
W.W
.
Bla
ckw
elde
r,B
.W.
Bla
ckw
elde
r,B
.W.
Bla
ckw
elde
r,P
.L.
Bla
ke,
D.E
.
Bla
nd,
A.E
.
Bla
nd,
A.E
.
Blu
hm.
C.T
.
Bob
yarc
hick
,A.~
Bob
yarc
tuck
,A
.R.
Boh
anan
,E.
R.t
lr.
Boi
couf
t.w
.e.
Bol
ich.
R.E
.B
oltin
.W
.R.
Bon
d,P.
A.
Bon
ini,
W.E
.
Bou
rlan
d,W
.C.
Bow
enna
n,IN
.B
owm
an,
F.O
.,Jr
.
Bow
man
,J.
T.
Boy
d,H
.W.
TIT
LE
Gri
ndin
gan
dim
pact
type
abra
sion
ofse
lect
edm
ollu
scan
shel
lmic
rost
ruct
ures
Inor
gani
can
alys
isof
pollu
ted
grou
ndw
ater
inth
ePi
edm
onto
fNor
thC
arol
ina:
aca
sest
udy
Shor
elin
ech
ange
sat
Kill
Dev
ilH
ills
and
Kitt
yH
awk,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sedi
men
tatio
npa
ttern
son
the
Out
erB
anks
ofN
orth
Car
olin
abe
twee
nN
ags
Hea
dan
dO
cmco
ke
Aco
mpa
riso
no
fthe
clay
min
eral
ogy
ofm
arsh
and
adja
cent
non-
mar
shen
viro
nmen
tsal
ong
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
coas
t
The
depo
sitio
nale
nviro
mne
ntof
the
Upp
erC
reta
ceou
sB
lack
Cre
ekF
onna
tion
inN
orth
Car
olin
aan
dS
outh
Car
olin
a
Hol
ocen
eev
olut
ion
ofa
nano
tidal
brac
kish
mar
sh-p
rote
cted
bay
syst
emR
oano
keIs
land
lN
onh
Car
olin
a
Ext
ensi
onst
mct
ures
inth
eC
entr
alA
ppal
achi
ans
Mod
emse
dim
ents
ofW
hite
Oak
Riv
erE
stua
ry.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Frac
ture
fabr
icin
the
Pied
mon
tand
Blu
eR
idge
ofN
onh
and
Sout
hC
arol
ina
Stra
tigra
phy
and
Fora
min
ifera
ofth
eSt
anda
rdO
ilof
New
Jers
eyH
atte
ras
Ugh
tWel
lNo.
1
Alte
ratio
nof
slat
ebe
ltxe
nolit
hsin
agr
anod
iori
ticst
ock,
Ora
nge
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Lan
dus
e.W
atau
gaR
iver
basi
n.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Upp
erT
ertia
ryA
rcac
eaof
the
Mid
-Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Plai
n
The
geoc
hron
olog
yan
dge
oche
mis
try
ofth
eC
arol
ina
slat
ebe
ltof
NO
M-C
entr
alN
orth
Car
olin
a
Mor
phom
etIy
,evo
l.&ph
yloz
ones
ofth
em
ollu
scan
genu
sC
avili
nga
(Biv
alvi
aL
ucin
idae
)Pl
ioce
neto
Hol
ocen
eof
the
S.A
ll.C
oast
alPl
ain
Clu
ster
anal
ysis
ofth
em
ollu
scan
asse
mb.
from
the
Dup
lin(U
pper
Mio
cene
)&W
acca
maw
Fonn
alio
n(L
ower
Plio
cene
).N
o.&
So.C
arol
ina
Ele
ctro
nm
icro
scop
yof
quan
zsa
ndgr
ains
from
east
ern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
and
Scot
ian
cont
inen
talm
argi
n
The
geol
ogy
ofth
eG
risso
mar
ea,F
rank
lin,G
ranv
ille,
and
Wak
eC
ount
ies.
NC
:Ast
ruct
ural
and
met
amor
phic
anal
ysis
Geo
chem
istty
ofth
eM
eado
wFl
ats
Com
plex
,Ora
nge
Cou
nty.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Tra
ceel
emen
tgeo
chem
istry
ofvo
lcan
icse
q.of
MD
,VA
,and
NC
and
itsbe
arin
gon
the
tect
onic
evol
utio
nof
the
cent
ralA
ppal
achi
ans
Stru
ctur
eof
the
Fran
kal
pine
-typ
edu
nite
-lhe
rzol
iteco
mpl
ex,A
very
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Tec
toge
nesi
sof
the
Hyl
aszo
nean
dea
ster
nPi
edm
ontn
earR
ichm
ond.
Vir
gini
a
SL
ruC
l.of
the
Bre
vard
zone
and
Blu
eR
idge
near
Len
oir,
NC
tob
serv
.on
obliq
uecr
enul
atio
ncl
eava
ge.i
rrot
atio
nals
tru
cLin
shea
r
Pet
ro.a
naly
sis
ofsc
v.so
apst
one
artif
acts
from
1N
and
soap
ston
ede
ptin
NC
&SC
inan
atte
mpt
tode
ter.
the
sour
cear
eaof
artif
acts
The
circ
ulat
ion
ofw
ater
onth
eco
ntin
enta
lshe
lffr
omth
eC
hesa
peak
eB
ayto
Cap
eH
atte
ras
Geo
phys
ical
and
geoc
hem
ical
inve
stig
atio
nof
diab
ase
from
the
wes
tern
port
ion
ofth
eD
urha
mM
esoz
oic
basi
n,N
C
Geo
logy
oft
heH
olli
ster
71/
2-m
in.q
uadr
angl
e.W
arre
nan
dH
alif
axC
ount
ies,
NC
:mct
amot
phic
tran
sitio
nin
the
Eas
tern
slal
ebe
ll
Ase
quen
ceof
deve
lopm
entf
orth
eH
ende
rson
auge
ngn
eiss
and
itsad
jace
ntca
tacl
astic
rock
s
Subs
urfa
cege
olog
yin
the
area
ofth
eC
ape
Fea
rarc
has
dete
nnin
edby
seis
mic
-ref
ract
ion
mea
sure
men
ts
Tec
toge
nesi
san
dm
etam
orph
ism
ofth
eP
iedm
ontf
rom
Col
wnb
iato
Wes
tvie
w.a
long
the
Jam
esR
iver
Geo
logy
and
min
eral
reso
urce
sof
the
Paso
urM
OW
ltain
area
.Gas
ton
Cou
nty.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
Car
olin
asl
ate
belt
near
Alb
emar
lelN
orth
Car
olin
a
Com
posi
tiona
lvar
iatio
nof
gran
ite
inea
ster
nW
ake
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Dep
osit
iona
lsub
-env
ironm
ents
and
eros
ion
onth
eO
uter
Ban
ksat
Pea
Isla
nd.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pag
e3
DA
TE
UN
lVE
RS
IlY
DE
G
1980
UN
CC
hape
lH
illM
1985
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1985
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1970
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1964
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1968
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
D
1980
East
Car
olin
aM
1978
Wes
tVir
gini
aM
1977
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1953
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1948
Cha
pelH
illM
1973
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1948
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1962
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lD
1977
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1972
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
D19
71G
ooIg
eW
ashi
ngto
n·M
1970
Duk
eM
1986
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1972
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1978
Ken
tuck
yD
1976
Sout
hern
Dlin
ois
M
1976
VP
IM
1983
Alb
any
D
1975
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)M
1973
John
sH
opki
nsD
1986
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1985
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lM
1957
Wis
cons
inD
1976
VPI
M
1954
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1954
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D19
70N
orth
Car
olin
aS
tate
M
1971
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rve
y,O
pe
n-F
ile90
-2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Jan
ua
ry19
90,
by
R.
O.
Wa
lton
III
DE
C
M M M o M M M M M D M M M D M M M M M D M M D M M M M M D M D M M D M
LAST
FIR
ST
Boy
er,
S.E
.
Bra
uer,
C.D
.
Bre
tt.C
.E.
Bre
tt,C
.E.
Bre
wer
,R
.C.
Bri
ggs,
D.F
.
Brig
ht,
M.J
.,Jr
.
Bro
bst.
D.A
.
Bro
wn,
C.Q
.
Bro
wn,
H.S
.
Bro
wns
on.
A.R
.
Bry
son,
H.J
.
Bur
chfi
eld,
w.w
.B
urne
tt,
T.L
,Jr.
Bur
nett
e,I.
P.,
ill
BU1t
yE
.R.,
mB
unon
,D
.M.
Bus
s,B
.A.
But
t,W
.H.
Byr
d.W
.J.
Byr
um,
S.R
.
Cab
aup,
1.1.
Cab
e,S
uell
en
Cab
e,S
uell
en
Cal
laha
n,J.
E.
Cam
pbel
l,S.
K.
Car
lisl
e,J.
T.
Car
lson
,T
.W.
Cat
pent
er,
B.D
.
Car
pent
er,
p.A
.,m
Car
pent
er,
R.H
.
Car
riIh
o,C
id
Car
ter,
B.R
.
Car
ter,
V.P
.
Cen
tini,
B.A
.
TIT
LE
SUU
ctur
ean
dor
igin
ofG
rand
fath
erM
ount
ain
win
dow
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Gen
etic
map
ping
and
eros
iona
lhis
tory
of
the
surf
ace
sedi
men
tsof
Shac
klef
ord
Ban
ks,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pal
eoec
olog
ical
and
falm
a!an
alys
eso
fso
me
foss
ilas
sem
blag
eso
fthe
Cre
tace
ous
Bla
ckC
reek
and
Pee
Dee
Fon
nati
ons
So
me
sedi
men
taIy
.hyd
rogr
aphi
c,an
dfa
unal
aspe
cts
ofB
ogue
Sou
nd.N
orth
Car
olin
a,an
dth
eirp
aleo
ecol
ogic
alsi
gnif
ican
ce
Str
oetu
rean
dpe
trog
rnph
yo
fthe
base
men
tcom
plex
esea
stof
the
Hot
Spr
ings
win
dow
,Blu
eR
idge
prov
ince
,wes
tern
NC
Petr
olog
yof
the
Rox
boro
Met
agra
nite
,No
nh
Car
olin
a
Som
em
etas
edim
ents
inth
eG
rand
fath
erM
ount
ain
fens
ter
Geo
logy
oft
heP
lum
tree
area
,Spr
uce
Pin
edistri~
No
nh
Car
olin
a
Th
ecl
aym
iner
als
ofth
eN
euse
Riv
erse
dim
ents
Geo
logy
oft
heO
reK
nob
and
Elk
Kno
bco
pper
depo
sits
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Str
atig
raph
yo
fthe
Tri
assi
cin
east
ern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stra
tigra
phy
ofD
eep
Riv
erC
oals
The
Una
kaM
ount
ains
ofT
enne
ssee
and
Non
hC
arol
ina
Pet
rolo
gyo
fsou
thea
ster
nP
iedm
ontr
iver
sand
s,G
eorg
ia,S
outh
Car
olin
a,an
dN
orth
Car
olin
a
Fra
mew
ork,
proc
esse
s,an
dev
olut
ion
oft
heN
ewR
iver
Inle
tcom
plex
Geo
logy
oft
hen
on
hw
este
ight
ho
fthe
Tro
y,N
onh
Car
olin
aqu
adra
ngle
Pet
rolo
gyo
fmet
adia
base
intm
sio
ns
inth
eW
hite
Roc
kqu
adra
ngle
,wes
tern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sus
pend
edse
dim
ents
inco
ntin
enta
lsh
ellw
ater
so
ffC
ape
Hat
tera
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Igne
ous
rock
so
fthe
Jone
s-F
ord
quad
rang
le
Pet
rolo
gyof
the
Cam
bria
nS
hady
Dol
omit
ein
Nor
thC
arol
ina,
nort
heas
tTen
ness
ee,a
ndso
uthw
estV
irgi
nia
For
amin
ifer
albi
ostr
atig
raph
yan
dpa
leoe
colo
gyo
fUpp
erP
leis
toce
nese
dim
ents
fort
he
Out
erB
anks
ofN
C
Ori
gin
and
diff
eren
tiat
ion
oft
he
gabb
roin
the
Con
cord
ring
dike
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pie
dmon
t
Cre
tace
ous
and
Cen
ozoi
cst
rati
grap
hyo
fthe
uppe
rand
mid
dle
Coa
stal
Pla
in,H
amen
Cou
nty
area
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pos
t-E
ocen
est
rati
grap
hyof
the
Car
thag
ean
dso
uthe
rnP
ines
7Il
l-m
in.q
uadr
angl
es,N
on
hC
arol
ina
Sou
rce
rock
dete
rmin
atio
no
nth
eba
sis
ofh
eavy
acce
ssor
ym
iner
als
inth
esa
prol
ite
inP
iedm
ont,
NC
Geo
logy
.pet
rogr
aphy
,and
geoc
bem
isuy
of
the
Lem
onS
prin
gspl
uton
and
asso
ciat
edro
cks,
Lee
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ala
bora
tory
stud
yo
fthe
Bee
chG
rani
tepl
agio
clas
e
Opa
line
clay
ston
esin
the
Pal
eoce
neo
fso
uthe
rnN
orth
Car
olin
a
Eff
ects
ofp
hosp
hom
sm
inin
gw
aste
so
nm
icro
orga
nism
so
fth
eP
amli
coR
iver
estu
ary,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
oft
heW
ilto
nar
ea,G
ranv
ille
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ast
udy
of
the
orc
min
eral
sin
cupr
ifer
ous
pyrr
hotit
ede
posi
tsin
the
sout
hern
App
alac
hian
s
Geo
logy
oft
heN
orth
east
Bur
ling
ton
quad
rang
le
Com
pari
son
ofc
ompr
essi
onch
arac
teri
stic
sw
ithso
me
phys
ical
prop
erti
esfo
ra
resi
dual
soil
from
Wak
eC
ount
y,N
C
Rel
atio
no
fhyd
roge
o.,s
oils
and
vege
tati
onon
the
wet
land
-lo-
upla
ndtr
ansi
tion
zone
,Gre
atD
ism
alS
wam
p,V
A&
NC
Stn
letu
ralg
eolo
gyo
fthe
Han
ging
Roc
kS
tate
Par
kar
ea.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pag
e4
DA
TE
UN
lVE
RS
IlY
1978
John
sH
opki
ns
1974
Duk
e
1961
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1963
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1986
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1974
VP
I
1956
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1953
Min
neso
ta
1953
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1958
ll1in
ois
1915
UN
CO
Jape
lHill
1924
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1941
Tenn
esse
e(K
noxv
ille)
1971
Tex
asA
&M
1977
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1979
East
ern
Ken
tuck
y19
72D
lino
is
1921
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1973
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1978
East
Car
olin
a
1969
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1984
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1980
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1985
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1956
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)
1916
Min
neso
ta
1969
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1970
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1965
Wis
cons
in
1973
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1967
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1988
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
1964
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
le
No
rth
Ca
rolin
aG
eo
log
ica
lS
urv
ey.
Op
en
-File
90
-2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OlO
OV
:Ja
nu
ary
1990
.by
R.
O.
Wa
lto
n111
LAST
FIR
ST
Ccn
tini
.B
.A.
Cha
lera
ft,
R.O
.
Cha
ng,
Yim
aw
Cha
rles
.w
.c.
Chu
illi.
A.T
.
Cla
rk,
H.B
.•m
Oar
k,
S,R
.
Cla
rk.
Susa
n
Qar
ke.
T.G
.
Cle
ary.
w.e
.Q
eary
.W
.J.
Oen
eay.
C.A
.
Cob
b,M
.C.
Cob
b.W
.B.
Cob
b.W
.B.
Cob
le,
J.F.
Cob
lent
z,A
.C.
Con
stan
tino
,S
.E.
Con
te.
I.A
.
Coo
k.1.
T.
Coo
ley,
T.W
.,Ir
.
Cop
elan
d,C
.W.,
Ir.
Cop
elan
d,R
.E.
Cor
bitt
,C
.L.
Cor
vinu
s.D
.A.
Cou
ncil
,R
.J.
Cou
rtne
y.P
.S.
Cra
ig,
R.M
.
Cris
sman
.S
.C.
Cro
nin.
T.P
.
Cro
wso
n.R
.A.
Cun
liffe
,J.
E.
Cur
ran,
H.A
.
Cus
ter.
E..S
.,Jr
.
Cus
ter,
E.5
.•Jr
.
TIn
E
Stru
ctur
alge
olog
yof
the
Han
ging
Roc
kar
ea.S
toke
sC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Ape
trog
raph
icst
udy
ofM
esoz
oic
dole
rile
sfr
omea
ster
nN
orth
Am
eric
a
Mor
phol
ogic
alva
riat
ion
ofth
efo
ram
inif
era
Am
mon
iabe
ccar
ii(L
inne
) fro
mth
eA
tlant
icC
oast
ofth
eU
nite
dSl
ates
The
east
bord
erof
the
Dur
ham
Tri
assi
cba
sin
ofN
orth
Car
olin
a
The
geol
ogy
and
stJa
tigra
phy
ofth
eno
rthe
astq
uart
erof
Whi
teC
ross
quad
rang
le,O
rang
eC
ount
y.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Prel
imin
ary
seis
mic
refl
ectio
nst
udie
sof
the
Bre
vard
zone
near
Ros
man
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Petr
olog
yof
the
Bea
rPop
lara
ndB
arbe
rmaf
icin
trus
ions
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Apl
ate
tect
onic
sm
odel
for
the
sout
hern
App
alac
hian
s
Geo
logy
ofth
ecr
ysta
lline
rock
sin
the
sout
hern
half
ofth
eC
hape
lHill
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
quad
rang
le
Mar
ine
geol
ogy
ofO
nslo
wB
ay
Gen
esis
and
dist
ribu
tion
ofsa
nd:a
prof
ilest
udy
from
Car
olin
aPi
edm
onts
oils
toth
eH
atte
ras
Aby
ssal
Plai
n
Mod
emse
dim
ents
and
sedi
men
tary
stru
ctur
esof
the
Bog
ueIn
let-
Whi
teO
akes
tuar
yar
ea,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
orig
inof
conm
dum
asso
ciat
edw
ithdu
nite
inw
este
rnN
onh
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
inre
latio
nto
soil
type
san
dfe
rtili
tyin
Cha
pelH
ill.N
onh
Car
olin
are
gion
Com
pari
son
oft
hede
velo
pmen
tofs
oils
from
the
acid
and
basi
ccr
ysta
lline
rock
sof
Pied
mon
tNor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eL
imes
tone
Cov
ew
indo
w.T
enne
ssee
and
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Tax
onom
y,bi
ostJ
atig
mph
y.an
dpa
leoe
colo
gyof
Upp
erC
reta
ceou
sdi
nofl
agel
late
sof
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eC
leve
land
gabb
ro,R
owan
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
chem
istr
yan
dte
cton
icsi
gnif
ican
ceo
fam
phib
olite
sw
ithin
the
Prec
ambr
ian
Ash
eFo
rmat
ion,
nort
hwes
tern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eS
Equ
arte
roft
heO
xfor
dar
ea,G
ranv
ille
and
Van
ceC
ount
ies.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pos
t-C
reta
ceou
sst
ratig
raph
yof
the
cent
ralS
andh
ills
Reg
ion.
Nor
than
dSo
uth
Car
olin
a
Eoc
ene
and
Mio
cene
fora
min
ifer
afr
omtw
olo
calit
iesi
nD
uplin
Co
mly
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geol
ogy
oft
heno
rthe
rnpo
rtio
no
fthe
Wad
esbo
roT
rias
sic
basi
n.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Petr
ogra
phy
and
geoc
hem
istr
yo
fthe
met
ased
.imen
tary
!met
avol
cani
cho
stro
cks
&as
so.g
old
depo
sits
atPo
rtis
gold
min
e,Fr
ankl
inC
o.•N
C
Mic
rope
trogr
aphi
cch
arac
teris
tics
ofp
eats
from
mod
emco
al-f
orm
ing
eov.
inO
kefe
noke
eSw
amp.
GA
and
Alb
enna
rle-
Pam
.Sw
amps
NC
Min
eral
ogy
and
part
icle
attr
ibut
eso
fNeu
seR
iver
(Nor
thC
arol
ina)
sand
s
Geo
logy
ofth
eC
ulbe
rson
quad
rang
le,G
eorg
ia-N
onh
Car
olin
a
Mor
phol
ogy
&ge
nesi
sof
soils
fonn
edin
var.
pare
ntm
ater
ials
onde
grad
atio
nals
ide-
slop
ela
ndfo
nns.
uppe
rCoa
stal
Plai
n,N
C
Neu
seR
iver
flood
plai
nde
velo
pmen
t,Jo
hnst
onan
dW
ayne
Cou
ntie
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Petr
ogen
esis
ofth
eW
ebst
er-A
ddie
ultr
amaf
icbo
dy,J
acks
onC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Nea
rsho
rero
ckex
posu
res
and
thei
rre
latio
nshi
pto
mod
emsh
elf
sedi
men
tatio
n.O
nslo
wB
ay,N
C
Petr
olog
yof
the
Cre
tace
ous
Pee
Dee
Fon
nati
onan
dE
ocen
eC
astle
Hay
neL
imes
tone
inno
rthe
mN
ewH
anov
erC
ount
y,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Upp
erC
reta
ceou
sfo
ram
inif
era
and
subs
urfa
cest
ratig
raph
yof
the
SE
Nor
thC
arol
ina
coas
talp
lain
Dep
ostio
nale
nvir
onm
ents
ofth
esu
bsur
face
Cre
tacc
ous
depo
sits
ofso
uthe
aste
rnN
orth
Car
olin
a
Infl
uenc
eof
sedi
men
tary
proc
esse
son
grai
nsi
7J:
dist
ribu
tion
curv
esof
botto
mse
dim
ents
inth
eso
unds
and
estu
arie
sof
NC
Pag
e5
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
I1Y
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1973
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1973
Kan
sas
1959
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1987
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1974
VPI
1980
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1957
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
Duk
e
1972
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1974
Bow
ling
Gre
en
1924
Bry
nM
awr
1913
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1927
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1976
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1985
Del
awar
e
1971
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1986
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1968
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1970
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1961
lJN
CC
hape
lHill
1974
Flor
ida
1987
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1982
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1956
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1979
Geo
rgia
1963
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1973
Duk
e
1983
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1980
East
Car
olin
a
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1914
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
DE
G
D D D M M M M D M M D M D M D M M M M M D M M M D M M M M M M M D D M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Op
en
-File
90-2
.'"T
HE
SE
SA
ND
DIS
SE
RT
AT
ION
SO
NN
OR
TH
CA
RO
LIN
AG
EO
lOG
Y.-
Jan
ua
ry19
90.
by
R.
O.
Wa
lton
HI
DE
G
M D D M M M M M M M M M M D M M M M D M M D M ? M M D M M D M M M M o
LA
STF
IRS
TC
uste
r,R
.L.P
.D
abba
gh.
A.E
.D
anie
l,C
.C.,
ill
Dan
iels
,P
.A.,
Jr.
Dav
is,
H.T
.
Dav
is,
M.J
.
Dav
is,
R.M
.D
avis
,T
.W.
Daw
son,
R.W
.
Dec
ker,
Ste
phen
Dek
impe
,N
ancy
Del
orey
,C
.M.
Dic
key,
J.B
.D
iecc
hio,
R.I
.
DilL
C.E
.,Jr.
Din
een,
MJ.
Ditt
mar
,E
.LD
obbi
ns,
C.N
.
Dob
bins
.D
.A
Dob
son,
ML
.D
odge
,W
.S.
Dol
an,
Rob
ert
Dol
fi,
R.M
.
Dom
iney
,Je
ny
Dou
ghte
ry,
D.O
.
Dov
er,
RA
.
Dre
xler
,W
.W.
Dob
us,
J.R
.D
ruha
m,
R.M
.
Dua
ne,
D.B
.
DuP
uis,
R.H
.
Eam
es,
G.B
.
Eas
ton,
W.H
.
&ke
lman
n,F
ID.
Eck
ert.
I.0.
"Jr
.
TIT
LE
Pale
ocur
rent
sof
the
Tri
assi
cD
urha
mba
sin,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eS
kyla
ndan
dD
unsm
ore
Mou
ntai
nqu
adra
ngle
s,w
este
rnN
orth
Car
olin
a
Met
amor
phis
mof
shee
tsili
cate
sin
resp
onse
tote
mpe
ratu
rean
dpr
essU
Jegt
adie
nts
Hea
vy-m
iner
aldi
stri
buti
onin
the
Whi
teO
akes
tuar
y-B
ogue
inle
tare
a,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Not
esto
acco
mpa
nym
apo
fthe
Tri
assi
cco
nla
ClS
ofea
stC
hape
lHill.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
asre
late
dto
pla
ntg
row
th,w
ithsp
ecia
lref
eren
ceto
the
Cha
pelH
illa
rea
Sed
imen
tary
stnl
etD
res
inri
ver-
estu
ary
tran
siti
onzo
nes
ofN
on
hC
arol
ina
An
anal
ysis
ofco
asta
lrec
essi
onm
odel
sw
ithap
plic
atio
nto
the
coas
tofN
on
hC
arol
ina
Eco
logi
can
dfa
unal
anal
yses
oft
heM
ioce
nefo
ssil
inve
rteb
rate
faun
asat
Gri
mes
land
and
Mag
noli
a,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logi
cala
ndge
ophy
sica
lrec
onna
issa
nce
ofth
eSh
allo
wS
ubbo
ttom
inR
alei
ghB
ay,N
on
hC
arol
ina
Dun
ere
cess
ion
onth
eO
Ule
rBan
kso
fNor
thC
arol
ina
Mag
nati
sman
dpa
leom
agna
tism
ofs
ilic
icdi
kero
cks
ofe
arly
Mes
ozoi
cag
e,no
rthe
aste
mN
orth
Car
olin
aP
iedm
ont
Geo
logy
oft
heB
atto
nC
reek
area
,nor
ther
nW
ake
Cou
nty,
No
nh
Car
olin
a
Post
-Mal
1ins
bmg
Ord
ovic
ian
stra
tigra
phy,
cent
ralA
ppal
chia
nba
sin
Fon
nati
onan
ddi
stri
buti
ono
fgla
ucon
ite
on
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
cont
inen
tals
helf
and
slop
e
Geo
logy
oft
heT
rias
sic
"Ell
erbe
basi
n"R
ichm
ond
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Env
iron
men
tali
nter
pret
atio
no
fpal
eocu
rren
tsin
the
Tri
assi
cD
urha
mba
sin
Soi
l sur
vey
oft
heC
hape
lHill
Tri
assi
car
ea
Sed
imen
taJy
geoc
hem
istr
yan
dhy
drog
eoch
emis
try
oft
heP
amli
coR
iver
-Pam
lico
Sou
ndes
tuar
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pet
rogr
aphy
,che
mis
try.
and
orig
ino
fFe
-Tio
xide
sin
the
Con
cord
gabb
ro-s
yeni
te,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Flo
wdi
r.st
udie
so
fMid
-Ter
tiar
yvo
lcan
icro
cks,
SW
New
Mex
ico
and
earl
yP
aleo
zoic
volc
anic
rock
so
fIh
eC
arol
ina
slat
ebe
lt.N
C
Rel
atio
nshi
psbe
twee
nne
arsh
ore
proc
esse
san
dbe
ach
chan
ges
alon
gth
eO
ute
rBan
kso
fNor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
chem
ical
faci
esan
alys
isan
dsu
atig
raph
icco
rrel
atio
no
fMio
cene
phos
phor
ite
beds
inth
eA
uror
adi
stri
cto
fNor
thC
arol
ina
Bio
stra
tigr
aphy
and
fora
min
ifer
alpa
leoc
ecol
ogy
ofN
eoge
nese
dim
ents
,Edg
ecom
beC
omIty
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stra
tigra
phy,
stJU
cblr
e,an
dm
etam
orph
ichi
stot
yo
fthe
nort
hern
half
oft
heB
lair
svil
lequ
adra
ngle
,Geo
rgia
-Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
and
geoc
hem
istr
yo
fsil
icif
ied
myo
lites
onL
ick
Mou
ntai
n,M
ontg
omer
yC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Wil
min
gton
Jack
soni
anho
mer
ids:
impo
rtan
tCyc
lost
ome
Bty
ozoa
ns,U
pper
Eoc
ene
Cas
tle
Hay
neL
imes
tone
inso
uthe
aste
mm
ostN
C
The
petr
olog
yan
dge
oche
mis
try
ofth
eD
epos
itN
o.9
duni
te,M
acon
Cou
nty,
NO
MC
arol
ina
The
sout
hwes
tern
Ral
eigh
belt
and
the
Nut
bush
Cre
ekfa
ulti
nN
orth
Car
olin
a
Pet
rolo
gyo
frec
entb
olto
mse
dim
ents
oft
hew
este
rnP
amil
coS
ound
regi
on,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
stra
tigr
aphy
,stlU
etur
e,an
dm
etam
orph
ichi
stor
yo
fthe
nonh
emha
lfo
fNot
tely
Dam
quadrangl~
Geo
rgia
-Non
hC
arol
ina
Late
Qua
tern
ary
seis
mic
stra
tigr
aphy
,lit
host
rati
grap
hy&
geol
ogic
hist
ory
ofashelf-barrier~stuarine
syst
em,D
are
Co.
,NC
Min
eral
ogy
oft
heS
proc
eP
ine,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
area
The
sedi
men
tary
orig
inan
dst
rati
grap
hic
equi
vale
nce
ofth
eso
-cal
led
Cra
nben
yan
dH
ende
rson
gran
ites
inw
este
rnN
C
Pet
rolo
gyan
dte
cton
icim
plic
.aC
the
tran
s.fr
omth
est
auro
lite
-kya
nite
zone
toth
eW
ayah
gran
ulit
e-fa
cies
met
amor
phic
core
SW
NC
Pag
e6
DA
TE
U~lVERSI1Y
1966
No
nh
Car
olin
aS
late
1975
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
Bow
ling
Gre
en
1920
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1916
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1985
Duk
e
1958
UN
eO
lape
lH
ill
1986
Del
awar
e
1987
Virg
inia
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1964
No
nh
Car
olin
aS
tate
1980
UN
CO
1ape
lHill
1968
Duk
e
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1919
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1917
liN
eC
hape
lHill
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1987
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)
1979
No
rth
Car
olin
aS
tate
1965
Lou
isia
naS
tate
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1980
Tul
ane
1977
Geo
rgia
1985
UN
CC
hape
l.H
ill
1976
Pen
nsyl
vani
aS
tate
1977
Ken
tSta
te
1983
UN
eC
hape
lHill
1963
Kan
sas
1915
Geo
rgia
1983
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1938
Geo
rge
Was
hing
ton
1954
Col
umbi
a
1988
Tex
asA
&M
Nor
1hC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey,
Ope
n.F
ile90
-2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OLI
NA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Janu
ary
1990
,b
yR
.O
.W
al10
ntil
MDEG M
LAST
FIR
ST
Eck
hoff
,O
.B.
Ede
lman
,W
.D.
Edg
waI
d,1.
K.
Edw
ards
,B
.D.
Edw
ards
,R
.A.
Edw
ards
,R
.W.
El-
idri
ssi,
M.E
.
El-s
aman
i,K
.Z.
Elig
man
,D
onal
d
Elli
ngto
n,M
.D.
&h
of,
John
Em
ry,
J.S
.
Fng
lish
,B
.L
Erl
ich,
R.N
.
Esa
wi,
liK
.E
vert
s,C
.H.
Falla
w,
W.e
.Fa
llaw
,W
.C.
Farq
uar,
C.R
.
Feld
er,
W.N
.,II
Feld
haus
en,
P.H
.
Fie
ld,
ME
.
File
r,J.
K.
Finl
ayso
n,C
.P.
Finn
eran
,J.
M.
Fish
er,
1.1.
Fish
er,
J.J.
Fit
hian
,P
.A.
Fit
zpat
rick
,T
.F.
Flei
sher
,P
.I.
Hem
ing,
R. E
.,Jr.
Flet
cher
,J.
S.
Flet
cher
,R
uth
Ford
,M
.M.
Forr
est,
J.T
TIT
LE
The
hill
slop
esof
the
Pied
mon
tofN
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
phys
ical
inve
stig
atio
nof
apo
ssib
lebu
ried
chan
nel:
Ocr
acok
eis
land
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Coa
gula
tion
ines
mar
ies
Dis
trib
utio
nan
dsi
gnif
ican
ceof
endo
lith
icm
icro
bori
ngor
gani
sms
inse
dim
ents
ofth
eS
EU
.S.c
ontin
enta
lmar
gin:
ast
atis
tical
appr
o
york
tow
nan
dD
uplin
ostr
acod
sof
Non
hC
arol
ina
and
Vir
gini
a
The
sedi
men
tsof
the
Nor
thR
iver
Est
uary
,Mor
ehea
dC
ity,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Geo
phys
ical
inve
stig
atio
nsof
copp
eran
dch
rom
item
iner
aliz
atio
nin
the
east
ern
Pied
mon
tofN
oI1h
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofth
eR
eed
Gol
dM
ine,
Cab
arru
sC
ount
yIN
onh
Car
olin
a
Vol
cani
cst
ratig
rapa
hyin
the
Car
olin
asl
ate
belt
near
Cha
pelH
ill,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Maj
oran
dtr
ace
elem
entc
ompo
sitio
nof
phos
phor
ites
ofth
eN
orth
Car
olin
aco
ntin
enta
lmar
gin
Age
othe
nnal
stud
yof
sout
hern
ViI
gini
a,N
orth
Car
olin
aan
dea
ster
nT
enne
ssee
The
hydr
ogeo
logy
ofN
ags
Hea
dW
oods
,Dar
eC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Zir
con
mor
phol
ogy
and
U-P
bzi
rccn
isot
opic
stud
yoi
the
Salis
bury
plut
on,R
owan
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ear
lyH
oloc
ene
toR
ecen
tdev
elop
men
tand
sedi
men
tatio
nof
the
Roa
noke
Riv
erar
ea,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
and
geoc
hem
istr
yof
maf
icC
harl
otte
belt,
Dav
ieC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Ara
tiona
lapp
roac
hto
mar
ine
plac
ers
Geo
logy
ofth
eR
ocky
Poin
t,N
orth
Car
olin
aqu
adra
ngle
and
anad
jace
ntco
asta
lare
a
The
Plei
stoc
ene
Neu
seFo
nnat
ion
inso
uthe
aste
rn,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Cry
stal
line
rock
sof
nonh
cent
ralW
ake
Cou
nty,
Non
hC
arol
ina
Bar
rier
isla
ndm
orph
olog
yat
Rod
anth
e.N
onh
Car
olin
a
Ord
inat
ion
ofR
ecen
tmic
ro-o
rgan
ism
sfr
om
the
Cap
eH
atte
ras
(Nor
thC
arol
ina)
cont
inen
talm
argi
n
Sedi
men
tatio
non
Nor
thC
arol
ina
low
erco
ntin
enta
lris
e
Mod
emse
dim
enta
tion
thro
t,lgh
the
fluv
ialt
oes
tuar
ine
tran
sitio
nof
the
Neu
seR
iver
Est
uary
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geol
ogy
ofth
eM
ax
Patc
hM
ount
ain
area
,Lem
onG
apqu
adra
ngle
,Ten
ness
ee-N
orth
Car
olin
a
Cal
care
ous
nann
ofos
silb
iost
rati
grap
hyan
dst
rnet
uTe
ofU
pper
Cre
tace
ous
sedi
men
tsof
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Coa
stal
Plai
n
Dev
elop
men
tpat
tern
ofre
lict
beac
hri
dge,
Out
erB
anks
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
mor
phic
expr
essi
onof
fann
erin
lets
alon
gth
eO
uter
Ban
ksof
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
fam
ilyC
ythe
ride
idae
(Ost
raco
da)i
nth
eC
reta
ceou
sof
the
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Plai
n
Gol
d-qu
anz
vein
min
eral
izat
ion
inSt
anly
Cou
nty,
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stru
ctur
alco
ntro
loft
heig
neou
sin
tros
ions
ofth
eD
urha
mT
rias
sic
basi
n,N
onh
Car
olin
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omite
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olin
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arly
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olin
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uid
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ina
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e7
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1972
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hape
lHill
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1978
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thC
arol
ina
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eM
1987
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hape
lHill
M
1984
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tCar
olin
aM
1977
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ida
M
1987
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inio
nM
1984
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hape
lHill
M
1980
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M
1985
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lHill
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1971
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hape
lHill
M
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hape
lHill
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1952
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thC
arol
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eM
1973
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M
1967
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hape
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1977
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M
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1958
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lHill
M
1972
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arol
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M
1981
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1981
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hape
lHill
M
1975
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ES
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NS
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olin
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olin
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ate
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ance
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onom
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g's
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ntai
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ates
1983
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eM
Fri
tt.
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Prov
enan
cein
proc
ess
depo
sitio
nof
sand
laye
rson
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
cont
inen
talr
ise
1971
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eM
Fritz
.S
.l.
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ical
and
chem
ical
char
acte
rist
ics
ofw
eath
erin
gri
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mon
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pelH
illD
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-typ
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afic
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illet
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ract
,Jac
kson
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nty.
NC
1981
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ling
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enM
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ble,
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.O
rigi
nan
dm
orph
ogen
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rela
tions
ofsa
ndy
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ical
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alpl
ain
soils
ofN
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Car
olin
a19
66N
onh
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olin
aS
tate
D
Gan
us.
W.I
.A
naly
sis
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ctor
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ound
wat
erfl
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tes
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ges
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ality
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ntic
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stal
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n19
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rizo
naD
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dner
,J.
A.
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cena
infa
mili
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trop
oda
from
the
Mio
cene
and
Plio
cene
ofV
irgi
nia
and
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hC
arol
ina
1911
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sH
opki
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,N
.K.
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logy
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own
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atio
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ount
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orth
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olin
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ina
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eorg
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ount
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orth
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olin
a19
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orth
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olin
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ate
MG
etze
n,R
.T.
Cre
tace
ous
stra
tigm
phy
oft
heup
perc
oast
alpl
ain
ince
ntra
lSou
thC
arol
ina
1969
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hC
arol
ina
MG
iles.
R.T
.P
etro
grap
hyan
dpc
uolo
gyof
the
Rab
unB
ald
area
,Geo
rgia
-Nor
thC
arol
ina
1966
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rgia
MG
illon
,K
.A.
Stra
tigra
phic
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uctu
rala
ndm
etam
orph
icge
olog
yof
port
ions
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ckan
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elen
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rgia
71/
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ngle
s19
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ser.
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ogra
phic
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enet
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igat
ion
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hem
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osed
ultr
amaf
icbo
dies
inth
eW
inst
on-S
alem
quad
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le.N
WN
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WV
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1978
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mi(
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o)M
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ss,
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ing
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asan
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Gol
dH
illm
inin
gdi
stri
cto
fNor
thC
arol
ina
1980
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hape
lHill
DG
lass
en,
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ert
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gonIn1e~
Nor
thC
arol
ina:
aca
sehi
stor
y19
71V
irgi
nia
M
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ver,
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.A
grav
ity
stud
yof
the
nort
heas
tern
Pied
mon
tbat
holit
ho
fNor
thC
arol
ina
1963
liN
eC
1ape
lHill
M
God
frey
.J.
E.,
Jr.
Hyd
roge
olog
icch
arac
teri
stic
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oFa
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nett,
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tham
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ntie
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olin
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ina
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teM
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Scou
t-Jo
nes
mol
ybde
nmn
prop
eny.
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ifax
Cou
nty.
Non
hC
arol
ina
1948
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thC
arol
ina
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teM
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f.W
.T.
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men
tatio
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am
odem
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ogue
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olin
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lHill
M
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.L
ate
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tern
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sedi
men
tatio
non
Hat
tera
sou
terr
idge
and
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thC
arol
ina
cont
inen
talr
ise
1970
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eM
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.L..I
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olls
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rsity
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lHill
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gann
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mA
stud
yon
the
feld
spar
so
fme
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win
gR
ock
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iss.
NC
1968
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CC
hape
lHill
M
Gol
lakO
la.
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nnad
ham
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mpa
rativ
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ldy
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ural
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tesf
rom
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cted
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ites
and
auge
ngn
eiss
es19
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pelH
ill
D
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nnel
l.D
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logi
cse
ctio
nac
ross
the
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ham
Tri
assi
cba
sin,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
1961
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thC
arol
ina
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eM
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en,
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.•Jr
.T
hege
olog
yo
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slat
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eG
olds
ton
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rCre
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adra
ngle
s,N
orth
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olin
a19
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onh
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olin
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ate
M
Gre
ene,
N.E
.S
ome
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erC
reta
ceou
sfor
amin
ifer
aof
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thC
arol
ina
1937
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hape
lHill
MG
riffin
,G
.M.,
Jr.
Cla
ym
iner
als
ofth
eN
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y19
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pelH
illM
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trol
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enia
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rbon
ates
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sed
atB
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ade.
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low
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nty.
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thC
arol
ina
1982
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arol
ina
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eM
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ffitt
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.R.
Pegm
atite
geol
ogy
ofth
eS
helb
ydi
stri
ctN
orth
and
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hC
arol
ina
1958
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higa
nD
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ssm
an.
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anT
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olog
yof
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stra
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und
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tern
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olin
a19
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arol
ina
M
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rin.
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erto
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chem
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yof
soils
ina
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olin
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ate
belt,
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nly
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ntie
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pelH
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e8
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on,
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olin
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olin
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ham
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olin
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olin
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olin
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olin
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Cor
pora
tion
of
Am
eric
am
ine
inth
eti
n-sp
odum
ene
belt
ofN
orth
Car
olin
a
The
natu
reof
calc
ium
ooer
gaoi
cco
mpl
exes
inna
tura
lsol
utio
nsan
dits
impl
icat
ions
onm
iner
aleq
uilib
ria
Ana
lysi
san
dm
odel
ing
ofa
botto
min
trus
ion
inO
nslo
wB
ay.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Mes
opic
and
mic
rosc
opic
anal
ysis
ofde
form
atio
nan
dm
etam
orph
ism
near
Duc
ktow
n.T
enne
ssee
Geo
logy
, ver
tebr
ate
foss
ils.a
nden
viro
nmen
talc
ontr
ols
Lee
Cre
ekph
osph
ate
min
e.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Age
ophy
sica
lan
dge
olog
ical
surv
eyo
fIhe
Dee
pR
iver
Tri
assi
cba
sin
Pag
e9
DA
TE
V~IVERSl1Y
1964
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1964
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1964
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
Bow
ling
Gre
en
1976
Ken
tSta
teM
1970
Duk
eM
1980
East
Car
olin
aM
1984
Tenn
esse
e(K
noxv
ille)
M
1974
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1977
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1946
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1948
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1982
VPI
M
1975
UN
CC
llape
lHil
lD
1974
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eD
1971
Geo
rgia
M
1977
East
Car
olin
aM
1974
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sla
teM
1977
NO
MC
arol
ina
Sla
teM
1962
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1958
Wis
cons
inD
1963
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1967
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1958
UN
CC
hape
lHill
0
1969
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1984
Sout
hC
arol
ina
M
1982
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1951
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1941
Nor
thw
este
rnM
1983
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lM
1969
Mic
higa
nD
1980
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eD
1973
Stan
ford
D
1974
Vir
gini
aM
1930
UN
CC
hape
lH
illM
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ge
olo
gic
alS
urv
ey.
Open~File90~2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OlO
GY
.-Ja
nu
ary
1990
.by
R.O
.Wa
lton
UI
LA
STFI
RST
Hoh
nan,
R.
E.,
ill
Hon
eycu
tt,F.
M.
Hoo
ks.
W.G
.
Hop
e.R
.C.
Hop
e.R
.C.
Hor
nbec
k,R
.W.
Hor
ton,
J.W
.,Jr
.
Hot
ton,
J.W
.,Jr
.
Hou
ston
,R
.S.,
Ir.
How
anl,
C.E
.
How
ard,
I.F
.
How
ard.
I.F
.
How
ell,
D.E
.H
oy,
R.B
.H
ughe
s,E.
H.
Hun
sber
ger,
G.G
.
Hun~
A.M
.
Hun
t,B
-1.,.
Hur
ley,
B.W
.
Ibra
him
.Y
.K.
Idri
s.E
.O.
!nO
Od,
C.D
.
InO
Od,
MS
.
Jarr
ett.
I.T
.
John
son,
AC
.
Jom
son,
F.K
.Jo
hnso
n,N
.E.
Jone
s,G
.D.
Jone
s.T
.Z.
Jone
s,W
.E.
Julia
n.&
1...
Just
Us.
P.S
.
JuSl
Us.
P.S.
Kar
abat
sos,
G.T
.
Kat
rosh
.M
R.
TIT
LE
The
ecol
ogy
offo
urco
asta
llak
esin
Nor
thC
arol
ina:
trop
hic
stal
esm
easu
red
from
spac
eim
ager
y
Petr
olog
yof
the
Bal
sam
Gap
ultr
amaf
icbo
dy.J
acks
onC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
clay
min
eral
san
dth
eir
onox
ide
min
eral
so
fthe
Tri
assi
c"r
edbe
ds"
ofth
eD
urha
mba
sin,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Gec
mor
phol
ogy
ofSa
mps
onC
ount
y.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Apa
leob
otan
ical
anal
ysis
oft
heSa
nfor
dT
rias
sic
basi
n,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Top
ogra
phic
and
geol
ogic
alm
appi
ngof
apa
rto
fthe
Mor
gan
Cre
ekba
sin
Geo
logy
ofth
eK
ings
Mou
ntai
nan
dG
rove
rqua
dran
gles
.Nor
than
dSo
uth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
oft
heR
osm
anar
ea,T
rans
ylva
nia
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Tun
gste
nde
posi
tsin
Cab
anus
Cou
ntY
tNon
hC
arol
ina
Petr
ogra
phy
ofth
eSa
mps
onC
ount
yar
ea,N
onh
Car
olin
a
The
Fora
min
ifer
ao
fthe
type
Wac
cam
aw(p
lioce
ne?)
and
type
Cro
acan
(Plio
cene
?)de
posi
tso
fthe
Car
olin
as
Bio
stra
tigra
phy
and
pale
oeco
logy
ofth
e.D
uplin
(Lat
eM
ioce
ne)a
ndW
acca
maw
(Plio
cene
)For
mat
ions
ofN
orth
and
Sout
hC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eso
uthe
rntw
o-th
irds
oft
heC
elo
70S'
quad
rang
le,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
and
ore
depo
sits
oft
heC
apps
Gol
dM
ine,
Mec
klen
burg
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
hydr
othe
rmal
alte
ratio
nsy
stem
atD
anie
lsM
ount
ain.
Car
olin
asl
ate
belt,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Dif
fere
ntia
tion
ofth
eef
fect
so
fpol
lutio
n,su
lfide
-dep
.wea
ther
.,&
back
grou
ndw
eath
er.o
nst
ream
cher
n.tR
ocky
Riv
erba
sin,
NC
Cen
ozoi
cFa
ssio
lavi
a(M
ollu
sca
Gas
trop
oda)
oft
hew
este
rnA
tlant
icre
gion
The
mod
emse
dim
ents
ofT
opsa
ilSo
und,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eO
ldF
orta
rea,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pale
ocur
rent
san
dph
ysic
alse
dim
enta
ryh
isto
tyo
fom
crop
ping
Mid
dend
orfs
edim
ents
sout
hof
Cap
eFe
arR
iver
inN
C
Geo
phys
ical
inve
stig
atio
no
fdia
base
dike
sin
the
Dur
ham
Tri
assi
cba
sin
and
thei
rhyd
rolo
gica
lsig
nifi
canc
e
Geo
logy
and
min
eral
ogy
oft
heSi
lver
Hill
zinc
depo
sita
ndas
soci
ated
depo
sits
,cen
tral
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ura
niom
-pho
spho
rous
dete
Dlli
natio
nsfo
rse
lect
edph
osph
ate
grai
nsfr
omth
eM
ioce
nePu
ngo
Riv
erFo
nnat
ion,
NC
Ast
udy
oft
hehy
drol
ogy
and
hydr
aulic
so
fPam
lico
Sou
ndan
dth
eir
rela
tion
toth
eco
ncen
trat
ion
ofsu
bsta
nces
inth
eso
und
Am
agne
tom
eter
surv
eyof
.the
Web
ster
-Add
ieul
tra-
basi
cri
ng.J
acks
onC
ount
y,N
onh
Car
olin
a
The
sedi
men
tsof
the
New
pon
Riv
erE
stua
ry,M
oreh
ead
City
.Non
hC
arol
ina
Ast
udy
oft
heve
inco
pper
min
eral
izat
ion
oft
heV
irgi
lina
dist
rict
.Vir
gini
aan
dN
orth
Car
olin
a
Fora
min
ifer
alpa
leoo
tolo
gyan
dge
olog
yo
flow
erC
laib
orni
anro
cks
ofth
ein
nerc
oast
alpl
ain
ofN
C(v
olum
esi&
ii)
Petr
ogra
phy,
stm
etur
e.an
dm
etam
orph
ichi
st.o
fthe
War
rens
ville
&Je
ffer
son
Qua
d's,
sout
hern
Blu
eR
idge
.non
hwes
tem
NC
Tm
ceel
emen
tand
stab
leis
otop
ictr
ends
asso
ciat
edw
ith
diag
enes
eso
fsel
ecte
dbe
nthi
cFo
ram
inif
era
from
Mio
cene
sedi
men
ts
The
Cas
talia
adam
ellit
ein
Fran
klin
.and
Nas
hC
ount
ies,
NC
and
the
petr
ogen
esis
ofs
ome
oft
heas
soci
ated
aplit
esan
dpe
gmat
ites
Mod
alan
dte
xtur
alzo
natio
nof
diab
ase
dike
s,D
eep
Riv
erba
sin,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stru
ctur
ean
dpe
trol
ogy
alon
gth
eB
lue
Rid
gefr
onta
ndB
reva
rdzo
ne,W
ilkes
and
Cal
dwel
lcow
ties
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Apr
oven
ance
and
dura
bilit
yst
udy
ofh
eavy
min
eral
sin
asm
allm
odem
rive
r(N
euse
Riv
er,N
orth
Car
olin
a)
FOl3
m.p
aleo
ecol
ogy
&bi
ostr
atig
raph
yof
the
Yor
ktow
nan
dPu
ngo
Riv
erFo
nnat
ions
:Bea
ufor
t,Pa
mlic
o,C
rave
n.an
dC
arte
retC
o.,N
C
Pa
ge
10
DA
TEU
NIV
ER
SIT
YD
EG
1978
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1978
Ken
tSta
teM
1953
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1956
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1975
Sout
hC
arol
ina
D
1937
UN
eC
hape
lHill
M
1977
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1950
Non
hC
arol
ina
Sta
leM
1955
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1963
Hou
ston
M
1966
Indi
ana
D
1975
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1939
Cal
iforn
iaTe
chM
1985
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1984
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1975
Tul
ane
D
1979
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1973
UN
CC
hape
lHill
0
1980
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sla
teM
1982
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
1966
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1958
Mic
higa
nM
1959
Non
hC
arol
ina
M
1983
VPI
M
1981
Del
awar
eD
1976
Mia
mi(
Ohi
o)D
1988
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
1972
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1966
UN
CO
1ape
lHill
M
1971
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1959
Neb
rask
aM
1981
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey,
Ope
n-F
ila90
-2,
"TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Janu
ary
1990
,by
R.
O.
Wat
ton
III
LA
ST
FIR
ST
Kat
una.
M.P
.
Kat
z.S
.D.
Kau
tzm
an.
R.R
.
Kay
s,B
.L
Kel
ler,
F.B
.
Kel
lum
.1..
.B.
Keo
ugha
n.K
.M.
Kes
sell.
R.H
.
Kin
gsbu
ry.
R.H
.
Kirs
tein
.D
.S.
Kis
h,S
.A.
Kite
.L
.E.
Kitt
elso
n.R
.C.
KJa
sik,
John
Klin
e.C
.C.
Koe
hler
.A
drie
nne
Kro
nenf
ild.
K..R
..
Kuc
henb
uch.
P.A
.
Kun
tz,
M.A
.
Kur
tz,
J.P.
Lai.
Shan
g-Fe
l
Lam
ben.
H.D
.
Lan
drum
.I.
H••
lr.
Lan
ey.
F.B
.L
asko
wsk
i,T
.E.
Law
renc
e.D
.R.
Leb
aron
)P
.M.
Lef
urge
y)B
.A.
Lem
mon
.R
.E.
Lem
mon
.R
.E.
Len~
R.I
.
Lew
is,
D.W
.
Lew
is.
S.E
.
Udd
le.
S.K
.L
iggo
n,G
.H.
TIT
LE
Sedi
men
tary
swet
ures
ofth
em
odem
lago
onal
envi
ronm
ent:
Pam
ilco
Soun
d,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Four
iers
hape
anal
ysis
and
elec
tron
mic
rosc
opy
ofde
tria
lmus
covi
tein
two
fluv
ialn
etw
orks
inN
orth
Car
olin
a
Tem
pora
lrel
atio
nsbe
twee
nur
bani
zatio
nan
dse
dim
enta
tion:
Lak
eB
oone
.NoJ
thC
arol
ina
Rel
atio
nshi
pof
soil
mor
phol
ogy,
soil
dist
urba
nce
and
infi
ltrat
ion
tost
onnw
ater
rono
ffin
the
subu
rban
NC
Pied
mon
t
Lat
ePr
ecam
bria
nst
rati
grap
hy.d
epos
ition
alhi
stor
yan
dst
ruct
ural
chro
nolo
gyo
fpar
toft
heT
enne
ssee
Blu
eR
idge
Pale
onto
logy
and
stra
tigm
phy
ofth
eC
astle
Hay
nean
dT
rent
Mar
lsin
NO
MC
arol
ina
Str
atig
rnph
yof
the
Plio
cene
and
Plei
stoc
ene
depo
sits
ofC
herr
yPo
intM
arin
eC
orps
Air
Stat
ion,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Com
para
tive
mor
phol
ogy
ofin
selb
ergs
indi
ffer
ente
nvir
onm
ents
(VA.
NC
tS
C,A
Z)w
ithem
phas
ison
ahu
mid
tem
p.an
dan
arid
area
Pet
rolo
gyan
dge
oche
mis
try
ofa
nul
tram
afic
plut
onno
rth
ofM
icav
ille,
Yan
cey
CO
lDlty
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Som
ecr
ysta
llin
ero
cks
nort
ho
fCha
pelH
ill,N
on
hC
arol
ina
Age
ochr
onol
ogic
alst
udy
ofd
efon
natio
nan
dm
etam
orph
ism
inth
eB
lue
Rid
gean
dP
iedm
onto
fthe
Car
olin
as
The
Hal
ifax
Cou
nty
com
plex
:oce
anic
litho
sphe
rein
the
nort
heas
tern
Piedmon~
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
amph
ibol
ite-
la-g
ranu
lite
faci
estn
msi
tioo
inth
eFr
ankl
inan
dC
orbi
nK
nob
quad
rang
les.
Non
hC
arol
ina
Blu
eR
idge
Sedi
men
tatio
n,un
dert
hein
flue
nce
ofco
ntou
rcur
rent
son
the
mid
.CO
Ilt.
rise
.bet
wee
nth
eH
atte
ras
Can
yon
syst
eman
dB
lake
Out
erR
idge
Gra
vity
ofB
reva
rdzo
nein
north
east
ern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
and
petr
olog
yof
the
crys
talli
ne
rock
sin
the
Val
enti
nes
area
nort
ho
fL
ake
Gas
ton.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
and
Vir
gini
a
Dep
osit
iona
lhis
tory
ofa
Hol
ocen
epe
atde
posi
tnea
rWilm
ingt
on.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Petr
olog
yof
som
em
etag
abbr
obo
dies
inth
eM
alS
Hill
quad
I3ll
gle,
wes
tern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Com
posi
tiona
lvar
iatio
nin
the
Buc
kC
reek
Dun
ite,O
ayC
ount
y,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Am
echa
nism
fort
hec:
once
nlla
tion
ofco
pper
infe
lsic
mag
mas
rela
ted
topo
rphy
ryde
posi
ts
Gen
eral
ized
linea
rinv
ersi
ono
f2.5
-di
men
sion
algr
avity
and
mag
neti
can
omal
ies
(Wis
cons
in.N
ebra
ska,
Mm
co,N
orth
Car
olin
a)
Th
eso
ils
ofth
eC
haPe
lHill
regi
onan
dth
eira
dapt
atio
nto
crop
s
Fau
ltde
tect
ion
inth
eno
rthe
aste
rnN
orth
Car
olin
aco
asta
lpla
inut
iliz
ing
rem
ote
sens
ing
and
geop
hysi
calm
etho
ds
The
Gol
dH
illm
inin
gdi
stri
cto
fNor
thC
arol
ina
The
intr
usiv
egr
aniti
cbo
dies
ofth
eC
ross
nore
plut
onic
-vol
cani
cgr
oup:
nort
hwes
tern
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
oyst
ers
Cra
ssos
trea
giga
ntis
sim
a(f
inch
)at
Bel
grad
e,N
OM
Car
olin
a:a
case
stud
yin
pale
oeco
logy
Geo
logy
ofth
eW
hite
belt,
Porti
sG
old
Min
epr
oper
tyof
Fra
nkli
nC
ount
y.N
oJth
Car
olin
a
Rec
entb
enth
icFo
ram
inif
era
from
Roa
noke
Soun
d,C
roat
anS
ound
,and
RoJ
ther
oPa
mtic
oSo
und,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
chem
istr
yof
the
Sal
isbu
rypl
uton
.Row
anC
ount
y,N
on
hC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
eB
atC
ave
and
Frui
tland
quad
rang
les
and
the
orig
ino
fthe
Hen
ders
onG
neis
s.w
este
rnN
orth
Car
olin
a
The
stab
leis
otop
icSl
J3tig
mph
yof
the
Pung
oR
iver
Fon
nati
on,O
nslo
wB
ay,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Prel
imin
ary
stra
tigra
phy
oft
hePu
ngo
Riv
erFo
nnat
ion
ofth
eA
tlant
icoo
ntin
enta
lshe
lf,O
nslo
wB
ay.N
onh
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
oft
heB
reva
rdzo
ne.S
mit
hR
iver
allo
chth
on&
Inne
rPie
dmon
tin
the
Sau
rato
wn
Mou
ntai
nsan
ticlin
oriu
m.n
onhw
estN
C
Tra
ce-e
lem
enta
naly
sis
ofth
egr
ound
wat
erat
aha
zard
ous
was
tela
ndfi
llin
the
Pied
mon
tofN
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofso
me
non-
mar
ine
Tri
assi
cse
dim
ents
inN
orth
Car
olin
a
Pag
e11
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
IlY
1974
UN
CC
hap
elil
ill
1983
Duk
e
1972
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1979
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1980
Yal
e
1924
John
sH
opki
ns
1988
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1972
Mat
ylan
d
1977
Ken
tSta
te
1957
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1983
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1982
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1988
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)
1972
Du
ke
1971
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1982
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1982
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1979
Easte
rnK
entu
cky
1964
Nor
thw
este
rn
1983
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1984
Tex
as(D
alla
s)
1915
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1980
Old
Dom
inio
n
1908
Yal
e
1978
Mia
mi,
Ohi
o
1966
Pri
ncet
on
1937
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1976
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1969
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1973
UN
CO
1ape
lHill
1985
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stal
e
1981
East
Car
olin
a
1980
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1984
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1972
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
DE
G
D M M D o D M D M M D M M M M M M M D o D M M D M D M D M D M M o M M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
calS
urve
y.O
pe
n-F
ile9Q
.2.
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OliN
AG
EO
LO
GY
,·Ja
nuar
y19
90.
byR.
O.
Wal
ten
III
LA
ST
FIR
ST
Lin
dsey
,D
.S.
Lin
eben
y.R
.A.
Liv
ings
ton,
J.L
.
Lof
tin,
L.I
e.
Low
ry,
J.
Loz
ano,
Her
nand
o
Lug
o,H
.M
Luhn
,J.
K.
Lul
Cna
uer,
J.L
.
Lyd
ay,
T.Q
.
Lyl
e,M
icha
el
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n,H
.W.
Ly~
R.B
.•Jr
.
Maa
s,R
.P.
Mad
ison
,J.
A.
Mah
n:r,
K.D
.
Mal
lette
,P
.M.
Mal
linso
n,D
.l.
Man
ger,
K.C
.
Man
ger,
P.H
.M
ann,
W.R
.
Mar
r,J.
D.,
Jr.
Mar
sh.
H.E
.
Mar
tin,
B.F
.,Jr
.
Mar
tin,
LL
.
Mas
ters
on,
R.P
.,Jr
.
Mat
hur,
U.P
.
Mau
ger,
L.L.
Mau
rice
,C
.S.
M£a
mpb
ell,
J.C
.
McC
ampb
ell,
J.C
.
McC
lella
nd.
S.w
.M~otmel1,
K.l
McD
ade,
J.A
.
McD
anie
l,R
.D.
TIT
LE
Env
ironm
enta
lsig
nifi
canc
eof
grai
n-si
zepa
ram
eter
s,B
ogue
Inle
t-W
hite
Oak
estU
ary
area
,Non
hC
arol
ina
Am
anuf
actu
ring
smdy
ofN
orth
Car
olin
abr
ick
clay
s
Geo
logy
ofth
eB
reva
rdzo
nean
dth
eB
lue
Rid
gepr
ovin
cein
sout
hwes
tem
Tra
nsyl
vani
aC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Wa~r
chem
istr
yof
the
poco
sins
ofth
eC
roat
anN
atio
nalF
ores
t,C
aner
el,C
rave
n,an
dJo
nes
Cou
ntie
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofa
beso
uthe
aste
rnen
do
fthe
Mou
ntai
nC
ityW
indo
w,T
enne
ssee
Tra
ceel
emen
1Sin
quar
tzas
age
oche
mic
alpr
ospe
ctin
gto
olin
Cab
amJs
and
Sta
nly
Cou
ntie
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
effe
ctof
som
em
iner
alog
ical
and
phys
ioch
emic
alpr
oper
ties
ofcl
aypa
rtic
les
onso
ilst
reng
th
Geo
chem
ical
inve
stig
atio
nof
the
Buc
kC
reek
alpi
ne-t
ype
intr
usio
n(P
reca
mbr
ian)
,Cla
yC
ount
y,w
este
rnN
ol1h
Car
olin
a
Phos
phor
iteon
the
Non
hC
arol
ina
cont
inen
tals
helf
The
geol
ogy
ofth
eso
uthe
mha
lfof
the
Whi
teC
ross
quad
rang
le,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Cla
ym
iner
alog
yof
the
Pung
oR
iver
Fon
nati
on,O
nslo
wba
y,N
orth
Car
olin
aco
ntin
enta
lshe
lf
App
lica
tion
ofa
naly
tica
lsol
ute
tran
spor
tmod
els
inth
ein
itial
eval
uati
onof
aha
zard
ous
was
tedi
spos
alfa
cili
ty,P
iedm
ont,
NC
Ana
lysi
sof
the
plan
kton
icfo
ram
inif
eman
dm
iner
alog
yfr
omco
reE
-149
96,H
atte
ras
cont
inen
talr
ise
Cha
ract
eriz
atio
no
fwa1
erch
emis
try
ofA
nake
esta
pyri
te-a
ffec
ted
stre
amsi
nth
eG
reat
Smok
yM
ount
ains
Nat
iona
lPar
k
Petro
logy
and
geoc
hem
istr
yof
the
Web
ster
-Add
ieul
tram
afic
body
,Jac
kson
Cou
nty.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stri
ke-s
lipfa
ulti
ng:m
odel
sfo
rdef
orm
atio
nin
ano
n-un
ifon
ncr
ust
Lith
ostr
atig
raph
ican
alys
isof
cycl
ical
phos
phor
itese
dim
enta
tion
with
inth
eM
ioce
neP
ungo
Riv
erFm
.•N
Cco
ntin
enta
lshe
lf
The
dist
ribu
tion
and
petr
olog
yof
glau
coni
ticse
dim
ents
with
inth
ePu
ngo
Riv
erF
onna
tioo
.Ons
low
Bay
,NC
cont
inen
tals
helf
Ast
met
ural
anal
ysis
ofth
eR
oan
Mou
ntai
nm
afic
com
plex
.Non
hC
arol
ina
and
Ten
ness
ee
Ast
n1et
ural
anal
ysis
alon
gth
eL
invi
lleFa
llsth
rust
faul
tin
wes
tern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
mod
ific
atio
nof
asu
iteo
fdet
rita
lroc
k-fr
agm
ents
from
apo
rtio
nof
the
Neu
seR
iver
drai
nage
basi
n,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofth
ew
este
mha
lfof
the
Lak
eT
oxaw
ayqu
adra
ngle
,Non
hC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofT
rias
sic
area
sout
heas
tofC
hape
lHill
The
petr
olog
yof
the
Cor
bin
gnei
ss
Petr
ogra
phic
and
mic
ropa
1eon
tolo
gica
lstU
dyof
som
em
arls
ofea
ster
nN
orth
Car
olin
a
Sedi
men
tmov
emen
tin
Tub
bsIn
let.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stud
yof
the
cont
inen
tals
truc
ture
ofso
uthe
aste
mU
nite
dSt
ates
bydi
sper
sion
ofR
ayle
igh
wav
es
Ben
thon
icfo
ram
inif
eral
pale
oeco
logy
oft
heY
orkt
own
Form
atio
nat
Lee
Cre
ekm
ine.
Bea
ufor
tCou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Leu
co-t
onal
itean
dgr
anite
pegm
atiti
esof
the
Spm
cePi
nedi
stri
a.N
onh
Car
olin
a
Fun
herg
eom
agne
ticev
iden
ces
asto
the
orig
inof
the
"Car
olin
aB
ays"
Age
of"S
LM
ary'
s"Fo
rmat
ion
ofN
onh
Car
olin
a
The
ayst
allo
grap
hyan
dpe
trol
ogy
ofka
mm
erer
itefr
omth
eD
ayB
ook
body
•Yan
cey
Cou
nty
Geo
logy
ofth
ela
tePr
ecam
bria
nFl
atR
iver
com
plex
and
asso
ciat
edvo
lcan
icro
cks
near
Dur
ham
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
App
licat
ion
ofsu
naee
geop
hysi
calm
etho
dsto
the
eval
uatio
nof
was
tedi
spos
alsi
tes
inN
orth
Car
olin
a
App
licat
ion
ofa
hot-
spri
ng-f
umar
ole
alte
ratio
nm
odel
toth
ege
nesi
sof
the
pyro
phyU
ite
depo
sits
ofth
eC
arol
ina
slat
ebe
lt
Pag
e12
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RSI
TY
1969
Bow
ling
Gre
en
1925
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1966
Ric
e
1985
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1958
Yal
e
1974
UN
CC
hapc
lH
ill
1972
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1968
Mia
mi(
Ohi
o)
1966
Duk
e
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1984
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1987
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stal
e
1973
Duk
e
1976
Wes
tern
Car
olin
a
1968
Was
hing
ton,
Mis
sour
i
1979
Stan
ford
1986
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1988
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1981
Ken
tuck
y
1981
Ken
tuck
y
1972
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1975
New
Orl
eans
1920
UN
eC
hape
lHill
1970
Geo
rgia
1928
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1973
Nor
ahC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1971
Geo
rgia
Tec
h
1979
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1936
John
sH
opki
ns
1944
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1936
Van
derb
ilt
1973
Iow
a
1974
VPI
1984
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1976
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
DEG M M D M D M D M M M M M M M D D M M M M M M M M M M M M D D M M M M M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey,
Ope
n-F
ile90
·2,
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
fSS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Janu
ary
1990
.b
yR
.O
.W
alto
nIII
LA
STF
IRS
T
McE
lhan
ey,
M.S
.
McG
ill,
K.A
.
McG
inn,
C.W
.
McK
ee,
LH
.
McK
inne
y,R
.B.
McK
niff
,JI
M.
Mel
len,
J.V
.
Mer
cer,
R.B
.
Mic
hale
k,D
.O.
Mic
hie,
Joan
na
Mie
s,J.
W.
Mill
er,
D.N
.M
iller
,E.
1.,.,
Jr.
Mill
er,
l.A
.
Mill
er,
I.A
.
Mill
er,
M.B
.
Mill
er,
Ros
wel
l,m
Mill
er,
W.C
.,il
lM
ills
,H
.S.
Mim
s,C
.V.H
.
Mir
ecld
,Ju
ne
Moh
r,D
.W.
Mol
ina,
B.F
.
Mol
ler,
S.A
.M
oore
,B
.R.
Moo
re,
D.W
.
Moo
re.
T.J
.
Moo
re,
T.L
.
Moo
refi
eld,
T.P
.M
oran
,L
.K.
Mor
etz,
L.C
.
Mor
gan.
B.A
.•m
Mor
row
,H
.B.
Moy
e,R
.J.,
]r.
Mul
holl
and,
P.I
.
TIT
LE
Pet
roge
nesi
sof
the
Chu
nky
Gal
Mou
ntai
nm
afic
-ultr
amaf
icco
mpl
ex
Tec
toni
chi
stor
yof
the
Blu
eR
idge
and
Bre
vard
zone
near
OldFo~
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Poss
ible
petr
ogen
etic
rela
tions
hips
betw
een
the
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Dee
Gab
bro
and
Lile
svill
egr
anite
,Ans
onan
dR
ichm
ond
Cou
ntie
s,N
C
The
geol
ogy,
stra
tigra
phy,
and
hydr
othe
nnal
alte
ratio
nin
the
Nes
bitG
old
Min
ear
ea.U
nion
Cou
nty,
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arol
ina
Subs
urfa
cest
mtig
mph
yof
Lat
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rass
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iddl
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ocen
est
rata
ina
port
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ofth
eN
CC
oast
alPl
ain
Geo
logy
oft
heH
ighI
ands
-Cas
hier
sar
ea,N
onh
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olin
a,So
uth
Car
olin
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eorg
ia
Pre
cam
bria
nse
dim
enta
tion
inth
eno
rthe
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art
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ohut
taM
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ltain
quad
rang
le,G
eorg
ia
Geo
chem
ical
reco
nnai
ssan
cefo
rcop
pero
nth
eup
per T
elli
coR
iver
and
itstr
ibut
arie
s
Fan
like
feat
ures
and
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ted
peri
glac
ialp
hena
nena
ofth
eso
uthe
rnB
lue
Rid
ge
Geo
logy
ofa
poni
onof
the
nort
hern
Kin
gsM
ount
ain
belt,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
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inve
stig
atio
nof
the
Prot
eroz
oic
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men
t-A
she
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ound
ary
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ount
ain
Win
dow
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este
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C
An
ecol
ogic
alst
udy
offo
ram
inif
era
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ason
Inle
t,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
orig
in.o
ccur
renc
ean
dm
inin
gof
talc
inM
acon
,Sw
ain,
and
Che
roke
eC
ount
ies,
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stra
tigra
phic
and
stru
Cbl
ralse
tting
ofth
em
iddl
eM
ioce
nePu
ngo
Riv
erFo
rmat
ion
ofN
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
logy
ofth
eso
uthe
rnh
alf
oft
heFa
rrin
gton
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
quad
rang
le
Ape
trog
raph
ican
dfl
uid
incl
usio
nst
udy
ofs
ome
sche
elit
e-be
arin
gqu
artz
vein
s,C
aban
us
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
stru
ctur
ean
dpe
trol
ogy
oft
heW
ebst
er-A
ddie
ultr
abas
icri
ng,J
acks
onC0
1D1t
y,N
onh
Car
olin
a
Eco
logi
calu
nits
,pal
eoco
mm
unity
stro
etur
e,an
dec
olog
ical
hist
ory
ofL
ate
Plei
stoc
ene
depo
sits
inD
are
Cou
nty,
NC
Rel
ativ
eab
unda
nce
ofse
lect
edtra
ceel
em.i
nse
dim
ents
ofst
ream
sdr
aini
ngsp
ecif
icro
ckty
pes
near
Wilt
on,G
ranv
ille
Co.
,NC
App
licat
ion
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ropy
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agne
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ty(A
MS)
asa
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ino
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dra
cem
izat
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oast
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nia
and
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NO
MC
arol
ina
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tigra
phy.
stru
ctur
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etam
orph
ism
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eea
ster
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rtof
the
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ana
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ere
serv
oirG
reat
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yM
ount
ains
.NC
The
orig
inan
ddi
stri
buti
ono
fcal
care
ous
fmes
onth
eN
orth
and
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th.C
arol
ina
cont
inen
talm
argi
n
Stru
ctur
alan
alys
isof
the
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ndfa
ther
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ntai
nW
mdo
wan
dvi
cini
ty,N
orth
Car
olin
a
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stig
atio
nof
afe
lsic
flow
inno
nhem
Moo
reC
ount
y.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Geo
mor
phol
ogy
ofth
eD
eep
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erdr
aina
geba
sin
and
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hage
area
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inse
quen
ces
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mpl
esfr
omth
ew
estF
arri
ngto
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uton
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thC
arol
ina
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min
ifer
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ostr
atig
raph
yan
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leoe
colo
gyof
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cene
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oR
iver
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cent
ralO
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ent.
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inen
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argi
n
Geo
logi
cpr
oces
ses
and
hist
ory
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eFo
rtFi
sher
coas
tala
n:a,
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thC
arol
ina
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ogra
phy
ofun
conf
onna
ble
surf
aces
and
asso
ciat
edst
ratig
raph
icun
itsof
the
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ene
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tleH
ayne
Fm.,
sout
heas
tern
NC
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gene
sis
ofbe
nthi
cfo
ram
inif
era
inth
eM
ioce
nePu
ngo
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erFo
nnat
ion
ofO
nslo
wba
y,N
orth
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olin
aco
ntin
enta
lshe
lf
Agr
avity
stud
yof
ari
ngdi
kene
arC
onco
rd,N
orth
Car
olin
a
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ctur
alge
olog
yof
the
sout
hern
half
ofC
ruso
quad
rang
le.N
orth
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olin
a
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Bay
leaf
maf
ic·u
ltram
afic
belt,
Wak
ean
dG
ranv
ille
Cou
ntie
s,N
oIth
Car
olin
a
Org
anic
carb
onq
clin
gin
asw
amp-
stre
amec
osys
tem
and
expo
rtb
yst
ream
sin
east
ern
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pag
e13
DA
TE
U1'
1VE
RS
I'I'Y
1981
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1980
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1988
Ten
ness
ee(K
no
xvill
e)
1985
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1985
No
nh
Car
olin
aS
tate
1967
Ric
e
Cor
nell
1978
Wri
ghtS
tate
1969
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1985
Texa
sA
&M
1987
UN
CC
hape
lHil
l
1950
Mis
sour
iMin
es
1946
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Slat
e
1971
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1963
N01
1hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1982
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1951
Prin
ceto
n
1981
Duk
e
1966
Non
hC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1988
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
1985
Del
awar
e
1972
Chi
cago
1969
Duk
e
1976
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1980
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1972
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1974
Nor
thw
este
rn
1986
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1978
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1988
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1987
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1963
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1977
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1981
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1979
UN
CC
hape
lHill
DE
G
M M M M M D M M D M M M M D M M D M M M M D M M M M M M M M M M M M D
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
calS
urve
y,O
pen-
Rle
90-2
.rr
HE
SE
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DIS
SE
RT
AT
ION
SO
NN
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CA
RO
LIN
AG
EO
LO
GY
:Ja
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90.
byR
.O
.W
alto
nIII
M M D M MM M M M
DE
G
M M M D D D D M M M
DA
TE
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IVE
RS
ITY
1972
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CC
hape
lH
ill
1912
Dlin
ois
1972
Geo
rgia
1973
Geo
rgia
Tec
h
1973
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hC
arol
ina
1979
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higa
n
1974
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1971
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1983
VPI
1955
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1978
Ohi
oSt
ate
1986
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rgia
M
1983
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1980
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1951
Cin
cinn
ati
M
1971
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CC
hap
dH
ill
D
1969
Duk
eM
1982
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1949
Yal
eD
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lD
1968
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1976
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
M
1988
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thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1971
Non
hC
arol
ina
D
1983
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1973
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ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)M
1969
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1978
Mia
mi(
Flo
rida
)
1980
Geo
rgia
1984
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1980
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1984
Will
iam
&M
ary
1967
UN
eC
hape
lHil
l
1981
Ken
tSta
te
TIT
LE
Mod
elin
gth
eno
rthe
aste
rnN
onh
Car
olin
agr
avity
low
Susp
ende
dse
dim
ents
inco
ntin
enta
lshe
lfw
ater
sof
fCap
eH
atte
ras.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geol
ogy
ofth
eM
urra
yC
ount
yIG
eorg
iata
lcdi
stri
ct
Sour
ceo
fdet
rita
lhe
avy
min
eral
sin
estu
arie
sof
the
Atla
ntic
Coa
stal
Plai
n
Lat
ePl
eist
ocen
ean
dH
oloc
ene
clay
min
eral
ogy
and
sedi
men
tatio
nin
the
Pam
lico
Sou
ndre
gion
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
Reg
iona
lmet
amor
phis
mo
fthe
Duc
ktow
n,T
enn.
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sive
sulf
ides
and
adjo
inin
gpo
rtio
nso
fthe
soul
hem
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eR
idge
prov
ince
The
orie
son
orig
inof
alpi
ne-t
ype
ultr
amaf
ics
Ast
nJct
ural
and
petr
ogra
phic
anal
ysis
oft
heB
ank'
sC
reek
(NC
)se
rpen
tinite
AL
ate
Prec
ambr
ian
resu
rgen
tcau
ldro
nin
the
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olin
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ate
belt
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Car
olin
a,U
.S.A
.
Geo
logy
oft
heH
arpe
r'sC
ross
road
sar
ea,s
outh
wes
tern
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tham
Cou
nty,
NO
MC
arol
ina
Met
amor
phic
reac
tions
inth
ero
cks
ofC
ragg
yG
arde
ns,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pale
omag
netis
mof
late
Prec
ambr
ian
met
avol
cani
cro
cks
from
the
Car
olin
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ate
bell
The
geol
ogy
ofth
em
agne
tite
depo
sits
oft
heK
ings
Mou
ntai
nbe
lt,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Stra
tigra
phy
ofth
eW
ever
ton
Foun
atio
n.no
rthe
rnB
lue
Rid
gean
ticlin
oriu
m
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taha
la-o
coee
cont
acti
nno
rth
Geo
rgia
Rb-
Sri
soto
pic
stud
y:im
plic
atio
nsre
gard
ing
the
age,
orig
inan
dev
ola
ofa
port
ion
oft
heso
uthe
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ppal
achi
ans,
WN
e,S
WV
A.&
NE
TN
Seri
citic
clay
so
fthe
Car
olin
asl
ate
belt
ofN
orth
and
Sou
thC
arol
ina
and
thei
rass
ocia
tion
wit
hC
oast
alPl
ain
sedi
men
ts
Petr
ogen
esis
ofth
eC
onco
rdga
bbro
-sye
nite
com
plex
,Cab
arru
sC
ount
y,N
orth
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olin
a
Geo
logy
ofth
eH
otSp
ring
sw
indo
w, N
orth
Car
olin
a
Min
eral
izat
ion
and
rock
:alte
ratio
nat
the
Ree
dG
old
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e.C
abar
ros
Cou
nty,
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thC
arol
ina
Pet
rolo
gyof
the
expo
sed
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ene
Cas
tleH
ayne
lim
esto
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thC
arol
ina
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olog
icst
udy
oft
alc
min
eral
izat
ion
inM
urph
ym
arbl
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ower
Cam
bria
n)in
sout
hwes
tern
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thC
arol
ina
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iner
alog
ican
dpe
trol
ogic
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yo
fthe
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nben
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agne
tite
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e,C
ranb
enyt
Nor
thC
arol
ina
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able
isot
ope
eval
uatio
no
fthe
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keou
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idge
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eep
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depo
sit
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eral
ogy
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ecen
tsed
imen
tso
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arol
ina
soun
dsan
des
tuar
ies
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mic
inve
stig
atio
nsof
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tere
t CO
lmly
tN
orth
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olin
a
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iner
alog
ical
and
petr
olog
ical
stud
yo
fasl
ight
lyra
dioa
ctiv
epy
ritiz
edco
nglo
mer
ate
atSh
ut-i
nC
reek
,nea
rHot
Spri
ngs,
NC
The
depo
sitio
nale
nvir
omne
ntan
dpa
leoe
colo
gyo
fPek
inF
onna
tion
(Upp
erT
rias
sic)
oft
heSa
nfor
dT
rias
sic
basi
n,N
onh
Car
olin
a
The
stru
ctur
e,st
ratig
raph
y,an
dde
velo
pmen
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orid
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aner
assl
ope
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inne
rBla
kepl
atea
u
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oran
dln
lce
elem
entg
eoch
emis
try
oft
heC
arol
ina
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ltvo
lcan
ics,
sout
hern
App
alac
hain
s,an
dit
ste
cton
icim
plic
atio
ns
Gro
undw
ater
reso
urce
pote
ntia
lofd
iaba
sedi
kes
inth
eD
urha
mT
rias
sic
basi
n
Surf
ace
and
shal
low
subs
urfa
cese
dim
entr
egim
eo
fthe
near
shor
ein
nerc
ontin
enta
lshe
lf.N
ags
Hea
dan
dW
tlm
ingt
onar
eas.
NC
Lat
eC
enoz
oic
land
fonn
s,st
ratig
raph
yan
dhi
stor
yo
fsea
leve
losc
illat
ions
ofs
outh
east
ern
VA
and
nort
heas
tern
NC
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men
tso
fAlb
emar
leSo
und,
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Geo
phys
ical
surv
eys
ofse
vera
lsel
ecte
dul
tram
afic
bodi
esin
wes
tern
Non
hC
arol
ina
LAST
FIR
STM
urph
y,C
.J.,
ill
Nar
din
(Bus
s),
B.A
.
Nee
dham
,R
.E.
Nei
heis
el,
Jam
es
Nel
son.
D.D
.N
esbi
tt,B
.E.
Neu
haus
er.
K.R
.N
euha
user
,K
.R.
New
ton,
MC
,m
Nix
on,
E.C.
NIX
on,
K.R
.
Noe~
1.R
.N
unan
,A
.N.
Nun
an,
W.E
.
Nun
all.
B.D
.
Odo
m.
A.L
.
Off
utt,
P.A
.
Ols
en,
B.A
.
Ori
el,
S.S
.
Osm
an.
A.A
.
One
,1-
1.
Ow
ens,
Mic
hael
Pack
,D
.O.
Pal
cmk,
N.e
.,Jr
.
Park
,B
.K.
Parie
s,J.
T.
Pate
l,K
.N.
Patte
rson
,O
.F.,
ill
Paul
l,e.
K.Pa
ulso
n,G
.D.
Payn
e.R
.A.
Pear
son,
D.R
.
Pee
bles
,P
.C.
Pels
.R
.I.
Pen
so.
S.M
.
Pag
e14
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Op
en
·File
90-2
.-T
HE
SE
SA
ND
DIS
SE
RT
AT
ION
SO
NN
OR
TH
CA
RO
LIN
AG
EO
LO
GY
,"Ja
nu
ary
1990
,b
yR.
O.
Wah
ooIII
LAST
FIR
ST
Pere
z,E.
D.
Perr
y.L
M.
Petr
ee.
D.H
.,Jr.
Peve
ar.
D.R
.
Phi
len,
O.D
.,Jr.
Phill
ips,
E.L
.Jr.
Phyf
er.
D.W
.
Pick
ett,
T.E
.P
icke
tt,
T.E
.
Pier
ce,
l.W
.
Pike
,Ja
neE.
N.
Pogu
e,J.
E.
Potlu
n,R
.R.
Potte
r,D
.B.
Pow
ers,
E.R
.
Pow
ers,
J.A
.
Pow
ers,
M.C
.
Pra
tt,
F.P
.
Pra
tt,
T.L.
Pric
e,R
H.
Pric
e,V
.,Jr
.
Pric
e,V
.,Jr.
Rac
kley
,R
.tR
aine
y,L
aura
Ran
dazz
o,A
.F.
Ran
dazz
o,A
.F.
Ray
,J.
A.
Ren
wic
k,P
.L.
Rev
es,
W.D
.
Ric
e,T
.J.•
Jr.
Ric
hard
son,
R.O
.,Jr
.
Ric
hter
,D
.M.
Rob
bins
,E.
L.R
ober
ts,
S.A
.
Rob
eson
,1
M.•
lr.
TIT
LE
Mag
netic
surv
eys
ofse
lect
edul
tram
afic
depo
sits
inw
este
rn~onh
Car
olin
a
The
Cre
tace
ous
subs
urfa
cege
olog
yin
the
vici
nity
ofC
ape
Hat
tera
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
infl
uenc
eof
grai
nsi
zeon
the
clay
min
eral
com
posi
tion
ofse
dim
ents
inth
eN
euse
Riv
eres
tuar
y,N
orth
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olin
a
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ym
iner
alre
latio
nshi
pin
rece
ntri
ver,
near
shor
em
arin
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ntin
enta
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lf,a
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ope
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men
tsof
the
sout
heas
tern
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.
Rel
atio
nshi
psbe
twee
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rfac
ech
arge
dens
ityof
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ates
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petit
ive
adso
rptio
nof
two
diva
lent
orga
nic
catio
ns
The
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bury
adem
ellit
epl
uton
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hC
arol
ina
The
geoc
hem
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yan
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trolo
gyof
the
Day
Boo
k(N
C)
duni
te
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tigra
phy
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eD
anR
iver
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assi
cba
sin
inN
orth
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olin
a
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emse
dim
ents
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mlic
oSo
und.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
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ents
trat
igra
phy
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ogic
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ory
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ore
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ksre
gion
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thC
arol
ina
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olog
yan
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nesi
sof
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alm
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ount
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olin
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s
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olin
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olin
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rmat
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arol
ina
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inen
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n
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eral
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ated
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awB
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ount
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rRiv
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olin
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ong
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faco
ncea
led
gran
itoid
bene
athLmnbelto~
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stra
tigra
phy.
stro
etur
e.an
dm
etam
orph
ichi
stor
yof
the
sout
hern
half
oft
heN
ouel
yD
amqu
adra
ngle
,Geo
rgia
-Nor
thC
arol
ina
Dis
tn"b
utio
nof
trac
eel
emen
tsin
plut
onic
rock
sin
the
sout
heas
tern
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Gro
und
wat
erch
emis
tJy
asa
tool
forg
eolo
gic
inve
stig
atio
nsin
the
sout
heas
tern
Pied
mon
t
The
geol
ogy
oft
heB
ean
Mou
ntai
nar
ea
Sbl
dyof
Lat
ePr
oter
ozoi
cB
aker
svill
eS
uite
:im
plic
atio
nsfo
rPal
eozo
icm
eta.
inpo
rtio
nsof
Blu
eR
idge
thru
stoo
mpl
ex,w
este
rnN
C
Petr
olog
yan
dst
ratig
raph
yof
the
Car
olin
asl
ate
belt,
Uni
onC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
stra
tigra
phy
oft
heW
ades
boro
Tri
assi
cba
sin
inN
orth
and
Sout
hC
arol
ina
Hol
com
beB
ranc
han
dD
emoc
ratd
unite
bodi
es,M
adis
onan
dB
unco
mbe
Cou
ntie
s,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pale
oeco
logy
ofa
floo
dpla
inla
kein
the
Dum
amsu
b-ba
sin
oft
heD
eep
Riv
erba
sin
(Lat
eT
rias
sic)
.Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
clay
min
eral
sof
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Coa
stal
Plai
n
Min
eral
ogic
altr
ansf
onna
tions
inso
ilsde
rive
dfr
omm
afic
rock
sin
the
Non
hC
arol
ina
Pied
mon
t
Ape
trog
raph
icst
udy
ofth
eM
utph
yM
arbl
ean
dta
lcde
posi
tsat
Mur
phy,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Peri
glac
ialf
eatu
res
inth
ece
ntra
l Gre
atSm
oky
Mou
ntai
ns
Foss
ilL
ake
Dan
ville
:the
pale
ocol
ogy
ofa
Lat
eT
rias
sic
ecos
yste
mon
the
Non
hC
arol
ina-
Vir
gini
abo
rder
The
geol
ogic
hist
0IY
ofth
epo
st-C
roat
an(P
leis
toce
ne)
sedi
men
tsat
the
Lee
Cre
ekM
ine,
Bea
ufor
tCou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ast
udy
off
ossi
lpol
len
asfo
und
inpe
atfr
omth
eD
ism
alS
wam
par
eaof
Vir
gini
aan
dN
orth
Car
olin
a
Pag
e1S
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
llY
1979
Ken
tSta
te
1949
Min
neso
ta
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
Mon
tana
1972
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1966
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1962
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1965
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1964
Kan
sas
1968
Mic
higa
n
1909
Yal
e
1971
Geo
rgia
1954
Cal
iforn
iaT
ech
1987
East
Car
olin
a
1985
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1951
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1970
Duk
e
1982
VPI
1977
Geo
rgia
1969
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1967
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1951
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1989
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1968
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1965
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1962
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1988
Em
ory
1956
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1981
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1973
Sout
hC
arol
ina
1973
Geo
rgia
1982
Penn
sylv
ania
Stat
e
1981
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1928
Vir
gin
ia
DE
G
M M M D D M M M o D M D M D M M M M M M D M M M D M M M M D M D D M M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Ope
n-F
ile90
-2,~ESES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OLI
NA
GE
OL
OG
Y;
Janu
ary
1990
,by
R.
O.
Wal
10n
III
DE
G
M D D M M D M M M M M D M M M M D M M M D M M M M D M o M D D M M M M
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RSI
TY
1958
Kan
sas
1967
Yal
e
1965
Col
umbi
a
1989
UN
CC
hape
l Hill
1987
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1987
Tex
as(D
alla
s)
1973
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1987
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1973
Mic
higa
nS
tale
1965
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
te
1952
Penn
sylv
ania
Stat
e
1979
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1970
Old
Dom
inio
n
1954
Indi
ana
1981
Eas
tCar
olin
a
1986
Mic
higa
n
1979
Ken
tSta
te
1972
Flor
ida
1966
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1972
Geo
rgia
1973
Old
Dom
inio
n
1983
UN
eO
lape
}H
ill
1984
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille
)
1945
Ohi
oS
tate
1942
Non
hwes
tem
1979
Geo
rgia
1984
Cal
iforn
iaT
ech
1927
UN
CC
hape
l Hill
1912
Indi
ana
1959
Ten
ness
ee(K
noxv
ille)
1979
UN
CC
hape
lHill
1980
Bow
ling
Gre
en
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
TIT
LE
Phys
iogr
aphy
and
sedi
men
tolo
gyof
the
"Out
erB
anks
"be
twee
nC
ape
Loo
kout
and
Ocr
acok
eInle~
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ase
ism
ic&
sedi
men
tolo
gica
linv
estig
atio
no
fthe
cont
inen
talt
erra
ce,c
onti
nent
alri
sean
dab
yssa
lpla
inof
fCap
eH
atte
ras.
NC
Min
eral
ogic
alst
udy
ofN
orth
Car
olin
aph
osph
orit
e
Petr
ogra
phy
and
prov
enan
ceof
sele
cted
sand
ston
esfr
omth
ela
tePr
ecam
bria
nO
coee
Supe
rgro
up:G
reat
Sm
oky
Mou
ntai
ns,N
C&
TN
Lit
host
rati
grap
hyan
dm
ollu
scan
bios
trat
igra
phy
oft
heR
iver
Ben
dFm
atth
eM
arti
nM
arie
tta
Qua
rry,
New
Ber
n.N
C
The
geol
ogy
and
geoc
hem
istr
yo
fthe
Goo
des
Cre
ekan
dH
awki
nsB
ranc
htin
occu
rren
ces
inth
eIn
nerP
iedm
ontb
el~
NC
Rar
eea
rth
elem
ents
inw
a11r
ock
and
ore
zone
biot
ites
and
hom
blen
des.
Ore
Kno
b ,N
orth
Car
olin
a
For
amin
ifer
albi
ostr
atig
raph
yo
fthe
Pollo
cksv
ille
and
Hay
woo
dL
andi
ngM
embe
I3o
fthe
Bel
grad
eFo
nnat
ioD
,NC
Coa
stal
Pla
in
Tex
wra
ladj
ustm
ents
duri
ngre
gion
alm
etam
orph
ism
Th
eS
tone
Mou
ntai
nfa
ulta
ndth
eoc
curr
ence
ofm
dioa
ttiv
em
iner
als
near
Elk
Mil
ls,C
aner
Cou
nty,
Ten
ness
ee
Geo
logy
oft
heR
eed
Gol
dM
ine,
Cab
arro
sC
ount
y.N
orth
Car
olin
a
Min
eral
ogy
and
petr
olog
yof
the
resi
dual
kaol
ins
oft
heso
uthe
rnA
ppal
achi
ans
regi
on
Tra
ceel
emen
tsin
Her
cyni
angr
anit
icro
cks
oft
heso
ulhe
aste
mPi
edm
ont,
U.S
.A.
Gra
insi
zere
conn
aiss
ance
oft
heV
irgi
nia-
NoM
Car
olin
ain
ners
helf
;ana
Iysi
sb
yse
Win
gte
chni
que
Petr
olog
yof
som
ere
cent
mar
ine
sedi
men
tsof
fthe
Nor
thC
arol
ina
c::o
ast
Str
atig
raph
yan
dpe
trol
ogy
oft
hePu
ngo
Riv
erF
onna
tion
,cen
tral
Coa
stal
Plai
no
fNor
thC
arol
ina
Rol
eo
fthe
brit
tle-
duet
ile
tran
siti
onin
the
mec
h.o
fdet
acfu
nent
and
mot
ion
ofcr
ysta
llin
ena
ppes
(Alle
ghin
ian
orog
eny.
NC
)
Petr
olog
ym
dge
ophy
sics
oft
heD
ark
Rid
geul
tnm
tafi
cbo
dy,J
acks
onC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Petr
olog
yof
the
Lil
esvi
lle
gran
ite
bath
olit
hau
riol
e,A
nson
and
Ric
hmon
dC
ount
ies.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Upp
erM
ioce
nefo
ram
inif
era
from
near
Gri
mes
land
.Pit
tCou
nty.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geom
orph
icsi
gnif
ican
ceof
debr
isav
alan
chin
gin
the
App
alac
hian
Blu
eR
idge
Mou
ntai
ns
Evo
lutio
no
fPla
ttSh
oals
.nor
ther
nN
orth
Car
olin
ash
elf:
infe
renc
esfr
omar
ealg
eolo
gy
The
geol
ogy
and
orig
ino
fthe
pyro
phyl
lite
depo
sits
inso
uthw
este
rnG
ranv
ille
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Lat
e-Q
uart
emar
ypa
leoe
colo
gic,
geom
orph
ic,a
ndpa
leoc
lim
atic
his
tory
ofF
latL
aure
lGap
,Blu
eR
idge
Mou
ntai
ns,N
C
Ero
sion
surf
aces
oft
heso
uthe
rnA
ppal
achi
ans
The
para
gene
sis
of
sout
hern
Jack
son
and
Mac
onC
ount
ies,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Petr
olog
y,ge
oche
mis
try,
and
met
amor
phic
hist
ory
oft
heH
enso
nC
reek
duni
te.M
itch
ellC
ounl
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Sam
arim
n-ne
odym
ium
&m
bidi
um-s
tron
tium
isot
opic
syst
emat
ics
oft
ekti
tes
&o
ther
impa
ctit
es,A
ppaL
maf
icro
cks
&m
arin
eca
rbon
ates
Acr
oss
sect
ion
thro
ugh
the
Tri
assi
cba
sin
Ast
udy
oft
heM
yric
acea
efr
omE
ocen
ese
dim
ents
ofso
uthe
aste
rnN
orth
Am
eric
a
The
geol
ogy
oft
heFl
ag-P
ond
quad
rang
le.T
enne
ssee
-Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
ofth
ear
eabe
twee
nFa
yette
ville
and
Eli
zabe
thto
wn.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
His
tori
cals
hore
line
chan
ges
and
mod
emse
dim
entt
rans
port
,Bog
ueIn
lett
oN
ewR
iver
Inle
t,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Com
posi
tion
ofa
lluv
ials
ands
ina
smal
l,hi
ghre
lief
drai
nage
basi
nin
the
Sou
thM
ount
ains
ofN
orth
Car
olin
a
TI1
lce-
elem
enta
naly
sis·
oft
hecl
ay-s
iltf
ract
ion
oft
hePu
ngo
Riv
erF
onna
tioo
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
LAST
FIR
ST
Roe
hna,
D.A
.
Ron
a.P
.A.
Roo
ney,
T.P
.R
oska
,1.
A.
Ros
sbac
h.T
.J.
Row
e,W
.O.,
Jr.
Rus
h,J.
D.
Rus
sell,
Mer
lin
Rya
n,M
.P.
Saltz
man
,D.
Sam~
K.Z
.
Sand
,L
B.
Sand
o,T
.W.
Sanf
ord,
R.B
.,Jr
.
Sayy
ab,
A.S
.
Scar
boro
ugh,
AaK.
Scho
ol,
A.D
.
Schi
erin
g,M
.H.
Schm
idt,
AT
.
Schn
itker
.D
.F.
Scot
t,R
.C.,
Jr.
Sear
s,P
.C.
Sex
auer
.M
.L.
Shaf
er,
D.S
.
Shaf
fer,
P.R
.
Shar
pe,
1-K
.
Shar
pe,
R.D
.
Shaw
,H
.F.,
m
Shea
rer,
ItO
.
Shef
fy,
M.V
.
Sher
karc
hi,
Ebr
ahm
Shew
,lt
D.
Shop
e.L
.S.
Shum
ac.
K.M
.
Sied
leck
i,M
ary
Pag
e1
6
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Su
rve
y.O
pe
n-F
ile90
·2.
"TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Jan
ua
ry19
90,
byR
.O
.W
alto
nIII
LAST
FIR
ST
Sim
mon
s,W
.B.
Sim
ons.
J.H
.
Sin
ea,
S.A
.
Sin
gh.
Har
inde
r
Sin
glet
ary•
H.M
.
Sinh
a,E.
z.Si
tes,
R.S
.
Ske
an,
D.M
Sla
ymak
er,
S.C
.
Slow
ey,
A.H
.
Smed
s,R
.C.
Sm
ith,
A.B
.
Sm
ith,
E.M
.,Jr
.
Sm
ith,
S.L
.R.
Snid
er,
F.G
.
Snip
es,
D.S
Snyd
er.
I.F.
Solle
r,D
.R.
Sol
lida
y,J.
R.
Sope
r,D
.A.
Sor
rent
io,
A.
V.
Spa
njer
s,R
.P.
Staf
ford
,D
.B.
Sta
gg,
I.W
.
Sta
nczu
k,D
enni
s
Sta
nley
,L
.G.
Sta
ten,
W.T
.
Ste
el,
W.G
.
Ste
ele,
G.A
.,m
Stee
le,
K.F
.
Ste
phen
s,E
.H.
Ste
phen
son,
L.W
.
Stew
art,
T.L
.
Sti
les,
N.T
.
Sti
rew
alt,
G.L
.
TIT
LE
Min
eral
ogy
ofSo
uth
Geo
rgia
and
Nor
thC
arol
ina
ph
osp
ho
rite
Det
aile
dm
appi
ngo
fth
eD
anbu
rygn
eiss
and
adja
cent
rock
s,S
aura
low
nM
ount
ains
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ach
emic
alan
dm
iner
alog
ical
stud
yo
fthe
sapr
olit
eso
fth
eB
lue
Rid
geo
fAsh
eC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Dia
base
intr
usio
nso
fapo
rtio
nof
the
Dur
ham
Tri
assi
cba
sin.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
The
geol
ogy
oft
heM
eban
equ
adra
ngle
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
mor
phol
ogy
oft
helo
wer
Coa
stal
Plai
nfr
omth
eS
avan
nah
Riv
erar
ea,G
Ato
the
Roa
noke
Riv
erar
ea,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Str
uctu
rala
naly
sis
oft
heP
eten
;bur
glin
eam
ent,
cent
ral
App
alac
hian
s
Sedi
men
tsin
nort
hem
Cor
eSo
und,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Apl
ate
tect
onic
sm
odel
fort
heso
uthe
rnA
ppal
achi
nas
The
effe
cts
ofw
ind
on
beac
her
osio
nat
Pea
Isla
nd,N
orth
Car
olin
a
The
geol
ogy
oft
heno
rthe
rnha
lfo
fthe
Whi
teC
ross
quad
rang
le,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pale
oeco
logy
ofth
eT
rent
Fonn
atio
n(l
ower
Mio
cene
:Nor
thC
arol
ina)
Frac
ture
sin
the
Car
olin
asl
ates
and
near
-by
area
sin
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Pred
ictiv
eg
eom
orp
hic
crit
eria
for
reco
gniz
ing
the
pres
ence
and
beha
vior
offa
ults
inth
eA
tlant
icC
oast
alPl
ain
Ana
lysi
so
fmag
.&ch
ern.
data
from
Mes
ozoi
cdi
abas
edi
kes
oft
heA
ppal
achi
ans
wit
him
plic
atio
nsfo
rIhe
pres
ence
ofa
Tri
assi
cho
tspo
t
Stra
tigra
phy
and
sedi
men
tati
ono
fthe
Mid
dend
orfF
orm
atio
nbe
twee
nth
eL
ynch
esR
iver
,SC
and
the
Ocm
ulge
eR
iver
,GA
Gra
vity
stud
yo
fRo
wan
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Th
eQ
uate
rnar
yhi
stor
yan
dst
rati
grap
hyo
fth
eC
ape
Fea
rRiv
erva
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licat
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orth
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olin
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elop
men
tan
dev
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tion
ofa
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edur
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ngae
rial
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ogra
phs
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rolo
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erat
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assi
cPe
kin
Fonn
atio
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nfor
dsu
b-ba
sin t
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Eff
ects
ofde
velo
pmen
ton
barr
ieri
slan
dev
olut
ion:
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ueB
anks
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
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geos
yncl
inal
orth
oqua
nzite
faci
esin
the
east
ern
slat
ebe
ltro
cks
ofN
ash
Cou
nty,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Ach
emic
alst
ud
yof
the
silic
ate
min
eral
so
fthe
Gre
atG
ossa
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ead
and
surr
ound
ing
rock
sin
sout
hwes
tern
Vir
gini
a
Dik
eso
fthe
Dur
ham
Tri
assi
cba
sin
near
Cha
pelH
ill,
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thC
arol
ina
StT
atig
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yan
dde
posi
tion
alhi
stor
yo
fB
ogue
Ban
ks,N
orth
Car
olin
a
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mic
alva
riat
ions
para
llela
ndpe
rpen
dicu
lart
ost
rike
inth
eM
esoz
oic
dole
rite
dike
s,N
orth
and
Sou
thC
arol
ina
Stro
ctur
eo
fthe
Rol
esvi
lleba
thol
ithan
dad
jace
ntm
etam
orph
icte
rrai
nin
the
east
-cen
tral
Pie
dmon
t,N
C:
geop
hysi
calp
ersp
ectiv
e
The
Cre
tace
ous
depo
sits
ofN
onh
Car
olin
a
Car
bona
tepe
trol
ogy
and
sedi
men
tolo
gyo
fth
eM
ioce
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ungo
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erF
onna
tion
,Ons
low
Bay
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
cont
inen
tal
shel
f
Mas
spr
oper
tyre
lati
onsh
ips
ofse
dim
ents
from
the
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tera
sab
yssa
lpla
in
Str
octu
ra!a
naly
sis
of
the
Saur
atow
nM
OlD
ltai
nan
ticl
inor
ium
and
the
Bre
vard
lith
olog
iczo
ne,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Pag
e17
DA
TE
UN
IVE
RS
ITY
DE
G
1968
Geo
rgia
M
1982
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1975
Mia
mi(
Ohi
o)M
1963
UN
CC
hape
lH
ill
M
1972
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1959
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1978
Wes
tVir
gini
aD
1959
UN
CC
hape
l Hill
M
1974
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lD
1971
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1972
UN
eC
hape
lHil
lM
1958
Mic
higa
nM
1951
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
198:
3N
orth
Car
olin
aS
tate
M
1975
Wes
leya
n,(C
onn.
)M
1965
UN
CC
hape
lHill
D
1963
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1984
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rge
Was
hing
ton
D
1962
Hou
ston
M
1974
Flor
ida
M19
77P
enns
ylva
nia
Sta
teD
1983
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1968
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teD
1984
UN
CC
hape
lHil
lM
1975
Duk
eM
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1976
VPI
M
1949
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1980
Duk
eM
1971
UN
CC
hape
lH
illD
1988
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1907
John
sH
opki
nsD
1985
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
t966
Am
eric
anU
nive
rsity
M
1970
UN
CC
hape
lH
illD
Nor
thC
aro
lina
Ge
olo
gic
alS
urv
ey.
Op
en
·File
90
-2,
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TA
TIO
NS
ON
NO
RT
HC
AR
OL
INA
GE
OL
OG
Y,-
Jan
ua
ry19
90,
byR.
O.
Wa
lto
nIII
LAST
FIR
ST
Ston
ebra
ker,
J.D
.St
rale
y,H
.W.,
ill
Stra
nge,
E.A
.St
ucke
y,J.
L.
Stuc
key,
1.L.
Sulli
van,
J.G
.
Supp
lee,
I.A
.
Susm
an,
K.R
.S
we,
Win
Swif
t,D
J.P
.Sy
der,
J.F
.
Szyd
lik,
S.l
.
Tan
g,Pe
i-Tau
Tarra
vec:
:hia
,R
.I.
Tay
lor,
C.A
.,Jr
.T
enor
e,K
.R.
Ter
leck
y,P
.M.
Tes
enee
r,R
.L.
Tew
,K
.H.
Tha
yer,
P.A
.
Tho
mps
on,
J.W
.,ill
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ty,
P.I
.
Tl1d
en.
I.E
.
Tob
iass
en,
R.T
.T
rexl
er,
B.D
.,Ir
.
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pe,
C.H
.,il
l
Tuc
ker,
D.R
.
Thm
er,
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.U
ng,
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.
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er,
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.
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hurc
h,C
.N.
Upc
hurc
h,M
L.
Uss
ler,
Wil
liam
,m
Val
entin
e,Pa
ge
Van
Cam
p,
S.G
.
TIT
LE
Pota
ssiu
m-a
rgon
geoc
hron
olog
yof
the
Bre
vard
faul
tzon
eso
uthe
rnA
ppal
achi
ans
Som
ege
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netic
trav
erse
sin
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alac
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Mou
ntai
ns
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geoc
hem
istr
yof
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herm
afic
com
plex
Row
anC
ount
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orth
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olin
a
The
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posi
tsof
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Dee
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iver
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ono
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arol
ina
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eson
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assi
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pelH
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Che
mis
try
and
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ctur
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ate
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ars
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ted
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rite
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thC
arol
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Geo
logy
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eK
ings
Mou
ntai
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old
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e,K
ings
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olin
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-Mio
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raph
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ks,C
arte
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ount
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orth
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olin
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ong
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tern
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orth
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olin
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gin
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oft
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stal
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Row
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ount
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arol
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proc
esse
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cont
inen
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ape
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tera
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ary
land
fill
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orth
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olin
a
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roge
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eval
uatio
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rado
nac
tiviti
esin
grou
ndw
ater
from
the
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kyM
ount
gran
itepl
uton
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kyM
ount
,NC
Geo
l.an
dgr
avit
yo
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nonh
emen
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fth
eIn
ner
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dmon
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harl
otte
belt
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avie
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ozoi
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area
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tral
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Som
eef
fect
sof
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omsu
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ate
011
the
ecol
ogy
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angi
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neat
ain
the
Pam
lico
Riv
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bJar
y
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natu
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oolit
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ntic
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inen
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eso
uthe
aste
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nite
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ates
Sele
cted
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elem
ents
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rite
from
the
Nor
thC
arol
ina
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lt
Qua
ntita
tive
geom
orph
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inve
st. o
fthe
Pre-
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tace
ous
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ace
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ath
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C
Geo
logy
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anR
iver
and
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ieC
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tyT
rias
sic
basi
ns,N
orth
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olin
a
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wtd
wat
erre
sist
ivity
inve
stig
atio
non
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eH
atte
ras
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nd,N
onb
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olin
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uter
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ks
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atL
ake
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thC
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ina
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tain
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eel
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ong
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istin
gsu
lfid
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iner
als
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lect
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posi
tsof
the
sout
heas
tern
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Sele
cted
trac
eel
emen
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lyse
so
fwho
lero
ckan
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para
ted
phos
phat
egr
ains
from
the
Mio
cene
Pung
oR
iver
Fon
nati
on.N
C
Petr
ogra
phy,
poro
sity
,and
hydr
aulic
cond
uctiv
ityo
fthe
Cas
tleH
ayne
aqui
fer,
Cas
tleH
ayne
,Nor
thC
arol
ina
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roSb
UC
Wra
lana
lysi
sof
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onite
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omth
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lue
Rid
getl
uust
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plex
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tern
NO
MC
arol
ina
Abu
ndan
ceo
fNa.
Mn,
Cr.
Set
and
Co
inH
olco
mbe
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nch,
NC
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ison
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Bun
com
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ount
ies)
ultr
amaf
icin
tmsi
on(P
reca
mbr
ian)
Th
eN
orth
Car
olin
aS
andh
ills
Geo
logy
and
econ
omic
appr
aisa
lofg
raph
itede
posi
tsin
Wal
eeC
ount
y
Geo
logy
ofth
eU
nion
copp
erde
posi
t,G
old
Hil
ldis
tric
t,ce
ntra
lNO
MC
arol
ina
Geo
logy
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eso
uthw
estq
uart
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fthe
Tro
ytN
orth
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olin
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adra
ngle
Petr
olog
yof
the
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ene
Cas
tleH
ayne
limes
tone
atId
ealC
emen
tQua
ny,N
ewH
anov
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ount
y,N
orth
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olin
a
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rare
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elem
entg
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emis
uyo
fthe
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nym
agne
tite
ores
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ryC
ount
y,N
orth
Car
olin
a
Hol
ocen
eos
trac
ode
zoog
eogr
aphy
, Cap
eH
aner
asre
g.,a
ndcl
imat
icim
plic
atio
no
fala
tePl
eiSL
ostr
acod
eas
sem
b.N
orfo
lk,V
A
Geo
chro
nolo
gyan
dge
oche
mis
try
ofc
atac
last
icro
cksf
rom
the
Lin
ville
Falls
Faul
t,N
C
Pag
e18
DA
TE
UI\
lVE
RS
I1Y
DE
G
1973
Flor
ida
Stat
eD
1938
UN
CC
hape
lHill
019
83T
enne
ssee
(Kno
xvill
e)M
1924
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nell
D
1920
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1972
UN
eQ
apel
Hill
M
1986
UN
eC
hape
lHill
M
1975
Duk
eM
1963
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1964
UN
eC
hape
lHill
D
1963
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1980
Sout
hFl
orid
aM
1980
Non
hC
arol
ina
Slat
eM
1989
Eas
tCar
olin
aM
1982
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1967
Non
hC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1968
Duk
eM
1978
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1981
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thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
1961
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CC
hape
lHill
D
1980
~i«)hio)
M
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1971
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thC
arol
ina
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eM
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1974
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Stat
eM
t989
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
1968
Mia
mi(
Ohi
o)M
1949
UN
CC
hape
l.H
ill
D
1965
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Sta
teM
1982
UN
eC
hape
lHill
M
1968
Non
hCar
olin
aSl
ate
M
1973
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CC
hape
lHill
M
1980
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M19
70G
eorg
eW
ashi
ngto
nM
1981
UN
CC
hape
lHill
M
Nor
thC
arol
ina
Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Ope
n-F
ile90
-2,
-TH
ES
ES
AN
DD
ISS
ER
TATI
ON
SO
NN
OR
THC
AR
OLI
NA
GE
OL
OG
Y:
Janu
ary
1990
.by
R.o.
Wal
ton
III
LA
STF
IRS
T
Van
Gun
dy,
R.D
.
Var
lash
kin.
C.M
.
Vel
bel,
MA
Ver
sepu
t.T
.D
.
Vin
cent
,C
.1...
Vin
cent
,C
.L.
VilZ
tH
.E.
Vlie
k,P.
J.
Wad
e.W
.J.
Wag
ener
.H
.D.
Wal
ker,
C.H
.
Wal
ls.
R.A
.
Wal
tman
.M
.R.
Wan
g,Y
.C.
Wan
ger.
J.P.
War
d.L
W.
War
d,L
W.
Was
kom
,J.
D.
Wat
ers.
V.J
.
Wat
kins
.J.
H.
Wea
nt.
G.E
,m
Wed
emey
er.
R.C
.
Wei
gand
,P.
w.
Wei
gand
.P.
W.
Wes
tbro
ok,
S.H
.
Wes
ton,
D.P
.
Wes
ton,
D.P
.
WheatIey~Doyle
M.
D.
Whi
snan
t,J.
S.
Whi
tehe
ad,
A.W
.
Whi
tehe
ad.
1.W
.W
hitt
ingt
on,
Dav
id
Wic
kstr
om,
c.w.
Wtlc
ox,
R.
E.
WIlk
ins,
R.L
.
TITI
...E
Upp
erC
reta
ceou
sFo
ram
inif
era
from
aPe
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onna
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rop.
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flet
on,N
orth
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olin
a
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para
tive
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ogra
phy
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tra-
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extr
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oft
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ain
Geo
chem
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geof
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ain
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urke
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nty.
Nor
thC
arol
ina
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ntif
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ion
ofs
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line
mea
nder
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nos
and
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eH
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ras,
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thC
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ina
Som
eC
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sos
trac
odes
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than
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uth
Car
olin
a
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ects
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orph
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and
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ctur
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aero
mag
netic
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sov
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slat
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ltne
arR
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ro,N
orth
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olin
a
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son
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ther
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ts
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rang
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lties
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logy
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rage
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sat
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klin
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nty.
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ina
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oniti
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logy
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quad
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le.N
orth
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olin
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olog
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orth
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orth
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olin
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ount
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orth
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olin
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1983
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eC
hape
lHill
1986
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tCar
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a
1981
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e
1980
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hern
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ois
1973
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gin
ia
1971
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gin
ia
1938
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hape
lHill
1979
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I
1979
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bilt
1964
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1985
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1972
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1980
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1970
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1983
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olin
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1942
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1973
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1981
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1969
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hape
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te
1983
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iam
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ary
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1983
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awar
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1975
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CC
hape
lHill
1981
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CC
hape
lHill
1962
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sour
i
1988
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ida
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te
1979
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eans
1958
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umbi
a
1966
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thC
arol
ina
Stat
e
DEG M M D M D M M M M M M M M M M M D D M D M M D M M D M M M M M D M D M
Nor
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Geo
logi
cal
Sur
vey.
Ope
n-F
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ES
ES
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AR
OL
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V:
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by
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ED
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olin
a19
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klen
burg
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nty
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vici
nity
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hC
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ina
and
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hC
arol
ina
1981
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ton
D
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nx-
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stud
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met
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phic
rock
s&
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ntia
leco
nom
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iner
aliz
atio
n,H
untd
ale,
NC
1973
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ness
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rier
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anth
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olin
a19
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orth
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olin
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olin
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stud
ents
onth
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Ban
ksof
Nor
thC
arol
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1974
ViI
gini
aSt
ate
M
Woo
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me
litho
logi
can
dst
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olin
a19
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olin
a19
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eral
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helf
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sH
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and
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ingt
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eas,
Nor
thC
arol
ina
1981
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tCar
olin
aM
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ght,
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eolo
gyof
the
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olin
asl
ate
belt
inth
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cini
tyof
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ham
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MC
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ina
1974
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ght,
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nder
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thC
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1942
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dim
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and
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istr
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orth
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olin
a19
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olin
a19
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ashi
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ruct
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and
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geol
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ofth
eFa
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lty,N
ort
hC
arol
ina
1984
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thC
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teM
Yau
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phy
and
mic
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tolo
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Non
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and
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olin
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anal
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1985
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1959
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M
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ofN
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olin
a19
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orth
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olin
a19
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lsin
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lline
rock
area
oft
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est-
cent
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onto
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1981
Nor
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emis
try
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olin
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1992
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mol
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1990
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M
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1990
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and
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1989
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1990
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