ALSB 2007-3

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AIR LAND SEA BULLETIN

I s su e No. 200 7-3 Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 7

NTISRNontradi t ional Inte l l igence, Survei l lance,

and Reconnaissance

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Air Land Sea Application (ALSA) Center114 Andrews Street

Langley AFB VA 23665-2785

Staff

DirectorCOL Thomas Joseph Murphy, USA

Deputy Director

Col Steven Garland, USAF

EditorMrs. Bea Waggener, Civilian, USAF

Publications OfficerMaj Xavian Draper, USAF

LayoutSylvia S. McCorkle, Civilian, USN

Purpose: ALSA Center publishes the ALSB three times a year. ALSA is a multi-Service DOD field agency sponsoredby the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command(TRADOC), Marine Corps Combat Development Command(MCCDC), Navy Warfare Development Command (NWDC),and Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Development andEducation Center (AFDDEC). This periodical is governedby Army Regulation 25-30, Chapter 10. The ALSB is a

vehicle to “spread the word” on recent developments in warfighting concepts, issues, and Service interoperability. The intent is to provide a cross-Service flow of informationamong readers around the globe. Disclaimer: Since the ALSB is an open forum, the articles, letters, andopinions expressed or implied herein should not be

construed to be the official position of TRADOC,MCCDC, NWDC, AFDDEC, or ALSA Cent er.

Submissions: We solicit articles and reader’s comments.Contributions of 1,500 words or less are ideal. Submitcontributions, double-spaced in MS Word. Include name,title, complete unit address, telephone numbers, and e-mail address. Graphics can appear in an article, but youmust also provide a separate computer file for eachgraphic and photograph (photos must be 300 dpi) .

Send e-mail submissions to [email protected] Center reserves the right to edit content to meetspace limitations and to conform to the ALSB style andformat. Next issue: January 2008. SubmissionDEADLINE: COB 15 October 2007. Theme of this issueis military operations in urban terrain (MOUT).

Reprints: ALSA Center grants permission to reprintarticles. Please credit the author and the ALSB. Localreproduction of the ALSB is authorized and encouraged.

Current ALSA MTTP Publications………………………………….15

* * * * * * * * * * * * *

CONTENTS

IN HOUSE

Director’s Comments—

Supporting the Warfighter………………………………………………..3

FEATURE ARTICLES

An Airman’s View of NTISR……………………….5

Sensor Packaging—Making the Most of

NTISR…………………………………………..….11

NTISR in Division TACP Operations……………..7

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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Director’s Comments—Supporting the Warfighter

The mission of the Air Land Sea

Application (ALSA) Center is torapidly develop multi-Service tactics,techniques, and procedures (MTTP)publications and studies in order tomeet the immediate needs of the

warfighter. The purpose of the AirLand Sea Bulletin (ALSB) is to“spread the word” on recent concepts

and issues while providing a vehiclefor the cross-flow of informationamong the Services. The Airmen,Marines, Sailors, Soldiers, and CoastGuardsmen who live and fight at thetactical level of war are the lifebloodof ALSA and the reason why theALSB is written. As the ALSA

Director, I will keep our focussquarely on that mission andmaintain the ALSB as a forum for

your multi-Service dialogues. The theme for this issue of the

ALSB is Nontraditional Intelligence,Surveillance, and Reconnaissance(NTISR) which is a topic of significantrelevance for both Operation IRAQI

FREEDOM and OperationENDURING FREEDOM. So whether

you call it NTISR, Inherent ISR, orbelieve there is only ISR, one factremains constant. Advancedtechnology, such as Sniper Pods and

TOW Thermal Imaging sights, isproviding increased capabilities to

the warfighter, and smart operatorslike you are discovering ways to useexisting equipment to improve thecommander's situational awareness.

The lead off article by LieutenantColonel Lewis D. “Dough” Hill (Ret)

i Ai F d fi iti f

OIF. For the final article, Capt Kevin

“Gunner” Pratte describes theeffectiveness of “packaging” NTISRsystems with traditional ISRmethods.

At the back of this and everyissue of the ALSB, you will find acomplete listing of current ALSApublications which are available to

the warfighter on our website. As you will note from our missionstatement, our publications cover theentire military spectrum, and if something is missing we want tohear from you ASAP. In the coming

year, we will publish revised editionsof Joint Application of Firepower

(JFIRE) and Tactical ConvoyOperations (TCO) while we developnew publications in the areas of AirOperations in Maritime SurfaceWarfare, and Strike Coordination andReconnaissance.

We know that our readers are abroad and varied group of warriors,many with multiple tours in one or

more theaters, and the bottomline isthat we want to hear from you, learnfrom your practical experience withtactics, techniques, and proceduresat the tactical level, and improveService interoperability. Even when

your input doesn’t directly match thetheme of a particular issue of the

ALSB, we often find it applicable toan MTTP that may be coming due forrevision. That said, don’t be bashful.We need you to continue submittingarticles and ideas so we can improvelife for the warfighter. Our January2008 ALSB ill b f d

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rotation. We bade farewell to theGivens’ family as Colonel Rob “Snort”Givens moved to Luke AFB, to takecommand of the 56th OperationsGroup. Congratulations to “Snort”;

he was an outstanding director, and we were fortunate to have had sucha quality officer leading ALSA for thepast year. Along with ColonelGivens, we said farewell to six otheroutstanding ALSA personnel: ColonelSam Clear (USA) off to Kuwait as theG3 Chief of Operations for Third

Army, Lieutenant Colonel RobMcCreadie (USAF) retiring after 21 years of service, Commander JohnEvans (USN) retiring after 23 years of service, Lieutenant Colonel Bob Finn(USA) to US Army Training andDoctrine Command at Fort Monroe,Lieutenant Colonel James Egbert(USAF) now flying again as an

instructor pilot for Pilot Instructor Training at Randolph AFB, and Ms Tomeka Evans (GS) who stepped upto work for the US Department of Homeland Security.

However, it is not all departingpersonnel at ALSA. At the end of

June, our new Deputy Director,

Colonel Steve “Judy” Garland arrived with his wife, Paula, and threechildren, Mitch, Erica, and Peter. He

just finished a year of study at theAir War College and brings a wealthof experience in the F-15E, F-117A,and F-4G with multiple combattours. I have no doubt, Colonel

Garland will be a welcome addition

to the ALSA team. He is not alone asa new arrival. Captain (select) MattDanehy (USN) joined us from theIndustrial College of the ArmedForces and he is now in the

Command and Control Branch.Lieutenant Colonel David “Norm”Kilcher (USAF) joined us from PopeAFB and he is now in the Land andSea Branch. Lieutenant Colonel(select) Chris Petersen (USAF) joinedus from Moody AFB and he is now inthe Air Branch, and Leila Joyce is

our new automation assistant.Lastly, I would be remiss if I didnot also mention a historic date forALSA. The ALSA Center recentlycelebrated its 32nd Anniversary thispast July. Established in 1975 inthe aftermath of the Vietnam War tocontinue cross Service cooperationbetween the Air Force and Army, the

Air-Land Force Application (ALFA)Agency evolved to become the ALSACenter in 1992 with the addition of the Navy and Marine Corps. Wellinto our thirty-third year of service,

we will continue to keep our focus onrapidly and responsively developingMTTP to meet the immediate needs

of you the warfighter.

THOMAS JOSEPH MURPHYColonel, USA

Director

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An Airman’s View of NTISR

ByLt Col Lewis D. “Dough” Hill,

USAF (Ret)Command Targeteer

HQ Air Combat CommandLangley AFB, Virginia

Let’s get the Air Force definitionout of the way first before we go intohow we got here. Nontraditional

Intelligence, Surveillance, andReconnaissance (NTISR) is theconcept of employing a sensor notprimarily used for ISR as part of anintegrated collection plan, developedat the operational level, forpreplanned, on-call, ad hoc, and/oropportune collection. This isstraight out of the USAF’s NTISRFunctional Concept. Talking withsome of my sister-Service brethren,they are mortified to hear our effortson nontraditional ISR. “What? Youdon’t normally use all theinformation you get in youraircraft?” or “You just want to takeover another mission.” No we don’t,

but we do see the need for acultural change in attitude.

First, NTISR is not a mission buta long neglected functionalcapability. Second, look at some of our mottos: “To Fly and Fight” — “Global Reach Global Power” — andSAC’s “Peace is Our Profession.”

Thinking about what’s on theground and collecting intelligence

was not a main stream topic at theO’Club. We flew at 40,000 feet, hadgreat aerial duals and bombed onradar returns…not exactly helpfulf tti d b d

in D.C. who thought satellites couldgather all the surveillance and

reconnaissance we needed. A manholding a camera out of an opencockpit was quaint and had asmuch to do with the modern AirForce as did Adam and Eve withmodern man.

But all that was changing in the90s and DESERT FOX started a

USAF movement, even though it was for Public Affairs purposes.1 We began looking at weapon sensorvideo (WSV) seriously. There hadbeen previous blips on the radar,such as when the Gulf War AirPower Survey helped the DefenseNuclear Agency (now Defense

Threat Reduction Agency) with anascent effort after Gulf War I (GWI). Operations DENY FLIGHT andSOUTHERN WATCH also used WSVmore extensively.

…NTISR is nota mission but along neglectedfunctionalcapability.

United States Central CommandAir Forces (USCENTAF) asked itsparent major command, Air CombatCommand, during the planning

stages of Operation IRAQIFREEDOM (OIF) to take a look atthe SCUD problem that almostbroke the political and militarycoalition. In GW I, originally twoaction officers were told to “thinkout of the box” (including yourstruly). They were soon joined by a

handful of really smart people and acouple O-6s. After a real learningcurve that continues to this day, theCounter SCUD Team developed andtrained a force of US and UK,fighter, bomber, and

i i ft t k

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was probably at the steepest in theFall of 2002, an intelligence officerand an F-16 pilot exercising theplan thought “what do we call thismission?” “NTISR” was coined.

We had to train the aircrews forthe mission, train them onidentification, integrate SOFreporting (still learning that lesson)and exploit the WSV back at thebase(s). For Airmen it was a biglesson. Lots of things went againstour nature. We didn’t blow up

bridges, we looked under them. Wetook our target acquisition sensordata and gave it to UK imageryinterpreters. All of this was fused

with national sources and we waited to find a SCUD. Normallybattle damage assessment (BDA) isthe only thing that (some) Airmenthought important on WSV. Now

we exploited it for things like Iraqisecurity force positions. It was newstuff to us. The joint force aircomponent commander (JFACC)

was the supported commander forthe Counter SCUD mission and wehad ground forces supporting us.

The guys in eastern Iraq were using

targeting pods on the way home toget imagery for the air operationscenter (AOC). What a concept!

NTISR was so successful that it was a revelation. However, someAirmen were adamantly against thissordid history ever repeating itself.(I joke, but the number of other

names used for NTISR or relatedfunctions are still lively debated.) It was natural for some of us whoremember Conrac radar warningreceiver tapes (Wild Weasels— suppression of enemy air defense)and how we brought battlefield

Counter SCUD Team had to processtargeting pod imagery and syntheticaperture radar images after the factbecause none of the info could feeddirectly into where the analysis was

performed. The processing of mostsensor information, however, wasinternal to the aircraft and the data

was not recorded. We realized thatover the decades, we had completelydisconnected aircraft frombattlefield situational awareness.

The NTISR Functional Concept

mentioned above tries to rectify thiserror. NTISR is a function, not amission. With any luck we willinculcate NTISR into our Airmanculture. Nobody will give it asecond thought that the AOC cansee what the aircrew sees in nearreal time. Aircrews should be asnervous about this as traffic

engineers are about traffic cams:nobody but the engineers cancontrol those cameras; nobody butaircrews will control aircraftsensors. Aircrews will, however,receive guidance from collectionexperts regarding the intelligencethey’re collecting.

The guys ineastern Iraq were usingtargeting podson the wayhome to getimagery forAOC… NTISR

was sosuccessfulthat it was arevelation.

Technology is also enabling us inseveral ways. The latest targetingpods allow us to identify trucksfrom 15,000 feet. My nextrefrigerator will have an internetprotocol (IP) address as we moveelectronics into a net-centricenvironment. Imagery formats have

been established and ELINT datashould be soon. We couldn’t dothese things 20 years ago. Ourflying ops were different. At 200feet and 400 knots we could not see

what a Huey pilot could. But wehave different capabilities now and

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NTISR in Division TACP Operations

ByLt Col Wayne L. Shaw III, USAF

11 EASOS/CC(June to November 2006)

Camp Liberty, Iraq

Looking back on one of theoriginal uses of airpower—observingthe enemy—pilots today flying F-16s,F-15Es, F/A-18s, and A-10s are

using advanced targeting pods (ATPs)to conduct what is known asNontraditional Intelligence,Surveillance, and Reconnaissance(NTISR) in a more advanced, robust,and sophisticated fashion than everbefore.

F-16C Block 30, carrying a LITENING IInavigation/targeting pod and AlQ-131 jamming pod on

the centerline.(USAF Photo by MSGT Joe Cupido.)

Persistent, full-motion video(FMV) from these aircraft has been abenefit to ground commanders.Anyone with a device capable of

CF-18 for the needed software anddisplay of the video feed, a “black

box” receiver, an antenna, and theassociated cables. It is “THE” pieceof TACP gear the Army knows andcares about. To illustrate the Army’sinterest in ROVER, you only have tolook at the buildup for the summer2006 Baghdad security surge. Theone question on the minds of ground

brigade commanders was, “Howmany ROVERs were available and

were there extras?”During Operation IRAQI

FREEDOM (OIF), I was privileged tocommand the 11th Expeditionary AirSupport Operations Squadron (11EASOS) and had the opportunity tosee NTISR firsthand. The jointterminal attack controllers (JTACs)that worked for me routinely usedROVER III to view what the pilotsand aircrew of the aircraft they werecontrolling observed through theirvarious ATPs to conduct NTISR insupport of numerous Armyoperations. In one instance, the 11

EASOS successfully located threeimprovised explosive devices (IEDs)using ROVER and NTISR techniquesand the IEDs were defused beforethey could explode.1 The fact that

JTACs are predominately controllingmissions such as “Armed Recce,”“Armed Overwatch,” and “NTISR” is

what makes it an important topicsince these are NOT the missions for

which they train.

Anyone with adevice capable of intercepting anddisplaying FMVvia a VDL has

been able toleveragebatt lefield ISR togreatly enhanceoperations

During my deployment for OIF,the Army ground commandersrequested hours upon hours of NTISR t lti i JTACS

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I will discuss each of these in thisarticle based on my experience inBaghdad with the 4th InfantryDivision (4 ID) from early June tolate November 2006 as the 11

EASOS Commander responsible for TACPs and combat weather teams inthe Multi-National Division-Baghdad(MND-B) area of operations. Anyideas presented in this article are myown and have not been vettedthrough any official channels but aremerely my opinions based on my

experiences and offered up forprofessional military dialogue.

NTISR DefinedIn an effort to define NTISR, let’s

now switch gears a bit. As a formerchemist, let me propose an equationfor NTISR. At “1 atmosphere of pressure and under ambient

temperature” it is as follows:

NTISR = ATP w/VDL + ROVER + JTAC w/ radio

Take away any of one these“ingredients” and you do not haveNTISR as it is presently understood

and executed. None of thesecomponents are unique to any oneService. Examples of ATPs my

JTACs leveraged in OIF were theLitening II pod (only flown on F-16sduring my OIF stint), and theadvanced targeting forward-lookinginfrared (ATFLIR) pod (flown on US

Navy F/A-18s). The VDLs differ byplatform as well…some are analogand some are digital. The ROVERgear has been used by multipleServices to great effect.2 Of course,as the acronym implies, JTACs canbe of any Service

the term “Armed Recce” on our airsupport requests (ASRs).”3 To boththe incumbent and myself, thisseemed to be the term that mostaccurately reflected the mission that

the aircraft were actually performingand it was an established doctrinalterm. However, time would show methe wisdom of the CFACC’s ways. LtCol Bob “B2” Beckel, Jr.collaboratively working through

weekly video teleconferencing withthe combined air operations center's

(CAOC) Strategy Cell coined the term“Armed Tactical Overwatch” as asubstitute—albeit nondoctrinal—that

we should use on the ASRs instead. This eventually evolved to thecurrent missions in order of priorityand precedence of “Armed Recce,”“Armed Overwatch,” and “NTISR.”Armed Recce and Armed Overwatch

are requested through normal ASRchannels and NTISR is requestedthrough intelligence channels.

Emphasis is now being rightly placedon Armed Recce or Armed Overwatchin support of troops on the groundversus using fixed-wing air as veryexpensive "manned" unmanned

aircraft systems (UAS) looking atpatches of ground for hours on endand not directly supporting anyground forces.4

One of thefirst things Ilearned uponarriving inBaghdad was

the lack of commonterminologyto discuss

what missions were beingflown.

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which codifies MTTP for strike as well as reconnaissance operations. This would be an excellent place toprovide some modicum of guidanceto future JTACs and aircrews.

Another possibility would be to roleNTISR TTP into the next re-write of

Joint Publication 3-09.3, JointDoctrine for Close Air Support, unlessit’s deemed that this publicationshould remain exclusively dedicatedto doctrinal kinetic operations vice

TTP guidance. Regardless of thelocation of NTISR in the doctrinal

world, without any existing orpending doctrine or TTP, how arecommanders to plan, coordinate,execute, and assess the effectivenessof NTISR?

NTISR TrainingI have already mentioned the lack

of official TTP for NTISR. The 11EASOS, being good “Type A” militarymembers, did what we could touncover whatever we could findbefore deploying using personalcontacts and internet searches. Asexpected, there were some good,unofficial TTP floating around

cyberspace. The problem here is of course—maybe you have a good“Google-type” search, maybe youdon’t—and not everyone finds thesame material. These unofficial TTP

we found were also aircrew and“switchology” oriented versus JTACand TACP-oriented.

NTISR Measures of Effectivenessand Performance

Like most people, we all like toknow “How am I doin’?” This is

where measure of effectiveness(MOEs) need discussion Right at

the risk and expense of these sortiescompleted with our nation’s bloodand treasure.

Under the leadership of Lt ColBob “B2” Beckel, the 11 EASOS

developed a TACP-tracked measureof performance (MOP) for NTISRsorties that was fed up the chain tothe air support operations center(ASOC) and then on to the CAOC. It

was a tracker that counted NTISRsorties flown, significantobservations, numbers the Army“actioned,” significant findings, and“positive finding” numbers. In other

words, for each sortie flown, whenour pilot-JTAC team saw somethingand reported it to the Army, howmany times did they “action it” and

when they did action it, how manytimes did it turn out to be theproverbial “needle in a haystack”

(e.g., an IED, weapons cache, etc.).

…the incrediblypositivepsychologicaleffect to thetroops on theground from

jets flyingoverhead and

just knowingthat they arethere isimmeasurable.

As one might imagine, when Imade the calculations at the end of the month, the “efficiency” of thesesorties was VERY, VERY low. Undermy watch, we never developed theharder MOE. But if we did, it mayhave been something along the lines

of, “NTISR is effective at locatingenemy items of significance” withindicators such as “OUTSTANDING =MOP efficiency of 90% or better,”“EXCELLENT = MOP efficiency of 75% or better,” and so on. We didn’thave all the answers but, we had astarting point.

Way AheadHow do we know we’re being

effective? How do we measure it?What do we measure? Currently youhave EASOS commanders who areoperating on a shoestring budget of

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I would also suggest thedevelopment of a reference video withstill photos that would be used in atraining program so that pilots and

weapon systems officers as well as

JTACs know what “thermalsignatures” may be worth furtherscrutiny (e.g., some “thermalsignatures” turn out to be burningtrash or oil from a vehicle instead of the illusive recently buried IED).With these reference photos/videosavailable for aircrew and JTAC studybefore the mission, we can improveour “efficiency” by better knowing

what an IED, command wire,recently buried IED, etc. looks likethrough ATP video. This endeavorcould be rolled into future testing.

More testing is required to refineour unofficial TTP in order todetermine the most productive way

to conduct NTISR. Tests need totake into account factors like type of mission being flown (such as mainsupply route patrol, traffic checkpoint patrol, forward operating baseperimeter surveillance, or enemysafehouse surveillance), as well as,airspace concerns such as host

nation air force activities, nearbyArmy or special operations forces(SOF) restricted operating zones,killbox boundaries, keypadrestrictions on the number of aircraft, and accounting for in-theater control and reporting center(CRC) radar and communicationscapabilities. With these TTP in

hand, then the ASOSs can do morestandardized ROVER training beforedeployment. We did as much as wecould in the 11 ASOS but thechallenge of getting the required

squares filled (i.e., old-fashionedcontrols dropping iron at a range)makes this a big challenge with thecurrent demand for JTACs.

As we wrestle with how to makeairpower even more relevant than italready is in the ground fight in OIF;Armed Reconnaissance, ArmedOverwatch, and also NTISR willcontinue to be key in this counter-insurgency (COIN) fight for winningthe “hearts and minds” of the Iraqipeople. What we can develop for TTPon how to conduct NTISR will be amuch-needed chapter in therelatively meager existing literatureon COIN airpower employment.

What we candevelop for TTPon how to

conduct NTISR will be a much-needed chapterin the relativelymeager existingliterature onCOIN airpoweremployment.

1 AF Link News story, 17 July 2006,Airmen, Soldiers thwart terroristsemplacing IED athttp://www.af.mil/news.2 The Hook: A Journal of CarrierAviation, Spring 2006 (Vol 34, No 1),

"Giving Boots on the Ground an Eyein the Sky," pp. 64-65.3Personal interview, Lt Col Robert D.Beckel, Jr., 3 June 2006, CampLiberty, Iraq.4 Personal interview, Lt Col Jeff Kelley, 4 June 2007, Fort Hood, TX.

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Sensor Packaging – Making the Most of NTISR

By

Capt Kevin “Gunner” Pratte, USAFChief, Weapons and Tactics

12 ACCSRobins AFB, Georgia

An enabler in our ability todominate the battlespace has largelybeen driven by the capabilities and

integration of our intelligence,surveillance, and reconnaissance(ISR) systems. Persistent ISR fromairborne, ground, sea and space-based sensors is critical to

warfighters who need an actionablenear-real-time picture of thebattlespace. Improvements innetwork centric intelligenceoperations and broadband accesshave sped information flow todecision makers and strike assetsbut we are still limited by the finitenumber of collection platforms.Lessons-learned from recent combathas shown an increase in the needfor additional collection capability.

One solution to mitigate this hasbeen to couple every traditionalsensor with NontraditionalIntelligence Surveillance andReconnaissance (NTISR) systemssuch as targeting pods.

Future mission planners andoperators need to account for tactics,

techniques, and procedures (TTP) of these systems in order to createsmart sensor packages. Bycombining traditional and NTISRcapabilities, the overall effect is afaster and more efficient kill chain

Sniper Advanced Targeting Pods on F-15E. (USAFphoto by SrA. Lynne Neveu.)

The term NTISR has gained widespread notoriety in the past few

years, however the concept has beenevolving for sometime. DuringOperation ALLIED FORCE, limited

availability of surveillance assetscombined with terrain issues forcedplanners to become more creative

with non-traditional collectionassets, such as utilizing the targetingpods onboard the AC-130U Gunship.

The goal was to detect, track, report,and destroy enemy troops and

targets of opportunity. The gunships were tasked for surveillance of suspected enemy lines of communications in an attempt to fillcollection gaps in wide areasurveillance. Areas of interest weregiven to crews prior to takeoff andlimited updates were provided by

traditional ISR assets. The collectionrequirements were often too large forpersistent coverage based on the AC-130 sensor capabilities. Searchpatterns maximized sensoreffectiveness yet only allowed a fewsquare miles of usable coverage at

By combiningtraditional and

NTISRcapabilities,the overalleffect is a fasterand moreefficient killchain process.

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Additional lessons learned fromOperations ALLIED FORCE andENDURING FREEDOM led to a morecohesive approach to using NTISRassets. During Operation IRAQI

FREEDOM, the true lethality of sensor packaging was demonstratedon numerous occasions. The fusionof wide area surveillance from“traditional” sensors on the E-3, E-8C, RC-135 and others combined

with specific area surveillance fromfighters equipped with targeting podsdramatically shortened the find, fix,track, target, engage, and assess(F2T2EA) kill chain. The effectivecross cuing of NTISR assets by theair weapons controllers onboard theE-8C led to many successfuloperations. By fusing sensorinformation quickly, Iraqi targets

were easily eliminated. One example

involved detection of enemy troopmovements south of Baghdad by anRC-135 Rivet Joint. Thisinformation was quickly relayed viavoice and datalinks to othercommand and control (C2) and ISRagencies. E-8C aircraft performingC2ISR operations in the area cross

cued this data with their internalsystems and detected two contacts.Since neither contact could be

positively correlated to enemyactivity, Joint Surveillance TargetAttack Radar System (JSTARS)coordinated with Airborne Warningand Control System (AWACS) to

request additional assets with thespecific sensor capability to obtainthe positive identification. F-15EStrike Eagle aircraft equipped withLANTIRN pods were passed to

JSTARS via voice and data links andEagle crews cued their pods to thetargets. The Strike Eagles positivelyidentified one contact as civiliantraffic and the other as an enemyradar facility. This information wasquickly relayed to groundcommanders and resulted in theswift elimination of a key Iraqi airsurveillance site. The timelyprosecution of this target was justone of many instances of wide area

surveillance assets cueing specificarea sensors onto targets. It workedbecause fighter aircraft wereroutinely instructed to contact

JSTARS for additional targets oncethey completed their primarymission. This informal sensorpackaging drastically reduced the

F2T2EA kill chain with lethal effectson Iraqi forces.

The fusion of wide areasurveillancefrom“traditional”sensors on theE-3, E-8C, RC-135…combined

with specificareasurveillancefrom fightersequipped withtargeting podsdramatically

shortened theF2T2EA killchain.

JSTARS (USAF Photo)

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Knowing sensor capabilitiesagainst a target set and how toeffectively task and disseminateinformation from that source isimportant in building and employing

an effective NTISR collectionpackage. Two elements which mayaid in this effort are: who tocoordinate with during missionplanning and the type of sensorsavailable. For planning purposes,generally theater-level ISR assetssuch as RC-135 (Rivet Joint), U-2,and E-8C (JSTARS) are providedprioritized collection decks from J-2division planners. NTISR assets arenormally tasked by J-3 divisionplanners based on primary missionssuch as interdiction, suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD), close airsupport (CAS), etc. The first step inthe planning process is the melding

of the collection priorities withmission taskings. Additionalconsideration must also be given tothe actual sensor available for thatasset. For instance, in the examplebelow you can see that if positiveidentification is the desired effectthan choosing sorties with LITENING

instead of LANTRIN pods may drive which asset to choose.

LITENING POD

LANTIRN

Tank, 3.5nm Slant Range TV Image Multi-spectral

REEDOM, one reason JSTARSpla

T-55Capes

During Operation IRAQIF

nners were effective in pairingCAS assets and their NTISRcapabilities was mission planningand coordination. By reviewing Joint

Tactical Air Strike Requests from

joint terminal attack controllers(JTACs) and coordination with airsupport operations center (ASOC)liaison officers, a clear picture of timing and assets was compiled.Using this information, the E-8Ccrews were able to identify and plan

which CAS assets could be utilizedfor NTISR opportunities withoutaffecting their primary mission. Thatinformation was then used to choosecross cue tracks of interest based onaircraft and sensor type. This near-real-time fused information was thenpassed to Army and MarineCommand Ground Stations from

JSTARS using situational control

data links and voice.Simultaneously, the sameinformation was relayed directly tothe ASOC and JTACs using Link-16,Remotely Operated Video-enhancedReceiver (ROVER) and voice. Not

…one reason JSTARS

r

planners wereeffective inpairing CASassets and theiNTISRcapabilities wasmissionplanning andcoordination.

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In the joint environment the needfor actionable intelligence is growingfas

BibliographyAFTTP 3-3, JSTARS. 20 Oct 200

or Planning and Management in the

Kos Air

Sam Director of ISR, USAF. "DOD Presentation to

Tir r Force Magazine. Jan 2006, Vol 89,

Finding ter today than ever before.Finding innovative ways to utilizeevery sensor in the battlespace will

continue to challenge joint operatorsfor the foreseeable future. Thoughthe lessons learned have focusedprimarily on E-8C employment,several underlying concepts areuniversal. Effective use of NTISR liesin knowing when and how to employthese sensors in an array thatprovides timely information to battle

field commanders. Sensor packagingrelies on integration rather than areacoverage to quickly gain a clearerpicture of the battlespace.Experience from Afghanistan and

Iraq has shown that NTISR alonemay not always be the answer tocertain tactical situations. NTISRpackaged with traditional ISR hasshown to produce persistentintelligence which has proven lethalto our adversaries and may requireeven more consideration for futureoperational planners.

innovative wayseveryto utilize

sensor in thebattlespace willcontinue tochallenge jo intoperators forthe foreseeablefuture.

6.Ebner, Capt Michael T. "F-15E Sens

Dynamic Targeting Role," USAF Weapons School Paper. 10 Jun 2006.kovich, SSgt Melissa. “Targeting Pods Enhance Battlefield Awareness,"Force Link. 29 March 2006.s, Maj Gen Ronald F, USAF

the Senate Armed Service Committee, Testimony on Air Force Fiscal Year2005 ISR Programs." 7 April 2004.pak, John A. “Eyes of the Fighter,” Ai

No 1.

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CURRENT ALSA MTTP PUBLICATIONS

AIR BRANCH – POC [email protected]

TITLE DATE PUB # DESCRIPTION / STATUS

ADUSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Air Defense of the United States Classified SECRET/ REL CAN

22 MAR 04 FM 3-01.1NTTP 3-26.1.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.50

Description: Supports planners, warfighters, and interagencypersonnel participating in air defense of the US by providingplanning, coordination, and execution information. Pub isprimarily focused at the tactical level.

Status: Current

AVIATION URBAN OPERATIONSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Aviation Urban Operations Distribution Restricted

9 JUL 05 FM 3-06.1MCRP 3-35.3ANTTP 3-01.04AFTTP(I) 3-2.29

Description: Provides MTTP for tactical-level planning andexecution of fixed- and rotary-wing aviation urban operations.

Status: Current

JFIREMulti-Service Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower Distribution Restricted

29 OCT 04 FM 3-09.32MCRP 3-16.6ANTTP 3-09.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.6

Description: Pocket size guide of procedures for calls for fire,CAS, and naval gunfire. Provides tactics for joint operationsbetween attack helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft performingintegrated battlefield operations.

Status: Revision

JSEAD / ARM-JMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses in a Joint Environment Classified SECRET

28 MAY 04 FM 3-01.4MCRP 3-22.2ANTTP 3-01.42AFTTP(I) 3-2.28

Description: Contributes to Service interoperability byproviding the JTF and subordinate commanders, their staffs,and SEAD operators a single, consolidated reference.

Status: Current

JSTARSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System Distribution Restricted

16 NOV 06 FM 3-55.6MCRP 2-1ENTTP 3-55.13AFTTP(I) 3-2.2

Description: Provides procedures for the employment ofJSTARS in dedicated support to the JFC. Describes multi-Service TTP for consideration and use during planning andemployment of JSTARS.

Status: Current

KILL BOXMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Kill Box Employment Distribution Restricted

13 JUN 05 FM 3-09.34MCRP 3-25HNTTP 3-09.2.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.59

Description: Assists the Services and JFCs in developing,establishing, and executing Kill Box procedures to allow rapidtarget engagement. Describes timely, effective multi-Servicesolutions to FSCMs, ACMs, and maneuver control measureswith respect to Kill Box operations.

Status: Current

SURVIVAL, EVASION, AND RECOVERY Multi-Service Procedures for Survival,Evasion, and Recovery Distribution Restricted

20 MAR 07 FM 3-50.3MCRP 3-02HNTTP 3-50.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.26

Description: Provides a weather-proof, pocket-sized, quickreference guide of basic survival information to assist Servicemembers in a survival situation regardless of geographiclocation.

Status: Current

TAGSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Theater Air-Ground System Distribution Restricted/ REL ABCA

APR 07 FM 3-52.2MCRP 3-25FNTTP 3-56.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.17

Description: Promotes inter-Service awareness regarding therole of airpower in support of the JFC’s campaign plan,increases understanding of the air-ground system, andprovides planning considerations for the conduct of air-groundops.

Status: Current

8/8/2019 ALSB 2007-3


AIR BRANCH – POC [email protected]


UASMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Employment of Unmanned Aircraft Systems Distribution Restricted

3 AUG 06 FM 3-04.15NTTP 3-55.14AFTTP (I) 3-2.64

Description: Establishes MTTP for UAS addressing tacticaland operational considerations, system capabilities, payloads,mission planning, logistics, and most importantly, multi-Serviceexecution.

Status: Current

LAND AND SEA BRANCH – POC [email protected]


AIRFIELD OPENINGMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Airfield Opening Operations Distribution Restricted

15 May 07FM 3-17.2MCRP 3-02.18AFTTP(I) 3-2.68

Description: A quick-reference guide to opening an airfield inaccordance with MTTP. Contains planning considerations,airfield layout, and logistical requirements for opening anairfield.

Status: Current

CORDON AND SEARCHMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Cordon and Search Operations Distribution Restricted

25 APR 06 FM 3-06.20

MCRP 3-31.4BNTTP 3-05.8AFTTP (I) 3-2.62

Description: Consolidates the Services’ best TTP used incordon and search operations. Provides MTTP for theplanning and execution of cordon and search operations atthe tactical level of war.

Status: Current

EODMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in a Joint Environment Approved for Public Release

27 OCT 05 FM 4-30.16MCRP 3-17.2CNTTP 3-02.5AFTTP(I) 3-2.32

Description: Provides guidance and procedures for theemployment of a joint EOD force. It assists commanders andplanners in understanding the EOD capabilities of eachService.

Status: Current

IADSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for an Integrated Air Defense System

Distribution Restricted

30 OCT 04 FM 3-01.15MCRP 3-25ENTTP 3-01.8AFTTP(I) 3-2.31

Description: Provides joint planners with a consolidatedreference on Service air defense systems, processes, andstructures to include integration procedures.

Status: Current

JAOC / AAMDCMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Air Operations Center and Army Air and Missile Defense Command Coordination Distribution Restricted

22 MAR 04 FM 3-01.20AFTTP(I) 3-2.30

Description: Addresses coordination requirements betweenthe JAOC and the AAMDC. Assists the JFC, JFACC, andtheir staffs in developing a coherent approach to planning andexecution of AMD operations.

Status: Current

JTMTDMulti-Service Procedures for Joint Theater Missile Target Development

Distribution Restricted

11 NOV 03 FM 3-01.51(FM 90-43)

NTTP 3-01.13

AFTTP(I) 3-2.24

Description: Documents TTP for threat missile targetdevelopment in early entry and mature theater operations. Itprovides a common understanding of the threat missile target

set and information on the component elements involved intarget development and attack operations.

Status: Current

MILITARY DECEPTIONMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, andProcedures for Military DeceptionClassified SECRET

12 APR 07 MCRP 3-40.4A

NNTP 3-58.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.66

Description: Facilitate the integration, synchronization,planning, and execution of MILDEC operations. Servce as a”one stop” reference for service MILDEC planners to plan andexecute multi-service MILDEC operations.

8/8/2019 ALSB 2007-3


COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2) BRANCH - POC: [email protected]


BREVITY

Multi-Service Brevity Codes Distribution Restricted

15 JUN 05 FM 1-02.1

(FM 3-54.10)MCRP 3-25BNTTP 6-02.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.5

Description: Defines multi-Service brevity codes to augment

JP 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms . Itstandardizes air-to-air, air-to-surface, surface-to-air, andsurface-to-surface brevity code words in multi-Serviceoperations.

Status: Revision

COMCAMMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Combat Camera Operations Approved for Public Release

15 MAR 03 FM 3-55.12MCRP 3-33.7ANTTP 3-13.12AFTTP(I) 3-2.41

Description: Fills the void that exists regarding combat cameradoctrine and assists JTF commanders in structuring andemploying combat camera assets as an effective operationalplanning tool.

Status: Current

HAVE QUICKMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for HAVE QUICK Radios Distribution Restricted

7 MAY 04 FM 6-02.771MCRP 3-40.3FNTTP 6-02.7AFTTP(I) 3-2.49

Description: Simplifies planning and coordination of HAVEQUICK radio procedures. Provides operators information onmulti-Service HAVE QUICK communication systems whileconducting home station training or in preparation forinteroperability training.

Status: Current

LAND AND SEA BRANCH – POC [email protected]


PEACE OPS: Multi-Service Tactics,Techniques, and Procedures for Conducting Peace Operations Approved for Public Release

26 OCT 03 FM 3-07.31MCWP 3-33.8AFTTP(I) 3-2.40

Description: Provides tactical-level guidance to the warfighterfor conducting peace operations.

Status: Revision (Delayed until JP 3-07.3 is released.)

TACTICAL CONVOY OPERATIONSMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Tactical Convoy Operations Distribution Restricted

24 MAR 05FM 4-01.45

Description: Consolidates the Services’ best TTP used inconvoy operations into a single multi-Service TTP. Provides aquick reference guide for convoy commanders andsubordinates on how to plan, train, and conduct tacticalconvoy operations in the contemporary operatingenvironment.

MCRP 4-11.3HNTTP 4-01.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.58

Status: Current

TECHINTMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Technical Intelligence Operations Approved for Public Release

9 JUN 06 FM 2-22.401 Description: Provides a common set of MTTP for TECHINToperations. Serves as a reference for Service TECHINTplanners and operators.

NTTP 2-01.4AFTTP (I) 3-2.63

Status: Current

UXO

Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Unexploded Explosive Ordnance Operations Approved for Public Release

16 AUG 05 FM 3-100.38 Description: Describes hazards of UXO submunitions to land

operations, addresses UXO planning considerations, anddescribes the architecture for reporting and tracking UXOduring combat and post conflict.

MCRP 3-17.2BNTTP 3-02.4.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.12

Status: Current

8/8/2019 ALSB 2007-3


COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2) BRANCH - POC: [email protected]


ICAC2Multi-Service Procedures for Integrated Combat Airspace Command and Control Approved for Public Release

30 JUN 00 FM 3-52.1(FM 100-103-1)

MCRP 3-25DNTTP 3-52.1AFTTP(I) 3-2.16

Description: Outlines the importance of an integrated airspacecontrol function on the battlespace and describes theorganization responsible for airspace control in jointoperations.

Status: Current

IDMMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Improved Data Modem Integration Distribution Restricted

30 MAY 03 FM 6-02.76MCRP 3-25GNTTP 6-02.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.38

Description: Provides digital connectivity to a variety of attackand reconnaissance aircraft, facilitates exchange of near-real-time targeting data, and improves tactical situationalawareness by providing a concise picture of the multi-dimensional battlefield.

Status: Revision

IFFMTTP for Mark XII IFF Mode 4 Security Issues in a Joint Integrated Air Defense System Classified SECRET

11 DEC 03 FM 3-01.61MCWP 3-25.11NTTP 6-02.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.39

Description: Educates the warfighter to security issuesassociated with using the Mark XII IFF Mode 4 CombatIdentification System in a joint integrated air defenseenvironment. Captures TTP that addresses those securityissues.

Status: Revision

JATCMulti-Service Procedures for Joint Air

Traffic Control Distribution Restricted

17 JUL 03 FM 3-52.3(FM 100-104)

MCRP 3-25ANTTP 3-56.3AFTTP(I) 3-2.23

Description: Provides guidance on ATC responsibilities,procedures, and employment in a joint environment.

Discusses JATC employment and Service relationships forinitial, transition, and sustained ATC operations across thespectrum of joint operations within the theater or AOR.

Status: Current

JTF IMMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Task Force Information Management Distribution Restricted

10 SEP 03 FM 6-02.85(FM 101-4)

MCRP 3-40.2ANTTP 3-13.1.16AFTTP(I) 3-2.22

Description: Describes how to manage, control, and protectinformation in a JTF headquarters conducting continuousoperations.

Status: Current

JTF LNO IntegrationMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Joint Task Force (JTF)Liaison Officer Integration Distribution Restricted

27 JAN 03 FM 5-01.12(FM 90-41)

MCRP 5-1.BNTTP 5-02AFTTP(I) 3-2.21

Description: Defines liaison functions and responsibilitiesassociated with operating a JTF.

Status: Current

REPROGRAMMINGMulti-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Reprogramming of Electronic Warfare and Target Sensing Systems Distribution Restricted

22 JAN 07 FM 3-13.10(FM 3-51.1)

NTTP 3-51.2AFTTP(I) 3-2.7

Description: Supports the JTF staff in planning, coordinating,and executing reprogramming of electronic warfare and targetsensing systems as part of joint force command and controlwarfare operations.

Status: Current

RISK MANAGEMENTApproved for Public Release

15 FEB 01 FM 3-100.12MCRP 5-12.1CNTTP 5-03.5AFTTP(I) 3-2.34

Description: Provides a consolidated multi-Service reference,addressing risk management background, principles, andapplication procedures. Identifies and explains the riskmanagement process and its differences and similarities as itis applied by each Service.

Status: Current

TACTICAL RADIOS 14 JUN 02 FM 6 02 72 D i ti St d di j i t ti l d f

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ALSA CENTER

ATTN: ALSB

114 ANDREWS STREET

LANGLEY AFB VA 23665-2785

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