Also by Ragnar Benson:

Action CareersBreath of the Dragon: Homebuilt FlamethrowersBull' s Eye: Crossbows by Ragnar BensonEating CheapFire, Flash, and Fury: The Greatest Explosions of HistoryGunrunnin g for Fun and ProfitHard-Cor e PoachingHomemade C-4: A Recipe for SurvivalHomemade Grenade Launchers: Constructing the Ultimat e Hobby WeaponLiv e Off the Land in the City and CountryMantrappin gModern Weapons CachingThe Most Dangerous Game: Advanced Mantrappin g TechniquesRagnar's Action Encyclopedia of Practical Knowledge and Proven TechniquesRagnar's Big Book of Homemade Weapons: Building and Keeping Your Arsenal SecureRagnar's Homemade Detonators: How to Make 'Em, How to Salvage "Em, How

to Detonate 'EmRagnar's Ten Best Traps. .. And a Few Others That Ar e Damn Good, TooSurvival PoachingThe Survival RetreatSurvivalist' s Medicine ChestSwitchblade: The Ace of Blades

Home-Built Claymore Mines:

A Blueprint for Survival

by Ragnar Benson

Copyright © 1993 by Ragnar Benson

ISBN 0-87364-726-2

Printed in the United States of America

Published by Paladin Press, a division of

Paladin Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box 1307,

Boulder, Colorado 80306, USA.

(303) 443-7250

Direct inquiries and/or orders to the above address.

Al l rights reserved. Except for use in a review, no

portion of this book may be reproduced in any form

without the express written permission of the publisher.

Neither the author nor the publisher assumes

any responsibility for the use or misuse of

information contained in this book.

Introduction1

5Chapter 1

History of Claymores

Chapter 2Components13

Chapter 323 Assembling a Claymore Mine

Chapter 4Deployments35

53 Conclusion

The procedures described in this manual and

the resulting end products are extremely danger-

ous. Whenever dealing with high explosives,

Special precautions must be followed in accor-dance with industry standards for experimen-tation and production of high explosives.Failure to strictly follow such industry standardsmay result in harm to life and limb.

Therefore, the author and publisher dis-claim any liabilit y from any damages orinjuries of any type that a reader or user ofinformation contained within this book mayencounter from the use of said information. Usethe material presented in this manual and anyend product or by-product at your own risk.

This book is for information purposes only.

As a means of defending one's goods andspace, claymore directional-type mines havea great deal of charm. They operate muchlike giant shotguns, propelling projectiles atbad guys in a manner that discourages themfrom going places where they suspect clay-mores are present. Directional mines can beset as self-detonated booby traps and/or becommand-detonated.

Generally, claymore mines are thought ofas relatively small, light, inexpensive coun-ters against unfriendly personnel. But heav-ier, more powerful claymores are gainingacceptance for use against vehicles and air-craft. The Swedish FFV-013, for instance,weighs 44 pounds and is advertised as beingeffective against helicopters at 150 meters!

Because claymore-type mines are soextremely effective and because they repre-sent a quantum leap in technology for thehapless, ground-pounding soldier, paramil-itary-type people have taken notice. Whatare normally considered to be civilianshave made numerous attempts recently tohome-manufacture directional mines fortheir own use.

This includes many paramilitary-typedevices produced by insurgents in places asdiverse as Vietnam, Nicaragua, Guatemala,Peru, and Northern California. Some of thedevices these people have come up withweigh up to 50 pounds each and are layeredwith projectiles reminiscent of those said tohave been used in early firearms, comprisedof littl e more than a miscellaneous collec-tion of old bolts, nuts, washers, nails, andmetal chips. Effective range of most of thesehome-built devices, especially vis-a-vis theirweight and expense, has not proven particu-larly good.

Attempts to home-produce good, effec-tive, workable directional mines have beenfraught with numerous problems. In mostcases the makers did not understand thephysical concepts by which claymores func-tioned. Claymores operate on some sophisti-cated physical principles of explosives thatcannot be altered. Store-bought, off-the-shelfcomponents can be used—and are, in fact,used—in commercially produced claymores.But one must use exactly the correct compo-nents in the exact quantities prescribed, or

the end result is poor. Claymore mines oper-ate on principles that are close relatives tothose of the Munroe shaped charges. Shapedcharges are very exacting creatures thatmust be set up on close tolerances if they areto yield acceptable results.

Another problem, even for those whowere willing to take care in the manufactur-ing process and treat the project as an intri-cate shaped-charge design, involved the factthat very few of them had any idea howclaymores actually worked. In spite of thefact that claymore mines are very simpleand very common, there is very littl e infor-mation on the basic operating theories outon the market.

Prestigious armament encyclopediasoften completely ignore both the history andoperating principles of claymores. Manyperipheral references fail to even mentionclaymore mines, in spite of the fact thatclaymore technology has played a majorrole in the conduct of battle for the last 40years. Jane's does not mention them at all inits volume on small arms, and Brassey'sincludes only a superficial reference.

However, Paladin Press in Boulder,Colorado, has recently published an excel-lent volume on the history and developmentof claymore mines, including a detailedanalysis of their commercial assembly andtheory of operation, entitled Claymore Mines:Their History and Development. Readers whowish to know more about the Munroe theoryof shaped charges and its application to

directional mines should obtain a copy ofthis book.

Past problems notwithstanding, this newPaladin book proved that homemade direc-tional mines are practical if put together cor-rectly. From it we learned that they are alsoreasonably simple to assemble from existingover-the-counter supplies. What follows is adetailed, step-by-step guide to making clay-mores in one's home shop.

The only assumption made in this "howto" manual involves obtaining the explosivesneeded to energize these devices. This is not atext pertaining to proper use and handling ofhigh explosives. It is assumed, therefore, thatbuilders know how to purchase or make suit-able explosives and safely handle them.

Homemade claymore mines are extreme-ly dangerous devices. They produce both afront and back blast, either of which can bedeadly. Those who do not know specificallyhow to deal with the grim realities of mod-ern military-grade explosives are advisedto regard this book as being for information-al purposes only. Do not try to make thesedevices under any circumstances unlessyou have an excellent working knowledgeof explosives and have acquired the appro-priate legal permissions from local, state,and federal authorities.

United States Marines serving in Novemberof 1950 north of the Chosin Reservoir inNorth Korea were suddenly hit by an incredi-ble wave of human attackers. Mao had com-mitted more than 300,000 of his soldiers toprop up the tottering regime of Kim II Sung.As a result, hundreds of thousands of enemysoldiers overran American and Republic ofKorea positions, often with impunity.Approximately 44,000 of the 55,000 casual-ties the United States incurred in Korea wereattributed to these human-wave attacks.

As a result of the United Nations experi-ence in Korea, armament experts through-out the world explored the possibility of per-fecting a light, relatively cheap, easily de-ployed, directional-type mine that per-

formed much like a giant shotgun.Actually, the Boers used a similar concept

in their war in 1901. Called "rif t mines,"they were littl e more than high explosivesplaced beneath bits and pieces of iron, steel,and rock. British guards used somethingsimilar at Gibraltar called "rock mines." Asa result of detonating relatively largeamounts of high explosives under rock, frag-ments from the devices were sometimes pro-pelled with deadly effect. Results wereuneven, however, and the device was notreally portable.

The first physicist-type scientist to ponderthe idea that explosives might be designedto throw projectile-like fragments from a flatexplosive surface without employing a bar-rel was a German named Hubert Schardin.Dr. Schardin worked for the GermanLuftwaffe during World War II and then wenton to achieve some notoriety as an explo-sives physicist in postwar Germany.

Schardin was joined by a mysteriousHungarian scientist named Misznay. Little—not even his first name—is known aboutMisznay, who disappeared behind the IronCurtain in 1945, never to reappear.

Together briefly, Misznay and Schardinpostulated that projectiles could be thrownaccurately and predictably from the face of aflat explosive charge. Their theory is knowntoday as the Misznay/Schardin effect.Schardin attempted to develop a directional-type mine called a "trench mine" at the endof World War II , to be used in the static

trench warfare German military brass envi-sioned. There are apparently no survivingexamples.

Schardin also attempted to develop awarhead that threw fragments in a pre-dictable pattern to be used to shoot downAllied B-17s flying at very high altitudes,where standard flak rounds were less effi-cient. American and British agents, in turn,attempted to steal this technology from theGermans for use in shooting down incomingV-2 rockets. It was the very beginnings of"Star Wars" technology, though no one usedthat terminology at the time.

In the United States after World War II, anAmerican patriot, Norman A. MacLeod,worked at China Lake Naval Ordnance teststation, China Lake, California, on preci-sion-engineered, conventional explosivesused to detonate nuclear devices. MacLeodtook great exception to the fact that waves ofCommunist Chinese soldiers were runningroughshod over our marines.

Driven by his genuine concern for the GIin the foxhole, his excellent ability with pre-cision explosives, and his knowledge of his-toric and contemporary developments in thefield of directional mines, MacLeod startedto tinker with a small directional mine. (Atthe same time, Canadian munit ionsexperts—similarly motivated by their expe-rience in Korea—began work on a devicethey called the "Phoenix.")

Eventually MacLeod formed his own com-pany called Explosives Research Corp. He

interested Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey indeveloping a directional mine and waseventually issued a contract to do research.

How long MacLeod worked on the con-cept of claymore mines is lost in history, butin mid-1953, just as the Korean policeaction was drawing to a conclusion, hecame out with an approximately 3-pounddevice that threw about 700 steel cubes.Because of the poor aerodynamic qualitiesof cubes, effective range was less than 100feet. Penetration and target coverage werealso minimal. MacLeod persisted in his useof cubes, attempting to better seal theexplosives forces behind the fragments.Although it was still not a particularlyeffective weapon, the Marine Corps accept-ed it and designated it the M18 claymore.

Ironically, MacLeod named his mine afterthe legendary claymore sword. Historicmembers of the Scottish MacLeod clan had,in several wars and insurrections through-out the British Isles in the early 1700s, distin-guished themselves in the use of the deadlytwo-handed claymore sword.

Norman MacLeod secured a contract toproduce 10,000 postdevelopment modelMl8s, which were used for testing, trainingand, to a limited extent, in combat between1953 and 1960.

In 1954, Picatinny Arsenal decided toupgrade and improve the M18. It sent outRFPs (requests for proposals) to numerousdefense contractors, many of which werespringing up around the United States in

response to the increased need for defenseresearch with the onset of the Cold War.

Aerojet Corporation in Azusa, California,had a team of proven rocket-, explosives-,and munitions-development specialists whobelieved they could meet the requirementsas set out by Picatinny. Four munitionsphysicists working for Aerojet at the time,John Bledsoe, Don Kennedy, Bill Kincheloe,and Guy Throner, ended up spending abouta year perfecting the claymore. All four arealive today and recall that the package was,in their words, a "blivet." That was theirword for being asked to stuff 10 pounds ofmaterial in a 3.5-pound box.

Among others, they were being asked toproduce a device weighing no more than3.5 pounds, having enough projectiles toensure a 100-percent hit probability on a1.3-square-foot target at 150 feet, and hav-ing 58 foot-pounds of energy (enough to killor incapacitate personnel struck by piecesfired from it).

By early summer of 1956, the team had agood working prototype that met most mili-tary specs. Later they were awarded a con-tract for 1,000 manufacturer's prototypeswhich they used for testing and training. Itwas at this time, while working with regularGIs, that they finalized the peephole sightdesign. According to those responsible forthe original design, apocryphal tales circu-lated among GIs suggesting that the words"THIS SIDE TOWARD ENEMY" were added tothe front of the claymore at this time because

the device was fired backward into the userswith disastrous results are untrue. The teamwas aware from the very outset of the projectthat this new device was confusing in itsoperation, and the claymore mine hasalways had "THIS SIDE TOWARD ENEMY"on its front side.

Today, nonexplosive components of themine are manufactured and assembled byvarious contractors, selected on the basis ofthe lowest and best bid. Final assembly ofthe component parts, including the explo-sive propellant (C-4), takes place at LoadAssembly Pack (LAP) facilities throughoutthe United States. The one in Shreveport,Louisiana, is about to close due to lack ofbusiness. Another, near Burlington, Iowa,wil l continue to load the few claymoresused by the U.S. military and the few sold toforeign governments.

Contrary to what the popular media por-trayed, human-wave attacks were usedextremely infrequently in Vietnam. It maynot have been entirely because of the devel-opment of directional mines, but most mili-tary experts agree that these devices playeda major role in this tactic's becoming un-productive.

United Nations forces deployed claymoresto defend their positions in Saudi Arabiaduring Desert Storm, but, due to the natureof that conflict, few, if any, were actually dis-charged in anger.

On a worldwide basis, claymore mines rep-resent the only significant leap in basic

weapons technology for the lowly ground-pounder to come along in 300 years. Throughthe centuries, gradual improvements havebeen made in infantry items such as rifles,pistols, hand grenades, mortars, and uni-forms. But all of these evolved gradually andgenerally represented improvements to exist-ing systems. Claymores were all new in designand application.

Weapons manufacturers in South Korea,Israel, and Sweden began manufacturingclaymore-type mines in various sizes andconfigurations. Some systems are closer toantiarmor devices than antipersonnel-typeclaymores. American manufacturers foundthat markets in which they formerly en-joyed a monopoly were now characterizedby competition.

Domestically, individuals who wished tomake use of commercial detonated devicesto protect freedom, life, and property foundthe claymore concept to be ideal undermany circumstances. However, numerousfederal and state laws preclude the legal pur-chase and ownership of commercial clay-more mines.

Reportedly, home manufacture of clay-more mines has become quite a cottageindustry in some places in the United States.Although field reports regarding their effec-tiveness are extremely sketchy, one canvalidly conclude that the performance ofthese devices is not particularly good.

Generally, claymores can be assembledfrom off-the-shelf components. But like all

shaped charges, final assembly is very exact-ing. If one uses the wrong components, eventhough superficially they might seem able todo the job, end results will be mediocre topoor at best

Fortunately, all of the critical componentsnecessary to home-build claymore minescan, with varying degrees of diligence, bepurchased off the shelf. This also includesthe explosives necessary to power the deviceif one lives in a state where commercialdynamite can be traded legally. Althoughcommercial use of explosives is becomingmore and more restricted, it is still safe to saythat knowledgeable explosives handlers canbuy over the counter without undue hasslesin more states than not.

Claymore mines were originally designedfor use with 1.6 pounds of C-3-a predeces-sor to what is today the more common C-4.C-4 detonates at a velocity of 26,400 fps. It'sthe last few thousand feet of detonating

velocity that sets C-4 apart from other explo-sives. The claymore mine is one of the veryfew pieces of ordnance that was designed foruse with C-4.

Home-produced C-4 is excellent for usewith home-built claymores because its deto-nating velocity is close to 25,000 fps. Also,homemade C-4 is more pliable in its slurrystate. It closely molds to the back side of thedevice in a most advantageous manner. Thisclose "precision" pressing of explosive tofragments is vitally important, no matterwhich explosive is employed.

For the purposes of the devices construct-ed in this book, we assume the use of 80-per-cent commercial dynamite. Called "Hi-drive," 80-percent dynamite operates atbetween 21,000 and 22,000 feet per second.Common 60-percent dynamite detonates at19,000 fps and is unsuitable for use in clay-mores. Even using Hi-drive, there is someloss of velocity and range.

By using dynamite, first-time claymorebuilders do not have to learn both properclaymore construction and proper C-4 mix-ing simultaneously. Unless one is veryskilled, holding the project to one set of vari-ables is advantageous.

For those who cannot purchase commer-cial 80-percent dynamite or who simply wishto learn to make and use C-4, purchasing thebook Homemade C-4: A Recipe for Survival fromPaladin Press may be appropriate.

Projectiles propelled from the face of ahigh explosive are properly referred to as

Fragment projectiles for a good claymore mustbe 7/32-inch steel spheres. They should be softsteel, not hardened bearings.

For optimum performance comparingfavorably to commercial models, fragmentscannot be larger or smaller than 7/32 inch.A number of sophisticated studies haveshown that with larger fragments too feware yielded per device, limiting the hit prob-ability. Smaller fragments do not retainresidual energy sufficient to produce casu-

fragments (this in spite of the fact that theremay be no actual fragmentation involved,as in the case of claymores). Claymore frag-ments must be 700 discrete 7/32-inch (10.5-grain) mild steel balls.

alties reliably. Some larger, heavier modelsof claymore-type mines are constructedwith larger fragments as well as moreexplosives, but if the goal is an end productsimilar to the military M18A1, it will con-tain 700 7/32-inch steel spheres and about1.6 pounds of high explosives, as close tomilitary specs as possible.

Additionally, the spherical fragmentsmust be mild steel, not hardened steel bear-ings, which hopelessly deform, dramaticallysacrificing range and penetration. And theycannot be soft, lead shot-type fragments,which also deform to the point of uselessness.

Unfortunately, unhardened steel bearings aredifficult to locate. One virtually must use expen-sive hardened bearings.

Unfortunately, mild steel spherical frag-ments are extremely difficult to purchaseover the counter in most places in the UnitedStates. At times builders can find them atfoundries, where they are used to burnishmold imperfections from castings. These arecalled "gingle" balls, but one can spend ahuge amount of time looking for them andstill come up short.

On the other hand, hardened steel ballbearing-type fragments are relatively easy topurchase. Their principal constraint involvestheir high cost—about 20 cents each. Undermost circumstances it is best to bite the bear-ing, so to speak, purchasing stock hardenedball bearings from wherever is cheapest. Onecan and must home-anneal these fragmentsin order to soften them to acceptable levels. Itis an expensive, yet practical solution to whatcan be a fairly pervasive problem.

Annealing is accomplished by placingabout a gallon of charcoal briquettes in asmall cast-iron pot, skillet, hibachi, or tightbarbecue grill. Light the charcoal, allowingit to burn till the pile is well ignited and veryhot. Pour at least 800 bearings (assuming astandard 3.5-pound device) on top of thehot, glowing coals.

Leave them till the fire completely burnsout and cools. Use a reverse vacuum, orhand bellows, to blow most of the powderyash from the now dull grey spheres. Not allof the fragments will cook and completelysoften, but the process is 95-percent for yield-ing good, usable, sufficiently soft fragments.

Hardened steel bearings can be annealed byheating over charcoal in a closed container.

After the coals are hot, dump in about 800 bear-ings, allowing the fire to burn out while heatingthe bearings cherry red.

Blow away the dead ash, then wash and thor-oughly dry the annealed bearings.

An epoxy material called Devcon Plastic Steel isused to bond the fragments and enhance theexplosive.

One other component home-buildersmust purchase is a supply of Devcon PlasticSteel Liquid (B). This is a modern successor toDevcon (S), a material originally used toproduce claymores. Devcon (B) is an indus-trial-grade, steel-filled epoxy material usedto level equipment, construct light-duty dies,and quickly construct fixtures.

Claymore builders use it as a filler ormatrix poured over and between the 7/32-inch bearings which are tightly stacked overthe explosive. This particular material hasthe added advantage of enhancing theexplosive as well as properly channelingand directing the shaped-charge effect.

Devcon Plastic Steel Liquid (B) is sold byselected distributors throughout the UnitedStates in 1-, 4-, and 25-pound quantities. Ifone is careful, 1 pound is sufficient to con-struct two claymores on average. Cost perpound, in 1-pound quantities, is $18.00.

Like mild steel fragments, Devcon Liquid(B) can be difficult to locate. As a last mea-sure, try calling Devcon's toll-free number toask about the nearest local distributors. Thetechnical service number is 1-800-933-8266.Ask for Product Number 10210.

There are a few remaining supplies to befound, but in all cases they are much sim-pler and cheaper than Devcon Plastic Steel.However, this does not imply that their rolein the device is diminished.

Each claymore will require a separatemold measuring 4 x8 1/2 inches, made ofeither 1/8- or 1/4-inch Plexiglass. These

molds are used when aligning the fragmentsand again in ensuring proper placement ofthe explosives.

It is easier to form 1/8-inch Plexiglass intothe correct shape, but the quarter-inch mate-rial is easier to work with during the actualcomponent assembly. My guess is that thefirst-time assembler is best served by the 1/8-inch Plexiglass.

Residual effect also indicates that the explosionhas been enhanced by the steel-filled epoxy andtinfoil.

In either case, Plexiglass can be pur-chased easily and inexpensively at virtuallyany local glass shop. Even allowing for onepractice piece that will be wasted, cost per

unit built should be around 50 cents.Assembly will also require a single sheet

of heavy-duty tinfoil to be placed betweenexplosive and spherical fragments. Thismaterial keeps the explosive from corrodingthe fragments, especially if the device isstored for more than a month or two. Inaddition, tinfoil enters the explosive process,enhancing the detonation. In the case ofhomemade C4, one need not add powderedaluminum to the mix if tinfoil is used.

Eventually, quite a large quantity of ducttape will be needed for the assembly process.Sticky duct tape helps to line up the frag-ments and then to seal the back of the frag-ments when the liquid steel is applied.

Two 10-inch-long pieces of 5/16-inchsteel rod are used for legs. So far I have beenable to scrounge this material from thetrash pile. It generally seems appropriate toinstall longer legs than are used on com-mercial models, but this is a matter of per-sonal preference.

Admittedly, this is not a particularlylengthy or exotic list of components. Yet it isa very exacting list from which one abso-lutely cannot deviate and still achieveacceptable results.

Assuming one has scrounged up the mate-rials needed for home construction of a clay-more mine and is now willin g to go forthcarefully and cautiously with this admitted-ly dangerous portion of the project, onemust proceed as follows.

Cut a 4 x 8 1/2-inch rectangular piece of1/8- or 1/4-inch-thick Plexiglass. Make thecut carefully and cleanly so that the edgesdo not split or splinter. Do not remove thepressure-sensitive protective paper from thePlexiglass at this time. Eventually this pieceof Plexiglass will become the working moldfor the device, but in the interim, the papertends to protect it!

Cut a piece of 1/4- or 1/8-inch Plexiglass 4x81/2 inches.

Position the Plexiglass piece lengthwise ina furniture clamp. Adjust so the edges, top,and bottom are 1 inch from the center mem-ber of the clamp. Turn the clamp handle,compressing the Plexiglass so that it bucklesevenly in the center until it just touches thecenter support of the clamp.

Using extreme care, gently apply heatfrom a propane torch, warming the plasticand causing it to form into a gentle cord.Allow the plastic to cool slowly in the clamp.Before removing it, be certain that it hasassumed its now curved configuration per-manently.

Remove from the clamp. Peel the pres-

Place the Plexiglass in a furniture clamp so thatthe edges are out 1 inch from the center bar.Squeeze till the plastic just buckles to the center.Heat very gently so the plastic retains its shapein a cord.

sure-sensitive protective paper from the out-side (convex) portion of the plastic. Thismold will now be used to align the 7/32-inchspherical fragments and to assist in the finalpackaging of the explosives.

Place four strips of double-stick cello-phane tape on the face of the mold. Overthis, place two 2-inch-wide strips of good-quality, relatively fresh duct tape, sticky sideforward. The convex side of the mold shouldnow be covered with exposed sticky ducttape. The tape holds the fragments as they

Place duct tape on the plastic mold sticky sideup. Line up the annealed bearings on the tape.It will take 39 rows of 18 to cover a4x8 1/2-inch claymore face.

are packed together and eventually bondedusing epoxy material.

After carefully washing and drying thenewly annealed ball bearings—assumingone uses ball bearings—begin to place thesteel shot carefully, row by row, on the faceof the tape-covered mold. If the spheres areclean, sticky duct tape should hold them suf-ficiently so that perfect rows can be packedside by side across the mold. This is tedious,time-consuming work requiring a great dealof patience. A standard 3.5-pound claymoreshould require 39 rows of fragments contain-

ing 18 fragments per row for a total of 702.Thirty-nine rows of 18 will cover the face ofthe mold completely.

Carefully measure out and thoroughlymix one-half of the 1-pound container ofDevcon Plastic Steel Liquid (B). As with anyepoxy material, the process is designed tofunction best at temperatures around 75°F(25°C). Below 60°F it will not cure, and above80°F it will cure too rapidly.

Mix up half the Devcon epoxy and evenly coverthe 7/32-inch fragments with it.

After mixing the two components thor-oughly, use a small spatula to carefully andevenly trowel a perfect layer of material

over, in, and around the fragments. Thismust be done very meticulously. Cover all ofthe fragments to the same depth. Do notleave gaps or spaces, particularly at theedges. It may take two or more tries at thisprocedure before one becomes satisfactorilyproficient. Air pockets below (next to themold) will lead to poor, erratic performanceon detonation.

Devcon Plastic Steel (B) wil l harden at75°F in about four hours. Complete curingwil l occur in 24 hours, the result being asolid, rigid, almost steel-like mass. Leave asmall amount of epoxy in the cup to test forhardness.

Allow the epoxy to cure for 24 hours. Peel awaythe plastic mold.

After full cure, carefully peel the plasticshell from the epoxied fragments. Gentlypull away the duct tape, leaving the epoxiedfragment mass clear of any tape or Plexi-glass. Few, if any, air pockets should be evi-dent on the back of the fragment mass.

Take the double-stick tape off the faceof the mold, and peel the pressure-sensi-tive paper from the concave side. Set themold shell aside for later use. Cut a pieceof heavy-grade tinfoil exactly the size ofthe fragment mass. Carefully and com-pletely press the foil in on the fragments.Be careful not to allow the foil to overlapthe edges anywhere.

Peel away the duct tape used to align the bear-ings.

Place a sheet of heavy tinfoil over the back of thefragment mass. Curve three sticks of 80-percentcommercial dynamite so that the curvature con-forms exactly to the back of the fragment mass.The fit must be very close.

Commercial dynamite can be warmed a bit andmolded around in roughly a semicircle.

Pinch the three slightly curved sticks ofpowder as close together as possible. Now,using the Plexiglass mold to stabilize the frontof the device, pack the powder in while keep-ing the fragments from cracking or damag-

Place the plastic mold behind the fragmentmass and explosive. Use duct tape to bind upthe package.

Gently warm three standard half-poundsticks of 80-percent Hi-drive dynamite sothat it can be rolled and formed into asmall semicircle conforming exactly to theconfiguration of the fragment mass. Ifhomemade C-4 is used, mix up 1.6 poundsin a plastic bag and carefully mold it inbehind the fragments.

Using curvature and feel of the fragmentsas a guide, verify immediately which is the

Tape two 5/16-inch steel legs to the package assupports. Write a warning on the front immedi-ately to prevent an error from being made.

ing. After the explosives are molded to thefragments as perfectly as possible, transfer theplastic mold from the front to the rear of thedevice. It should create a tight sandwich withfragments in front, powder in the middle, andPlexiglass tothe rear.

Using ducttape, tightlyseal the explo-sive sandwichtogether. Placeone layer ofduct tape overthe entire de-vice, bandingit together aswell as secur-ing the 10-inch legs to thesides. This willcreate a verynice, compactpackage thatis extremelyprofessional inappearance.

front of the device. Write "FRONT" or "THISSIDE TOWARD ENEMY" on the device now,so as to avoid tragic mistakes later.

Claymores can be detonated using capsand safety fuze, but most users will wish todeploy their mines in a booby-trap configu-ration wherein they are electrically deto-nated. However the device is fired, the deto-nating cap must be inserted into the pow-der in the middle of the 9-inch side of theexplosive package.

Keep in mind that this is a shapedcharge subject to some very stringent con-straints. Detonation must generate a wave-like motion across the face of the explosive,so that maximum velocity of fragmentscan be obtained. Explosives physicists canexplain this phenomenon mathematically,but this much detail is unnecessary forhome-builders.

Keep in mind that a military claymore isreportedly dangerous 300 feet behind thedevice on detonation! These claymores arenot toys. The individual who decides to actu-ally construct one has a very dangerousdevice on hand.

My recommendation is not to build acomplete armed claymore with explosivespacked into the device except under circum-stances of extreme duress.

Properly installed claymore mines areincredibly effective. Commercial versions ofthese mines are by themselves so deadly thatthey have changed the face of war. Human-wave attacks, as used for the last time by theChinese in Korea, are no longer feasible, duein large part to the ability of modern foot-sloggers to easily carry two or more direc-tional mines each.

Placed out in front of a foxhole at night,claymores take such a tremendous toll onattackers that the game is truly not worththe candle. Claymores are especially difficultfor an attacker to deal with since they do notdisclose the user's position when detonated.

It is sobering to realize that the home-built devices described previously will meet

or exceed commercial military specs. Otherthan some slight disadvantages relative toweatherability and testing of circuits, theclaymores one can make are every bit theequals of those that have already altered theway wars are conducted. Homemade clay-mores will , I am certain, alter the way theindividual defends his retreat.

However, users must deploy their clay-mores properly to achieve maximum effect.As previously mentioned, this must includecommercial detonation using electricaldynamite caps. Safety fuze and caps whichare lighted with a match are woefully inade-quate; reaction time is simply too long.

When deploying claymores, users mustkeep in mind that while these devices aresurprisingly effective at what seems like rela-tively long ranges, combat veterans whoreturned from Vietnam and elsewhere reportthat most command-detonated devices aredischarged at ranges that are too great to befully effective. Users in an ambush situationshould wait till the quarry is within 60 to 80feet—a range at which hit probability is 100percent.

Almost 40 years' U.S. military experiencewith commercial claymores suggests thatfirst-time and novice ambushers quicklygrow nervous and impatient, electinginstead to detonate before the device canreach the target effectively. Some psycholog-ical phenomenon precludes all but the mostcombat-experienced soldier from exercisingthe necessary restraint.

Paths along which enemy is likely to advance.

Also keep in mind that a claymore willstrike virtually 100 percent of its targets 1.3square feet in size (a human silhouette) at 100feet on a front 60 feet wide and up to 6 feethigh. The target will be covered by 10.5-grainspherical fragments that have sufficient ener-

Commercial claymores must place stakes on a1.3-square-foot target 100 percent of the time.

Claymores that are command-detonatedshould be set with markers on approachesalong which the enemy will likely advance.These markers should indicate exactly whentargets are in range, i.e., "When advancingsoldiers pass the fallen log they are in effec-tive range."

gy to produce a casualty (figured at 58 foot-pounds of energy per strike to be effective).

Two claymores probably cannot be mech-anically detonated simultaneously, and threeor more certainly never can. If the devices det-onate in a raggedy, uneven fashion, experi-ence suggests that the intended targets willoften drop to the ground, effectively avoidingany secondary salvos. It does not take much ofa ground depression, rock, or tree trunk to pro-tect from claymore fragments.

As a measure against this tactic, carefullyhide the mine in amongst tall, thin grass,brush, leaves, or pine needles. It is also effec-tive to place the device high on a pole ortree, pointing into the target area. Be sure itis high enough so that discovery is unlikelyand it has an open field of fire. Take greatcare to camouflage and hide electrical deto-nation wires, as well as the device itself. Ifpossible, set the device so that intruders canwalk into its field of fire from either directionand so that, once the target is in the kil lzone, the field of fire is as broad as possiblewhile still being within effective range.

Use good common sense regarding cam-ouflage, brush, and grass placed in front ofthe device. Twigs even the size of a woman'slittl e finger will deflect fragments erratical-ly. Use only very thin layers of dry grassand leaves. Green duct tape mottled irregu-larly with a magic marker is less obvious inrural settings. Silver duct tape may be justthe ticket for claymores intended for use inthe city, where they may be wired or taped

Place your clay-more out in aproper locationaimed at the cor-rect target.

Home-built clay-more deployed andready for testing.

to telephone poles, signs, or whatever.No matter where they are placed, recog-

nize that back blast will be a consideration.Users who detonate while too close behindor from an unprotected place may beseverely rattled or worse. Back blast from amodest 3.5-pound unit can easily chopdown a 12-inch tree.

Worker finishes wiring claymore set to fire attwo silhouette targets at 100 and 150 feet.

Simultaneous detonation of three ormore devices can be handled simply andeasily by connecting them with standardprimer cord rather than series or parallelelectrical connections. Assuming one hasprimer cord, this method saves sometimes

Under many circumstances claymores arebest detonated as booby traps. When anintruder hits a wire, the device fires withoutadditional human intervention. In thisinstance, waiting until the target comes suf-ficiently close is not an issue. It also tends todiscourage intruders, and the blast acts asan alarm for others in the area. On thedown side, wild animals, stray pets, and

targets are set up for the test, 100 feet and 150feet from the device.

Two man-sized

scarce detonat-ing caps. Mostcommercialprimer cord iseither red orwhite. Eitherone will showup dramatical-ly under thewrong circum-stances. Spraywith blackpaint or other-wise camou-flage as appro-priate. Paintcoverage willnot be total,but the mottledeffect workswell.

even friends and neighbors may run amuckof this trap.

Various viewsof silhouettetarget set out100 feetahead of clay-more. The 1.3-square-foottarget had 11strikes.

P r o f e s-sional intrud-ers learn toexercise greatc a u t i onwatching fortrip wires.Both the tripwires and themine must beinstalled verycleverly andcamouflaged

to be effective. All of these static installationsmust be maintained on a daily basis. Batteriesrun down, pegs pull from the ground, camou-flage weeds and grass are blown away, andcountless other mishaps can drive a wedgeinto the operation. Maintenance is always afairly hairy experience for the person whomust perform it. It would be very easy to fallinto one's own trap.

Silhouette setout 150 feet"suffered"from four goodstrikes, any oneof which wouldhave discour-aged anintruder.

Those anticipating using trip wires maywish to keep a generous supply of spring-load-ed clothespins and 35-pound monofilamentfishline on hand. A hot wire connecting a bat-tery to a circuit can be held open or separatedby a peg placed in the pincher of a spring-loaded clothespin. When an intruder hits theline connected to the peg, this will pull the pegout, allowing the clothespin to snap togetherand completing the circuit. Study the diagramon page 47 if this seems unclear.

Comparison of 150-foot target (left, 4 strikes)and a 100- foot target (right, 11 strikes).

View of silhouette targets from rear graphicallydemonstrates fragment strikes.

The same clothespin with wire connectedto each jaw can be held open by an ice cubewhich slowly melts, allowing detonation ata fixed target thirty or more minutes afterthe user has departed for parts unknown.

Similar trip-wire-separated circuits can beconstructed using mouse traps wired top andbottom. When the insulated separation ispulled, the circuit is completed, resulting indetonation—provided, of course, that onehas been diligent about keeping batteriespowering the circuit fresh.

A mousetrap or clothespin can be fastenedto a door so that as an intruder opens it the sep-arator is pulled, allowing the circuit to dose.

Any pull will close the circuit.

Converging paths guarded by one claymore.

Even open, uninsulated wires can be laidout so that when moved they complete a cir-cuit, detonating a claymore.

Common mercury light switches can beused as rocker switches in vehicles that deto-nate upon going uphill or hitting a bump.These devices, including triggers built on thispattern, are especially diabolical. They canbe placed in seconds from the outside withno sign of anyone having been there. Bemindful that in an urban situation there areliterally dozens of switches controlling elec-trical current that, when thrown, can beused to detonate a claymore. These mightinclude doorbells, light switches, garagedoor openers, and even telephones, which,on ringing, close a circuit.

A spring-activated clothespin can be usedwith two trip wires, covering two paths con-verging at a point where one claymore is setup. In this case, both jaws of the spring-loaded

clothespin are held back by the fish-line tripwire. When this getup is hit from either side,the circuit is dosed, detonating the claymore.

Upon initial firing, it is obvious that a shaped-charge effect has been achieved.

Obviously, solutions to the problems ofrigging one's triggers are limited only byingenuity, imagination, and the availabil-ity of a few relatively insignificant sup-plies. Most claymores wil l probably becommand-detonated by the guy in anambush sitting breathlessly with wires inhand. For private citizens, claymores aresimply too expensive to deploy in largequantity or indiscriminately around the

area with only trip wires around them.At least in this instance a user will have

an effective device with which to do thework—much better than some of the ridicu-lous, irregular, unpredictable affairs madefrom black powder and nails.

Ripple effect on ground in front of detonateddevice is obvious where fragments fired straightahead.

Views of grassand weedsimmediatelyahead of blastzone showpath cut byfragments.

Six months ago this book was not possible.Although not particularly difficult or convo-luted, the formula for a good claymore was

known to five people at most.We have Paladin Press to thank for pub-

lishing its carefully researched book on thehistory and development of claymore mines.Information contained therein now makes itpossible for home-builders to produce abso-lutely excellent claymores.

My hope is that no one wil l ever have tobuild one of these devices. Of those who do andwho know littl e to nothing about explosives,significant numbers will become casualties.

My recommendation is to play it safe,treating this material as being for informa-tional purposes only.