(Alt. toJ. IL Lawson)

Report of the Committee on

Fire Tests

Jesse J. Beitel, Chair Hughes Assoc., Inc., MD [SE]

Patty K. Adair, American Textile Mfrs. Inst., DC [M] April L Berkol, Starwood Hotels and Resorts, Inc., NY [U]

Rep. American Hotel & Motel Assn. John A. Blair, The DuPont Co., DE [M]

Rep. Society of the Plastics Industry Inc. William E. Fitch, Omega Point Laboratories Inc., TX [RT] Thomas W. Fritz, Armstrong World Industries Inc., PA [M] James R. Griffith, Southwest Research Inst., TX [RT] Gordon E. Hartzel, Hartzell Consulting, Inc., TX [SE] Marcelo M. Hirschler, GBH Int'l, CA [SE] Alfred J. Hogan, Reedy Creek Improvement .District, FL

Rep. International Fire Marshals Assn. William E. Koffel, Jr., Koffel Assoc., Inc., MD [SE] James R. Lawson, U.S. Nat'l Institute of Standards and

Technology, MD [RT] Gerald E. Lingenfelter, American Ins Services Group Inc., NY [I] Rodney A. McPhee, Canadian Wood Council, Canada [M] William S. Metes, Underwriters Laboratories Inc.. IL [RT]

J ames A. Milke, University of Maryland, MD [SE] ohn Roberts, Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada, Canada [RT]

Nigel IL Stamp, Intertek Testing Services NA Inc., WI [RT] Phil M. Stricklen, Amoco Fabrics and Fibers, GA [M] Kuma Sumathipala, American Forest & Paper Assn., DC [M] T. Hugh Talley, Hugh Talley Co., TN [M]

Rep. Upholstered Furniture Action Council David IC Tanaka, FM Global, MA [I] Richard P. Thornberry, The Code Consortium, Inc., CA [SE] William A. Webb, Performance Technology Consulting, Ltd., IL [SE] Robert A. Wessel, Gypsum Assn., DC [M] Robert J. Wills, American Iron & Steel Inst., AL [M] PeterJ. Gore WiUse, HSB Industrial Risk Insurers, CT [I]

Alternates

Kenneth G. Adams, The Society of the Plastics Industry, DC [M] (AlL to J. A. Blair)

Robert G. Bill, Jr., FM Global, MA [I] (Alt. to D. K Tanaka)

Delbert F. Boring, Jr., American Iron & Steel Inst., OH [M] (Alt. to R. J. Wills)

Tony Crimi, Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada, Canada [RT] (Alt. to J. Roberts)

Philip J. DiNenno, Hughes Assoc., Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to j. j . Beitel)

Sam W. Francis, American Forest & Paper Assn., P A [ M ] (AlL to K. Sumathipala)

Richard-G. Gann, U.S. Nat'l Inst. of Standards and Technology, MD [RT] (Alt. toJ. IL Lawson)

Marc L. Janssens, Southwest Research Institute, TX [RT] (/kit. toJ . R. Griffith)

John W. Michener, Milliken Research Corp., SC [M] (Alt. to P. IL Adair)

Frederick W. Mowrer, University of Maryland MD [SE] (Alt. to J. A. Milke)

William A. Thornberg, HSB Industrial Risk Insurers, CT [I] (Alt. to P . J .G . Willse)

James J. Urban, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT] (Alt. to W. S. Metes)

Joe Ziolkowski, American Furniture Mfrs. Assn., NC [M] (Alt. to T. H. Talley)

Nonvoting

Robert H. Barker, American Fiber Mfrs. Assn., DC [M] (Alt. to T. L. Jilg)

Tod L. Jilg, Hoechst Celanese Corp., NC [M] Rohit Khanna, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, MD [C]

(AlL to USCPSC Rep.) James C. Norris, Couance Laboratories Ltd., England [SE] Herman H. Spaeth, Novato, CA

(Member Emeritus)

Staff Liaison: Walter P. Sterling

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on fire testing procedures, for reviewing existing fire test standards and recommending appropriate action to NFPA, for recommending the application of and ad~Ssing on the interpretation of acceptable test standards for

fire problems of concern to NFPA technical committees and members, and for acting in a liaison capacity between NFPA and the committees of other organizations writing fire test standards. This Committee does not cover fire tests that are used to evaluate extinguishing agents, devices, or systems.

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the front of this book.

The Technical Committee on Fire Tests is presenting two Reports for adoption, as follows:

Report I: The Technical Committee proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA 258, Standard Research Test Method for Determining Smoke Generation of Solid Materials, 1997 edition. NFPA 258-1997 is published in Volume 6 of the 1999 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

NFPA 258 has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Fire Tests, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

The document when adopted will be retitled NFPA 258, Recommended Practice for Determining Smoke Generation of Solid Materials.

Report II: The Technical Committee proposes for adoption a new document NEPA 287, Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Flammability of Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire Propagation Appartus (FPA).

NFPA 287 has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Fire Tests, which consists of 27 voting members. The results of the balloting, after circulation of any negative votes, can be found in the report.

706

NFPA 258 - - N o v e m b e r 2000 ROP

NFPA 258

(Log #CP2) 258- 1 - (1-1 Scope): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Revise 1-1 scope as follows:

1.1 Scope 1-1.1_* This test method provides a procedure for mea~urlng u~,c

tow2 zmokc assessin~ the smoke obscuration that is gcnc~ tcd from caused by the burning of solid materials and assemblies in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 ram) where subjected to specific test conditions in a closed chamber. 1 1.4 This test shall be used only as a research and development tool. It shall not be used as a basis for determining ratings for building codes or other regulatory purposes.

1-1.9 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by the suspended solid or liquid particles, that is, smoke, that accumulated within a closed chamber. The smoke is due to either nonfiaming, pyrolytic, decomposition, or f laming combustion of a relatively small sample of material. The radiant hea t source is ar~ electric furnace. NFPA 270. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Usine a Conical Rzdiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber. has subseouendv been develoned usine an imnroved design radiant heat source, within the same closed chamber.

1-1.3" Test results shall be expressed in terms of specific optical density, which is a dimensionless ;z/ue property derived from the measured light transmission and geometric measurements of the chamber and the specimen.

1-1._4g This test is intended to measure and describe the properties of materials, products or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and it is no t intended to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.

Add a new Chapter 7, Reference Publications with the following

e'I~/-l~A 270. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Usine a Conical Radiant Source in a Sinele Closed Chamber

Also add a new appendix note: A-I-I.1 It has been found that the results of this test method are

not reliable enoueh to be used for ourooses other than comnarisons during material or product development. SUBSTANTIATION: The Technical Committee has undertaken the activity of revising the NFPA 258 document as a recommended practice as noted in Proposal 258-7 (Log #CP1). The purpose of this proposal is to highlight within the scope of this document that its application is for research and development and not to be used for determining ratings for building codes or other regulatory purposes and as such current paragraphs 1-1.1 and 1-1.4 have been combined. A reference to the new NFPA 270, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscurafion Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, has been added to 1- 1.2 to assist the end user, COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept• NUMBER OF COMM1TrEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 25 NOT RETURNED: 2 Griffith, Lingenfelter

(Log #CPS) 258- 2 - (A-l-2.1): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Amend A-1-2.1 as follows:

A-l-2.1 At tcmp~ :~c . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . t~ -^' . . . . I" . . . . . . , , . ^ c , ~ . : .

c,~-_Jo t=3t condi'Jonz. Other methods for measuring smoke have been reviewed and summarized by a n u m b e r of authors, and information is oresented in Annendix E2.1.1 in C.M. Yui!! cta!.,

. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . e, . . . . 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rc;'c;v,' 197!. There Is. at the present tame• no basis for nredicting the smoke obscuration to be ~enerated by soecimens uoon exnosure to heat or flame under anv fire conditions other than that specified in the test method. Moreover, as with many other smoke obscuration test methods, the correlation with measurements by other test methods has no t been established.

SUBSTANTIATION: The revision is to update the current activity associated with measurements of smoke :and highlight additional information available for review. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept• NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP4) 258- 3 - (A-1-3.5): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Amend A-1-3•5 as follows:

A-1-3.5 Additional parameters, such as the maximum rate of smoke accumu!a~cn release, the total smoke released, a mass ontical densiw, or. the time to a fixed optical density level, or a zmckc obzcu.~Scn in~cx, might be more appropriate to particular sltuations. Such other parameters ma_y...rmt be obtainable with this test method. SUBSTANTIATION: Revised to provide greater clarification. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP5) 258- 4 - (A-6-1 (g)): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Amend A-6-1(g) as follows:

A-6-1 (g) ... The presence and concentrations of various toxic trod-o__zr irritating gaseous combust ion products can be determined by using a variety of analytical techniaues, which are discussed in ASTM E 800. Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires. Such techniques may include, as appropriate, colorimetric gas detector tubes, gas chromatography methods, ion-selective electrodes, mass spectrometry, methods, or Fourier-Transform-Infrared spectrometry methods, or c:kcr

SUBSTANTIATION: Revi~ed to provide greater clarification. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 25 NOT RETURNED: 2 Griffith, Liugenfelter

(Log #CP6) 258- 5 - (Appendix D): Accept SUBMITrER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Amend Appendix D as follows:

Appendix D Commentary D-1Introducf ion. The smoke density chamber test was

developed at the National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Standards and Technolotw) and was first described in an ASTM research symposium in 19t57 [1, 9]. Since that time, numerous publications have repor ted on its applicability and on studies of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i . . . . fi~rough '.to •~::c. '[2 ~] attemnts at correlations of results and of the use of the test method to nredict real-scale fire information. [~-~0]

D-1.1 The method ... Rohm and Haas [9, I n 21.22] ... D-2.2.4 The concept ... conditions. [t--1-25] At the ... D-6 Limitations on Application of Smoke Measurement Data

from this test method D-6.1 The =me!re Freb!em= +&at deve lcpproblems of the smoke

obscurat ion during unwanted fires have ]been recognized for many years. Fire fighters are faced with them dally in their work. However, " & r c c several problems have tended to prevent app!'c~'Jon inhibit the use of this test method for zwm:2ar-d: limiting the acceptability of materials or products on the basis of smoke production, including the followi_._2~gl

(a) The extent to which the smoke measurement with this test method assesses the smoke hazard, or even nredicts smoke release in real unwanted full-scale fires [12, 1-3-1 11-13. 16. 19. 24]

707

NFPA 258 - - November 2000 ROP

(b) The !:c!" zf a v:e!! defined me~urement me:hod +&at co'-!d bc ~hc;;.~ tc pro;ide =tcchnica]! 7 ;~2id mcz~n~ for ~mckc chm-=ctcri=u~*- c n

The fact that most materials or products, when burning, release lar6~ "1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . . . . . . . . . . . . l - cf rcduc!ng =mokc production more smoke when a larger amount of the material or product h ~ burnt, so ~ a t a small-scale test in ~¢hich the material is exposed until corrlplete consumption of the sample may overp_ rcdict smoke release from materials that are not completely consumed in real-scale fires

(c) This test method contains onlv two fire exposure conditions. out of a wide range of potential exposure conditions in real fires, and there is no overall aereement as to the annlicabilitv of those

= .

exposure conditions (d) As is usual in small-scale test methods, results obtained from

this test method have proven to be affected by variations in spedmcn geometry, surface orientation, thickness (either overall or individual laver), mass. and composition.

o';'c','cr, it muzt bc recognized ~hat only two of a ;;~de range of fire exposure conditiono ~ arc z~mu!atcd by the teat me~hod. Thus, any rank ordering of materials by the tc~t this test method should be recognized as based only on the fire exposure conditions applied, and, in fact, the test method develops different ranklngs depending on whether a ranking is based on the nonflaming exposure or the flaming exposure. All of the parameters that affect fire behavior will influence the amount of smoke that is produced. Thus, it is unrealistic to place great confidence in the smoke

i measurement from this test method as a unique and absolute measure of smoke production during building fires. In fact. results from this test method should only be used during research and development of materials and pro~tucts, and for comparative purposes.

The third problem a!zc rome.An=. If significant changes in smoke levels are to be expected during a real-scale unwanted fire. ;':hen fire occu~ it ~ccmz nccczzm~y to .~.~:~^ . . . . . . , . . . . . ~,~ ~u . . . . . ~,~o in D s would require significant differences in smoke release in any small-scale test. as well as differences in fire performance. To limit the type and size of fire that could develop, severe limitations would have to be placed on smoke production of both the building finish material and the occupancy items furnishings and contents, and comprehensive fire prevention and protection measures would have to be . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . :: . . . . . . ~ msntuted.

D-6.2 It is important ... The importance of specimen thickness to the results of this test method is illustrated in Figure D-2. The ... SUBSTANTIATION: Revised to provide greater clarification and update the references on this subject. COMMITFEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP7) 258- 6 - (Appendix E): Accept SUBMITTER= Technical Committee on Fire Tests RECOMMENDATION: Amend Appendix E as follows:

APPENDIX E E-1.2 Other Publications. Gardon, R., "An Ins t rument for the Direct Measurement of

Intense Thermal Radiation," Review of Scientific Instruments , Vol. 24 (1953), 366--370. v..m o H., at a!., "The Contrc! 3f Smcl:e in Building ~ ^

State of the Art P~;dc:;'," Matcria!~ Rc~careh ancl Stande.rds, xr., 11, No. A r^-.~ a~,~ 16 24. . . . . . . . . r . .1 1 . . . . .

A S T M E 800. S tandard Guide for M e a s u r e m e n t o f Gases Present or Generated D u r i n ~ Fires. (1995), E-1.3 Endnotes for Appendix D.

[1] Gross, D., Loftus,J.J., and Robertson, A. F., "Measuring Smoke from Burning Materials," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP 422, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967, 166.

[2] Gross, D., Loftus, J.J., Lee, T.G., and Gray, V.F., "Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft Interior

i[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

L,gJ

I101

[111

[12]

I~3l

rl4l

[151

[ 161

[181

Materials," NBS Building Sciences Series, BSS 18 (February 1969), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Brenden, J.J. , "Usefulness of a New Method for Smoke Yield from Species and Panel Products," Forest Products Journal, FPJOA, Vol. 21(1971), 23--28. Lee, T. G., "Interlaheratory Evaluation of Smoke Density Chamber," NBS Tech. Note 708 (December 1971). Lee, T.G., "The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Evaluating the Potential Smoke Generation of Materials," NBS Tech. Note 757 (January 1973). ASTM Committee E05.2, "Interlaboratory Test Data for the Smoke Chamber Test Method, " RRE-5-1002 (1976). Gaskill, J.R., "Smoke Development in Polymers During Pyrolysis or Combustion," Journal of Fire and Flammability, J'FFLA (July 1970), 183--216. Chien, W.P., and Seader, J.D., "Prediction of Specific Optical Density for a Smoke Obscuration in an NBS Smoke Density Chamber," Fire Technology, FITCA, Vol. 11, No. 3 (August 1975), 206-217. Grand. A.F.. "Defining the Smoke Densitv Hazard of Plastics, "J . Fire and Flammability, Vol. 7, 217-233, (1976). Breden. L.H. and Meisters. M.. "The effect of samole orientation in the smoke chamber", J. Fire Flammability, Vol. 7, 234-47 (1976). Bahrauskas, V., "Annlication of predictive smoke measurements", J. Fire Flammability Vol. 12. 51-64 (1981). Ouintiere. J.G.. "Smoke Measurements: An assessment of correlations between laboratory and full-scale exneriments". Fire and Materials. Vol. 6. 145-60 (1982). Hirschler. M.M., "Smoke in fires: obscuration and toxicitv". Business Communications Company Conference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials. May 15-17. 1990, Stamford, CT, Eds. G.S. Kirshenbaum and M. Lewin, p. 70-82, Norwalk, CT, 1990. Hirschler. M.M, "Analysis of an Attachment for Use with the National Bureau of Standards Smoke Density Chamber to Enable Measurements of Smoke Obscuration to be Done at Different Orientations". Fire and Materials, Vol. 17, 173-83 (1993). Fritz. T.W. and Hunsberger. P.L.. "Smoke Chamber Measurements". 20th. Int. Conf. Fire Safetv. Ed. C.J. Hilado. Jan. 9-13. 1995. San Francisco, CA, p. 200-211 (1995). Hirschler. M.M.. "How to measure smoke obscuration in a manner relevant to fire hazard assessment: Use of heat release calorimetry test eauiDment", J. Fire Sciences. Vol. 9. 183-222 (1991). Hirschler, M.M., "Effect of orientation on the smoke emitted by materials in the NBS smoke density chamber". Business Commpnication~ Comoany 3rd. Conference on Recent Advances in Flame Retardancv of Polymeric Materials, May 19-21, 1991, Stamford, CT, Eds. M. Lewin. D. 320-27. Norwalk. CT. 1992. Hirschler. M.M., "Can heat release really predict the flame spread of electrical cables?". 2nd. Int. Fire Materials Conf. and Exhibition. Crvstal City, VA. Sent. 23-24. 1993. DO. 181-90. Hirschler, M.M.. "Comnarison of Smoke Release Data from Full Scale Room Tests with Results in the Cone Calorimeter and the NBS Smoke Chamber". Proc. Interflam '93. March 30-1 Apr. 1993, Oxford, UK, pp. 203-212. Interscience Communications. London. UK (1993). Cornelissen, A.A., "Smoke Release Rates: Modified Smoke Chamber versus Cone Calorimeter -

708

N F P A 258 ~ N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 0 R O P

[~2A]

Comuarison of Results". J. Fire Sciences Vol. 10. 3-19 (1992). Bartosic, A.J., and Rarig, F.J., "Evaluation of the XP2 Smoke Density Chamber," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Rest ra in t and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP 422, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967, 106.

[;t~ 22] ASTM D2843, S tandard Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burn ing or Decomposition of Plastics (1993).

[~t- 23] Robertson, A. F., "Est imat ing Smoke Production During Building Fires," Fire Technology, FITCA, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 1975), 80--94.

[ ~ 2 4 ] Yuill, C. H., et al., "The Control of Smoke in Building Fires - - A State-of-the-Art Review," Mater ia ls Research and Standards, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1971), 16-24.

E-2 Selected Papers for Fu r the r Study. E-2.1 The following list of papers has been selected as an in-

troduction to a much broader l ist of documents re la t ing to smoke problems during building fires. In selecting these references, emphasis has been placed on U.S. and Ca=adlan earlv Engl i sh language work. There is a considerable bo'dy of foreign language publications of great merit , but, wi th c=c cr t;;'c few exceptions, these have not been included. Also. oaners referenced in section E-1 have not been included.

E-2.1.1 ~z:~z:;" Selected Papers.

. . . . . . . ~od = ~ 1 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bell, D.. and Lieberman. P.. "Smoke and Fire Prooa=ation in Compar tment Soaces." Fire Technology. Vol. 9. No. 2 (May 1973), 91--100.

Bono,J. A.. and Breed. B. tC "Smoke Rat ings in Relation to Visual Observations." Fire Technology. Vol. 2. No. 2 (Mav 1966). 146-158. Carhart, H.. Hazlett. R.N..Johnson. F.. and Stone. J.P.. "The

Transoort of Hydrogen Chloride bv Soot from Burning Polvvinvlch]oride." Fire and Flam.. Vol. 4 (January 1973). 42--5 i.

Christian. W.J.. and Waterman. T.F.. Ability of Small-Scale Tests to Predict Full-Scale Smoke Production." Fire Technology. Vol. 7, N0.4 (November 1971). 332--344.

Comeford.J.J.. and Birkv. M.. "A Method for the Measurement of Smoke and HCI Evolution from Polv (vinyl chloride) ." Fire Technolomt. Vo]. 8. No. 2 (May 1972). 85--90. DiPietro. J.. and SteDniczka. H.. "A Study of Smoke Density and

Oxygen Index of Polystyrene ABS and Polyester Systems." Fire and F]am.. Vol.2 (January 1971). 36-53.

"Egplanatorv Paoer on Control of Smoke Movement in High Buildings," National Building Code of Canada, Nat. Res, Council. Canada. NRC. No. 11413. Fackler. J.B.. "Fire and Smoke Invasion of Aoartments."

Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966). ASTM STP 422. American Society for Testing and Materials. 1967. Fristrem. R.. Annum Summarv Reoort (July 1972 to 30 June

1973), App. Phys. Lab.. Johns Hopkins Univ.. Re~t. No. FPP A73 (August 1973):

Galbreath, M., "Fire in High Buildings," National Research Council of Canada, Fire Study, Vol. 21, NRC No. 10081 (Ottawa, April 1968).

Gaskil]. "Smoke Development in Polvmers Durin~ Pyrolysis of Combustion." Fire and F]am.. Vol. 1 (July 1970). 183--216. Ga~k]ll, J.R.. and Veith. C.R.. "Smoke Ooacitv from Certain

"Y'Y'00~]$ ~nd Plastics." Fire Technology. Vo]. 4. No. 3 (Aumist 1968)~- 185---195. Haggertv. J.R.. "A New Look at Smoke Stoo Partitions." Fire

Techndlow¢. Vo].6. No.2 (May 1970). 111--122. Heselden. A.. and Hin]dev. P.L.. "Smoke Travel in Shoooing

Malls - - Exoeriments in Coooeration with Glasgow Fire Brigade." Part I.Joint Fire Res. Otto.Fire Research Note 832 (Julv

1970). See also Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews. Vo1.12. No. 3 "1970). 234. I-Iilado, C., "The Effect of Chemical and Physical Factors on

Smoke Evaluat ion from Polymers." Fire and Flam.. Vol. 1 (July 1970), 217--238.

Hilado, C.J., "Smoke from Cellular Polymers." Fire Technolo~ . Vol. 5, No. 2 (Mav 1969). 130---139.

Hinkley, P. L,, "The Flow of Hot Gase_.~:~ Along an Enclosed Shopping Mall - - A Tentat ive Theory." Jo in t Fire Res. Org.. Fire Research Note 807 (March 1970). See also Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews. Vol. 12. No. 3 (1970). 235.

J in, T., "Visibilitv th rough Fire Smoke (Par t 2. Visibilitv of Monochromatic Sigms th rough Fire Smoke) ." Report of Fire Res. Inst. of Japan. No. 33 (1971). 31--48.

J in. T.. "Visibilitv th rough Fire Smoke". J. Fire and Flammabili ty Vol. 9. 145-60 (1978).

J in. T.. "Studies of Emotional Instabi] i tv in Smoke from Fires". J. Fire and Flammability. Vol. 12. 130-142 (1981).

Little, Ar thu r D., "Fire Gas Research Report," NFPA Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 3 (January 1952), 280---306.

McGuire. J.H.. Tamura. G.T.. and Wilson. A.G.. "Factors in C0~trollin~ Smoke in High Buildings." ASHRAE Svmoosium. Fire Hazards in Buildings ( January 19'70). 8-13.

~i]~kola. E. (VTT. Finland). F i rs t ~/~. Cone Calorimeter Users ' Seminar and Workshon. London. UK. J anua ry 19. 1990.

'2Ylovement of Smoke on Escaoe Routes in Buildings" (P~ceedings of the Svmoosium held al; Watford College of Technology) Jo in t Fire Res..Or~.. Her Majesty 's Stat ionery Office. London (1971).

Mulholland. G.W.. "Smoke Production and Properties". Section 1, Chapter 25, in "SFPE Handbook of_iFire Protection En~ineerinW' ( l s t Edn). Eds P.J. DiNenno et al.. NFPA. Ouincv. MA. oo. 1/368-1/377 (1988).

Ostman, B,, "Comoarison of Smoke Release from Building products", in Int. Conf:"FIRE: control the Hea t - Reduce the Hazard." Fire Research Station. October 24-25. 1988. London. ITK_ Da~er 8.

Ostmaa, B.. "Smoke and Soot". Cha~ter 8c in "Heat. Release in Fires." Editors: V. Babrauskas and S.J. Gravson. Elsevier. London. UK. Pages 233-250 (1992).

Rasbash. D.J.. Smoke and Toxic Pro_ducts Produced at Fires." Trans. J. Plastics Inst. ( January 1967). 55--61.

Robertson, A. F.. "Tests Indicate Vent ing Increases Smoke product ion from Some Polvmerics." Fire E~gir~eering, Vol. 126, No. 9 (September 1973). 97--98.

Shaw, C., and Tamura, G.. "Basis for the Desiwn of Smoke Shafts." Fire Technology. Vol. 9. No. 3__(!m~mst 1973). 2091222.

Shern: J.H., "Smokeproof Towers in ( ;enter Core Structures,". Fire Technology. Vol. 2. No. 4 (November 1966). 303--307.

Shern. J .H . . Smoke Contribution Factor in Fire Hazard Classification of Buildin~ Materials ." Symposium on Fire Test Methods I Res t ra in t and Smoke (1966). ASTM STP 422. Ameri- ¢a!l Society ~0~ Testing and Materials . :/967.

Shorter. G. W.. et al . . 'The St. Lawr~,zlpe Burns." NFPA Ouarterlv. Vol. 53. No. 4 (Aoril 1960). 300--316.

Shorter. G. W.. and Wilson. A. G., =Fi're and High Buildings," Fire Technolow¢. Vol. 6. No. 4 (November 1970). 292--304.

Silversides, R.G., "Measurement and Control of Smoke in Building Fires," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Res t ra in t and Smoke (1966). ASTM STP 422. American Society for Test inz and Materials. 1967.

smi th , E.E.. "Measuring Rate of Heat. Smoke. and Toxic Gas Release. Fire TechnoloLrv. Vol. 8. No. 3 (Aumlst 1972). 2371245.

Smith. E.E., "Evaluat ion of the Fire .Hazard of Duct Materials_~" Fire Technology. Vol. 9. No. 3 (Au~,u,~t 1973). 157--1 70~

709

NFPA 258 - - N o v e m b e r 2000 R O P

Wam~er, J, p.. "Survey of Toxic Snecies in the Pvrolvsis of Combustion of Polymers," Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. 14. No. 1 (1972). 1--23•

Woolley, W,D. and Wadlev. A.I.. "The Thermal Decemnosition Products of phenol-Formaldehvde Laminates, Part 2. The Production of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide." Joint Fire P~es. err., Fire Research Note 852 (December 1970).

Wood, P.G., "The Behavior of People in Fire," Joint Fire Res. Org., Fire Research Note No. 953 (November 1972), 113. Yufll. C.H., "The Life Hazard of Beddin~ Fires." Fire and Flam..

Vol. 1 (October 1970). 312--323. E 2.1.2 Fire Gas and Smel:c Hazard. Bono,J. A, and Breed, B K, "Smoke Ratings ~m Relation tc

1A~C~ 1EQ

,~; . . . . . . . . . , V., Higg~ms, F. A., Thomas, A. A., --~^-~ ~-,-~,r~"~" ...~ V., " A ~ a t e

To.c i ty ef Brief Expos-arcs tc HF, HCI, NO~_and HCN with and

120 129. Frlstrom, D, ^ . . . . . l e . . . . . D .... ,I- ( T . . ] . , 1 f i ' 7 0 ~ : . 9 . q T . . . .

I O T T O ) , A---- Dky~ T .k T~I.,--. Hopkins TT--.;,,, D~--+ ~T~ ~DD A'TQ

Jin, T., "Visihi!P~" thrwagh Fire Smeke (Part 2, Visihi!ity ef Monoc.U:omatic Signs t h r o u g h Fire Smoke) ," Report of Fire Rcs. T~.4- . r T n p n . "~T~ 9 9 (1G, q l ~ 91 AQ

Classification of Bui lding . . . . . . . . . . . , ~J--,v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F i r e T e c h n o l o g y , VoI . 9, No. 3 (Ozag"ast ~ o.+~ ~ == 1 '7F,

~raturc CO, C02_cmd 92 of Simzaloted Fire Gasc~," F;,re and "g~1~ ~Y~ l A (A~;I InqoA 100 1.4,q

Tsucb2ya, v.., . . . . . . - ; e..--:~, K, "Evaluat ion of the Toxicity ~.̂ r

.... ~*~ ~ lam., Yuil!, C. H., "The Lifo Hazard vf Bedding Fires," ~; .... ~ ~ IT~1 1 (( '%.-.+~'k.~- lO,'TF~'t 9 1 0 ' 3 0 9

E-2.1.~2 Smoke Test Methods. ASTM D 2843, Standard Test Method for Density of Smoke from

the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics (1993). ASTM D 4100. Standard Test Method for Gravimetric

Determination of Smoke Particulates from Combustion of Plastic Materials

ASTM D 5424, Standard Test Method for Smoke Obscuration Caused by Burning Cables in a Vertical Configuration

ASTM E 84. Standard Test Method for Surface Burnin~ Characteristics of Buildin~ Materials

ASTM E 162, Standard Method of Test for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source (1994).

kSTM E603, Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments ASTM E 906, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke

Release Rates for Materials and Products ASTM E1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke

Release Rates for Materials and Products Usin~ an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

ASTM E1537, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Seating Furniture

ASTM E1590, Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

~STM E1623. Standard Test Method for Determination of Fir~ and Thermal Parameters of Materials, products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

ASTM E1822. Standard Test Method for Fire Testine of Stacked Chairs

ASTM E1995, Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Usin= a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, with the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally

ISO 5659-2 Determination of Snecific Ontical Density bv a Single-Chamber Test

Ba~oziz, A.J., "-~ D . . ~ F.J., "Evaluatien of the Y~2 Smoke Density Chamber," Sympes!um on F;~e Test Methods

Brcnden,J.J., "TJscf'alncss of a New A~cthod for Smoke Yield ~ j . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,)~ r~a,v~', o R 28. .......................... , .......... j ............

Tests to Predict ~a!! Scale Smoke Prod'action," Fire Tcchno!egT-, Vc!. 7, Ne. 4 (lqcvemhUer !97!) , 332 3~4.

Comeferd,J.J., - -~ m. ,_ . M., "A Method for the Measurement of

Tccbms!c~,,', ~r.,. . . . . . . Q , "N.T,,. -° r~K...,.,._a !972), 85 99. Gress, D., Lef~Js, J. J., and Rehertsen, A. F., ~.{ethed for

l~{casuring Smoke f rom Bur n ing ~.{aterials," Sympos ium sn Fire

American Svc!zty for Tcstlng and Materials, 1967=

...................... j ........................... d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o

NFPA 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Charac- teristics of Building Materials, 1996 edition. NFPA 265. Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room

Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings NFPA 266. Standard Method of Test for Fire Characteristics of

U~holstered Furniture Exnosed to Flamin~ I~nition Source NFPA 267, Standard Method of Test for Fire Characteristics of

Mattresses and Bedding Exposed to Flaming Ignition Source NFPA 270. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke

Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke

Release rates for Materials and Products Usin~ an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter NFPA 286. Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluatin~ Room

Fire Growth Contribution of Interior Finish o.~I.~, r~ T -~--~v~ . ~ ; m~;~ Products Produced at Fire°,~7"

T r a n s . J . z~l^~+;~ T~.+ tT . . . . . . . !967), 55 61. . . . . . . . . .* . . . . x . . . . . . J

Silversides, R. G., ~,{oazuremznt and Control of Smoke in

and ,~.~ateriah, 1967. Smith, E.E., ~£eazurL~g Rate ~f Heat , Smoke, and Toxic C as

E 2.!A Smoke Behavior During Firem Be!l, D., and Lieberman, P., "Smeke and Fire Propagation in

~ . ~ p ^ . + ~ + ~p . . . . ,,, w;.^ ~^~.~1~g5, ' xr,.1 9, Ne. 2 c ~ . , , ~ a q ~ 9! !99.

Pol)w!ny!chlcride," Fire and Flare., Vo]. ~ (January !973), ~2 51. ~ . ~ . ~ , T D -~; . . . . ~ e ~ l . ~ Invas ion of Apar tments , "

S) 'g .pss lu m o;~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . x, AS~.{ STP ~22, ~z~.erican Society .or ....... ~ and ...... mls, 1967.

u ^ ~ ^ m ~ - ^ . - . ~ u ; - ~ . l ~ . , o L., "Smoke Travel in Shopping

9 (1(~7£]A O 9 ^~.~+.^~+~ ~ ~^,~ ..... ~r~ 12, ~Tc. ~ ~ . . . . ~, ~ 5 .

I~ndcn (~a

710


"Exp lana to ry P a p e r cn Cent re ! ef Smoke .~*o-:cmont in H i g h

Ceun~! , C a n a d a , .~,LP.C, ~xre. ! i ~ ! 3 • Hagge~',J. R., "A ~ . ! c ' : : Lock at Smc]:e ~ e p P=.~Atlcnz," Fi re

. . . . . . . l' . . . . 2 ' . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . o a . . . . . , r,~., . ~ . ~ , I , . . . . . . , C•, "Penis for t h e Dczig'n . . . . . . . . . r =---~.^

Shorn , J . H., "Smcl :aprcof T e ' : : e m ;~ C e n t e r Core S t rae t ' a re : , "

O '~ 'gen Index ef Pol:, 'st:;renc AE~S and Pol:, 'cztcr Syotemz," Plro . . . . . ~ . , . . . . . x . . . . j .... / , .....

Caski~2, "Smoke D c ; ' e l c p m c n t in P o l y m e r s D u r i n g ~ ' r o l y z i : of

Smoke Eva lua t i on f rom Pe]ymcrz ," ~ . . . . a ~ 1 ~ iT^1 1 f T . . l , . 1 (~ r 'TP l~ O l r l OQO

Ve]. 1%No. 1(1972), ! 23. ~X.Tec1]O~j, ~17• D . , ~ r ~ d I.~. a d l c y , A --....,~. ] . , ~ h c O K . . . . 1 1~ ....

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j , . . . . . .

~ 1 ~ I 1 O • =~, . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . [ . . . . . . } . . . . . . . . . . . .

XAr^^A. ~ A Pie:des," v : . . ^ " r ' ^ . t . ~ ^ , ^ ~ . , " t r ^ , d , ~ a ^ ,~ t A . . . . . . . 195E),

P .chc~cen , A. F., "Tent : !na.2e-Jm Vcnt~..-.g ! n c m a e e e S moke

l ~T^ ~ , ( 0 ^~+^~1 , . , ^ . 1 (~ , ' t . : ) ' ~ o . / ooQ~,

SUBSTANTIATION: Revised to provide grea ter clarification a n d upda te the references applicable. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF C O M M r r T E E MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 25 N O T RETURNED: 2 Griffith, Lingenfet ter

(Log #CP1) 258- 7 - (Entire Documen t ) : Accept SUBMITTER: Technica l Commi t t ee on Fire Tests

I R E C O M M E N D A T I O N : T h e Technica l Commi t t ee on Fire Tests proposes a comple te revision to NFPA 258, S tandard Research Test Me thod for De te rmin ing Smoke Genera t ion o f Solid Materials, as shown at the end o f this report . Additionally, the Technica l Commi t t ee on Fire Tests proposes chang i ng NFPA 258, f rom a s tandard to a r e c o m m e n d e d practice.

S U B S T A N T I A T I O N : The Technica l Commi t t ee on Fire Tests proposes to revise the NFPA 258 d o c u m e n t so tha t it vcill be cons idered a r e c o m m e n d e d practice. The revisions will encompass where applicable the use of non -manda to ry language where manda to ry language is current ly used in the d o c u m e n t as requi red by the NFPA Manual of Style. 'The Technica l Commit tee has taken this direct ion in recogni t ion of the recen t deve lopmen t activities associated with the NFPA 270, S tandard Test Me thod for M e a s u r e m e n t o f Smoke Obscura t ion Us ing a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber , 1998 edition. The technical commit tee current ly recognizes the l imitat ion place on NFPA 258 in its scope which limits the appl icat ion to a research and deve lopmen t tool and n o t to he used for de t e rmin ing rat ings for bui ld ing codes or o ther regulatory purposes . The NFPA 270 was developed based on an upda ted and modif ied version of the NFPA 258 p rocedure bu t wi thout the l imitations found in the NFPA_ 258 scope. There fo re since the NFPA 270 d o c u m e n t is now available the technical commit tee is revising the NFPA 258 d o c u m e n t to truly reflect that it is a r e c o m m e n d e d practice and not a s tandard.

The Technical Commi t t ee also recognizes tha t the cu r ren t NFPA 258 is be ing used by some g o v e r n m e n t agencies, organizat ions and manufac tu re r s for p roduc t classification and deve lopment . It is the in tent ion that eventually the NFPA 2!58 d o c u m e n t will be phased out once the lqFPA 270 d o c u m e n t becomes more widely recognized and used. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 24 NEGATIVE: 1 N O T RETURNED: 2 Griffith, Lingenfe l ter

EXPLANATION OF NEGATIVE: MCPHEE: With this d o c u m e n t be ing revised to become a

R e c o m m e n d e d Practice, the references to "test me thod" or "test" shou ld be dele ted or replaced with the words " r e c o m m e n d e d practice" or " r e c o m m e n d e d procedure" t h r o u g h o u t the d o c u m e n t where appropriate• Also, Chapter 2 and Chapte r 3 shou ld be "Referenced Publications" and "Definitions", respectively.

For example the wording of Sections 1-1.1 and 1-1.3 of the scope shou ld be revised to read in part:

1-1•1" This r e c o m m e n d e d practice provides gu idance on a p rocedure for assessing the smoke obscurat ion. . . in a closed chamber . This p rocedure shou ld be used only as a research tool . . . (cont inue with p roposed text)•

1-1.3" T h e results f rom applying this r e c o m m e n d e d procedure shou ld he expressed . . . (cont inue he r e with p roposed text) .

T h e r e would appear to be editorial changes and I 'd be willing to withdraw the negative on tha t basis. T h e word shall is ch an g ed to shou ld in two places as the NFPA Manu~d of Style (Section 2.4.1.3) states tha t manda to ry language shall no t be used in R e c o m m e n d e d Practices. T h e m a n u a l also has specific guide l ines on what shou ld be conta ined in Chapters 2 a n d 3 of a practice. C O M M E N T ON AFFIRMATIVE:

FRITZ: I agree with Mr. McPhee and lvlr. Talley on NFPA 258. I do no t agree with the exact wording proposed by Mr. Talley, bu t l believe the commit tee was a bit p r e s u m p t u o u s in th inkin~ that NFPA 270 will replace NFPA 25~, or tha t it will become widely recognized and used. I would suppor t e l iminat ing any such reference to NFPA 270, as its' role the life of test m e t h o d s is no t clear a t this time.

TALLEY: I vote affirmative with c o m m e n t on the stated issue, because I disagree with the last sen tence in the substantiat ion: "It is the in ten t ion tha t eventual ly the NFPA 258 d o c u m e n t will be phased out since t he NFPA 270 d o c u m e n t becomes more widely recognized a n d used." It has no t been slhown quantitatively that NFPA 270 is actually better, in any way, than NFPA 258. The p rob lem which arises is tha t the commi t t ee is correct in chang ing 258 to a r e c o m m e n d e d practice and to con t inue to re .commend that '258 shou ld no t be used for regulatory purposes; bu t it is incorrec t to a ssume that 270 may be used for regulat ion. Th e event the commit tee shou ld wait for is "when 270 or some o ther test m e t h o d is shown to be quantitatively related to smoke p roduc t ion such that the data genera ted can accurately be used in hazard a n d risk assessments ."

7 1 1

N F P A 2 5 8 ~ N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 0 R O P

NFPA 258

S'~=d=rd Rearck Te=t ~.et~-cd Recommended Practice

for Determining Smoke Generation of Solid Materials

2000 Edition

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the n u m b e r ' o r letter des ignat ing a pa ragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be f o u n d in Append ix A.

Informat ion on re fe renced publicat ions can be found in a n d Appendix E.

Chapter 1 General

1-1 Scope.

I-1.1 This test m e t h o d provides a p rocedure for measu r ing the total smoke tha t is gene ra t ed f rom solid materials and assemblies in thicknesses up to a n d inc lud ing 1 in. (25.4 ram) where subjec ted to specific test condi t ions in a closed chamber .

1-1.2 M e a s u r e m e n t is made of the a t t enua t ion of a l ight beam by the s u s p e n d e d solid or l iquid particles, that is, smoke, that a ccumula t ed within a closed chamber . T he smoke is due to ei ther nonf laming , pyrolytic decompos i t ion or f laming combus t ion of a relatively small sample of material .

1-1.3" Test results can shal4- be expressed in te rms of specific optical density, which is a d imens ion less value derived f rom the m e a s u r e d l ight t ransmiss ion a n d geometr ic m e a s u r e m e n t s of the c h a m b e r and the spec imen.

I-1.4 This test shou ld shah be used only as a research and deve lopmen t tool. It shou ld shall no t be used as a basis for de t e rmin ing ratings for bui ld ing codes or o ther

. pu rposes .

1-1.5 This s t andard is i n t ended to measu re a n d proper t ies of materials, products , or assemblies hea t and f lame u n d e r control led laboratory con no t i n t ended to describe or appraise the fire ha2 materials, products , or assemblies u n d e r actual

1-2 Signif icance. ..::ifi iii~i

1-2.1" This test m e t h o d sh~Jl provides a m ~ s f specific optical densi ty of the smoker t h a ~ - " ~ mater ia ls a n d assembl iesr in the fo rm a n d t t i ~ u n d e r the specif ied exposure condit ions. Nil

1-2.2 Valuesr that which are de t e rmi ned by this u the spec imen or assembly material in the fo rm a are tested and shou ld ~ no t be considered in f u n d a m e n t a l proper t ies of a given material.

1-2.3 The values tha t are stated in U.S. cu s t omar ahal! be regarded as the s tandard. The metr ic e( cus tomary units, which are given in the standarc

1-2.4 No basis is provided for predic t ing the den can be gene ra ted by materials u p o n exposure to u n d e r o ther fire condi t ions or in o ther a t mosph

1-2.5 Valuesr that which are d e t e r m i n e d by this t~ with respect to the effect of a t tenua t ion of l ight the chambe r of the smoke that is genera ted by tt form, thickness, and quant i ty tested where subje specified energy sources. These values by thems~ provide a basis for predic t ing material per forma

1-3 S u m m a r y of Method.

1-3.1 This m e t h o d for measu r ing the smoke that materials employs an electrically heated , rad ian t energy source, which is m o u n t e d within an insulated, ceramic tube. This radiant energy source is posi t ioned to p roduce an irradiance level of 2.2

2 2 Btu/sec . f t (2.5 W / c m ) that is averaged over the central 1 1/2-in.

(38.1-mm) d iamete r a rea of a vertically m o u n t e d spec imen facing the radiant heater . The nomina l 3-in. × 3-in. (76.2-mm ~ 76.2- ram) spec imen shou ld gha!! be m o u n t e d within a ho lde r that

exposes an area tha t measu res 2 9/16-in. × 2 9/16-in. (65.1 m m × 65.1 m m ) . The ho lde r can a c c o m m o d a t e spec imens tha t are up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick. This exposure provides the n o n f l a m i n g condi t ion of the test.

1-3.2 For the f laming condit ion, a six-tube bu rne r shou ld sl-all be used to apply a row of equidistant , p remixed , tha t is, a i r -p ropane , f lamelets across the lower edge of the exposed spec imen area and into the spec imen ho lder t rough. This appl icat ion of flame, in addi t ion to the specified i r radiance level f rom the hea t ing e lement , shou ld ~hall const i tute the f a m i n g combus t ion exposure.

1-3.3 The test spec imens shou ld shall be exposed to the f laming and n o n f l a m i n g condi t ions within a closed 18-ft s (0.51-m 3) chamber . A pho tomet r i c system with a 36-in. (914-mm) vertical l ight pa th measures the con t inuous decrease in l ight t ransmiss ion as smoke accumulates . Exposure shou ld shall be cont inued for 20 minu tes or unti l m i n i m u m light t ransmiss ion is reached, whichever occurs first.

1-3.4 Calibration p rocedures for the test equ ipment , such a.s those descr ibed in Section B-2, shou ld ~hall be followed.

.v.

1-3.5" The light ~ i t t a n c e m e a s u r e m e n t s shou ld shall be used to express the ~ k e r ' ~ t wh 'ch is genera ted by the test materialsr in te rms of ~ i ~ " : ~ f i c optical density du r ing the t ime necessary to reach the ~ m ~ i - ~ l u e .

" : ~ : ~ 2 Test Apparatus .+:.- . . . .

2::~ii'.-@est':~paratus. .:~i i''i .... ~ ' h " ~ i i ~ . ~ shou ld =ha!! be essentially as shown in Figures 2-1 ( a ) -~ :~ (bi'. The appara tus shou ld z.~'MI include the c o m p o n : ~ : g i y . ~ n in Sections 2-2 th rough 2-11.

Figure 2-1(a) Smoke densi ty chamber .

7 1 2

N F P A 258 ~ N o v e m b e r 2000 R O P

2-2.5 Where all openings are closed, the chamber s_bs,uld ;hall be capable of developing and maintaining positive pressure during test periods in accordance with Section 2-10.

2-3 Radiant H e a t F u r n a c e .

2-3.1 An electric furnace, as shown in Figure 2-3, with a 3-in. (76.2-mm) diameter opening should stag4- be used to provide a constant irradiance on the specimen surface.

~A w b ~ fw w "

A - - Stainless. ~ . t u b e H - - Stainless steel reflector B A.d0est<~" bod~:- I - - Stainless steel reflector A - - Phototube enclosure N - - Gas and air shutof f valves

B - - Chamber O - Light intensity controls C - - Cer~.-"::~..u.be J - - Asbestos board C - - Blowout panel P - - Light voltage measuring jack D - - H ~ / , t i n g ' : ~ e n t , 525 W K - - Asbestos board rings

Hinged door with w indow Q Light source switch E - -~ . .S '~ less ~ s c r e w L - - Asbestos board cover E - - Exhaust vent control R Line switch F ~ : * ~ i ~ . t o s p a ~ i : g a s .~. t M - - Sheet metal screws F - - Radiometer output jack S - - Suppor t f rame .~..~?'~"'~';~:~nress s t e e ' l : ~ g W - - Pyrex glass wool ~ - - Temperature (wall) indicator T Indicating lamps .... :#-- ..~.ashers (3) ..::"ii '::~

Temperatu re indicator switch U Photometer readout ::::"~..-".:~, :iiii::: ::::ii~ii:: %iii-:'-:!!~:. ':::" I Autotransformers V - - Rods .:#:% J - - Vol tmeter (furnace) W - - Glass window -:: K - - Fuse holders X - - Exhaust vent ::i'i~i!~.~i: F igure 2-3 E lec t r i c f u rnace sect ion• L - - Furnace heater switch Y - - Inlet vent .s':-::::,... ~::"~ii~.::....::!~ i:- M - - Gas and air f lowmeters Z - - Access ports :~:~: :<.~ ~ii-"-:::" -

• "~i~':":":-:~-:-..-~..h.e f..~hace should ~b,~!! be located along the centerline, • '~i~ . . ~ ] ~ ' t between the front and back of the chamber, with the

F~'ure 2-1(b) Smoke density chamber assembly..~:..-.'::.:.'-*:::.. -::i::i::¢::bpeni~ facing toward and approximately 12 in. (305 mm) from - - ~.:::'.:Y::':':::.:ii~ii::::::::!i. ":!!i!:: the right wall.

2-2 Test Chamber. ¢'~ii%~.~:.~ ..<:~i~!~..'..-:::. % ~i:~'3.3 The centerl ine of the furnace shouldo~.hal! be approximately 7 "::~i~'..'~..'..~ff;:" "':~:':"~:" n/4 in. (195 mm) above the chamber floor.

2-2.1 As shown in Figure 2-1(b), the test chamber..~_.,.~u ~ . . J p . e " ~ fabricated from laminated panels to p r o v i d % ~ i ~ . < ....... nsid'~:.:.:.:-~: 2-3.4 Furnace Control System. 36 in. x 24 in. x 36. in. :1= 1/8 in. (914 mm.~i~10 m m x ' ~ : : m m #2,"

• . .<,~..-....x: . :-::,.:$. .:: 2-3.4.1 The furnace control system should :h~! maintain the ram) for w~dth, depth, and height, r e s p q = ~ , ~ii~- '~:..!~.:~:. ~;.-.'8 required irradiance level, under steady-state conditions, with the • : ~ : . :~--.

4c k 11 ~ ¢¢ 2-2.2 The interior surfaces should g . ~ . c o n s i ] ' ~ . ~)=" .- .%:.~ .:~- . porcelain-enameled metal or equivalent coated n ~ # i ~ t t ~s resistant to chemical attack and corrosion and s u i ~ for periodic cleaning. ~:~

2-2.3 Sealed openings should :kal[ be provided to accommodate a vertical photometer , power and signal connectors, air and gas supply tubes, exhaust blower, inlet and exhaust vents, pressure and gas sampling taps, a pressure rel ief valve, a rod for remote positioning of the specimen holder , an a luminum foil [0.0010 in. (approximately 0.025 ram) or less in thickness] safew-blowout

2 2 I g / / ' t ~ panel that is at least 125 in. (80.650 mm ) ~vvv cm )- in area, and a hinged, f ront -mounted door with an observation por t or window.

2-2.4 All openings should ~'hz!! be located on the floor of the chamber .

Exception: The gas sampling taps, the positioning rod, and an inlet vent.

chamber door closed to within + 0.04 Btu /sec . fC (+ 0.05 W / c m ~) for 20 minutes.

2-3.4.2* The control system should ~mtt- consist of an autotransformer or an alternate contJ'ol device and a voltmeter or o ther means for moni tor ing the electric2d output.

2-4 Specimen Holder . Specimen holders should ~h=!! conform in shape and dimension to that shown in Figure 2-4, and they should

;h~ l be fabricated to expose a 2 9/16-in. x 2 9/16-in. (65.1-mm x 65.1-mm) specimen area. The spring and rods for re=fining the specimen within the holders should zha!!- be as shown in Figure 2-4.

713

NFPA 258 - - N o v e m b e r 2000 R O P

H %

Snecimen 114 in.,.~" ~,1/4 in. " ~

'( i l i t / & ~ ~ 1 i " r / , , in. ' / i in.

:'11~ i n .

4~ 'J , , .~h ~ II ih ,~ ia~ l l3 ' / ,~ in . . 'reel I IS ' / , i , . l l " ' ~ 1 1 I ~'/,in. I II r76vII \ t ~'etainingll I I I

_1! I I ' / ; , i n ' . ' / l l \ \ ;d

[1"~ I:~'" ,'--ql l~/l_l - ~ IJ JJ I I I ~ 1 ~ I ~/~ in. I;;:~1_',-I~ p V ~ i n . .

I1,11 vJ, / l i ~--~ - ~ I-~-'/4 in. ( { V,~-in. steal LI ~ Burner "-~1 ~- "C"rod retaining

0.125-in. O.D.O.031-in. wall 1/2 in. SS tubing swage to 0.OSS-in. I.D. Spring bent from at tips 0.01 O-in. × 3-in. × 3-in.

phosphor bronze For SI units: 1 in. = 25.4 ram.

Figure 2-4 Details o f spec imen holder and pilot bur~.¢g~!'ii':i::.. .... #-'i~ "~':'" ":.'.%!i~ :-:--'-:-:- .% ....::~:.

. : : : : : : : : ; .:-:-." -.:.:.:.:.:.

.::~-"i~:~ii::ii::::~ ........ !i::i;i:mi~ ....... %:.::i:: ::!! .... 2-5 Framework for Suppor t o f the Furnace and Specim'e~i::~ler~:%::ii?:::~::~#?:i " T h e f ramework for suppor t of the fu rnace and . ~ . ~ . e n 1 ~ : ~ ............ shou ld shah be cons t ruc ted in accordance wi.t~::'~'~ii?~.-5. "::ii::i::i::i::ii::.....::ii::

;d~%iiiiii!~! .... <R::i ,,(,,In. x I~ llifld l l l l

~,~,:.~.~". ~.-~,~.Ol.~,~'~ r~. (l~-m~) 03. x ~ . ~ l ~ l ~ ~ : . i : ~ n . (ll-m~ ~1

=,~.t.i~rr.~,=.O~,dt,,,e,~ l ~ " - / ~ t r " A b " A I ~ m~,

~Ad~f~:~e melll gl~l de st=p=

1~ 2ram)

(,,~'r~.) " ~ . ' b l L ~ . / \2

2-6 Photomet r ic System.

2-6.1 The pho tomet r i c system shou ld sh:!] consist of a l ight source a n d photO'detector. The system shou ld s!~.z!! be or iented vertically to reduce variations in m e a s u r e m e n t b r o u g h t abou t by stratification of the smoke that is gene ra ted by the test materials.

2-6.2 The system shou ld : h~ ] be as shown in Figures 2-6.2(a) and 2-6.2(b) and shou ld :ha![ inc lude the following:

(a) T h e light source should sh~1 be an incandescen t l amp ; that ;;'.~Ach is opera ted at a f ixed voltage in a circuit tha t is powered by a voltage-regulat ing t ransformer . The light source shou ld shal! be m o u n t e d in a sealed a n d light-tight box; that ;.:h]ch is located below the chamber . This box shou ld :hal! contain the necessary optics to provide a col l imated light t_9o passh~g-vertically th rough the chamber .

(b) T h e photodetector shou ld ~h~! he a photomul t ip l ie r tube with an S-4 spectral sensitivity response and a dark cu r r en t less than 10A. A sealed boxT that - ;~ 'ch is located direcdy opposite of the l ight source, shou ld :h"~! be provided to house the photode tec tor and the focusing optics. A glass window shou ld shall he used to isolate the photode tec tor and its optics f rom the inter ior of the chamber .

. ~ PhotomultJpiier tube

.... i::::i:: , t t I _ ~ Fdter ( . . . . . . hie)

dia. g l ~ ii~::~ \ Lens w ndow "-:"

.:¢#::ii .... ~::f ~ 7 / - -Top of

.............. , r f = n / L / ~ . ~ m b e . .... ~i::iii!::i!:: ' '-."////////////~

I I chamber

.... ? :p , : ......... < , "i::i:- "iiii!:!::'::ii::':iiiii-i~iiii#::" "" rL:J 36 in. (914.4 ram)

::i:i- .-::~:" ":':'" • :.:..:.:~ S/~ln. '{i: ":#::" ~ f l I I ~(19-mm)

ml ; l , I t : - . i I I r ~ - -

11 -ov u H -

,Bottom of chamber

Figure 2-6.2(a) Pho tome te r details.

Figure 2-5 Furnace support.

7 1 4


Rear of chamber

8 in. (203.2 mm)

3 in. /

- % _ _ 4V~ in. --I1~ J II 7 m. (117.8 mm)

o

(114.3 ram) I

,"T 4 in. I (101.6 ram)

e , n (203.2 mm)

10 lira. (25 m)

I

"1 Partial plan view

2-7.3 The rad iometer shou ld zhall have a stainless steel, reflective hea t shield with a 1 a/~-in. (38.1-mm) aper tu re on the front• and a f i nned cooler, which is suppl ied with comi3ressed air, m o u n t e d on the rear to mainta in a cons tan t body t empera tu re of 200°F -+ 5°F (93°C + 3°C).

2-8 T h e r m o c o u p l e s for De te rmin ing Chamber Wall Tempera tu re . A therrnocouple sb0u ld :ha!! be provided for de t e rmin ing the chambe r wall t empera tu re pr ior to testing.

• 2-9 Portable Recorder or Readou t Meter.

2-9.1 The outputs of the rad iometer and the the rmocoup les shou ld oh-2! be mon i to r ed by a suitable recorder or r eadou t meter .

2-9.2 The photode tec tor ou tpu t shou ld :;h-2! be recorded or mon i to red with a po ten t iomete r or o ther suitable i n s t rumen t daat is capable of m e a s u r e m e n t over a range of five decades or more. (See B-1.4.)

2-10 Manome te r for Chamber Pressure Measurements .

Figalre 2-6.2(b) P ho t ome t e r location.

2-7 Radiometer .

2-7.1" The radiometer for s tandardiz ing the ou tpu t of the radiant hea t furnace shou ld :ha!! be of the circular foil type.

2-7.2 T h e construct ion of the rad iometer shou ld =hal! be as shown in Figure 2-7.2.

• :'~:i~s:..~iiii~iiii:: I I 0.010 advance ali~at"

/ ,~ sold~..~d to ~ i n . ( 1 2 3 ~ • ' ~e In x ~ - i n " ~ 2 , mm} x 31~-i~" | I 3~ In. ~ "1" "- ' " ~::~"~": ..... ""::iii~

2~,, in. (e~.65 mm) l (79.z7 ram) t 1./1 mm/ ( 7 9 . ~ - ~ . . ~ a t . . ~ : ~ l I I I I ' palnted:~la~# "-~.~::.:: ~: "~:~ ..:~<." ~:." I / I ~ 1 ,..-'~::.-':::, :,:::* -:#% ,,~

- ~ :In r~' "<::::" ~: / "~-::'::'-:;:::'~:"

. . . . . . I r ¼ in. (6.35 ram) ~ I 11 14-1n. (31.75-mm) I T ~ ~:~i ~|~:,.,~: " ~ i ~ " ~ I l l - . deep (4) I i / , I dla.~. I I. ¼ i n . . "I:~-".:'~ nm}':l~:?':"";:" / i i i r i ~

I ', / 7 \ ', I(6~ ~$:.,. " % i ..;:.;. ~, ½ n IIII 0.037-in. (.94-m~}._~ I I --(---/-~} "-~":~ ......... ~i~iiii::::~ ~, in. ": ~ r12 7 mm~ I~, stainless steel heal " I : \~¢" / I [ ¼ In. ~ s mini :" ~ " '1111 shie ld ~ ~ ~.:,..i35 m ~) "::i ill! 'l~-In. (.7~-mm) I I I I 2%in.(66. mm) . . . . I !1

, " m ii I q -. F~ Ii~-" ~::::: ~. -::::" ~ F ~ ¼ n (635mm) L ~ J}"~!~'~:" /

Front ~ ¼ Ifi "(6.35 mm) Aluminum foil

: ' : " ~ In. (4.76 mm)

" ~ " ~o In. (7.94 mm)

,,-at

2-10.1 A s imple water m a n o m e t e r with a range of up to 6 in. (152 ram) of water should zha!l be provided to mon i to r chamber pressure a n d leakage. (See B-2.3.)

2-10,2 The p r e s su re . .me~uremen t point shou ld shall be t h rough a gas-sampling h o l . c . : ~ e top of the chamber .

.....-:..-.: ~ .'-:i!-:. 2-10.3 A sim~-':".':':~er co lumn or relief valve shou ld ~!:all be provided t ~ i i ~ e r ~ i ~ : n t r o l of c h a m h e r pressure. (See B-1.8.)

~:::::::~ "-::::.. ~ , ....... ~:; -.. ':%i::!!::.:.::# ?:"

0.037-in. (.94-mm) L stainless steel convection shield A

% in. % in. (7.94 mm)--~ ~ (7.94 mm)l .~

V4 In. 16.35 mm) ~'~ $~" I;,~" ! ~,d: , . ' : i i ~ i i i g deep(2) ! i ~ i l a~ ' i i i ~ ,.~ "~.=.L,.~,

Rear

i 100 ° F- 400 ° F thermometer in Vz-in.

~'> (12.7-mm) x VMn. (1 ,'!.7-ram) x 11/z-in. (31.75-ram) brass well

Side

Formed and brazed 0.025-in. (.63-ram) stainless steel cover (top open)

Finned semiconductor cooler

Microphone cable connector

Air hose adapter

~ 2 ~ 11/~-in. (31.75-mm) dia. x 1/o-in; (3.18-mm) deep recess at cantor of copper flat

0-in. (.5-ram) copper wire silver zed to advance plate at recess ter. Remove all flux after brazing.

in. (4.76-mm) drifted hole (1)

-40 set screw retains conector Section AOB

Figure 2-7.2 Rad iomete r detail.

715


2-11 Multiple Flamelet Burner with Premixed Air-Propane Fuel.

2-11.1 For a f laming exposure test, a six-tube burner , with const ruct ion details as shown in Figure 24 , should ahall be used.

2-11.2 The bu rne r shou ld a~a!! be centered in f ront of and parallel to the spec imen holder .

2-11.3 The tips of the two horizontal tubes should, ~V~!! be centered 1 /4 in. + 1 /16 in. (6.4 m m ± 1.6 mm) above the ho lder edge and 1 / 4 in. ± 1 /16 in. (6.4 m m ± 1.6 m m ) away f rom the spec imen surface.

2-11.4 Provisions sl3ould al~a'.! be made to rotate or move the bu rne r out of posit ion du r ing non f l ami ng exposures.

2-11.5 A p remixed a i r -p ropane (95 percent purity or better) test gas should shall be used.

2-11.6 The a i r -p ropane test gas shou ld ahall be me te red by calibrated flow meters and needle valves at 500 c m S / m i n for air and 50 c m S / m i n for p ropane .

Chapter 3 Tes t Specimens

3-1 Specimen Description.

3-1.1 Size.

3-1.1.1 The test spec imens shou ld ~ha!! be 3 in. x 3 in. ± 0.03 in.

(76.2 m m x 76.2 m m x 0.7 m m ) and should aha!! have an in t ended installation th ickness of up to and inc luding 1 in. (25.4 m m ) . '

3-1.1.2 Spec imens that are provided in thicknesses in excess of 1 in. (25.4 mm) should s!~a!! be sliced to 1 in. (25.4 m m ) thickness and the original, uncut , surface should shall be tested.

3-1.1.3 Multilayer materials that are greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick and that consist of a core material with surface facings of

(b) Us ing r e c o m m e n d e d or practical applicat ion techniques and coverage rates, l iquid films, for example , paints and adhesives, which are i n t ended for appl icat ion to combust ib le base materials, shou ld ~a! ! be appl ied to the smoo th face of 1/4-in. (6.4-ram) thick t e m p e r e d ha rdboa rd with a nomina l densi ty of 50 Ib / f t ~ to 60 Ib/f t ~ (0.8 g / c m s to 0.97 g /cmS) . Tests also shou ld shah be conduc ted on the ha rdboa rd substrate alone, and these values should s ~ l be recorded as supp lementa l to the measu red ~alues for the composi te spec imen.

(c) Us ing r e c o m m e n d e d or practical appl icat ion techniques and coverage rates, liquid films, for example , paints and adhesives, which are i n t ended for appl icat ion to noncombus t ib l e substrate materials, should s~a!! be applied to the smoo th face of l /4 - in . (6A-ram) thick asbes tos -cement board with a nomina l density of 120 Ib/f t s (1.9 g / cmS) .

3-2 Number of Test Specimens. Three tests u n d e r f laming exposure and th ree tests u n d e r non f l aming exposure shou ld s~a!! be conduc ted on each material (i.e., a total of six spec imens) in accordance with the condi t ions of this r e c o m m e n d e d practice s tandard.

3-3 Spec imen Condit ioning. Specimens should s~a!l be predr ied for 24 hours at 140°F + 5°F (60°C + 3°C) a n d then condi t ioned to equi l ibr ium, that is, cons tan t weight, with an amb ien t t empera tu re of 73°F + 5°F (23°C + 3°C) and a relati.K¢:..humidity of 50 percen t + 5 percent .

.... ii::-'ii~..:.i~:., 3-4 Specimen .a~;ntin'~:

3-4.1 All s ~ . " ! ~ m e : ~ i ~ stY4- be covered across the back, a long the e d g ~ ! - , ~ , over ' :~ ! : f ron t surface per iphery with a single shee t of a l u ~ : ~ . . ' f ~ S i l [0.0"0~!i~.¢:'+ 0.0005 in. (approximately 0.04 ram) thi.~}..:~. . . . . :.:.iiU

~ . % ~ , ~ i ~ u l d ~,~,,.~r b e t a k e n n o t to p n n c t u r e t h e foil o r to in t ro0{~i : .unnecessary wrinkles du r ing the wrapping operat ion.

:"':~iiiii::):iiii:i::::.:...3--4.3 Foi l" :~][~" ahal! be folded in a way tha t minimizes loss of ":::iii;i:'::::'!i!::::i~d ma..-~-};]al at the bo t t om of the bolder.

different materials shou ld aha!l be sliced to 1 in. (25.4 mm) :i~:. .:iiii:i:iiiiiiii~i~ii~::::..-.::'..;:-" thickness, and each original, uncut , surface should zhal! be~..t.~t,¢d :i::::ii: ..::-~l.'4"':'~cess foil a long the f ront edges shou ld s - a - be t r im m ed off separately if r e c o m m e n d e d requi red unde r 3-1.3. ..::iiiiiY'::'::::~ii{iiiil ! ::i::::il I after ~ o u n t i n g . A flap of foil shou ld shall be cut and ben t for.ward

":'::::::gt:ithe spou t to pe rmi t flow f rom mel t ing specimens . .-::~:i:?~ : : : : : : : : : : :::::-"

3-1.2 Specimen Orientation. -:?i':':?i~::---:: . . . . ::#~.-::ii-:i..:i~i.:~::.... ":'-'ii::.:i::i!~ " . . . . . . . . . "::i:i:i:i:i::....:::':: . . . . ::::'.'.:-:::':.-:::::::::- ~'-~.D All spec imens stlgUEl a:~al: De backed with a shee t of asbestos

1 of m ced mll lboard (See Sectwn 2 4 ) 3-1.2.1 If visual "nspection the speci en indi....~.......~....$..:.B, p r o ' : ~ . . ":::: . . . . . . . • " - - grain pat tern, process- induced surface orien..~.~:,::~.~::~)er '::ii::ii::::::::ii:..:i3 . . . nonisot ropic property, the spec imen shou.!~!igt~4- b e ' " ~ d in ~ : " 3-4.6 The s p e o m e n and ,ts backing shou ld s~ha!l be secured with a

............... ":i~::iiii: i:. ":~:'" spr ing and re ta ining rod. A modified, C-shape re ta in ing rod or more orientat ions. :¢:~':':%iiii:ik--... i ii should ~hal! be used with spec imens that are f rom 5 /8 in. to 1 in.

-.:.:.:.:.:.:..

3-1.2.2 The h ighes t smoke density value and tI:i"~!i~z'.e..st oriecJ~tion ~hould ahall be stated. :':::,i::i::iiiii-.....i:::iii!:!~ii!iii ....

).;:..: 3-1.3 Specimen Assembly. .:::

3-1.3.1" The spec imen shou ld aha!! be representat ive of the material or composi te a n d should sha!l be p repared in accordance with r e c o m m e n d e d appl icat ion procedures .

Exception: Flat sections of the same thickness and composition can ~'"0 sh~.!! be p~.'w..dttJ t~ be supplied and tested in place of curved, molded, or specialty parts.

3-1.3.2 Where an adhesive is in tended . fo r field applicat ion of a finish material to a substrate, the prescr ibed type of adhesive and its sp read ing rate shou ld a!m!! be no ted and used for the test.

3-1.3.3" Where supp lemen ta ry tests are necessi tated by delaminat ion , cracking, peeling, or o ther separat ions affecting smoke genera t ion , the m a n n e r of pe r fo rming such supp lemen ta ry tests and the test results shou ld shah be inc luded in the repor t with the conventional test.

3-1.3.4 For comparat ive tests of finish materials without a normal substrate or core and for sc reen ing purposes only, the following p rocedures shou ld ~Ea!! be employed.

(a) Rigid or semirigid shee t materials shou ld sha4t- be tested by the s tandard procedure , regardless of thickness.

(15.9 m m to 25.4 m m ) thick.

3-4.7 Flexible spec imens shou ld zhal! no t be compressed below their no rma l thickness.

3-4.8 It is the in ten t of this test m e t h o d to main ta in the prescribed exposure condi t ions on the spec imen for the test durat ion. If u n d e r ei ther the f laming or non f l aming exposure there is an excess of mel ted material that overflows the t rough, the spec imen area shou ld sh~ l be reduced. For example , if the area is reduced to 1

1/2in. wide x 3 in. h igh (38.1 m m wide ~ 76.2 m m high) and is centrally located, the appropr ia te area shou ld shall be used in calculating D . (See Section 5-1.)

Chapter 4 Tes t Procedure

4-I Tes t Room. All tests shou ld ~hall be conduc ted in a room or enclosed space having an ambien t t empera tu re of 73°F + 5°1 :̀ (23°C + 3°C) and relative humidi ty of 50 percen t _+ 20 percent at the time of test. Precaut ions shou ld zhall be taken to provide a means for removing potentially hazardous gases f rom the area of operat ion.

4-2 Equ ipment Cleaning.

4-2.1" The chamber walls should sha!! be c leaned whenever periodic visual inspect ion indicates the need.

7 1 6

N F P A 2 5 8 - - N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 0 R O P

4-2.2* The exposed surfaces of the glass windows that separate the photode tec tor and the l ight source hous ing f iom the interior of the c h a m b e r should.=hzll be c leaned before each test.

4-3 Warm-up of Furnace.

4-3.1 Dur ing the warm-up per iod all electric systems, for example, furnace, l ight source, and p h o t o m e t e r readout , shou ld o-hal! be on; the exhaus t vent and chambe r door shou ld o-hall he closed; and the inlet vent shou ld =ha!! be open.

4-3.2* W h e n the t empera tu re on the center surface of the back wall reaches a steady-state value in the range of 95°F -+ 4°F (35°C + 2°C), the chamber shou ld ~hall be ready for fu rnace calibration or testing.

4-3.3* According to test experience, the fu rnace ou tpu t i rradiance shou ld =hall be calibrated, wi thout the b u r n e r in place, at periodic intervals.

4-3.4 A "blank" spec imen holder , with the asbestos mil lboard exposed, shou ld=ha l l be directly in f ront of the furnace.

Exception: Where displaced to the side by the specimen holder during a test or the radiorneter during calibration.

The spec imen holder should o-hal! be r e tu rned immedia te ly to the above posi t ion when test ing or calibration is completed.

4-3.5 Dur ing calibration, the rad iometer should =hal! be placed on the horizontal rods of the fu rnace suppo r t f ramework and accurately posi t ioned in f ront of the fu rnace open i ng by sliding and displacing the "blank" spec i men ho lder against the prepos i t ioned stop. The fu rnace suppo r t f ramework, stop, and "blank" spec imen ho lder should =hal! provide for the horizontal

4-5.1 The exhaus t vent and blower then should shah be closed.

4-5.2 The loaded spec imen holder fihould :hal! be placed on the bar suppor t and shou ld o-ha!! be pushed into posit ion in f ront of the furnace , with b u r n e r in position for f laming exposure, by displacing the "blank" holder.

4-5.3 The chamber door shou ld stvatt- be closed quickly an d the t imer or recorder char t drive, or both, should shall be started simultaneously. The inlet vent should shall be closed completely only when the p h o t o m e t e r indicates smoke.

4-5.4 Light t ransmit tance and the cor responding t ime shou ld :h.~2! be recorded ei ther as a con t inuous plo~ with a mul t i range recorder or at sufficient t ime intervals with a mul t i range me te r readout . Th e necessary full-scale range changes in decade steps shou ld o-ha!! be observed a n d noted .

4-5.5 The increase in chamber pressure shou ld o-ha!! be observed hrith the m a n o m e t e r , which is descr ibed in Section 2-10. A regula tor (see B-1.8) shou ld :ha!! be used to main ta in the pressure in the range of 4 in. -+2 in. (100 m m -+ 50 m m ) of water du r ing mos t of the test. If negative pressure develops after intense spec imen flaming, the inlet vent should ~hall be opened slightly to equalize the pressure. As a result of pressure rise, the fuel and air valves should o-ha!! be adjusted d u r i n g the f l aming test to mainta in a constant flow rS~iii::.

• .::::-"" • -::.::::..

4-5.6 Any o b s e ~ o n s that are per t inen t to the bu rn ing an d smoke-gen~:ti~:~!! !'::'..........: ..~:..:.(?perties of the material u n d e r test ing ~.~hould . . . . . . . . . :ha!! be.:...r......e.ff~.ded i ' ~ i !~o rdance with Chapter 6.

4-5.7::i~'e te'~' siaould ~ i ~ g n t i n u e for 20 minu te s or until a m..~.mu~iii.li.ght t r ansmi$~nce value is reached, whichever occurs 4$J :~ !~ . . t h .~ !~ imum light t ransmi t tance does no t occur within the

and vertical center ing within _+ 1 /16 in. (_+ 1.6 ram) of the furnace 2 0 - m : ~ : : e x ~ : b s u r e period, this shou ld o-hall be no ted in repor t ing open ing of the rad iometer du r ing calibration a n d of the loaded spec imen holder du r ing test_ :::::.:,. the res~i~i. . : : ..:@

4-3.6 With the chambe r door closed and the inlet vent opened the ::%.-%~z.~:..,.8 ff t r a ~ i t t a n c e falls below 0.01 percent , the chamb e r c n m n r e ~ e d ~ i r ~ l l n n l v t n t h t ~ r a d l n m o t e r c n n l e r t h n n l r l . 1 ~ I ! h o ':::~ ~ . ~ . . : : ~ . . . . . . be covered ~ t h an opaque s c r e e n t o avoid

. . . . o o o ~:'~ "bsslB$~::fi ht~scatter,n effects f rom r o o m h hL Also, any adjus ted to m m n t m n its body t emnera tu re at 200 F + 5 F (93..C + ..':.:- ,::':fl ..... g g g ~o~,~ " " - ".,-::fi!:i:::::'~!:~::.-~ ::'~::'~.:"suDDl~?nentary optical filter in the p h o t o m e t e r system should shall ~ ! . , .::::::-" "~'-::::::::::~, ¢:::~ . . . . . - -

.:.,.' ~":" "~i!~!~!~ "~:.be:.removed or displaced to ex tend the measu r ing range. If 4-3.7 The au to t ransformer sett in~ shou ld :ha!! be a d i t ~ t to :~::::ii...., ...:: :ii~:i~raneous l ight can reflect into the p h o t o m e t e r du r ing removal of Aht~|n the r m d ] A m o t ~ r ' ~ e~lihr~to'cl m;llixz~lt ta, t n , t ~ . ' : ~ i ~!~..~:]:!~:iii!i~:!.:.:::::... !::!!.':Y~he filter, the h igh voltage should =ha!! be t u rned off or the scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e ' ~ " " ' " ' ~ ~..:':'i~:>":" "":..:'-:.:'!i!H:.::" ~ . ~ . . . . . . . . corresnonds to a steady-state l r radlance of 2 2 BtuZsec-ft ~i~:xq4 -.:.:.:+- shou ld . . . . . . be adjus ted to mm~rruze se.nsat~vaty. T h e filter shou ld B t u / s e o f t (2.5 W / c m _+ 0.05 W / c m ) tha t is ~ . ~ , e ,er'~'~" ....... : . .m. he replaced before exhaus t ing the: smoke f rom the chamber .

1 • • -:::'::::" "" ~=:::::::::::::' " :~-~-~' . ' : : :" central 1 /o-in. (38.1-mm) d m m e t e r area...::-::" "~::~*-::i ~ ":::.::.:.::.:::'::~ " .~.::'%. ~! ~:. ~!':::" 4-5.9" The bu rne r on f laming exposures shou ld =ha!! be

4-3.8 The recorder or meter , which is d ~ . in Secti~ ~ii:2-9, ":~ ext inguished, and exhaus t ing of the c h ~ c n ~ o u l d , zha!! be shou ld =ha!! be used to mon i t o r the r a d i o ~ i ~ : u t p u t . . ~ e r the ini t iated within 1 minu t e after r each ing m i n i m u m transmit tance. prescr ibed irradiasace level has r eached s t e a d y 2 ~ : , th% ~diometer The spec imen shou ld zhal. be displaced, f rom the f ront of the should =hal! be removed f rom the chambe r a n d ~ $ ' ~ : ~ with the fu rnace by push ing the "blank" spec imen holder with the ' blank' s p e m m e n holder . ....-".:':~ posi t ioning rod. Exhaus t ing shou ld shall- con t inue with the inlet

4-3.9 After the system has reached steady-state condit ions, the mete r or recorder zero, or both, shou ld o-ha!! be adjusted.

4-3.10 The amplif ier sensitivity should :ha!! be adjus ted to obtain a full-scale reading, tha t is, 100 pe rcen t t ransmit tance, of the photode tec tor on the recorder or r eadou t meter .

4-3.11 The "dark current ," that is, zero pe rcen t t ransmit tance, on the m a x i m u m sensitivity range of the readout mete r shou ld :hal! be de t e rmined by blocking the light, and the "dark current" reading shou ld =ha!! be adjus ted to zero.

4-4 Burner Posltioliing. For n o n f l a m i n g exposures the mul t ip le f lamelet bu rne r shou ld =ha!! be removed. For f l aming exposures the burner shou ld =hall be pos i t ioned across the lower edge of the spec imen as descr ibed in Section 2-11. T he b u r n e r distance, relative to the "blank" spec imen, shou ld o-ha!! be checked before fuel ad jus tmen t a n d ignition.

4-5 Procedures . Before pos i t ioning the test spec imen, the chambe r shou ld =ha!! be f lushed for approximate ly 2 minu te s with the door and exhaus t a n d inlet vents open, and the start ing t empera tu re of the c h a m b e r shou ld =h~! be verified, us ing the procedure descr ibed in 4-3.1 a n d 4-3.2.

vent open until m a x i m u m t ransmi t tance is reached. This t ransmi t tance value should o-hal! be recorded as the To, "the clear beam" reading, which should o-hall be used to correct for deposits on the p h o t o m e t e r windows.

C h a p t e r 5 Ca lcu la t ions

5-1 Specific Optical Density. Specific optical density, D,, f rom the percen t l ight t ransmit tance, T, caused hy the smoke genera ted f rom an exposed spec imen area, A, ' in the d o s e d chmnber of volume, V,, and over a l ight path, L, should :ha!! be calculated as follows:

Ds = V [l°gl0 (~-)] = G[l°gl0 (~f)-~0 ]]

where G represents the geometr ical factor tha t is associated with the d imens ions of the chambe r a n d specimen. Correct ions for the vo lume of the fu rnace assembly and the vo lume i n d u d e d in the door recess general ly are less than 1 pe rcen t a n d c a n m a y :hall be pc..'Ta!~cd to be disregarded.

Where it is necessary to remove the neutra l density filter to measure low levels of l ight t ransmi t tance (see B-1.4), the specific optical densi ty tha t is appropr ia te for the filter shou ld shall he

717


added. The value to be added should shall be equal to the known optical density of the filter mult ipl ied by G. (See B-2.1.3.)

5-2 M a x i m u m Specific Optical Density. T he m a x i m u m specific optical density, D , should z'nall be calculated us ing the fo rmula in Section 5-1 and with a light t ransmit tance cor respond ing to the m i n i m u m level reached du r ing the test. All m a x i m u m specific optical densi ty values shou ld shall be corrected by subtract ing the specific optical densi ty tha t is equivalent for soot and o ther deposi ts on the p h o t o m e t e r windows. The "clear beam" t ransmit tance reading, T,, shou ld shall be used to calculate a specific optical densi ty equivalent, D o by us ing the same formula bu t with a di f ferent subscript. A corrected m a x i m u m specific optical densi ty calculat ion shou ld shall be expressed as follows:

D~(corr . ) = D~- D,

5-3 Light Transmi t tance . For systems without "dark current" cancellation, a correct ion shou ld zha!! be made for any percen t l ight t ransmit tance reading, T, approach ing the "dark current" value, T,. The corrected percen t l ight t ransmit tance, T', shou ld s!'a!! be obta ined f rom the following equation:

o[ r ' = 1 0 1 1 0 0 - T d J L T - r a J

and should :hall be used for the specific optical density calculations that are described in Sections 5-1 and 5-2.

Chapter 6 Report

6-I D o c u m e n t a t i o n . The repor t (see Appendix C) shmi ld ol,~ll include the following items:

(1) A complete descr ipt ion of the spec imen tested, inc luding type, manufac ture r , shape, thickness, weight or density, coloring, and o ther appropr ia te d imens ions

(2) A comple te descr ipt ion of the test specimens, inc luding substrate or core, special preparat ion, and m o u n t i n g

(3) The test spec imen condi t ion ing p rocedure .... :.:::::: ..... (4) The n u m b e r of spec imens tested ..::!!#:::::::!~#:::#i::::k

A-2-1 A more detai led descr ipt ion of the sugges ted appara tus is given in Section B-1.

A-2-2.`2 Commercia l ly available panels of porce la in -enameled steel ( interior surface) pe rmanen t l y lamina ted to a sbes tos -cemen t board and backed with galvanized steel (exterior surface), ,~ith a total thickness 3 /16 in. (4.76 mm) , have been found to be suitable.

A-`2-3.4.2 Where line voltage f luctuat ions are present , a constant-voltage t ransformer migh t be needed to mainta in the prescr ibed i r radiance level.

A-`2-7.1 The operat ion of a circular foil- type rad iometer is descr ibed in R. Gardon, "An I n s t r u m e n t for the Direct M e a s u r e m e n t of In tense The rma l Radiation," 1953.

A-B-L3.1 Substrate or core materials for the test spec imens shou ld be the same as those for the i n t ended application. Where a material or assembly migh t be exposed to a potential fire on ei ther side, both sides shou ld be tested.

A-3-1.3.3 Finish materials, inc lud ing shee t laminates, tiles, fabrics, o ther materials that are secured to a substrate material with adhesive, and composi te materials no t a t tached to a substrate can be subject to de laminat ion , cracking, peeling, or o ther separat ions affecting their smoke genera t ion . To evaluate these effects, supp lemen ta ry test~:::,which are pe r fo rmed on a scored, that is, slit, exposed surface. . :~i:~i~nterior layers or surfaces, m igh t be

. : . : , : - . - . -

necessary. ..::i:i:i:i:i:.. - . - - . . . . . , . . . . ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

" A-3-4.4 P r ~ m s " ~ ' ~ : : . g r e associated with interpreta t ion of experi .n~...'~I::::{esult~ii~n u n b u r n e d mol ten drips occur are dis c u s~:':{'~:: ..~'i5 p e n d i~!i ~.'.:~::....: !~:"

../~:: .:::.. " . . . . . . !iiiiii~ ..... A.4t'.¢'.~, 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CiVet-red residue~:"on the spec imen holder and horizontal "~:i~'~::~NO~L".~. removed to avoid contamina t ion . An a m m o n i a t e d spray::/ i~rgexat and soft scour ing pads have been found effective in removi~fli~h~ r ~ d u e s .

:ii!i:;:.:.... ========================= =====================. " - ' - : : : : : : : : : :

"i!i!i'::::i:i!i!i!i!~.-.2.2 G e ~ ' a l l y , ethyl alcohol has been found to be effective for "iiiiii: ""b.".~:i: . .~:e surfaces of the glass windows.

"i!ii: ...<ii::" "]::i!ii::" "..:'-':"A-4-3;-'~" To increase the chamber wall's surface t empera tu re to the ":::i::::stated level u n d e r adverse condit ions, an auxiliary hea te r can be

(5) The test condit ions, such as type of exposures, typ...~:~'of h o t ~ r ":i::~e'd. Conversely, to decrease dais t empera ture , the exhaus t blower used, and exposure per iod ..::i:i:i:i:~:i::. 2::. . . . . :.: ......

-:!::""::!:!:!:!:!:: ............................. .:::-'can be used to in t roduce cooler air f rom the laboratory. (6) Observat ions of the bu rn i ng or smolder ing characte~L~..!.¢s of:'::::iiiiiiiiii:i:::iii!i the spec imens du r ing test exposure , such as d e l a m i n a t i o r i ' ] i ~ i n g , ":'::i:i:i: ....

..... :4::::::: ...... ".:::: .......... A-4-3.3 Periodic intervals have been shown by test exper ience shrinkage, melt ing, a n d collapse ================================ ".::::::::::::.. ..,. (7) * Observat ions of the smoke-generating~!!~r'opert~:~::i~ the"%iiii::::::ii ii ....

spec imens du r ing exposure , such as colo.r.<!~.the s m o k ~ ; : : ~ na..~i"re of the settled particulate mat te r .:iii::::::ii::i::~::ii::.. !~::~::~::~i "

(8) A record of the geometr ical factor, G, ~'~::~.culated ~ o m measu red values of chambe r volume, V; p h o t o ~ i ~ r l igh{pa th l e n g t , , h L- and exposed s pec imen area, A (see Cha:"::":::".-:~i -:i::'~::....:~

(9)* Test results calculated as descr ibed in Chapt~-:'5, inc luding the average and range on each set of spec imens fo¢::~, (corr.) and D<

6-'2 Tes t Terminat ion . If the test is t e rmina ted on the basis of a 20-minute exposure limitation, this fact should sha!! be noted when repor t ing m e a s u r e m e n t s that are observed at that time.

Appendix A Explana tory Materlal

Appendix A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. This appendix contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.

A-I-I .3 A commen ta ry descr ibing the significance of specific optical densi ty and appropr ia te considera t ions for applicat ion of test results is inc luded in Append ix D.

A-l-'2.1 At templs are now underway to relate the results of this test to the m e a s u r e m e n t of smoke tha t is genera ted unde r large-scale test condit ions. Other test m e t hods for measu r ing smoke have been reviewed and summar i zed in C. M. Yuill et al., "The Control of Smoke ill Building F i r e s - A State-of-the-Art Review," 1971. A-1-3.5 Additional parameters , such as the m a x i m u m rate of smoke accumula t ion , the t ime to a f ixed optical density level, or a smoke obscurat ion index, migh t be more appropr ia te in part icular si tuations.

normal ly to consist of two calibrations per test day.

A-4-5.9 In some cases, the t ransmi t tance can somewhat increase and subsequent ly decrease to the ul t imate m i n i m u m t ransmit tance .

A-6-1(7) Al though no t specifically r e c o m m e n d e d rcquirc~ as part of the me thod , products of combus t ion can be drawn f rom the chambe r at various t imes du r ing the test for analysis. The physical proper t ies of the smoke can be investigated by electrostatic or impac t collection and various m e t h o d s of particle analysis. Th e presence and concent ra t ions of various toxic and irritating gaseous products can be d e t e r m i n e d by us ing colorimetr ic gas detector tubes, gas ch roma tog rapby inethods, ion-selectlve electrodes, or o ther techniques .

A-6-1 (9) Sufficient test restllts should result in the deve lopment of a smoo th curve of D, versus time.

Appendix B Apparatus Construction and Calibration

This appendix is not a part of the requir~n~wnts of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

B-1 Construction Details.

B-I.1 Radiant Heat Furnace. (See Section 2-3.) The furnace consists of a coiled wire or o ther suitable, e lec t r ica l -heat ing e lement (525 W or greater) , which is m o u n t e d vertically in a horizontal ceramic tube. The tube has a 3-in. (76.2-mm) I.D. inside d iamctcr x 3 3/8-in. (85.7-mm) O.D. ^"'°:'~'- cliameter and is 1 5/8 in. (41.3 mm) long. The tube is bored out at one end to have a 3 ~/~o-in. (77.0-ram) I.D. imide ~iametcr and to have a dep th of 5/~ii:l.

7 1 8


(15.9 mm) to accommodate the heating element. A 1/l~-in. (1.6-mm) asbestos paper gasket and three stainless steel reflectors are mounted behind the heating element. A s/a-in. (9.5-mm) asbestos millboard disc, provided with ventilation and lead wire holes, is positioned behind the heating element and used to center the assembly with respect to the front of the s/sAn. (9.5-ram) asbestos millboard ring by means of a 6-32 stainless steel screw. The adjustment nuts on the end of the centering screw provide proper spacing of the furnace components. The cavities that are adjacent to the heating element assembly should be packed with glass wool. The furnace assembly is housed in a 4-in. (102-mm) O.D. cu~i~e ~i~'n..eter, 0.085-in. (2.1-mm) wall, 4 l /s- in. (105-mm) long stainless steel tribe. Two additional s/s-in. (9.5-mm) asbestos board spacing rings and a rear cover of s/s-in. (9.5-mm) asbestos board complete the furnace. The furnace should be located centrally along the long axis of the chamber with the opening facing toward and approximately 12 in. (305 mm) from the right wall. The centerline of the furnace should be about 7 s/4 in. (195 mm) above the chamber floor.

B-1.2 Specimen Holder. (See Section 2-4.) The specimen holder should conform to Figure 2-4 in shape and dimension and should be fabricated by bending and brazing (or spot welding) O.025-in. (0.6-mm) thick stainless steel to provide a 1 ~/2 in. (38.1 mm) depth and to expose a 2 ~/16-in. x 2 ~/l¢in. (65.1-mm x 65.1-mm) specimen area. As described in Section 2-5, the holder should have top and bottom guides to permit accurate centering of the exposed

mounted, top and bot tom plates, and they should be symmetrically arranged about the collimated light beam.

B-1.5 Radiometer. (See Section 2-Z) The body temperature of the radiometer should be monitored with a 100°F to 220°F (38°C to 100°C) thermometer in a a/~-in. × a/~-in. ~: 1 1/~-in. (12.7-mm x

12.7-mm x 38.1-mm) brass well, which is drilled to accept the thermometer with a close fit. Silicone grease can be used to

ovide good thermal contact. e circular, receiving surface of the radiometer should be

spray-coated with an infrared-absorbing black paint containing a silicone vehicle. The radiometer should be calibrated calorimetrically in accordance with the procedure summarized in B-2.2.

B-1.6 Chamber Wall Thermocouple . (See Section 2-8.) A thermocouple is mounted with its junct ion secured to the geometric center of the inner rear wall p~ael of the chanther using a a/4-in. (6.4-mm) thick, polystyrene foam disk cover and epoxy cement.

B-1.7 Burner. (See Section 2-11.) The multiple flamelet burner is a six-tube burner with construction details as shown in Figure 2-4. The vertical tube.s of the six-tube burner are made from an 1/~-in. (3.2-ram) O.D. eu~ '~e ~:.=meter, 0.031-in.. (0.8-mm) w:dl, stainless steel tubing. Two tubes are bent 180 degrees into the trough, two tubes ..~...~:..bent 135 degrees f rom the vertical, and two

specimen area in relation to the furnace opening. A 3-in. × 3-in. tubes are bent 9~ . - i~ . . e s from the vertical (76 2-ram x 76 2-mm) sheet of a / -in (12 7-mm) asbestos All tubes sho~i::b.e c r i~ped at the tip to reduce the opening

.~, • , ~ - , • ~. " ~ . . . . . . s + . . . . . . s . . . . diameter to ~ : ~ 0 " ~ (1 4 mm) The horizontal manifold section mitlooara, navang a nominal ctenslty ot ~o it)/tt _ 1o lt)/tt ~,o.~ . . . . . . ::i::.::" ot~i::,..~., of a 1- i' " . . . . . . "I a. s + s " . OI r.ne o u ~ c S~l~]~:.. /4- n. to.q--ram) U.D..gz:L3I~z ~:~,~;ztcr,

/ c m 0.17 / c m ) should be used to back the s ecamen. A . . . . . .: -::::---, . . . g • - g ' • - P • 0 035-m-'!:! :~ ~i'nm) ~:. : :~tamless steel tubing The other end ~s spnng bent from a 0.010-m. (approxamately 0.25-mm) thick ' -:.:~t-::'~-:~-.-'.':-'. ~ . . . . -.::i.~.~t::...~::. _ _ ' •

attac ea to "~mung m r4~ ~namoer noo r phosphor bronze sheet should be used with a steel retaining rod to .c:..~ " ~ ...... ~ii. • hold the specimen and millboard backing securely in position ~.~!~ ~_ ~ii~'.,- . . . . .-::ii:-~ . . . . . . " tin testin I~.~':~.::t~namla.er l-r~ssur~" t¢.et.a'uaator. A simple pressure regulator (au g g. .:.:..- .:--...--:.:-:. -::::-.-.:-::.. • . .

Con~..:..~.-~a'~::iopen, water-fi~led bottle and a length of flexible B-I.S Suppor t of Furnace and Specimen Holder. (See Section 2-5.) t u b i n ~ e e n d o f w h!ch is connected to :~ sa.mpl!n.g port on the ~ , ~ ~ ~ • ,-- , , , ~ ,a a ~ .. - • .- top or tn'e~::~zaarrmer l n e omer ena or me tun ng is anserte(a ,~ in. I n e framework as snown In tqgure z-a has weluect to it a a-ln. ::::::::,... ,,~:...:.:.:, ..:.:~ [19"7 mm'~ 1% l~ . . . . . :n . A: . . . . . . 1/ .;n t6 zl..mrn~ wnll 9 . 1 n :~i~iiii'!i:~::::-:..(102 mm) " ~ W the water surface. The bottle is located at the ~ - - - " " " , . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . ~.', -4 "-" , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . :i:".-i?:'::-:i!i!i!i".':'..¢:. level ~: ' the floor of the chamber (50.8-ram) long, horizontally oriented steel tube to suppor t the "g:., '!~::...:!:::: .... . :.:'. radiant heat furnace, which is described in Section 2-3. This :-i:. A~":~'~# ~::" . . . . . . . z ~ u o r a u o n or t e s t ~qmpmen t suppor t tube should have provisions to align the furnace o~ . . . . .~ %.:¢" " .:.:--:- accurately so that it is 1 1/2 in. + 1/is in. (38.1 m m + 1.6 ~ ) " : : ~ y ::i--:. . . . . . . . . in .z 1 r n o t o m e t n c ~ stem froma , parallel to, and centered horizontally, and v e r t i g O . ...... to winn:::. . . . . . . :: ":~::..-r.]}..!~ii.;+. " Y " + /16 m.~(1.6 m m ! o f the expose d specimen, area;, T:l~i:~:!~!::~!::i::!i~::::... !ii~.4:~. 2 1 1 When the nhotometric svstem is first assembled and as noles wlm screws mat are equlcustanny posmoneo a r o u i ~ i ~ " ======================= " " ~ ,. . - . , . . ¢ .~ . furnace suppor t tube, or one screw at the top o f . the . supp~ . .~ . .............. necessary tO~lowmg ~ts use or when _a zuzp:c:~ug ~, ~ mai tuncuon

i " " o a " • ::-:-'::::,¢~::t~:~-. "::::~-:: .-. is sust)ected calibration of the photometer should he checked by con uncUon w~th tw diustable (vertacally al.c~::aT-aDoort--~'l~.¢~-'-:- _ • metal guide strips mounted horizontally msi.~e the tt/~iii~, e to'-i~iiU anterruptang the hght beam wath cahbrated neutral den.lty filters.

The filters should cover the full range of the instrument. Optical provide for adequate alignment. .~--::.. ":':i!iii!i!!:. 4 ::¢ The framework should have two s/~-in. : ~ ~ : ~ ) diamet'~. transverse rods of stainless steel to accept the:~id.es of tl~g specimen holder as described in B-1.2. The ro~.h.oul~"."~hpport the holder so that the exposed specimen area is ~ . ~ i to the furnace opening. Spacing stops should be mounte.d..'i::~~ both ends of each rod to permit quick and accurate lateral pS"sitioning of the specimen holder.

B-I.4 Photometric System. (See Section 2-6.) The photometric system should consist of a tungsten-filament light source (Type 1630 6.5-volt lamp, maintained at 4 V + 0.2 V) and a photodetector with an S-4 spectral sensitivity response. The photometer should be oriented vertically to reduce measurement variations, which are brought about by stratification of the smoke that is generated by the specimens being tested. This system is shown in Figures 2-6.2(a) and (b). The window in the chamber floor through which the light beam passes is provided with an electric heater to maintain a temperature of at least 125°F (52°C) to minimize smoke condensation. The collimated beam inside the chamber should

1 have a path length of 36 in. + / s in. (914 m m + 3 mm). The approxamately circular light "spot" is centered entirely within the sensing area of the detector. A typical photomultiplier photometer

Stem will require a high-voltage dc power supply and a neutral nsity filter of sufficient optical density to produce a convenient

signal level for the indicator or recorder. The photometer system should be capable of permit t ing the recording of reliable, optical densities of at least 6.0, corresponding to transmittance values of 0.0001 percent of the incident light. (See B-2.1.1.) The two optical platforms and their housings should be kept in al ignment with three metal rods, 1/9 in. (12.7 mm) in diameter

r 5 and fastened securel) into /16 in. ('7.9-mm) thick, externally

density values that are measured by the photometer should be within + 3 percent of the calibrated values..

B-2.1.2 Shifts in "dark current" levels between tests, excessive zero shifts during test, or lack of calibration imlicate the need for inspection of the photometer system.

B-2.1.3 The optical density of a supplementary fiher that is used to extend the measuring range of the photometer should have an accuracy of_+ 3 percent.

B-2.2 Radiometer. Calibration of the radiometer is accomplished by placing it at suitable distances from a radiant energy source while maintaining its body temperature at 200°F +- 5°F (93°C +_ 3°C) with controlled airflow through the rear-mounted cooh:r and by measuring its electrical output as a function of the irradiance level. The irradiance level is determined calorimetrically by measuring the rate of temperature rise of a blackened, thin copper disk of known weight, area [1 1/2-in. (38A-ram) diameter], specific heat, and absorptivity in place of the radiometer. The measured, millivoh output of the radiometer, at a body temperature of 200°F

o 2 (93 C) and corresponding to an irradiance level of 2.2 Btu/sec.ft 2 r 2 + 0.04 Btu/sec.ft ~ (2.5 Wfcm _+ 0.05 V~/cm ) is used to establish

the furnace control settings as discussed in 4-3.2.

B-2.3 Chamber Pressure Manometer --- Leak Rate Test. For purposes of standardization, a leakage rate test should be periodically conducted by using the manomete r and tubing, that :':h~ch is described" in Section 2-10. The chamber is pressurized to 3 in. (76 ram) of water by introducing compressed air th rough a gas-sampling hole in the top. The decrease in pressure from 3 in.

719


to 2 in. (76 m m to 50 ram) of water is t imed with a stopwatch. This t ime shou ld no t be less than 5.0 minutes .

Append ix C Suggcs tcd I) . . . . . v ~ c - - . , . - r ~ : . , t ' h _ ~ . . _

Repor t Fo F i n

B-2.4 S tandard Smoke-Genera t ing Materials. For checking operat ional and procedural details of the e q u i p m e n t and the test m e t h o d described in this s tandard, two s tandard materials can be used: SRM 1006, Alpha Cellulose (Smoke Density), NIST, and SRM 1007, Plastic (Smoke Density), NIST. U n d e r non f l ami ng condi t ions a single layer of alpha-cellulose, tha t is, cot ton linters, paper, and, u n d e r f laming condit ions, plastic sheet, shou ld provide repeatable, m a x i m u m , specific optical densi ty values in two port ions of the measu r ing range. Use of these s tandard materials does no t obviate the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ncc~ for following the calibration and s tandardizat ion p rocedure tha t is out l ined in this r e c o m m e n d e d practice gtawd:rd.

This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

C-I The followine is a sugges ted repor t form that could be used with the smoke density c h a m b e r as descr ibed in this r e c o m m e n d e d practice.

Sample code Test no. Date

Lab code Operator Time

Recorded data or curve Operating conditions Radiometer reading

Time (rain) % trans. (Ds) Irradiance Furnace voltage Burner fuel

Remarks

Thermal exposure: flaming smoldering Chamber pressure Chamber wall temp Chamber surface condition

mV; W/cm 2

V cc/min air;

cc/min propane

in. H20 °C

Burner:

Sample Description

standard special

Manufacturer Preconditioning: temp

Duration Conditioning: temp

RH ~ %; Duration Thickness: in.: Density.

or

°C hr °C

g/cm 3 IbJtt 3

Initial w t . ; Final wt. % Loss

Special conditions

Results Minimum trans. % at Max. specific optical density, D m - Clear beam reading =

Equiv. D c Dm(corr. ) = D m- Dc=

rain

%;

Figure C-1 Sugges ted Repor t Form - - Smoke Density C h a m b e r

7 2 0


Append ix D C o m m e n t a r y

This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational'purposes only.

D-I In t roduct ion . The smoke densi ty c h a m b e r test was deve loped at the National Bureau of Standards a n d was first descr ibed in an ASTM research sympos ium in 1967. [1,9] Since tha t t ime, n u m e r o u s publ icat ions have repor ted on its appl icat ion a n d on studies of the correlation of results of inter laboratory tests t h rough its use. [2-81

D-I.1 The m e t h o d is somewhat like the box-type test, which was developed by R o h m a n d Haas. [9,10] However, it provides certain modif icat ions in the na tu re of spec imen exposure and the capability for quanti tat ive m e a s u r e m e n t of the smoke that is p roduced . Advantages provided by use of this test m e t h o d include the following.

(a) T h e smoke collection c h a m b e r essentially is sealed so all smoke tha t is p roduced du r ing a test is retained.

(b) Only one surface of a test spec imen is exposed to fire or rad ian t heat ing, thus providing a measu re of effectiveness of surface t r e a tmen t assisting in control of smoke release.

(c) A vertical p h o t o m e t e r is u sed as a m e a n s for avoiding m e a s u r e m e n t errors resul t ing f rom smoke stratification.

(d) Provisions are inc luded for r epor t ing the resul t of smoke m e a s u r e m e n t s in terms of specific optical density, which is a m e a s u r e m e n t of the a m o u n t of smoke that is p roduced and, therefore, is useful for compar ing one composi t ion of a material against another .

D-1.2 Measurements tha t are made with the test relate to l ight t ransmiss ion t h r o u g h smoke.

D-2 Features o f Tes t Method.

, /

-2 m. -1 m. 0 In,

.3

(-50.8 mm) (-25.4 ram) Diagonal distance

",,,,,.

in. 2 in. (25.4 mm) (50.8 mm)

¢

Figure D-2.2 Diagonal survey o f i r radiance at spec imen dur ing operat ion at nomina l 2.2 B tu / sec - f l ~ (2.5 W/cm~) .

I)-2.2.1 The ~ mgasu remen t , which is m a d e du r ing the conduc t o f ~ i ! . ~ " of the a m o u n t of l ight t ransmi t ted as a fraction o f f ~ r c e n ' ~ . - : . g f the initial l ight tha t is t ransmi t ted by the opt lca l . .~NN:: .The ~ u . ~ . pe rcen t of the l ight t ransmi t ted valu~ii~:; ifi*{~arh, u s e d ' i ~ : ' . ' ~ u l a t e the m ~ i m u m specific optical d ~ t y , ~ value, in a ~ i ' d a n c e with Chapter 5. The re is so m e .~. . tagei#~. : . .us ing spedi'fic optical density as a value by which to ~val'~i:.C..~i~'l~s as compared to us ing pe rcen t of l ight

D-2.1 Two exposure condit ions can be gimulated by the tesu t r a n s ~ . c e . . . .

:-~iilii::~!::::.:.~2.2.2 T h ~ i i ~ : : o f this un i t of smoke m e a s u r e m e n t is based on (1) Radiant hea t ing in the absence of ignit ion (2) An open-f lame combus t ion of the spec i men in the presence ":~iiiii:":!:!~!~::~:er's "~:~ of l ight a t tenuat ion, which is expressed as follows:

of suppor t ing radiat ion T = Toe - cy L These two condi t ions were selected as representat ive of ~ i i ~ ¢ s %::" ":.

of fire involvement. The irradiance level o f 2.2 Btu/sec.f~?'i2.~":~ii/i "iii!.~ker e. 2 ¢•'~

W / c m ) was selected as the h ighes t for which mos t c.~|~Josics # .~ %":-'~ = ~o flux t ransmi t tance . . . . . . . . . :+:':':" [:.:: " :" "~.~.~i~.x ",~, ,:'-~::* • • • • would pyr ollze, without, selfq, gnmon.. . Thls ,rrad~ance~i:.:3a:.:.:,,...,n~..~.,,,. ,.:....:.,..:.:.,.......:.,.~ ................ To-- 100, the m m a l t ransm, t ted f lux .

lower t han that which would exist m a c o m p a r t m e n t afte~.iii.i~i.~: . . . . :~i~i~!~i~.~!y w = a t tenuat ion coefficient flashover. It more nearly s imulates condi t ions i¢:.,.~it~itiai:":~.¢..~ ........ L = length of the optional oa th of a fire. ~:.-'.-<';::'~:: ......... !'L'.'~i!~ii!~!~. "::i~!!i:"~ ~': e = 2.71~3 - -

• ~.4~. ~ "~'~'.'i~..".'i:+~ i:~i~i:: D-2.1.1 F rom a scientific viewpoint, h a ~ s t a 9 , t i r r ~ c e ~'" D-2.2.3 Al though V.~d!e the smoke tha t is p roduced f rom fire over all por t ions of the spec imen would • b C ~ . ~ a b l e . Fr6.~. a usually does no t m e e t the r e q u i r e m e n t of a monod i spe r sed practical po in t of view, this condi t ion is n o t f ~ e , be .q~se size . . . . . . 'u it hue ha~n f a u n a tn hehave iI~ a nho tome t r i c ,manner and hea t i npu t of the fu rnace would have to b e ~ y . t ~ c r e a s e d . It , , , rh thmt far th~ n n r n a ~ intPnclPd c~nfical dengltv r an he was considered, tl~.erefore, m o r e practical to a ~ o d . e s t consid'*ered'to b=e~l~ro'fo~rfion'al'r'oughli'~oth'-esrn"oke p ~ t i c u l a t e s n o n u n l t o r m t t y o f ~rradmnce across the surface of t ~ specnmen, th . . . . . . . a. ~^.¢ The m e a s u r e m e n t un i t s~ecific o~tical dens i t - . . . . . . . . a t ~xt c p t v ~ u t . ~ t x . , 1 a i o ~ ,

Thas as no t def ined m te rms of radiance units, bu t ra ther by D~ has been in t roduced to provide a convenient ly factored rat ing specifying the d imens ions of the fu rnace geomet ry and the spec imen spacing. Thus , rad ian t conf igura t ion g e o m e t r y was selected as a m e a n s of specifying the variability o f surface irradiance. The average irradiance, which is specified in the test me thod , is that m e a s u r e d by the rad iometer tha t is descr ibed in the s tandard, an i n s t rumen t sensitive only to the 1 a/q-in. (38.I-ram) d iamete r central a rea o f the spec imen holder .

D-2.2 Figure D-2.2 shows the result of one survey of i rradiance across the spec imen diagonal . This result suggests tha t the overall average effective flux level du r i ng non f l aming pyrolysis is probably abou t 2.0 Btu / sec . f t ~ (2.3 W/cm=) . Al though V . ~ c this degree bf nonun i fo rmi ty is shor t of technical perfection, it is accepted as a practical compromise , cons ide r ing ' t he use for which the test m e t h o d is in tended .

scale as follows:

D, = ( V /AL)d= (V/AL) log (100/7")

where (V/AL) = 132. Previous draf t versions of this test m e t h o d have p roposed that, in

the si tuation where the smoke tha t is p roduced exceeded the m e a s u r e m e n t capability of the apparatus , or if only small spec imens were available, spec imens of less t han s tandard size could be tested and the results extrapolated to the s tandard spec imen size. This p rocedure shou ld noc be used for several reasons, one of which involves the nonun i fo rmi ty of im~diance and pilot f lame exposure.

D-2.2.3.1 Certain o ther test m e t h o d s repor t smoke simply in terms of l ight t ransmission. T h e p rob lem with such a p rocedure is that a person who is unfami l ia r with the characteristics of smoke aerosols migh t a s sume tha t the pe rcen t of l ight t ransmi t tance is a reciprocal , l inear func t ion of the quant i ty of smoke produced , thus conc lud ing that as the quant i ty of smoke p roduced is doubled, the pe rcen t l ight t ransmi t tance is cut in half. This supposi t ion is no t true.

721


D-2.2.4 The concep t of specific optical density, while old in terms of chemical pho tome t r i c practice, was first in t roduced for measu r ing smoke as part of the smoke density chambe r test me thod . It is based on Bouguer ' s law, and it permits repor t ing smoke deve lopmen t in terms that recognize the area of the involved specimen, the volume of the box, and the optical path length of the pho tomete r . Specific optical density is wi thout d imens ion . Its value should , however, be recognized as relat ing to the spec imen only in the tested thickness. In theory, it has the un ique advantage of providing a basis for est imating the smoke optical densi ty or l ight -obscur ing propert ies of smoke that can be developed by the same assumpt ion o f un i fo rm smoke-a l r mix ing a n d u n d e r similar fire exposure condit ions. [11] At the p resen t time, t echn iques for us ing this theoretical approach have no t been developed to a practical stage because of the following influences:

(1) Variations in types of fire exposure (2) Rate of involvement of a material in a fire (3) Venti lat ion characteristics of the c o m p a r t m e n t (4) Degree of stratification of the accumula ted smoke

These are, in mos t instances, u n d e t e r m i n e d variables that gready inf luence light t ransmission t h rough smoke result ing from a fire.

D-3 Factors Inf luencing the Test. Dur ing deve lopment of the test me thod , many factors were cons idered that could inf luence the measuremen t s . Some of the m~re impor tan t of these are m e n t i o n e d and briefly out l ined in D-3.1 th rough D-3.4.

D-3.1 It was observed that, in spite of significant thermal convection mixing, smoke near the top of the cabinet was obviously more dense. This fact was verified by exper imenta l measu remen t s . As a result, it was appa ren t tha t a vertical pho tome te r would yield a m u c h more representat ive m e a s u r e m e n t of smoke accumula t ion than would be provided by a horizontal uni t at one posit ion in the chamber .

D-3.2 Exper iments showed tha t the optical density of the accumula ted smoke was sensitive to the spacing between the spec imen face and the plane of the furnace opening. The exper imen t s seem to suggest that the sensitivity was caused by the following two effects:

(1) Close spacing causing more smoke to en ter the furnace and

exposure to the material within it is less severe t han tha t to material that remains in the normal , spec imen position. A small-scale s tudy was conducted . It showed tha t thermoplas t ic materials differed widely. Whereas appreciable smoke developed from one material placed in the t rough, only a small quant i ty of smoke developed when a n o t h e r material was placed in the t rough. This did not seem, however, to be too different f rom the pe r fo rmance tha t migh t be expected f rom the same materials in ano the r fire exposure. Thus , there does no t seem to be any reason to ban thermoplas t ic materials that mel t or drip into the t rough from the test.

D-4 Precision.

D-4.1 In any me thod , one of the impor tan t considerat ions is the degree to which a me thod , when applied to a given material, will yield cons tan t results. Since this test results in des t ruct ion of the spec imen, the results of any test to de te rmine precision are affected no t only by the r a n d o m errors that migh t be i nhe ren t in the p rocedure but also by any variation in the propert ies of the replicate specimens. Thus , in s tudying the degree to which exper imenta l results can be repea ted within a given laboratory, it,is desirable to use a material f rom which spec imens of un i form composi t ion and d imens iona l characterist ics can be prepared. This fact was recognized in p lann ing tile large inter laboratory study of tile precision of the m e a s u r e m e n t me thod . In spite of this p lanning , some of the exper imenta l variability that was observed was related undoub ted ly to variations in the replicate specimens. In at least one i .p.~...~¢.:,. variation in thickness as great as 20 percen t was o..b.~.'..~, ed. Tb assist in identifying variability, that ;;'l~ich resul ted fro~: : ' [ l~i i~use, r equ i rements for weighing spec imens have now.. ~ . n in~ .e . . . d as a par t of the test procedure .

..::iiii::ii::.. "'::~?. "::i~i~iii~i::.. D-4.~:~:~":'~]aanges::i~..C..:~i~ade in the test m e t h o d descript ion as ...~." 6pt -.e.~.. as compa red j i~ the descr ip t ion that is used to advise f~i::~he c o ' ~ u c t e d rour l~-robin test. These inc luded r u n n i n g ' ~ c i ~ } " . } ~ l e s when the results of th ree spec imens are highly variab'I~i::~aintenance of pilot burner , dele t ion of data that are

........ inconsis'~::.:wi....~., the equ ipment , a n d improved calibration and "iiiiiii-i~::::.:....alignmenC:~@dures. These changes are such that the given '%:::i~ii::ii::ii~,¢j.sion @ shou ld be a s sumed to be conservative as they relate

:-ii:. t~ . : ' . - ' . ~ i i~ t ed test me thod . Better precision migh t result if ::i..:fffioth'~::Iaboratory round- rob in test is conducted .

become c o n s u m e d there ...::::i:iiii~i!:i::.. ~iii:ii: .:i:: (2) Reduced air circulation moving past the specimen,ii~i"cl~iiiiiiiii ::::iiiii.!)~... 2.1 When s tudying the results that are repor ted by the various

inhibi ted open- f l ame combus t ion ::-.-iiiiiiiii::. ~iii!:i . . . . . i: "ii~J ~6°ra t° r ies part icipat ing in the round- rob in study, it was realized • S::""::ii::i::i::i::ii::.. ::::}::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :.-ii.-.:-:l.hat the test m e t h o d draft that was given to the laboratories to

As a result, the separat ion, which is called for in 13-1.3, ~i::~iii~i~?z iri'5:!~::!::::i::!i?:iii!i~" follow failed to contain a sect ion descr ibing condi t ions u n d e r + "/a6 in. (38.1 m m + 1.6 ram) was selected as ~::i~:!#:. .o. .mpf~e which data ob ta ined f rom the test shou ld be excluded. For for the purpose of s tandardizat ion, ff this sp...~fi~'i~i~:.t.-i!...h, eld~::~!iii!~!:~:iiiii:: instance, certain materials were found to ignite u n d e r the small systematic change shou ld be expecte:~ii~n smoke"::-~-i-?, " .~ii . . . . n o n f l a m i n g exposure condi t ion . Obviously, these were n o t measu remen t . Similarly, it is necessary t ~ : ~ . o t a i n the s ' ~ i f i e ~ f n o n f l a m i n g results. A n o t h e r cause for such ques t ion ing of data spacing of 3.0 in. + l /s~ in. (76.2 m m + 0"~8 ~ . b e t w e e n - ~ e heater involved results tha t exceeded the m e a s u r e m e n t capability of the face and the s ec imen surface ::Yi~--i~., .-.-ii:: ho tome te r p . ~-:-::-::. ..::::.- P •

D-3.3 T h e use of a l u m i n u m foil to wrap the back ~ t i ~ g e s of the spec imen was in t roduced to provide better standar.d~zation, because it was found that if smoke was allowed to l'eak ou t the back and edges of the spec imen holder, the various ways in which this could occur in t roduced an undesi rable variability in the m e a s u r e m e n t s .

D-3.4 The ques t ion of how to assess, in an equitable fashion, the smoke produc t ion of thermoplas t ics has been a vexing one since early deve lopmen t of the test. The decision to use a vertical spec imen or ientat ion was based on knowledge that fire behavior and, thus, smoke p roduc t ion differ in v.ertical and horizontal a r r a n g e m e n t positions. Because Since the m e t h o d was cons idered mos t likely to be used for exper imenta l evaluation of interior wall f in ished products , the verdcal spec imen posit ion was selected as mos t relevant. Obviously, the thermoplas t ic p rob lem remained . Port ions of such materials were found to mel t and drip in varying degrees to the floor of the chamber . Thus , tile smoke, resul t ing f rom such materials, is less than would be expected if all the material r e m a i n e d in the f lux field. Whe the r such materials shou ld be penal ized or credi ted for such behavior has no t been validated by definitive exper imenta l a n d theoretical studies. In spite of this uncertainty, du r ing the latter deve lopmen t stages of the test methods , a decis ion was reached to provide a t rough on the spec imen ho lder to collect a n d pe rmi t consumpt i on of some of the mo l t en residue. In process ing this r e c o m m e n d e d oract ice :ta.qdm-d, quest ions were raised as to the usefulness of the t rough because ~inee the thermal

D-5 Repor t ing o f Results. O n e of the obvious needs with a test m e t h o d of this type is to consider ways in which the exper imenta l data shou ld be reported. Early draft versions of dais r e c o m m e n d e d practice s tandard conta ined a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n tha t a correction factor be appl ied to the measu red D= (corr.). The repor t ing of D= as a preferred m e a s u r e m e n t result is based on the following fact: the r emain ing deposit , which follows a test, represents a part of the smoke produced . Thus , it seems irrational to subtract this value unless it c,xn be shown that the deposi t results f rom late accumula t ion following a peak smoke reading. The p rocedures of the test me thod seem to make this unlikely.

D-5.1 Exper ience has shown that the de te rmina t ion of the value of T, which is used eventually to calculate D~ (corr.), is subject to variations in operator t echn ique du r ing the chambe r vent ing p rocedure .

D-5.2 The in t roduct ion of the correct ion factor, a l though ;':!~i!e no t in itself a significant technical problem, suggests a technical sophist icat ion tha t s imply is n o t j u s d f i e d on the basis of the i n t ended use of the data. The effect of these facts was not iced du r ing analysis of the round- rob in exper imenta l data. The results were found to be more consis tent for the uncor rec t ed data (D~).

D-6 Limitations on Application of Smoke Measurement Data.

D-6.1 The smoke prob lems that develop du r ing unwan ted fires have been recognized for many years. Fire f ighters are Faced with

7 2 2

N F P A 258 - - N o v e m b e r 2000 R O P

them daily in their work. However, three problems have tended to prevent application of standards limiting the acceptability of materials or products on the basis of smoke production:

(1) The extent to which the smoke measurement assesses the smoke hazard [12,13]

(2) The lack of a well-defined measurement method that could be shown to provide a technically valid means for smoke characterization

(3) The fact that most materials orproducts , when burning, release large quantities of smoke, a n d t h e r e are only limited ways of reducing smoke production

The first problem sdll exists, and the second problem has been partially alleviated with the development of the smoke chamber. However, it must be recognized that only two of a wide range of fire exposure conditions are simulated by the test method. Thus, any rank ordering of materials by the test should be recognized as based only on the fire exposure conditions applied, and, in fact, the test method develops different rankings depending on whether a ranking is based on the nonflaming exposure or' the flaming exposure. All of the parameters that affect fire behavior will . influence the amount of smoke that is produced. Thus, it is unrealistic to place great confidence in the smoke measurement as a unique and absolute measure of smoke production during

Appendix E Referenced Pubfications

E-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this recommended practice for informational purposes only and are thus not considered part of its recommendations. The edition indicated here for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this recommended practice.

E-I.1 NIST Publications. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

SRM 1006, Alpha Cellulose (Smoke Density). SRM 1007, Plastic (Smoke Density).

E-I.2 Other Publication's. Gardon, R., "An Instrument for the Direct Measurement of

Intense Thermal Radiation," Review of Scientific lnstrumemts, Vol. 24 (1953), 366-370. Yuill, C. H., et al., "The Control of Smoke.. in Building Fires - A State-of-the-Art Review," Materials Research and Standards, Vol. 11, No. 4 (April 1971), 16-24.

E-1.3 Endnotes for Appendix D. [1] Gross, D., Loftus, J. J., and Robertson, A. F., "Measuring

building fires• Smoke from Burning Materials," Symposium on Fire Test Methods --. The third problem also remains• If significant changes in smoke Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP429., American Society for

levels are to be expected when fire occurs, it seems necessary to Testine and Materials, 1967, 166. require large changes in D . To limit the type and size of fire that r21 Gross D Lg.~.~s.. 1 ! Lee T G a a d G r a v V E "Smoke sC°U:kdede;:cll°P~iSoeVe:?l~mt~tU:~Sui~c~iuld hnaV:h to:teriPlaced on " and Gases Prod~~::g~.::.gurning Aircraft lnterior Materials," NBS

p g anct me Building Scien~":.!~es, BSS 18 (February 1969), U.S. Government occupancy items, and comprehensive fire prevention and Printin= O f f t ~ : : - ~ l q n c , ton DC protection measures would have to be maintained continually, r31 B ~ e l a ~ 'l "~. '~s~fulness of a New Method for Smoke Yield

• . ~ from S ~ e ~ i i ~ n d P~:. . .~roducts," Forest Products Journal, FPJOA, D-6.2 It is important to rememoer mat tor any given thermal Vol ~-~i']~-~"::23-98 %::-:::"::'~:-# e x p o s u r e c o n d i t i o n the s m o k e t h a t is p r o d u c e d w h e n a fire occu r s r~*'~£e~-~'~ "I?~t~rl~:~to~ Eva lua t ion o f S m o k e D e n s i ~ is related to the thickness and density of the matenalmvolved. The ~ b e r .::::::-ktBS Tech ?¢~'te 708 tDecember 197D importance of specimen thickness is illustrated in Figure D-6 2. ~ ~ : : ' * i : " . ' : ~ . "The Smoke I)ensih, Chamber'IVlethocl for The indication deviations from a linear relationship of D , with Evalu~t~r"~. tiae Potential Smoke Gen'era~tion of Materials " NBS Tech. specimen thickness result from the decreasing pyrolysis rate of the Note 75~"?.~.~uav.v 1973) specimen as the burning layer progresses into the specimen and, "~-".:~:::%!~-.-. .... [6] AST~ii~"" 'mit tee E05.2 "Interlaboratory Test Data for the also from the increasing rate ot smol~e dropout and condensation "!~;::::! '~.ke ChOiCer Test Method " RRE-5-10C2 (1976) • . ..:.:. -..~........... . . . . . . . . • as h~ h smoke concentration develops g • % .~i~,'~-~iii~]ll, J. 1L, "Smoke Development in Polymers Durin~

. . . . . . "~!::,,...-~oly.~:'or Combustion," Journal of Fire and Flammabili~y, JF~LA , :i::!!!!':."~i~i~il :~.-:.:.!~" (July $'~970), 183-216.

500 .::¢..:'-:"; ";:ililili: ] :iiii..~...~.8] Chien, W. P,, and Seader, J. D., "Prediction of Specific .::~iiii:.. ~-::...| ...:: .'.'i~ptical Density for a Smoke Obscuration in an NBS Smoke

~ " : : " ~ : : : : i i i i i : . . : ~ - i | ~ ! i i : ¢ : J ) e n s i t y Chamber," Fire Technology, FITCA, Vol. 11, No. 3 (august 400 ~ " '%'.:::i::~ii ['~:%:~.-'~~-:" 1975) 206-217.

• ~ ~ : - ~ : . . '%~iii~::.. [. [9] Bartosic A.J. and Rarig, F.J. "Evaluation of the XP2 Smoke / ~ ~ i ~ : : ":~:-~'-"~t::" Density Chamber," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and

I / ..:..-~ %!..":.."...'.: .~.:-:'~:" / Smoke (1966), ASTM STP422, American Society for Testing and 300; ~ ~ . .... "%ii! ~:~ / Materials, 1967, 106.

/" . . . . . %~:.'.:~ .... ~i~i [10] ASTM D2843, Standard Test method for Density of Smoke from / ' ~ ' - . . . . . . ii~" the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics (1993).

200 / ~iit:,...:.# :" [ 11 ] Robertson, A. F., "Estimating Smoke Production During ~'%ii ~v Building Fires," Fire Technolog3, FITCA, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 1975), -:#: 80-94.

100 / [12] Yuill, C. H., et al., "The Control of Smoke in Building Fires - - A State-of-the-Art Review," Materials Re~earch and Standards, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1971), 16-24.

I I I 9'4 In. Vz in. % In.

(6.35 mm) (12.7 mm) (19 mm) Specimen thickness

Figure D-6.2 D= for spruce as a function of specimen thickness under nonflaming conditions.

D-6.3 The smoke density chamber provides a means for characterizing smoke production for research and development only. It provides a means for reporting an experimental rate of smoke production and a time at which spedfic smoke levels are reached under the applied test conditions.

[13] Committee E-5, "A Report on Smoke Test Methods," Standardization News (August 1976), 18-26.

Appendix F Selected Papers for Further Study.

This appendix is not a part of the requirer~rnts of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

17-1 The following list of papers has been selected as an introduction to a much broader list of do cuments relating to smoke problems during building fires. In selecting these references, emphasis has been placed on U.S. and Canadian work. There is a considerable body of foreign hmguage publications of great merit, but, ~ t h one or two exceptions, these haw.- not been included.

F-I.I Review Papers. Autian, J., "Toxicolog), Aspects of Flammability and Combustion

of Polymeric Materials, Fire and Flam. (July 1970), 239-268. Galbreath, M., "Fire in High Buildings," National Research

Council of Canada, Fire Study, Vol. 21, NRC No. 10081 (Ottawa, April 1968).

723

NFPA 258 - - November 2000 ROP

Little, Arthur D., "Fire Gas Research Report," NFPA Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 3 (~anuary 1952), 280-306.

Wood, P. G., The Behavior of People in Fire,"Joint Fire Res. Org., Fire Research Note No. 953 (November 1972), 113.

F-I.2 Fire Gas and Smoke Hazard. Bono, J. A., and Breed, B. K., "Smoke Ratings in Relation to

Visual Observations," Fire Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2 (May 1966), 146-158.

Fiorca, V., Higging, E. A., Thomas, A. A., and Davis, H. V., "Acute Toxicity of Brief Exposures to HF, HCI, NO~ and HCN with and without CO," Fire Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2 (May 1972), 120-129.

Fristrom, 1L, Annual Summary Report (July 1972 to 30June 1973), App. Phys. Lab., Johns Hopkins Univ., Rept. No. FPP A73 (August 1973). Jin, T., "Visibility through Fire Smoke (Part 2, Visibility of

Monochromatic Signs through Fire Smoke)," Report of Fire Res. Inst. of Japan, No. 33 (1971), 31-48.

Shern, J. H., "Smoke Contribution Factor in Fire Hazard Classification of Building Materials," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP422, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967.

Smith, E. E., "Evaluation of the Fire Hazard of Duct Materials," Fire Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1973), 157-170.

Tsuchiya, ~., and Sumi, IL, "Combined Lethal Effect of Temperature CO, CO~ and O~ of Simulated Fire Gases," Fire and F/am., Vol. 4 (April 1973), 132-140.

Tsuchiya, Y., and Sumi, K., "Evaluation of the Toxicity of Combustion Products," Fire andFlam., Vol. 3 (January 1972), 46-50.

Yuill, C. H., "The Life Hazard of Bedding Fires," Fire and Flam., Vol. 1 (October 1970), 312-323.

F-1.3 Smoke Test Methods. ASTM D 2843, Standard Test Method for Density of Smoke from the

Burning or Decomposition of Plastics (1993). ASTME 162, Standard Method of Test for Surface Flammability of

Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source (1994). Bartosic, A.J., and Rarig, F.J., "Evaluation of the XP2 Smoke

Density Chamber," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP422, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967.

F-1.4 Smoke Behavior During Fires. Bell, D., and Lieberman, P., "Smoke and Fire Propagation in

Compartment Spaces," Fire Technology, Vol. 9, No. 2 (may 1973), 91-100,

Carhart, H., Hazlett, R. N., Johnson, E., and Stone, J. P., "The Transport of Hydrogen Chloride by Soot from Burning Polyvinylchloride," Fire and Flare., Vol. 4 (January 1973), 42-51.

Fackler, J. B., "Fire and Smoke Invasion of Apartments," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP422, American Society for Testingand Materials, 1967.

Heselden, A., and Hinkley, P. L., "Smoke Travel in Shopping Malls - - Experiments in Cooperation with Glasgow Fire Brigade," Part I, Joint Fire Res. Org., Fire Research Note 832 (july 1970). See also Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, Vo1.12, No. 3 (1970), 234.

Hinkley, P. L., "The Flow of Hot Gases Along an Enclosed Shopping Mall --A Tentative Theory;"Joint Fire Res. Org., Fire Research Note 807 (March 1970). See also Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, Voh 12, No. 3 (1970), 235.

"Movement of Smoke on Escape Routes in Buildings" (Proceedings of the Symposium held at Wafford College of Technology) Joint Fire Res. Org,, Her Majesty's Stationer), Office, London (1971).

Shorter, G. W., et al.,"The St. Lawrence Burns," NFPA Quarterly, Voh 53, No. 4 (April 1960), 300-316.

F-1.5 Smoke Management During Fires. "Explanatory Paper on Control of Smoke Movement in High

Buildings," Nation~..~i.B...uilding Code of Canada, Nat. Res. Council," Canada, NRC, N...e..'~i:;~i:f-~-.1.3.

Haggerty, J. lk2-"i'~ii.'.'A N6"~ Look at Smoke Stop Partitions," Fire Technology, ~...B~:]::ii~iiNo. 2 (May 1970), 111-122.

McGuire;:{~i i H.,"-T:~..ura, G. T., and Wilson, A. G., "Factors in Contro~.~ ' : j.~m. oke"]~il-'..~..igh Buildings," ASHRAE Symposium, F/re Haza.g.~:::N::~.ffPutings ~ ' y 1970), 8-13.

S ~ , C+.~ and Tanmra,.~.~lN-, "Basis for the Design of Smoke S N ~ , " F~::..Technology,"..Vol. 9, No. 3 (August 1973), 209-222. ":i::"St~.l~iii~::."Smokeproof Towers in Center Core Structures," Fire T ~ l o g ~ , Vol. 2, No. 4 (November 1966), 303-307.

Short~'~::::~, W.:, and Wilson, A. G., "Fire and High Buildings," :!iiiii~;'~:i::.:.... Fire Techn t~ i iVo l . 6, No. 4 (November 1970), 292-304. %:::~:~-?i'i'~ii':-:::::.~.. -':::+-" ::ili:::: '":::Ni~i~rte~i:~:al Analysis of Fire Gases. ":~i::i: ..::!¢ii~iPf~] J., and Stepnlczka, H., "A Study of Smoke Density and

":i~!i:.:"Oxyg~i Index of Polystyrene ABS and Polyester Systems," Fire and Brenden, J. J., "Usefulness of a New Method for Smoke Y'.~.-l~::{i!::.. from Species and Panel Products " Forest ProductsJourn.~};Voi?~ ":::::::i:.F/~..~., Vol. 2 (January 1971 ), 36-53. (1971), 23-28. ..::~si{i::i::, i::::::i i" ..~ :::i::i~ii'~askill, "Smoke Development in Polymers During Pyrolysis of

Christian, W. J., and Waterman, T. E., "Ability of S~':ff~l~.ii::~'ii:i:i~ii::ili.%::.. ":'i'i:':".!~:Combustion, " Fire and Flare., Vol. 1 (July 1970), 183-216. Tests to Predict Full-Scale Smoke Production," Fire TechniCal; ...... :::::::::::::::::::::::::: Hilado, C., "The Effect of Chemical and Physical Factors on Vol. 7, No. 4 (November 1971), 332-344 . . . . . . . ::i:i:i:i:::::: ...... %:i::i::::iii .... " ....... Smoke Evaluation from Polymers," Fire and Flare., Vol. 1 (July

Comeford, J. J., and Birky, M., "A Method f_..~::~':~i~'~iur e~.~.::i-:: 1970), 217-238. of Smoke and HCI Evolution from Poly(vi~.~ chloride~::~i'~ire "-i!¢ .... Hilado, C.J. "Smoke from Cellular Polymers " Fire TechnologT, Technology, Vol. 8, No. 2 (May 1972), 85~::::"~::: :~!!ii'i'i':: 4::" Vol. 5, No. 2 (May 1969), 130-139.

Gross, D., Loftus, J. J., and Robertson~"A. lz-~-i~aMethod ~ Wagner, J. P., "Survey of Toxic Species in the Pyrolysis of Measuring Smoke from Burning Materials," ~ s i u m o ~ i r e Test Combustion of Polymers," Fire Research Abstracts and Reviews, Vol. Methods--Restraint and Smoke (1966) A S T M - S ~ ~ e r i c a n 14 No. 1 (1972) 1-23. Society for Testing and Materials, 1967. :::~:..~'~:" Woolley, W. D., and Wadley, Ann I., "The Thermal

Lee, T. G., "Interlaboratory Evaluation of Smoke,.O:i~nsity Decomposition Products of Phenol-Formaldehyde Laminates, Part Chamber," NBS Tech. Note 708 (December 1971).

Lee, T. G., "The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Evaluating the Potential Smoke Generation of Materials," NBS Tech. Note 757

anuary 1973). A 255, Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning

Characteristics of Building Materials, 1996 edition. Rasbash, D.J., "Smoke and Toxic Products Produced at Fires,"

Trans. J. Plastics Inst. (January 1967), 55-61. Silversides, R. G., "Measurement and Control of Smoke in

Building Fires," Symposium on Fire Test Methods - - Restraint and Smoke (1966), ASTM STP422, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1967.

Smith, E. E., "Measurin~Rate of Heat, Smoke, and Toxic Gas Release," Fire Technology, Vol . 8, No. 3 (August 1972), 237-245.

2. The Production of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide," Joint Fire Res. Org., Fire Research Note 852 (December 1970).

F-1.7 Smoke Production Measurements. Gaskill, J. R., and Veith, C. R., "Smoke Opacity from Certain

Woods and Plastics," Fire Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3 (August 1968), 185-195.

Gross, D., Loftus, J. j., Lee, T. G., and Gray, V. E., "Smoke and Gases Produced by Burning Aircraft Interior Materials," NBS Building Sciences Series, BSS 18 (February 1969), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Robertson, A. F., "Tests Indicate Venting Increases Smoke Production from Some Polymerics," Fire Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 9 (September 1973), 97-98.

724


NFPA 287

(Log #CP1) 287- 1 --(Entire Document): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Fire Tests

I RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee on Fire Tests proposes to adopt a new standard, NFPA 287, Fire Propagation Apparatus as shown at the end of this report. SUBSTANTIATION: The Fire Tests Committee wishes to develop a new standard addressing the test method for measuring a materials' flammability. The standard determines and clarifies material flammability characteristics related to the propensity of materials to support fire propagation by means of a fire propagation apparatus.,

The material flammability characteristics that are quantified include critical heat flux, thermal response parameter, fire propagation index, effective heat of combustion and smoke yield This fire standard is distinct from other fire standards because of the focus on characterizing hazards associated with large scale, self sustained, upward orflow-added fire propagation on materials and products and not just the response of materials to an imposed external heat flux..

The document is also being developed in response to a request from the Technical Committee on Cleanrooms for a test procedure which can be referenced for use within a clean room application. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 27 VOTE ON COMMrFI'EE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 23 ABSTENTION: 2 NOT RETURNED: 2 Griffith, Lingenfelter

COMMENT ON AFFIRMATIVE: FRITZ: If Kuma's analysis of the reference No. 10 document is

accurate, then it should not be used in the standard. EXPLANATION OF ABSTENTION:

HIRSCHLER: Because of potential client interest. MILKE: The need for the new apparatus is not clear. Very few

apparatus of this type exist to check repeatability of results between labs.

NFPA 287

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Flammability of Materials in Cleanrooms Using

Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) 4.-~

2000 Edition ~

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or l e t t~ designating a paragraph indicates that expl . . . a ~ : ~ . t e l paragraph can be found in Annex A. ~:'~-":" "::"i~!i~i~::ii!~::,

Information on referenced p u b l i c a t i o ~ n be f o u ' ~ ''~ 8 and Annex C. ~'.':li~.-., %

~i.--.-.... Chapter 1 General "-':"~.~.. ~..'..'~ ~ ~.~ ~.~...-...:..,.~: ....

1.1 Scope. ~':":"

1.1.1 This standard shall determine and quantify flammability characteristics of materials containing polymers that are used in clean room applications. The propensity of these materials to support fire propagation, as well as other flammability characteristics, arequantified by means of a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). Measurements obtained include ume to ignition

(t,~), ch'emical ( Q them) and convective ( 0 e ) heat release

rates, mass loss rates ( r h ) and smoke extinction coefficient (/9).

1.1.2 The following separate test methods are included: (a) " l~nition Test shall be used for the determination of t,_. (b) ~ombustion Test shall be used for the determination%f

(c) Fire Propagation Test shall be used for the determination of

( Q e h e m ) from burning of a vertical specimen.

1.1.3 Units. The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard.

1.2 Purpose.

1.2.1" The test methods described herein evaluate the suitability of materials and products containing polymers for use in cleanrooms. These test methods also provide the transient response of such

materials and products to prescribed heat fluxes in specified inert or oxidizing environments, for use in mathematical modeling. The FPA is also designed to obtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fire products (CO s , CO and, if desired, gaseous hydrocarbons).

1.2.2 Distinguishing features of the fire propagation apparatus (FPA) include the following:

(1) Tungsten-quartz external (isolated) heaters to provide a radiant flux of up to 65 kW/m ~ to the test specimen, this flux remaining constant whether the surface regresses or expands

(2) Provision for combustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows of normal or either oxygen-enriched or oxygen- vitiated air

($) The capability of measuring heal. release rates and exhaust product flows generated during self-sustained, upward fire propagation on a vertical test specimen 0.305 m high

(4) The capab~l.i..l;y for characterization of the smoke yield from a • ...~-~:~:~:~::::.. specimen ;...: y ~..-~.:.::::.:::.:.. ~i:':" "'::"

1.2.S* T h ~ ' ~ i ~ . e t h o d s are part of a quantitative methodology for assessing..:~e pi~. .ns i ty of materials and products used in clean r . . ~ i g o sup~.x.:t upward fire propagation and to generate e f f i ~ ! ~ as sfff~...:.:::.~:his methodology consists of the c~ela~.o~" of f l a m m ~ i ~ y indices resulting from the test methods

. . . . ~ c o ~ s p o n d i n g cl~'~racteristics me~Lsured during real-scale fire -::~::~.~..g~..experlments. Indices resulting from the test methods

inc~':i.criffcal heat flux (CHF), thermal response pararneter -~ ( T R P ~ - ~ pr.opagation index (FPI), effective heat of combustion ~:~.:':-:.:.,.:...::... (EHC) ~ o k e yield, (y,). The TRP and CHF indices are ~%i:'..':..-::.o.btained ~ : m the ignition test, the EHC and (y~) indices are ~ ~" : '~ : . .~ ' ;~ ' rom the combustion test and the FPIis derived from a

: . : - - - . . ~ ~ a g a t i o n test in air containing 40 percent oxygen.

~ji~ ~: 1.2.4 Summary of Test Methods. This st;mdard is composed of ~# ~ ~ r e e separate test methods that shall be used in conjunction with a

£~g~*.'.'~ii~i~.,.::... %..~:"-"":~ fire propagation apparatus. The ignition and combustion test ' "~i~i,.:i~: methods shall involve the use of horizonud specimens, in normal h-::Fh.~. . air, subjected to a controlled external radiant heat flux that shall be

set from 0 up to 65 kW/m ~. The ignition test method shall be :~?::" ~ : t e r conducted under ambient conditions, whereas the combustion and

fire propagation test methods shall be conducted with a prescribed airflow within a quartz pipe. The fire propagation test method shall involve the use of vertical specimens, in air having a 40 percent (by volume) oxygen concentration, subjected to ignition near the base of the specimen from an external radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m 2 and a pilot flame.

1.2.4.1" The ignition test method shall be used to determine the thermal response parameter (TRP) and critical heat flux (CHF) of horizontal specimens. The TRP shall be determined from changes in the time required for sustained ignition by a pilot flame as a function of the magnitude of a constant, externally applied radiant heat flux• The CHF shall be determined fi'om the magnitude of externally applied radiant heat flux below which there is no sustained ignition. Measurements also sh;tll be made of time to initial fuel vaporization. The surface of these specimens shall be coated with a thin layer of black paint.

1.2.4.2 The combustion test method shall be used to determine the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and smoke yield, (y,), as well as the chemical and convective heat release rates when the horizontal test specimen is exposed to an external radiant heat flux ofS0 kW/m ~ in the apparatus.

1.2.4.3" The fire propagation test method shall be used to determine the fire propagation index (FP:I) of vertical specimens. A 40 percent oxygen concentration in the inflow shall be used to simulate the radiant heat flux from real-scale flames.

725


1.2.5 The fire propagat ion test of vertical spec imens shall no t be used for materials tha t mel t and form a liquid pool while burn ing .

1.2.6 This s t andard does no t pu rpo r t to address all safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibili ty of the user of this s tandard to establish appropr ia te safety and heal th practices.

1.3 Definitions.

Cleanroom. As def ined in NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Cleanrooms, a room in which the concent ra t ion of air-borne particles is control led to specified limits. C leanrooms include areas below the raised floor a n d above the ceiling grid if these areas a r e part of the air pa th and within the rated construct ion.

Critical Heat Flux (CHF). T he m i n i m u m hea t flux at or below which there is no ignition.

Effective Hea t o f Combus t ion (EHC). The energy genera ted by chemical react ions per un i t mass of fuel vaporized.

Fire Propagation Index (171)I). The propensi ty of a material to suppor t fire propagat ion beyond the ignition zone in terms of the chemical hea t release rate du r ing upward fire propagat ion and TRP.

Smoke Yield (y,). The mass of smoke particulates genera ted per un i t mass of fuel vaporized.

Thermal Response Parameter (TRP). A material characterist ic that gives resistance to ignit ion u p o n exposure to a prescribed hea t flux.

1.4 Symbols.

A n = cross sectional a rea of test sect ion duc t (m 2) CHF =

EHC = FPI

GCO =

GCO =

I / l , , =

K =

L

Mlo.~

Xco z = measu red carbon dioxide analyzer reading or mole fraction of carbon dioxide (-)

Xco = m e a s u r e d carbon m o n o x i d e analyzer reading or mole fraction of CO (-)

y, = mass of smoke particulates genera ted per un i t mass of fuel vaporized (-)

Superscripts • = per uni t t ime (s -~) 0 = average value before ignit ion of the spec imen Subscripts d = test sect ion duc t

m =

m d =

Patm p~

Q chem =

Q~ = T, =

At =

V = W =

combustion test (kg : i!iiiii mass loss rate of spec imen result~:~::~om co~ibust ion (kg / s ec )

mass flow rate of gases in the test secfi.gi~i duc t (kg/sec) a tmospher i c pressure (Pa)

pressure differential across averaging Pitot tube in test sect ion duc t (Pa)

Chapter 2 Tes t Apparatus

2.1 General.

2.1.1 W h e n d imens ions are stated in the text or in figures, they shall be considered manda to ry and shall be followed within a tolerance of 0.5 percent . In addi t ion to this tolerance, cylindrical componen t s m e a n t to fit toge ther shall have a total clearance between the two c o m p o n e n t s of 0.1 pe rcen t of the clearance diameter , 0.025 mm.

2.1.2 The appara tus shall consist of the following componen t s , shown in Figure 2.1.2: an infrared hea t ing system, a load cell system, an ignit ion pilot f lame and timer, a p roduc t gas analysis system, a combus t ion air dis t r ibut ion system, a water cooled shield, an exhaus t system, test sect ion ins t ruments , calibration ins t ruments , and a digital da ta acquisi t ion system.

2.2 Infrared (IR) Heating System. :::::,.

2.2.1" Each o~.-i~o~iii~-~41 m m long infrared (IR) heaters shall contain six ~ t e n f i lament tubular quartz lamps in a compac t reflector I ~ 1 ) ; : : ~ for a 120-volt input , shall p roduce 190 k W / m ~ of r a d i a ~ ! . ~ i ' ~ n t of the quartz window ;,.hat covers tile lamps.

critical hea t flux ( k W / m 2) The...¢'~.t~:..of ea~ '~ i~p . . sha l l be a 127-ram tong tungs ten specific hea t of air at cons tant pressure (kJ /kg K) fil@:e'n't"l:~:an argon': : :{~6~phere enclosed in a 9.5 m m oute r ext inct ion coefficient obta ined f rom test section duc t ..~.'~/net~;.. clear quartz ..~ihbe. The emit ter shall operate at a tu rb id imete r (m -a) . . : : i ~ J ~ u ~ f 2475 K fgr a 120-volt input , to p roduce a spectra effective hea t of combus t ion (kJ/kg) .... en:~.:~:ea~-'~-at 1 15 micron. fire propagat ion index (mS/3/kW ~ sec w~) ...... iiiiii::ii.:::..

...... 2.2.2 " ~ i ~ e r control ler shall main ta in the ou tpu t voltage mass flow rate of CO in test section duct (kg/sec) :::!i!i~{i{i:.:::::,, required"~{~/l]e hea te r array despite variations in die line voltage

":!::ii~':'::!:iiiiiiiiiii~.. o a d : : ~ p e d a n c e t h rough the use of phase angle power control mass flow rate of CO~ in test section duct (kg/sec) "!~::i .i~i~:~-~.~"the h o t / c o l d resis tance characteristics of the

...... "-ii,.::::.::::..:.::i!::"tu n g~":'~n/quartz imps . The. contro, let also shall, incorporate. ratio of l ight intensity m e a s u r e d by turbidimet.¢~'-~i~:":, iiii~, aver'age voltage feedback to hnear lze the re lauonshlp between the average before igni t ion (-) .... i ........ ~:i:i:i:i ..::i::" ::i:i:i: "iii~:....:..~oltage set by the operator and the ou tpu t voltage to the lamps. flow coefficient of averaging Pitot tube [dv/~:~gas ..ii::? ::. :iiii:: veloci ty/ (2Ap~/p)W~] (_) -:i!'::""%i!-i: "::Jii:::i!i!i~::iii:::" "!"-":'!i!i::" 23* Load Cell S stem T h e load cell s tern shown in Fi res .-- '::i:::::~::::-: :~ "::~:i:i:i:i::.'::'.:'. " y . ys , gu l ight beam ha th length for test sect ion duct t u ~ e t e r "~':::::::~::" 2.3(a) and 2.3(b), shall consist of a load cell, which shall have an (m) ~ ° ~::!!~::iiiii .... :':~::.:iii!i ....... accuracy of 0.1 g and a measu r ing range of 0-1000 g, a 6 35 m m

u t imate chan~:e in spec imen m~::~esuit~:~ii~om a:--:~iiiii~ ~ . . . . d iameter stainless steel shaft, at least 330 m m long, rest ing on the . . . . . ~:':':':::" ::::" load cell suppor t point, a 100 m m diameter , 1.5 m m thick

a l u m i n u m load platform connec ted to the uppe r end of the stainless steel shaft by a collar and two, low friction, bal l-bushing bearings that guide the shaft as it passes t h r o u g h the top and bot tom, respectively, of the air d is t r ibut ion chamber . The stainless steel shaft shall incorporate , at the lower end, a th readed ad ju s tmen t rod.

chemical hea t release rate (kW)

convective hea t release rate (kW) average gas t empera tu re in test sect ion duct before igni t ion (K) gas t empera tu re in test section duc t (K) thermal response pa ramete r (kWosecW2/m ~) t ime (sec) t ime between data scans (sec)

total volumetr ic flow rate in test sect ion duct (mS/sec) horizontal width of a flat spec imen or the c i r cumfe rence of a cable spec imen (m)

2.4 Ignition Pilot Flame. T h e igni t ion pilot shall consist of an e thy lene /a i r (60 /40 by volume) f lame adjus ted for a 10 m m length and a n c h o r e d at the horizontal end of a 50 m m long, 6.35 m m O.D., 4.70 m m I.D. stainless steel tube. In the hor izontal tube section, a 4-hole ceramic inser t shall be used to p roduce a stable f lame a n d prevent flashback. The pilot f lame tube shall be able to be rotated a n d elevated to posi t ion the horizontal f lame at specified locations nea r the spec imen, as shown in Figures 2.3(a) an d 2.3(b).

2.5 Ignition Timer. The ignit ion t imer for measu r ing t ime to sus ta ined f laming shall be capable of r ecord ing elapsed t ime to the neares t ten th of 1 second and have an accuracy of better than 1 second in 1 hour .

2.6 Gas Analysis System.

7 2 6


Bare sta in less steel duct to b lower and roof

1 52 mm d iamete r coated sta in less steel exhaust duct

152 mm d iamete r coated sta in less steel test

3 po r t s - - 120 degrees apart, one port averag ing pitot tube for mass f low rate measurement , two ports p lugged

2 po r t s - - 180 degrees apar t for smoke turb id imeter

3 po r t s - - 120 degrees apar t one port the rmocoup le probe, one port product sampl ing probe, one port p lugged

I ' I

i °1

!

!

f

I

Blast gate and l inear actuator contro l

E" E'-- ( 3 )

153 mm

152 mm

76 mm 76 mm

O~

E

:E

o•l E ~ E

1 52 mm d iamete r coated . . . . . _ I I sta in less steel mix ing.duct ~ ] ..~i~::..

I • . i ~i--- " Gas mix ing [ ..::~":"::~i~::- 89 mm d iamete r or i f ice - ~ , . /.-::~.::" "::~:':~!~.-::.

1 52 mm 610 mm dmmete r coate i!!ii::;::' s ta in less steel intake funnel ~ I~.~.~::S ~ :::"

1'72 mm d iamete r quartz ex tens ion p ipe ~ ~ ....... ~ " : " ~ . : . : : . ~

Sta in less steel c o n n e c t o r - ~ ~ " ' ~ : " ~ ' ~ : ~ ...... " ~ ....

172 mm d iamete r quar tz p ipe ~ i Four infra-red heaters, ~ ~ ' : : I each with 152 m m - 2 0 3 mm 500-W l a m p ~ ~ . , - i . . ] 241 m m x 81 mm × 81 mm .... : ~ : . i : i ~ : ' [ 3 mm a luminum plate 165 mm x 292 rn'm "'"ii~::] ] 6 mm a luminum mount ing p late . . : : i i i¢ : i :~ :~: : ' : ! :~ i~ i i~ i " :~~, J I . . . . - ~ - -

6 mm adjustable steel a n g l ~ S : ~ . e t ~ : ~ l [ / ~'~]." " ] T ~ 1 0 0 m m d i a m e t e r a l u m i n u m l ° a ~ ? ~ . . - t f o r m ~ i;: H ,qrzT1-11in i l 186 mm d iamete r a lum inum cylind"~i!!!:.::: . . . . J i;:: ~ II IIIII I I 225 mm d iamete r wa te r -coo led i'i~i!::~ .... " t " T " III II I I I I I I I shield with pnuemat i c piston < : : " ~ . ~ ~ . ~ - - 1

216 mm d iamete r a lum inum air d istr ibut ion box - - J r - J _ ~ J . _ ~ ' ~ 'L_j " " l in leta i r 6 mm d iamete r s ta in less steel p i lot tub~ ~ ] ~ ] supply 6omadcdeial meter s ta in less steel shaft . . .~ l~ l ~ - I

E

Steel f rame members

(D (N I

I- l- cxl CM

E [E IE o

78 mm "73 mm

E ~E

E 139 mm E - - C )

( 0

E c6

Figure 2.1.2 Apparatus Main View.

727


Specimen holder 102 mm × 102 mm or 99 mm diameter

13 mm thi

High ten typ

6

3 n (

Adjustal (8) pl~

Iocki

5 0 m m x ! x 4.5 mm angle (alu

~ S e e water-co

shield connection

bra

2.6.1 The gas-sampling a r r angemen t , as shown in Figure 2.6.1, shall consist of a sampl ing probe in the test section duct, a 5-6 micron pore size plastic filter to prevent entry of soot, a condense r operat ing at t empera tures in the range of 5°C to 0°C to rernove liquids, a tube conta in ing an indicat ing desiccant 10-20 m esh in size to remove mois ture , a cartr idge filter, a sampl ing p u m p tha t t ransports the flow th rough the sampl ing line, a system flow mete r and manifo lds to direct the flow to individual CO, COz, Oz, and hydrocarbon gas analyzers. The sampl ing probe, made of 6.35 m m (0.25 in) O.D. stainless steel tub ing inserted t h rough a test section port, shall be posi t ioned such that the open end of the tube is at the center of the test section. The sampl ing probe shall be connec ted to a tee fi t t ing that allows ei ther sample or calibration gas to flow to the analyzer, and the excess to waste.

2.6.2 The carbon dioxide analyzer shall pe rmi t m e a s u r e m e n t s f rom 0 to 15,000 p p m and the carbon monox ide analyzer shall permi t m e a s u r e m e n t s f rom 0 to 500 p p m concen t ra t ion levels. Drift shall be no t more t han + 1 pe rcen t of full-scale over a 24-hour period. Precision shall be 1 pe rcen t of full-scale and the 10 pe rcen t to 90 percen t of full-scale response t ime shall be 1.0 second or less.

2.6.3 The inlet-air oxygen analyzer shall have a 10 percen t to 90 pe rcen t of full-scale response t ime of 1.0 second or less, an accuracy of 1 percen t of full-scale, a drift of no t m o r e than _+ 50 p p m O 2 over one-hal f h o u r and a 0 pe rcen t to 50 percen t range.

2.6.4 Opt ional P roduc t Analyzers for the Combus t ion Test . An addit ional oxygen analyzer shall be permi t ted to measure the deplet ion of oxygen in the combus t ion products. This analyzer shall have the s~ : : . spec i f i ca t ions as the inlet-air analyzer but shall have a concen...t .~i]~%ange of 19 percen t to 21 percent . A hydrocarbol~i!~, analyzer shall be permi t ted to de te rmine the total gaseous I ] . . . ~ o ' ~ b o n concen t ra t ion in the combus t ion products. This a~ . . .~}r sfi~?{!iii~....m, ploy the f lame ionization m e t h o d of d e t e ( ; ~ If'.~ye a It]i{~.e.rcent to 90 percen t of full-scale response tim¢ii:~;('I::~-:-s'econd 6~i}{~sl~;and mul t ip e ranges to pe rm t ..r~.~'"asur~,#qents f rom a,~i l-scale of 10 ppm m e t h a n e equivalent to

.... ~ '~900 ~ m *" ......... ~iiiiiiii]]~:::'i~:"::':':%

2.7 "~bust ion Air Distribution System.

'-~i'ii::~iiii:i::.:,. 2.7.1" ~iia:i:uminum:::::':" ":" air dis tr ibut ion chamber , shown in Figure " :iiii.~":'~::i:~!i!!::!::!~,.'.-.'7...::l., sha.tl::'(zontain e ight discharge tubes a r ranged in a circle of 165

iiii::i ...... i i i ~ : : ~ d e diameter . Each tube shall be a l u m i n u m and built to %.::?i'-" distr.i.~hte inlet gases to three sets of screens, consist ing of stainless

!ii~i!iiiiiiiii! ":::::iiii' stee]:"woven wire cloth of 10, 20, and 30 mesh from bo t tom to top, .::::::. :-:i::ii.:...:~espectively, for p roduc ing a un i fo rm airflow. ....

Figure 2.3(a) Exploded view of sp#:~iii~.a..ntin:~!i!i!:!i::.:.:.::¢:.

< ........ !i::g:i~::. ::::!!~i~i mm Oiametor oa.z e×tens i •o

Stainless stool connector "~':':':....'~ .::i:: 172 mm dia mete r qua rlz ~ ~ " ~ " " ~ ' ~ " ~ ' 1 " - ' " ~ h ~ I ~'~ ! Four inf .... ed heaters " ..... ~ I I with 152 mm--203 mm 500-W la'mps ~"~.,__._.~ ° a C m m × e ' mm×e ' mm \ " t I 3mmaluminumplate165mmx292mm I I 6 mm aluminum mounting plate ~. ~ _ I I 12 degrees c~,t -- | 464 mmx51 mm ~ [ ' ~ = = : ~ "~ " 7 . ~ 78 mm i i ~ ] 6 mm adjustable steel angle bracket ~ ~" ] m ] " - * 73 mm I ! ~ 100 mm diameter aluminum load platform / l]r,,~TEllifi 186 mm diamo.ora,um, . . . . .od . . . . II III 225 m m d i a m e t o r w a t e l ~ - c o o l o d ~ -I--~111 II I I I I I shield with ° ~ I ~ ~ pnuomatlc piston I JU~l-II-UL- 10 mm aluminum plate ! Inlet air supply 139 6 mm diameter stainless steel pilot tube

31061 mmkgmmmml°addiameter "u"aluminumCellchannelStainlesSplat°steel frameSt°°l membersShaft S / ~ " ~ / ~ ~'~'~I~EIE I mm70 J

41 minx41 mm

Figure 2.3(b) Exploded main view.

7 2 8


5-6 micron I Refdgerated circulator I . ~ " filter

(Ethylene Glycolusedasloolant)J ( ~ Condenserfilter D

2 mm- 19.05 mm O.D.

indicating desiccant (10-20 mesh) Calibration

gases 5 - 6 Psig

6.35 mm filter Inlet

S~ummP~e ~ I 10 IJmin - z \ c horsepower O~tlet oil-less diaphagm

vacuum pump

r°°T°'---I rJ-

I Sample system flowmeter (10 LJmin)

. Control - / - - switch

6.35 mm stainless tube with thermooouple for ambient temperature measurement. Tube open to room [ exhTaOu 1 To Sample Sample - ~ 8 out in

O. IJmin , Inlet oxygen

I Nitrogen(grade 4.8) bottle (on when calibrating 02

and testing) ret nitrogen , calibration ..:: direct from bottle @ '~"lNe u°° , N C gas ~:

138 kPa gage lhrough manifold '-'$' I to individual ref flowmeters f 2 ~

.g.~ ....:¢-~ . . . . . <:':~.x. . . . . ~ :~ i~

.:-:-.:::~ ~-.'.-..':-!!!!~ ~ !.,. ~ ,~:.:.-.::..-::

Closed except for calibration of 02 analyzer

~ T e s t Section

/22 Calibration gas mixture To

40% hydrogen exh~ 60% nitrogen

mixture

i!iiiiii~eference tlowl :~'~" ::~ 0.8 I./min

Hydrocarbon free air--

[ manifold en

I= I Sample manifold t

Flow diagram gas-sampling system.

- By product of the analyzer is H20 approximately 2 mVday can

be generated. Empty this daily

~ 1 To To :------~ exhaust~l, room~.

Sample Ref out out

Carbon'monoxide analyzer

l • Sample flowmeter

0.8 Umin

To To :~------~ exhaust~, room~.

Sample Refl out out I

Carbon monoxide ana yzer

, Sam pie flowm eter 0.8 L/min

7 2 9


6 mm

T- 51 m m _

1_ --f--

3 mm

. . . . . ~I Square groove { L . , , , ~ weld around joint

- - - ~ , ,FC) , , <

~ m m ~ II II ~3 m m O . D . - - I f ' - - ~ I

16mmO.D. ~- >]

Detail of discharge tubes

mm pipe - ~ Forced ventilation ~e copper ~ . inlet air - - 7

n x 32 mm x 1 3 m m z--32 mm threaded pipe cap ~ ~ ~ r ~ l m a t t u b i n g ~

threaded tee brass • brass

..... ii:::::::::::!i.-. i?:"" '" "'-~':~

'::~!!iiiiiilt .... . , : . : . : . : . : . : . .

.... %iii:;j~:- .... ii:::::.: -:ii . . . . . ;ii:: :,~,"

• 216 mm O.D. Sarn~i~i~£.rt..~:.-#.~:!.:. \ ! "" 3 mm ~ 168 mm d ameter CB ), measure ~.~f~n ': "~] / - 6 mm tubing copper

I I con ce ntrat'~i:i::.. ::. ,T~F-~/ DP • 165 mm I.D. ; .:::.: . . . . . : :M i i i i : : . . . - i ~ ~!i~:;i!i!:;!!! ......... '::~i:;!!i!:;!~ ....

I / I1 I~ i l II ..:.:1 ~ : ~ i : : 7 ~ /.::!i .... I I I / ~ / I r - ~ ~ . 7 ~ i - " # r ' ~ . . " ' - : ~ " ~ ~ ~ / I - ~ , ; , 7 ' ~ - - Y ~ - 1 - - - - -- t - - - - 1 - - - ~ - - - t - - - - - 1 - - - ~ -

, ,Lm , mmI.D.4 # . . . . . . . . / ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: , I , • zz mm:m{¢~. ~ . : - . 19 mm O D .-:-: ........... :.:.:.~. ::::::::::-..-:::. • " - ~ ~ ..::':: . . . . :'::i:i:i:::i:'::. :'~: :i:i:i:!:i:i::" ..::ii::::i:.i" k ) ' i~ : .SHO~i~ lG DISCHARGE TUBES

Install (1) .... iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii%....j! i:: .... / retaining ring

typ (2) places

Square groove weld. /~j i i ~ i ~, all around joint

both sides

aluminum (typ 3 places)

Fillet weld ~ - - S c r e e n s t , O I,," < completely around

. . . . . ~ joint

_-~ 12~F'~ 1 6 m m 5"- ~ Install (2) low

friction, ball bushing bearings (1) in top of chamber (1)in bottom

PARTIAL VIEW SHOWING FLAT BARS

Figure 2.7.1 Air d i s t r ibu t ion c h a m b e r .

7 3 0

N F P A 287 - . N o v e m b e r 2000 R O P

2.7.2 The air supply l~ipes, shown in Figures 2.7.2(a) and 2.7.2(b), shall consist of an a luminum cylinder extending from the air distribution chamber up to the load platform. This cylinder shall contain a step to suppor t a quartz pipe. Above the load platform elevation, the quartz pipe shall supply oxidant to the specimen flame while allowing radiant energy from the IR heat ing system to reach the specimen surface. The a luminum suppor t cylinder shall be rigidly at tached to the distribution chamber, with the quartz pipe removable.

Quartz pipe extension

Stainless steel connector

pipe

Ceramic paper gasket seal

suppc

Figure 2.7.2(a) Exploded view of quartz pipe assembly.

1"72 ram - ~

228 mm

1 Quartz pipe extension

186 mm

G 3 mm ceramic r J$ added to provi~a'a~ght ~ 54 mm 15 mm

~:'.:i ~ ..... .-:-ii:: ~ "::-::

.+':':.::::k I ~ : ' - - . i

..::!::-. ii:: .-:!!:!:':':::'::~:!:k. "::~ ~ ":~i~

..::~-" ".'." i

,~.-':,-'.:.~ .... "%:-, ~ -.-.-~.. - --~:.

1B6 mm

24~mm ~ ' r, I ~ 5-~t-I mm t - f~ t__t

S rainless st~e[ connoclo¢

1 ~ n~m

0 i

431 mm i

Quartz pipo

'::.:.:ii~re 2.7.2(a) Dimensions of qu~trtz pipe assembly.

~ ' ' " 8 .... ~::::'"% '"':~:" "~-j~ii~:!::::.2. W a t e r , holed Shield. The water cooled shield, shown in ":~!i ":q%.::~..e. ~fJ::"shall prevent the specimen from being exposed to the

nder "~:'-' . : . . . j i ~ : ~ r s during the 1-minute heater stabilization period. The '%i#::" shie~"shall consist of two a luminum cylinders welded together

~.:~:: with an inlet and outlet for water circulation. An electrically " ::~.-.:'~}:tuated, pneumat ic piston shall raise the shield to cover the

::-"::'specimen dur ing test preparat ion and shall lower the shield within i ~~!~::" 1 second to expose the specimen at the start of a test.

• -:, 2.9 Exhaust System. The exhaust system shall consist of the ~::%"-~:~" following main components : an intake funnel , as shown in Figures

2.9(a) and 2.9(b); a mixing duct, as shown in Figures 2.9(c) and 2.9(d); a test section, as shown in Figure ?.9(e); an exhaust duct, as shown in Figure 2.1.2; and a high tempera ture blower to draw gases th rough the intake funnel, mixing duct, test section and exhaust duct at flow rates from 0.1 to 0.5 mS/sec. The intake funnel, mixing duct, test section, and exhaust duct shall be coated internally with a f luorinated polyethylene-polypropylene (FEP) resin enamel and finish layers over a compatible pr imer to form a three-layer coating that shall withstand temperatures of at least 200°C

2.10 Test Section Instruments.

2.10.1 The thermocouple probe shall be inserted through a test section por t and posi t ioned such that the exposed,~type K measurement bead is at the center of the test section, at the axial position of the gas-sampling port. The thermocouple probe shall be fabricated of wire no larger than 0.254 mm in diameter for measurement of gas temperature with a time response in the specified exhaust flow of no more thaia 1 second and an accuracy of 1.0°C.

731


• 225 mm )

I J ~ - . ~ 2 0 3 m m

13mm- 1 Cooling water JL_

outlet ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "1':

Typ (2) places I 7 , , fillet weld ; ' re ii

around joint

13 mm threaded socket

typ (2) places

Cooling war e r _ ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . . . inlet13 mm- } "

Note: This view rotated 45 degrees for clarity

Shaft, typ (2)

Low-friction block bearin to 50 mm x x 4.5 mm ar typ (2) place

This clamp to pnuemafi, via an attad

1 229 mm

A, /:.:~::" tLiff~s'and inletf~i!!iii¢::

Detail of welded .... #" ~mitted for clarity!.:.:7 aluminum shield .:Ji!ii::::iiiiiii!ii;iiii::...::9~.:......::. "":'

Note: "~ '~"~bly '~ mechanically :i::iiii:i ........ fas i '~ . .ex6ept as noted.

====================== "-::~--.-:."

Figure 2.8 Wate r -coo led shie ld . '%:.'::i:i~i!:::~i::i::iii::ii::ii!:':::: . . . . . . . . iiii;; ....

S:::%iiii~iiii: :~::ii~ . . . . .

For funnel flange-.-,, t-~ < Square g r o : o v ; ~ .~.;#::::'~:%iiii?:::~::~::iii ...... are u n .d..j.O.[.n. t ::~i::::::::iiiiii-$~ " ..............

0.508 mm ~ ' ~ I steel s h e e t ~ / [ 4:'#:'ii

, 6 m m O . D . / I

I ' ' " o v ~ 6;0 ,I Tack. fillet weld

completely around joint

Notes: (1) All dimensions are mm unless noted (2) Coat inside of funnel with FEP after welding (3) Coat thickness: 0.5 mm

Figure 2 .9 (a) In take f u n n e l .

See det~ "DI" ( 182.626 O.D. >

/ ~ ' ~ 0 degree 3"251 89.027 I.D.

%~, "~- •

Knife KIgo. Do notchamfer, t debu~ ot radius this ~

NOtD: A~ dime~sions are rru'n unless noted

32 mict'oinch finish

/ - (3) ~4do~

0 1 2 ~ 7 R 2'565-2"718 3.988-4.140

o-r~g groove

12.7

De~I "D2" taper bore detail

Note: Material 303/304 S.S.

Figure 2 .9(b) F u n n e l f lange.

7 3 2

NFPA 287 - -November 2000 ROP

914

u a J

Notes:

-1 .575 wall seamless tubing

(1) All dimension are mm unless noted (2) Flanges to be square with tube (3) Coat inside of duct with FEP after welding (4) Material 304 S.S.

Figure 2.9(c)

32 kracroklch F flr/t,h (3) sides

Detag "FI" o-ring groov*

s . ~ . . _ : _ _ q ~ o , , , = ~ ,o~.s~e o.D. , 1 ~ ° 3.251 150.75

~'~ ~A (1) All d ~ I s l o n s are mm unless hotel 15 875 I= 7SR (2) Material 304 S.S.

+0.127 (3) A m a t c l ~ pub" consists of (I) lanl~o --0.-"~ with o-ring goovo and (1) Ilang, v ~ o u t

Figure 2.9(d) Duct flanges.

'$.~.

2.10.2" Averaging Pitot Probe and Pressure Transducer. The averaging pitot probe shall be inserted through a test section por t 220 m m to 230 m m downstream of the thermocouple por t and measure the mass flow rate of the gas stremn using at least four sets of flow sensing openings. One set of openings shall face upstream and the second set downstream and be des igned for compatibility with the test section diameter. The differential pressure genera ted by the probe shall be measured with an electronic pressure t ransducer (electronic manometer ) .

2.10.3" The smoke turbidimeter measuring system, as shown in Figure 2.9(e), shall measure smoke extinction coefficient and, both, characteristic smoke particle size and particle number density. The interference filters shown in Figure 2.9(e) shall have the following specifications: central wavelengths of 457.9 nm, 632.8 nm, and 1064.Onm, +2/-0 rim; filtering band width of 10 nm +2 nm and min imum transmittance of 40 percent.

2.11 Heat Flux Gauge. The IR heating system shall be calibrated by using a Gardon type total heat flux gauge having a nominal range of 0 to 100 k W / m ~ and a flat, 6 mm to 8 mm diameter sensing surface coated with a durable, tlat-black finish. The body of the gauge shall be cooled by water above the dew point of the gauge environment . The gauge shall be rugged and maintain an accuracy of within +3 percent and a repeat'~bility within 0.5 percent. between calibrations. Whenever the IR he:~ters are calibrated, the calibration of the heat flux gauge shall be checked throngh the use of a black-body oven calibration facility that compares the gauge response to that of an optical pyrometer With a NIST-traceable calibration or th rough the use of a facility that compares the gauge output to that ! ference stan d.

2.12 D i g i t a . ~ Collection. The digital data collection system shall be .~..~alA~,-~i~recording the output f rom the CO, CO~, hydroc~..r~.n g a ~ : . c o m b u s t i o n and O~ inlet air analyzers, the load ~.-:...~.'.¢... test ~ : ~ n i.ostruments and the electronic pressure t r a . ~ u c ~ : a ~ 1-seco~:~-.]gf~rvals. The data for gas concentrat ions ~ 1 1 b~:i:.t.ime-shifted t..~i.:'fi~:count for delays within the ga+s-sampling

i . ' ]~jin~i~.¢spective ifi~trument response times. The data • cd~|~g:<~'~:':i"s'~tem shall~.have accuracy corresp ondlng to ,-tt least _+1 °C for t ~ . . c r a t u r e measurement and _+0.01 pe rcen t o f full-scale instru~t::...o.:.;ittput for all o ther channels. The system shall be

....capable ~ o r d i n g data for at least 1 hour at 1-second intervals. ::::::::::::::::::::::.~.:~:.. ~::.'".::::~:~.:'.-.~:i::- Chapter 3 Calibration of F,quipment

3.1 ~f~adiant Flux Heater.

!~i1.1 ]R beaters shall be calibrated at the start of the test day. The quartz windows, lamps, and back reflective surfaces of the IR heaters shall be cleaned of any impurity buildup or scratches. The heat flux gauge sensing surface shall be posi t ioned to be horizontal, at a location equivalent to the center of the top surface of a horizontal specimen. Calibrations shifll be performed, both with and without the quartz pipe in position, by recording IR heater voltage settings and corresponding ]heat flux gauge outputs that cover the entire range of flux levels for p lanned tests.

3.1.2 At least annually, the position of the IR heaters shall be checked by setting the heater voltage at 90 percent of the maximum value, posit ioning the hea t flux gauge sensing surface to be horizontal and measuring the heat flux at each of five locations, cor responding to each corner and the center o f a square, horizontal specimen, at an elevation equiw.dent to that of the specimen top surface. The posi t ion of each IR heater shall be adjusted symmetrically and the heat flux measurements repeated until there is at most a 5 percent mean de~,iation of the five readings from the average value. Then, the heat flux gauge shall be posit ioned, with the sensing surface horizontal , to locations equivalent ' to the vertical axis at the center of a square, horizontal specimen and the heat flux measured at elevations of 10 mm and 20 mm above and below that equivalent to the specimen top surface. The hea t flux at these four eh~vations shall be checked to ensure that it is within 5 percent of the value at the elevation of the specimen top surface.

3.2 Gas Analysis Equipment.

3.2.1 The gas analysis equ ipment shall be calibrated before the first combustion or fire propagat ion t ~ t o~" the day.

733


Rear ~ ~ ~ collimating f ~ ~ J~ ~1

tilRiabmbeOnt .._ Pinhollens 7 / f ~ ' ~ " ~ ~rr~ ~ ter|l~rence

lamp L U'k'k',~J I~1~ ~.\\\\\\~\7'~ [/ Optical path '~.~\\',.\\\,,,,\,,\\\\\~ J~ L: 7~ Jl rr ~-" ~ , ~.....\..\.........\~ ,~'mm ~\\\\..\\\.\\\\\\.\..\\.\\~q ~ ~

lens L12.7 I.D. s m o k e ~ ~ / diffusion tube ~ Photodetector

SMOKE TURBIDIMETER

1.575 wall seamless tubing

Fillet weld ~ p (8) around joint k-.J~V \ aces

\

38.1

For smoke turbidimeter attachment to couplings 180 degrees apart. see detail above

r ¢ r,~"

.. ":iil .<::::::..

..:::::::::::::::.. . . : : ~ i : : " ' " : : ~

::i:i::-.

!:. "::~iiiiiii::.. .::- ,:::::::::

~J~ J Typ (2) places 457

28.600 I.D. 28.758 I.D.

(3) c% in. NPT half couplings 120 degrees

apart

f/I, o~'52 .,-I For duct flanges see detail

Figure 2.9(e) Test section.

Notes: (I) All dimensions are mrn unless noted (2) Flanges to be square with tube (3) Coat inside of duct with FEP after welding (4) Material 304 S.S.

734

N F P A 287 ~ N o v e m b e r 2 0 0 0 ROP

3.2.2 Carbon dioxide and carbon monox i de analyzers shall be calibrated for m e a s u r e m e n t of the combus t ion gases by establ ishing a downsca le /ze ro calibration, po in t a n d an upsca l e / span calibration point. The upscale calibration shall be pe r fo rmed with a "span gas" at the uppe r end of the range that will be used du r ing actual sample analysis a n d with a "zero gas" for the downscale calibration po in t at the lower e n d of the analyzer range. Ni t rogen shall be used as the "zero gas" reference source by tu rn ing on a Grade 5 n i t rogen cylinder.

3.2.3 The oxygen analyzer for the m e a s u r e m e n t of inlet oxygen concent ra t ion and the optional oxygen analyzer for the m e a s u r e m e n t of combus t ion gases shall be calibrated by establishing ~t d o ~ a s c a l e / z e r o calibration poin t a n d an upsca l e / span calibration point. T he upscale calibration shall be pe r fo rmed with a "span gas" at the u p p e r end of the range that will be used du r ing actual sample analysis a n d with a "zero gas" for the downscale calibration poin t at the lower end of the analyzer range. Grade 5 n i t rogen shall be used as the "zero gas" reference source.

The optional combus t ion gas oxygen analyzer shall be checked to ensure that the span, (upper range) set t ing does no t change by more than 0.1 percen t after the first zero gas (downscale) set t ing is per formed. If it does change by more than this amoun t , t hen the calibration p rocedure shall be repeated.

3.2.4 The optional hydrocarbon gas analyzer shall be calibrated at the down-scale po in t by us ing grade 5 n i t rogen as the "zero gas." Me thane at a concent ra t ion that ma tches the opera t ing range of the

Chapte r 4 Tes t Spec imens

4.1 Spec imen Holders . Four types of spec imen holders shall be

~ ermitted: horizontal square; horizontal circular, as shown in igure 4.1(a); a vertical spec imen holder , as shown in Figure

4.1(b); and a vertical cable spec imen holder , as shov~a in Figure 4.1(c). The horizontal square ho lder shall consist of two layers of "2 mil" (0.05 m m thickness) a l u m i n u m tbil m o l d e d to the sides a n d bo t tom of a square spec imen. The horizontal circular ho lder shall be a 99 m m diameter a l u m i n u m dish. The vertical spec imen holder shall be a 485 m m h igh x 133 m m wide ladder rack. The vertical cable ho lder shall be 825 m m high, for suppor t ing a cable spec imen 810 m m long and up to 51 m m diameter .

)_ Wrap holder with 24 gage wire (2) places g0 degrees apart-

analyzer shall be used as the "span gas" for the upscale calibration.

3.3 Load Cell. The load cell shall be calibrated each t ime it is :i~:. - I 25 used. The ou tpu t voltage shall be set to zero by adjust ing the tare, ]1 .-!i~:::x:::?~::..:. , / • with the approprmte empty spec, m e n ho lde r m posltaon. A NIST- ~ . ~ : ~ . . . . . - [ - - - - traceable weight co r respond ing to the weight of the spec imen to be ~ : 1 ~'~.}.:A',:, / tested shall t hen be placed on the empty ho lder and the ou tpu t ,,r, J ~ : ] "N:A:.:i~!::., ~^ . Stamped voltage measured . Lineari ty shall be checked by repea t ing this ~n ~ i ~ l ~ "~:':."-!!~:.-:!- .~.~ ~ _ . ~ aluminum holder p rocedure with th ree o ther NIST-traceable weights so as to cover ':''::'~: ....... ":~:r "::ii::::::i~!::.$.-~l~ the entire spec imen weight range. -:~"-:F~ :-"::, / :~i~}; ....

. . : : : : : : : : : : : . . ~ . ' : . ~ ~ : : " • :.'.:~:::':-':'.-!~:, .:..-.....'..!~!:~:.. [ ~ 10 2

3.4 Hea t Release Calibration. "' "~:~.~!~.,..::!~':~":'::~, O.D.

3 4 1" The hea t release rate m e a s u r e m e n t process shall be .,- ";::~:""" " : ' - . . . . . u - ' e s s noted cal ibrated at least mon th l y to ensure the p rope r fu t i c t ion ing o f t h ~ ? ? . ...... 1 1 1 T A ~ i s d I ~ i s u ~ ' ; o hold charring fire p ropaga t ion appara tus The m e a s u r e d effective hea t o t " ~ ' : " " : ~ J " ":"" - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d

. . . . -'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ":::: :':~iL~n_,~.. ~ l t , . ~ .,a,~,,,=,~ .~ ~ , , ,,~ ,,~1~, comnust ion o t acetone snan oe cnecKea to ensure mat i t =s w~mln ::i& ":.::-"~::":':~}~owdered s ecimens -+5 pe rcen t of the reference value of 27,900 kJ /kg and tha t .th.e. 'iii!i::.::!.:iiiii:, ~ " v P measu red total delay (or lag) t ime of the gas analyzers i ~ - ~ a n :iii~] "~:"

15 seconds. A ~ :~i" ::!!}-!:!J:: Figure 4[l(a) Horizontal circular spec imen holder .

3.4.2 The IR heaters or the pilot shall no t be use~!~::":;:i~iiiii~ii!i~iL..:k.::~i~;i!""::~ii'~:~':" ....

3.4.3 All o ther requi red calibration proced~l:.~::i~ibecl:'i~::iii ~. ........ 4.2 Condit ioning. Spec imens shall be condi t ioned, before surface prepara t ion or testing, to mois ture equi l ibr ium at a t empera tu re of

Section 3.4 shall be performed. ..:...:...~f:: ........ ::":i~iiii~:: ":~;i~i~i~i~i~::'..:.:.:.:.. 23 + 3°C and a relative humidi ty of 50 + 5 pe rcen t for ,,4" hours .

3.4.4 Inlet airflow shall be checked to,-.!g~.~, tha t it ~ at ~ ; +-20 L /min . ,<~::~::[.%..

. . . . . . . ..'.'::~

3.4.5 The data acquisit ion p rogram shall be s ~ . ~ ; i - - : :

3.4.6 100.0 ml of acetone shall be placed in a 97:.::'~m d iamete r heat-resis tant glass spec imen dish on the load cell.

3.4.7 The ace tone shall be ignited us ing a match 30 seconds after the start of data acquisition.

3.4.8 Data acquisit ion shall be ended 2 minu te s after the end o f visible f laming.

3.4.9 The effective hea t of combus t ion shall be d e t e r m i n e d following the calculat ion p rocedure in Chapte r 6.

3.4.10 The delay t ime for the gas analyzers shall be de t e rmined by compu t ing the difference between the t ime when the test section duc t gas t empera tu re reaches 50 pe rcen t o f its.steady-state value and the t ime when the reading of each analyzer reaches 50 percen t of its steady-state value.

4.3 Spec imen Size and Preparat ion .

4.3.1" Igni t ion and Combus t ion Tes t s o f Horizontal Specimens . Spec imens for the horizontal square laolder shall be cut f rom planar materials or p roducts to be 101.6 m m x 101.6 m m in area. Square spec imens shall have a thickness of no less t han 3 m m and no more than 25.4 ram. For materials mad products having a thickness greater than 25.4 mm, the u n e x p o s e d surface shall be cut to reduce the thickness to 25.4 ram. W h e n the igni t ion test is pai red with a fire p ropaga t ion test, the spec imen thickness shall be identical in bo th tests. Square spec imens shall be used with the horizontal square holder . Granular spec imens shall be used with . the hor izonta l circular ho lde r by filling the a l u m i n u m dish. Cable spec imens shall be used with the horizontal circular ho lde r by be ing cut to cover the center and at least 20 m m on each side of the center of the a l u m i n u m dish. The exposed top surface of square, g ranu la r a n d cable spec imens shall be sprayed with a single coat of fiat black pa in t tha t is des igned to wi ths tand tempera tures up to 540 _+10°C. The pa in t 'coating shall be cured by condi t ioning the spec imen at a t empera tu re of 23 ± 3°C and a relative humidi ty of 50 ± 5 pe rcen t for 48 hours . Before testing, the ho lder conta in ing the spec imen shall be placed on a 13 m m thick, calcium silicate board having a density of 700 k g / m s to 750 k g / m s, a thermal conductivity of 0.11 W / m K ' t o 0.13 W / I n K mad the same d imens ions as the holder , as shown in Fitgure 2.3(a).

7 3 5

35

'~] 133


A3

128

127

130

65

10 drill -J typ (3) places

343

3 mm diameter stainless steel wire ladder frame secured to all the rods with 24 gage wire

Steel plate 76 mm x 150 mm × 5 mm t h i c k - ~

\ I \ / - Grind corner

I I \ I / t o clear I ] ~ I / a l u m i n u m stand

• ~ ~ " ' ~ - a 5

~ : . ~ : / \ " (10) places I~ 1 ~ ! i ! ~ : : - ~ to provide

..~i!~ii!-~i!~:. ":i--~i]ii . . . . airf low

" ~ ~...:..¢¢ ................ ~.:. "-:- H o l ~ a i r f l o w not shown A3 ~i~i~i- ~:i::ii ....... in m ~ " v i e w for clarity

10 mm diameter hex nut .:..:-:::::~i::.~i~i::. A ~ 3 " typ (6) places ...............

~ - ~ o ........ '::~::-~::::iiiiii::::~.~:...::,:~::::::::" all thread rod typ (3) places iii} i:!

.... ¢~!iii::i::iiii::i::::.:::~:.. "i::!iii: " '!!::

-:i¢¢::i~iii ~iiiiii!~i;: ~::::ii::i~i!: iiiif:

,I::" "::i:i:i:i:i::.. ' ~ t e s ! .... i!i::::::::::::::ii .... ~ i All d imensions are mm unless noted "::i~!i!#!::.. - -"

":~'iii::. ..::.:-~2) Flat specimen is secured to the ladder f rame using 24 gage wire

Figure 4.1(b) Vertical spec imen holder .

4.3.2 Fire Propagat ion Tes t o f Vertical Specimens. Vertical spec imens shall be cut f rom planar materials or products to be 101.6 m m in width and 305 m m in height . Vertical spec imens shall have a thickness of no less than 3 m m and no more than 13 mm. For materials and products having a thickness greater than 13 ram, the unexposed surface shall be cut to reduce the thickness to 13 ram. W h e n the fire p ropaga t ion test is pai red with an ignition test, the spec imen thickness shall be identical in both tests. Ceramic paper having a density 190 k g / m 3 to 200 k g / m 3 and thickness of 3.2 m m shall be placed to cover the sides and back surface of the vertical spec imen. Two layers o f "2 mil" (0.05 m m ) thickness a l u m i n u m foil shall t hen be mo l ded to the ceramic paper on the sides a n d back surface of the vertical specimen, thereby leaving the f ront surface of the spec imen exposed for testing. Following this preparat ion, the bo t tom of the vertical spec imen shall be placed on the metal baseplate of the vertical ho lder shown in Figure 4.1(b), with the covered (back) surface of the spec imen against the ladder rack. Twenty-four gage n i c k e l / c h r o m i u m wire shall be wrapped three turns a round the vertical spec imen, the ladder rack and the

th readed rods at dis tances of 100 m m and 200 m m from the bo t tom of the spec imen to secure the spec imen to the vertical spec imen holder .

Cable spec imens shall be rr iounted as shown in Figure 4.1(c).

4.4 Mount ing Methods . The exact m o u n t i n g and retaining me thods used shall be specified in the test repor t if d i f ferent f rom the techniques in Section 4-3.

Chapter 5 Tes t P rocedure

5.1 P rocedure 1: Ignition Test. The igni t ion test shall be pe r fo rmed to de t e rmine the thermal response pa rame te r (TRP), and the critical hea t flux (CHF) of a material t h r o u g h m e a s u r e m e n t of the ignition t ime over a range of external hea t fluxes.

7 3 6


\

i I I

I I

I

I I

I 1

I

I I

~0 I I

i I

I I

I '5 I

A2 -

Flare bevel groove weld around joint with a

5 mm width of bead

5.mm places

--13 mm d iameter round steel stock

Snip 22 mm x 45 degrees typ (4) corners

- - - Fillet weld around joint 3 mm with 3 mm width of bead

Instal l ~ ~ degrees 8 mm diameter x 50 mm long bolt ~ "~ ,Dd l110 D hole in

typ (3) p laces ~ t " ~ / ' - I ~ ,~ - -~ '~ \ tube before weld ing J_[[ ~-1-~-- ~ 1 ~hex nut to tube

Note: Bolts not s h o w n . ~ . - - ~ . ~ r ~ - - ~ ) - 7 typ (3) p laces for cladty ~ 3 0 degrees

- - 8 mm hex nut degrees typ (3 )p laces

3 mm hole for ~ . ":::* wire used to .-'.~"-:%.*.'.':.:~. secure cable ~ ".:~-.'~,,, typ (6) p laces

Fillet w~.~::i~ot~:..~ides of ,ii#:: . ~ l ~ ,~e , Typ (2) r o u n d ~ : . ! n t ~ i t t e n t l y , "; 2 r~m " p l a c e s "each weld::!~:~'.~i'~"t~ng with

a 25 mm sl~~i~::between welds

~ t " " ~ 5 m m Qs~"Y~i~::mm w&.'~! thickiSess

__2:~-':~:~ii~% ~-:):::-:::.:.... ~: .:~i~::" 3 9 I / - ~%::::::::::i~:: .~%!~i~:Ji .:::.-

.::: j . ~ . , : : . :~:~::..&. ::. ~. -,~" l . / ~ 3. ....... ~:'~ ~ :"-" :r ' . S t e ~i~ii~.l.~It'e

~ ~ 2 m~'~:~< 6 m II ,".t 1~"

- ' i [ ..:::.:%:::...:.:~, , -:.':" mm thick _ 13 drill ';;':~ "~.~. ~i!~.i" Notes:

j "~!~, .~g'~" (1) All d imensions are mm unless noted 13 mm d iameter bolt %1~.-.,,..-.-.:::" (2) Cable specimen is placed in the center

of the holder with lower end on the steel plate. x 102 mm long .~ It is secured by three t ie wires and is .centered

by t ightening the three bolts in the steel tube.

Figure 4.1(c) Cable spec imen holder .

5.1.1 Ni t rogen for ex t inguish ing f lames shall be ready to flow at 100 +10 L / m i n and cylinders of compressed ethylene a n d air available to give the specif ied pilot f lame when needed .

5.1.2 T h e 13 m m thick calcium silicate board suppor t ing the appropr ia te horizontal spec imen ho lder shall be cen tered on the a l u m i n u m load p la t form with no quar tz pipe in place, to insure natura l airflow.

5.1.3 The exhaus t blower shall be t u rned on.

5.1.4 The pilot f lame shall be ignited a n d adjus ted for a 10 m m flame length.

5.1.5 The l ighted pilot f lame shall be moved to a posi t ion 10 m m above the spec imen surface and 10 m m radially in f rom the per imeter of the spec imen.

5.1.6 The air and water suppl ies shall be t u rned on to cool the IR heaters .

5.1.7 The water-cooled shie ld s u r r o u n d i n g the specim~en ho lder shall be raised to prevent spec imen exposure to external hea t flux.

5.1.8 The IR hea te r voltage shall be set 1:o p roduce a 30 kW,/m 2 exposure of the spec imen surface a n d the IR hea te r allowed to stabilize for 1 minute .

5.1.9 The water-cooled shield shall be lowered to expose the sample to the external hea t flux and the ignit ion t imer started.

5.1.10 The t ime at the first appea rance of vapors f rom the spec imen shall be recorded and the t ime to ignit ion recorded as the t ime f rom exposure to the external hea t f lux until a sus ta ined f lame is establ ished for at least a 4-second dura t ion .

7 3 7


5.1.11 Nitrogen shall be in t roduced to ext inguish flames.

5.1.12" The spec imen shall be removed to a ventilated env i ronment .

5.1.13 The p rocedure of 5.1.1 to 5.1.12 shall be repeated for infrared hea te r settings of 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 k W / m ~. If the spec imen ignites at 30 k W / m ~ w i t h i n 15 minutes , the same procedure shall be repeated at 25, 20, 15 and 10 k W / m ~, in that order, until there is no ignit ion for 15 minutes .

5.2 P rocedure 2: Combus t ion Test. T he combus t ion test shall be conduc ted to de te rmine the effective hea t of combus t ion (EHC) a n d smoke yield, 3~, and to measu re the chemical a n d convective

hea t release rates (Qehem a n d Q c ) .

5.2.1 The gas-sampling system shall be removing all water vapor and o ther condensab le combus t ion products . If the sampl ing system flow meter indicates less t han 10 L/ ra in , t hen the sampl ing system filter e lements shall be replaced.

5.2.2 Fresb indicat ing desiccant and a soot filter shall be installed in the gas-sampling line.

5.2.3 The f lame in the bydrocarbon gas analyzer shall be ignited and the f lame out indicater on the f ront panel shall be checked to ensure that there is f lame ignition.

5.2.4 Nitrogen for ex t inguish ing flames shall be ready to flow at 100 _+10 L / m i n and cylinders of compressed ethylene and air available to give the specified pilot f lame when needed.

5.2.5 The gas-sampling p u m p to oxygen, carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbon gas analyzers shall be t u rned on and correct flow rates s& for each ins t rument . Gas analyzers shall be powered on at all t imes to main ta in cons tan t internal tempera tures .

5.2.6 The requi red calibration procedures shall be per formed, as

5.2.19 If f lames reach 35 _+10 m m above the r im of the collection funne l for more than 30 seconds, f lames shall be ext inguished by in t roduct ion of ni trogen.

5.2.20 Data acquisit ion shall be con t inued for a period of 2 minu te s after spec imen f laming has ceased.

5.2.21 The spec imen shall be removed f rom the spec imen holder, weighed, and the residue mass recorded when the spec imen has cooled.

5.2.22 The procedures of 5.2.1 t h rough 5.2.21 shall be repeated to give at least th ree hea t release rate, mass loss rate, and smoke yield de te rmina t ions .

5.3 Procedure 3: Fire Propagat ion Test. The fire propagat ion test shall be pe r fo rmed to de te rmine the fire p ropaga t ion index (FPl) of a material t h r o u g h m e a s u r e m e n t of the chemical hea t release rate of a vertical spec imen du r ing and after upward fire propagat ion .

5.3.1 The procedures of 5.2.1 t h rough 5.2.7 for m e a s u r e m e n t of hea t release rate, with the except ion of the load cell calibration, shall be repeated.

5.3.2 The stainless steel load cell shaft and the bal l -bushing bearings in the air dis t r ibut ion chambe r shall be removed and replaced with the appropr ia te vertical spec imen holder , vdth spec imen installed, so that the bo t tom edge of the vertical spec imen that is to be exposed to external hea t flux is at an elevation equivale.nt to that of the top surface of a horizontal spec imen. ..-:iii!i::..

, . . : . . : . . . . . . . . . .

..::i?: ........ :'::i!:::.. 5.3.3 The ~[~: : f lame shall be ignited and adjusted for a 10 m m flame e n ~ . '::';'::':. -'}" ....

. . . . : . • . . . . . . • .::::::'~ "::ii!~!!!!!~::.. 5.3.4.::!i~gi'::e}~haust:!~::~.ai[.:.supply blowers servicing the appara tus shalflSe {~}ned on aiX/i~ti~ oxygen grade 2.6 cylinder connec ted to tt~:"inle.~..air supply lin.~:;:"

. . : . : . : . : . : . : . : . : . . . - ~ ' " . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . : : : : : : : : .

....... 5~:~i~i::::ii~J~!~::!~r and water supplies shall be t u rned on to cool the IR specified in Chapter 3. hea/~i ;~ ....

.... '::ii::i::i::i::~ ......... 5.2.7 The exhaus t and air supply blowers servicing the appara tus ::::iiiiiiiii-i::i~.:i::.:.~.5.3.6 Ti~!{i!i~artz pipe shall be installed on the m o u n t i n g step in shall be t u rned on. :~;i::"::::ii'iii'::i~.~h~.~Mum~'hm oxidant supply pipe.

:---., ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: .... 5.2.8 The 13 m m thick calcium silicate board suppor t ing the "!ii::.::iiii"::"5.3.~::i~i~he water-cooled shield s u r r o u n d i n g the spec imen ho lder appropr ia te horizontal spec imen holder shall be centere.:di-'..:~}:~.ae ":iiii" shall"be raised to prevent spec imen exposure to external hea t flux. a l u m i n u m load pla t form. _i~ -~ ":%}... ::~!~.:,.::::.:...

_. _~ii-: . . . . . . ii}:i . . . . . . . . ::. !'i~!!!!'::~i.3.8 The pilot f lame shall be moved to a posi t ion 75 m m above 5.2.9 The pilot f lame shall be ignited and aajuste~.a~ Ni~!...:a%..~r@ii::i::::ii!i::::...i!ii: .::i::- the bo t tom of the spec imen and 10 m m away f rom the spec imen f lame length. "::i::i::i::i::i::!il.. "::i:iiii::iiiiii .... surface.

5.2.10 The l ighted pilot f lame shall be moy.~i~iiiiioi'i::~iii~jtio'n!::::{i~ii..m..ga above the spec imen surface and 10 m m .r.~i}Iially in f ' i~i : . the ":i::!ii::ii i .... per imeter of the spec imen. ..::¢i::~::ii:~ .... ":::.~..{.!~. .!::"

. . . . . . . : . : . : . :

5.2.11 The air and water supplies shall be " t : ~ d on t4!::~ool the IR h eaters. ====================== ........ iiiii

'::iiiii!iiii:::::!i:: . . : . : . : . : . ; . .

5.2.12 The quartz pipe shall be installed on the .~i~'unting step in the a l u m i n u m oxidant supply pipe.

5.2.13 The water-cooled shield s u r r o u n d i n g the spec imen holder shall be raised to prevent spec imen exposure to external hea t flux.

5.2.14 The inlet airflow shall be set at 200 + 20 L / m i n and the exhaus t flow rate set at 0.25 _+0.025 mS/see .

5.2.15 The IR hea te r voltage shall be set to produce a 50 k W / m 2 exposure of the spec imen surface and allowed to stabilize for one ininute .

5.2.16 The data acquisi t ion system shall be started.

5.2.17 Thirty to thirty-five seconds after the start of da ta acquisit ion, the water-cooled shield shall be lowered to expose the spec imen to the IR heaters.

5.2.18 The following shall be recorded: the t ime at the first appea rance of vapors f rom the specimen; the t ime at ignition; the f lame height; the f lame color a n d smokiness; any unusua l f lame behavior; and the t ime at f lame extinction.

5.3.9 The inlet a i r /oxygen flow shall be set at 200 +20 L/ ra in , the inlet oxygen concent ra t ion at 40 percen t and the exhaus t flow rate at 0.25 -+0.025 m3/sec .

5.3.10 The IR heater voltage shall be set to produce 50 k W / m z and allowed to stabilize for 1 minute .

5.3.11 The data acquisit ion p rogram shall be started.

5.3.12 Thir ty to thirty-five seconds after the start of data acquisit ion, the water-cooled shield shall be lowered to expose the lower port ion of the vertical spec imen to the IR heaters and the ignition t imer started.

5.3.13 The base area of the spec imen shall be p rehea ted for 1 minute . If igni t ion and fire p ropaga t ion has no t already occurred, the pilot f lame shall be moved into contact with the spec imen surface 75 m m above the bo t tom of the spec imen to initiate fire propagat ion. The pilot f lame shall t hen be moved away f rom the spec imen.

5.3.14 The chemical hea t release rate shall be measu red as a func t ion of t ime dur ing and after fire propagat ion, us ing the combus t ion test p rocedures .

5.3.15 The following%hall be recorded: the t ime at the first appearance of vapors f rom the specimen; the t ime at ignition; the f lame he igh t at one minu t e intervals; the f lame color and smokiness; any unusua l f lame behavior; and the t ime at f lame extinction.

7 3 8


5.3:16 The test shall be terminated two minutes after the end of visible flaming or if flames reach 35 +10 mm above the rim of the collection funnel for more than 30 seconds or if the specimen undergoes noticeable structural deformation.

5.3.17 The procedures of 5.3.1 through 5.3.16 shall be repeated to give at least three heat release rate determinations.

5.4 Safety Precautions. All normal laboratory safety precautions shall be followed•

5.4.1" During the test, the operator shall use hearing protection and at least shade 5 welding goggles or glasses. The operator shall use protective gloves for insertion and removal of test, specimens and shall transfer specimen residue to a fume hood. Neither the IR heaters nor the associated fixtures shall be touched while hot except with protective gloves.

5.4.2 The exhaust shall be checked for proper operation before testing and shall be discharged away f rom intakes for the building ventilation system. Provision shall be made for collecting and venting any combustion products that fail, for whatever reason, to be collected by the normal exhaust system of the apparatus.

Chapter 6 Calculations

6.1 Critical Heat Flux. The critical heat flux (CHF) shall be the intercept with the ordinate of a straight-line regression fit to data on external heat flux (from the IR heaters) vs. the inverse of time- to-ignition. Data shall be from the four lowest heat fluxes (e.g., 30, 25, 20, 15 k W / m e) in the ignition test; The s tandard deviation (or s tandard error) of the intercept due to data scatter shall be within 10 percen t o f the regression fit intercept. Additional data shall be obtained if the standard deviation exceeds this limit.

6.4 Effective Heat o f Combustion. The effective heat of combustion (EHG) shall be de te rmined f rom the following equation:

EHC- Z Q~h~., At~ Mloss

where the summation shall be taken ovel- all combustion test data

scans and Qchem shall be obtained from 6.3.2 and 6.3.3.

6.5 Smoke Yield.

6.5.1 The three values of smoke yield, y,, corresponding to each of the three turbidimeter wavelengths, X (gin), shall be de te rmined from the following equation:

y, = 1.57 x 10 -4 IOSS

where the summation shall be taken over all combustion test data S C a n S .

..::iiiii::.. 6.5.2 The vo l~ i~ .~ . . f l ow rate in the tesz section duct during the combust ion ~ shall"~be de te rmined from the following equation: ~!--. . ,

.-..:.-':'~: "%~d-:~:;, 6 2 Thermal Response Parameter The thermal response ~ _/'f~':"-:..T_~.~.:.:..~/_,_~:.;....d /353

1 " o a s~al ht lane re ss fit ~) ~ : ~ : : " - ':&:~:'. "":" parameter (TRP) shall be the s ope f "g - ' gre ion .-.-:~ • " I n /:~/i:~i:~,~00 to data on external heat flux (from the IR heaters) vs. the inverse of ~i~ "%:- ~]/"a~rn /.~i I~L/ the square-root of tame-to-agnmon. Data sha I he f rom the four ...4:":::~-:i:i-!-.-... .:!:~.'.-':i:~::.. highest external heat fluxes (e g., 45, 50, 55, and 60 k W / m ~) in the . . . . ::.;.'~:i:!.::':'-::~:x"~:":. , • • • . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . 6 . 5 . ~ : : ~ e exUnctaon coeff ioent m the test secuon duct during the lgllltlon test. l lae s tannam nesaaUon tor smneuaro error) or m e "::::....~ . . . . • • ~ combgsSt~.n t ~ t shall be de te rmined from the following equauon: slope due to data scatter shall be wathln 10 percent of th~ :-...-...:-:~,. "..:~!~?~,.::.~:::- regression fit slope. Additional data shall be obtained if the :~i:":'-.'::!i~s.~,: .... ":~!.:.::: . , s tandard deviation exceeds this limit. :'i}.i.'~":::~.-'*::.,,., , e . / ~ 1 / )

6.3 F'tre Propagation Index (FPI). .,.::::::.:!:::,~. ::::::iii:~iiiii .... ..:iii} i::" L ~:-:::::~i'ii::~i!-~ 'ii::i::. "

6.3.1 The fire propagation index (FPI) shall be d e t e . ~ n e d ~:~.~m -iiii!i!!:!~i~i: the fire propagat ion and ignition tests by using the..:.~.[~:..wing~:.,:.....:, ":~i~. :~iii:: 6 6 Convective Heat Release Rate. equation: "~ '~':'-~i::-:'.-'i~'-~....:~::~;" "~"-::.:.IU "" "

6.6.1 The convective hea t release rate shall be de te rmined from the following equation:

'N~!~:. "::::'~i~ :---~

1 0 0 0 0.42O~h~m/W 11/3 .....::¢j~iii~ii iiiiii~.::..':~i::iii~ii~.i~i

FPI = ~ .]!!i~ TRP

c

where Qehem shall be obtained f rom the fire prqpagat ion test and TRP from the ignition test.

6.3.2 The chemicM heat release rate shall be de te rmined from the following equation:

Qchem " - - 1 3 , 3 0 0 ( G c o 2 - - G ~ o ~ O ) + l l , loo(G~o--G~o ° ) 6.3.3 The mass flow rates of GO~ and CO shall be de te rmined from the following equations:

Gcoz=AaK(P~tm/lOl, OOO)l/212(353Apm/Tn)]1/2(1.52Xco:)

Gco=AnK(Pa~/lOl,OOO)l/212(353Apm/Td) ]l/2 (0.966 Xco)

where 353 (kg K / m 3) is the product of air density and tempera ture at normal a tmospher ic pressure.

Qc=mac~(Td-Ta)=AdK(Pa~,/lOl, OOO)[2(353pm/Ta)]cp(Ta-T~)

where all terms in this equation shall be evaluated from combust ion test data scans.

6.6.2 The gas specific heat shall be corrected for tempera ture by the following equation:

cp = 1.00 + 1.34 (104 T~ - 2590 / T~ z)

Chapter 7 Repor t

7.1 General Test Description and Ignition Test. The following information shall he provided in a test report:

(1) Specimen identification code or numl~er (2) Manufacturer or name of organization submitt ing specimen (3) Date of test (4) Opera tor of apparatus (5) Composit ion or generic identification of specimen (6) Specimen thickness and dimensions of specimen surface

exposed to IR heaters (rnm) (7) Specimen mass (kg) (8) Specimen orientation, specimen bolder, and description of

special mount ing procedures (9) Room tempera ture (°C) and relative humidity (percent)

739


(10) Radiant flux from IR heating system applied to test specimen (kW/m ~)

(11) Time when vapors are first observed coming from the test specimen (sec)

(12) Time at which there is sustained flaming (sec) (13) Thermal response parameter, TRP (kW°sec-W~/m ") (14) Critical heat flux, CHF (kW/m ~) (15) Additional observations (including times of transitory

flaming, flashing, or melting)

7.2 Combustion Test. In addition to the information in Section 7.1 (1) through (14), the repor t shall include the following information:

(1) Chemical and convective heat release rates per unit exposed specimen area (kW/m ~)

(2) Generation rates of carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (kg/sec)

(3) Effective heat of combustion AH,a (kJ/kg) (4) Smoke yield values corresponding to wavelengths of 457.9,

632.8, and 1064.0 nm (-) (5) Specimen mass remaining after test (kg) (6) Specimen mass loss rate (kg/sec) (7) Number of replicate specimens tested under the same

conditions

7.3 Fire Propagation Test. In addition to the information in Sections 7.1 a.nd 7.2, the repor t shall include the following information:

(1) Chemical heart release rate (kW) (2) Chemical heat release rate per exposed width or

circumference of specimen (kW/m) (3) Flame height (m) (4) Thermal response parameter for the specimen, if pre~4ously

obtained f rom the ignition test method (kW.sect/~/m ~)

internal structure have undergone the ignition, combustion a n d / o r fire propagation test methods and are also described in Annex B.

A.1.2.4.1 Specimens are coated with black paint for the ignidon and combustion test methods to insure complete absorption of the radiant heat flux from the infrared heating system (note that the coating does not itself undergo sustained flaming).

A,1.2.4.3 The fire propagation index is based on the theory that fire propagation is related both to the heat flux from the flame of a burn ing material and to the resistance of a material to ignite (expressed by the TRP) (Tewarson 1988, 1995 and Approval Standard for Clean Room Materials). The flame heat flux is inferred from the chemical heat release rate per unit width of a vertical specimen during upward fire propagation in air having a 40 percent 0 2 concentration. Chemical heat release rate is derived from the release rates of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (Tewarson 1995).

The 40 percent oxygen concentration is needed to simulate the radiant heat flux from real-scale flames, as demonstrated in the discussion on "Flame Heat Flux" and Table 3~1.5 in the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.

A.2.2.1 The following is being provided for informational purposes only and has not been independently verified, certified, or endorsed by NFPA or any of its technical committees.

A suitable IR heating system, consisting of four, Model 5208-05, high density infrared heaters, Model 5 0 0 T 3 / C L / H T lamps and Model 664 SCR power controller is available f rom Research, Inc., P.O. Box 24064, Minneapolis, MN 55424.

The reflector bo.dy of each IR heater is water cooled and the lamp chamber, betwe.9.:~:::::..lJ3e f ront quartz window and reflector, is air cooled, to prq..t.~'~"'tt~., life of the heaters. All wavelengths greater than 2 micr~...-.~mitted by the tungsten filaments in the IR heater lamps, are: i~b~:~.d by the quartz bulb envelope and heater front window...., " ~ h oiei~.'.l:..c.h are air cooled.

(5) F i repropaga t ion index, calculated using the value in 7.3(2) (m s/s/kWZ/S sec r/~) A.~ii~ii~!'~::i'~'corpo~@iiti~ the threaded adjustment rod at the

(6) Number of replicate specimens tested under the same [o.~'er er, d of the stainl~:s steel shaft is to compensate for horizontal conditions .... ! ~ i i ~ p e ~ . e n s of diff~?ent thicknesses.

Chapter 8 Referenced Publications A.2~:~:The: 'alr distribution chamber is designdd so that inlet air . . . . . . . . . . . n " ~ e . . . . : ..... flows ~ . ' ~ . . d th rough the eight discharge tubes disperses on t l n e touowlng ctocuments or portlo s mereo t ar rererenceo .::::::.., . , , -::-'--:::::-s~-" . , . . . - - , ' - - • ., . . . . . . , . - , - - . . :::::::::::::::::::::::: me oottori~.::l~late m e n rises m r o u g n tlae mesn screens toward the

vamtn mls stanctara as manaatory requirements anct snail De "i:!:?:'::~:~:i:i:i:':i:i::.- . . . . . ":::.:::" "" " r considered part of the requirements of this standard. The edidon ::i!. ""'::::i:ii~:!:nu:::. -m-supp°rt cyunae . indicated for each referenced mandatory document is the current % .J::?]::i:~::i~: ~ . . . . . . . . . . . edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this stand ...... :"~ome i:i::..::i:: A.z.,..~;z ~ne measurect a~zerenuaa pressure ts p roporuona l to me

. . . . . . . . . ~.a4...-.~--'~.~i~i~:.c. ":::i::ii" saul:re of the flow rate. Experience has shown that the averaging ot these manaatory aocuments might also De re terenc~t in ~ a ...... " "'" ":::iiik:.,:P:..itot probe in this application is reliable (not susceptible to standard for specific informational purposes and tl~.~..~fore ~ e ....... • . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .:-.-:::-: ' --.... -.-::. :::::"nlug~m~r) while minimizing pressure losses m the exhatist system also llStect in Annex to. ..--i::-"::~:~-----k ,::i:.::::::.::i::':.::.::?+. ::-.i:.::: - ~ ~ '

• " ' : : : : : : : : : : 5 ; . . : : - " ==========================

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ':':i~i!i!~iii~. ~'::i:ii::iiiiii~'::" A.2.10.3 The smoke turbidimeter measuring system uses the three- ~5.1.1 INIPIUA ruoncanons , l'~atlonai l~lre rrotgg.t~l~ ~ssotZ.i~/.~9n i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k~-~:, :~;~a . . . . ,'::illih;; ' .:. wavelength detecUon technique m conjunctmn with the lV[le ~atterymarcn ra re v u tsox ~ILII I,~UlnCy, ~ Wz~'.~l~gl$~lUl ' " " ' ..::iiii . . . . !:iiiiii~iii::. " ::::?::::::j:::: scattering theory described in the article entitled "Characterization . . . . . . . ~. . . . . . .

NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection @ i ~ n r o o m s , l"~.'i~editi~::n, of Particulates from Diffusion Flames" (Newman 1987). A distinctive feature of this technique is the ability to verify that the

A~nex A Wpla.atory M ' ~ l - . : . : . : . : . : . : .

" - : : : : : : : : : : : ; . : : . : . -

A.1.2.1 The test methods described within this ~ e n t are part of an existing procedure detailed in Approval S ta~ard for Clean Room Materials, Class Number 4910, from Factory" Mutual Research Corporation.

This standard is different from other fire test standards by virtue of producing laboratory measurements of the chemical heat release rate during and after the actual process of self-sustained, upward fire propagation on a small-scale, vertical test specimen. Such measurements are made possible by the use of inlet air having a 40 percent oxygen concentration (Tewarson 1981) to differentiate among the flame heat transfer characteristics of burning materials, in the absence of any imposed, high intensity radiant flux. On the other hand, existing standard test methods, for example, ASTM E 906, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products, and NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, (equivalent to ASTM E 1354, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter) measure the rate of heat release from burning materials entirely exposed to an external radiant flux.

A.1.2.3 Examples of the use of this methodology for specific polymer materials are described in Annex B. Cleanroom materials and products containing a wide range of polymer composition and

extinction measurements conform to the scattering theory for computing the yield of smoke particulates in the combustion products. By the use of the specified filters noted in 4.10.3, three wavelengths can be detected.

A.3.4.1 The reference value of 27,900 kJ/kg is from "Generation of Heat and Chemical Compounds in Fires," Chapter 4, Section 3 of the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.

A.4.$.1 The following is being provided for informational purposes only and has not been independently verified, certified, or endorsed by NFPA or any of its technical committees.

A suitable flat, black spray paint is Thurmalox ® Solar Collector Coating, No. 250 Selective Black, available from The Dainpney Company, 85 Paris St., Everett, MA 02149.

The paint coating is applied to specimens to insure surface absorption of the imposed radiant heat flux.

A.5.1.12 Heat resistant gloves should be used when handling hot samples.

A.5.4.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures and combustion reactions. Therefore, hazards can exist such ~.s burns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and inhalation of combust ion products.

740


Annex B Background Material

B.I The fire propagat ion appara tus was first developed and used by Factory Mutual Research Corpora t ion (FMRC) in the mid 1970s. The appara tus collects the flow of combus t ion gases f rom a test spec imen a n d t hen condi t ions the flow to un i fo rm velocity tempera ture , a n d species concent ra t ion within the test section duct, where the m e a s u r e m e n t s are made. This uni formity is achieved by passing the flow t h rough an orifice at the ent ry to a mix ing duc t six duc t d iameters ups t r eam of the test section (Ackeret 1967).

B.2 Compar i son o f FPI Resul ts with Full-Scale Fire Behavior.

B.2.1 Fire propagat ion propensity, characterized by FPI, has been compared (Tevrarson et al 1998) with fire p ropaga t ion behavior du r ing full-scale tests involving vertical parallel arrays con ta in ing electrical cables insula ted with polymeric material (Tewarson 1998 and Cable Fire Propagation Specification Test Stan. dard) or solid panels of polymeric material (Wu 1999 and Approval Standard for Clean Room Materials). The full-scale tests involved fires initiated by a 60 kW propane sand-burner located between the 2.44 m high parallel arrays Ackere t 1967) below their base. In addit ion, fire propagat ion propensity, character ized by FPI, has been compared (Tewarson et al 1998) with the fire p ropaga t ion behavior of conveyor belts in a U.S. Bureau of Mines large-scale fire test gallery. A f lammable l iquid pool fire initiates these conveyor belt fire (Lazzara and Perzak 1989).

B-2.2 The Table B.2.2, extracted f rom Table 1 in "Flammability of Clean Room Materials," (Tewarson et al 1998) illustrates how the fire p ropaga t ion index is related to full-scale fire propagat ion behavior.

Table B.2.2 Comparison of FPI Value with Full-Scale Fire ~Propa~[ation Behavior

FPI from Fire Propagation

Material Compos i t ion and Test Method, A r r a n g e m e n t ~ mS/~/kW ~/s s~/~

Gray PVC Panel 4 PVDF Panel 5 White PVC Panel 6 Rigid, Type I PVC Panel 8 Modified FRPP Panel 9 Eq~FE Panel 9

B.3 Examples o f Materials Previously Tes ted in the FPA.

B.3.1 A wide range of polymeric mater ia l s .and products has been tested in the fire propagat ion apparatus , in addit ion to the polymers no ted in Table B.2.2. Tables 3-4.2, 3-4.3, and 3-4.11 in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, a n d Table 1 in NFPA 318, Standard for the Protection of Cleanrooms, illustrate the different polymer groups that have u n d e r g o n e the ignition, combus t ion , or fire propagat ion test methods .

B.4 Optional Measu remen t o f the Corros ion Potential o f Fire Effluent.

B.4.1 Definitions.

B.4.1.1 Average Corros ion Index (ACI). Indicator of corrosion damage caused by the fire eff luent f rom a bu rn ing material.

B.4.1.2 C,o,. Measured metal loss f rom the corrosion probe due to a 500-minute combined exposure, and mon i to r i ng t ime dur ing and after a combus t ion test, respectively.

B.4.2 Corrosion Measu remen t System. The optional corrosion m e a s u r e m e n t system in the fire p r o p a g a t o n appara tus shall be used to measure metal loss (C~o~) due to corrosion f rom combus t ion products , as shown in Figure B.4.2.

The following is be ing provided for informat ional purposes only and has no t been independen t ly verified, certified, or endorsed by NFPA or any of its technical commit tees .

A suitable corrosion m e a s u r e m e n t system is the Model P/N 657501-)(1 corrosion probe with the Model RCS-8 Corrosometer , available f rom ~ . b a c k Cosasco Systems, Inc., 11841 ,East Smith Ave., Santa Fe...~:~:~]~s., CA 90670.

Because of:~:.relati:vely shor t dura t ion of the flow of fire eff luent f rom a b t l # l f i < ~ t specimen, mon i to r i ng of the corrosion of the probe s . . e ~ r e l ~ . t , initially exposed in the test section duct, con ".t~...~,~.. a sp~:~..g...d . ~ e per iod in a prescribed, quiescent e n ~ ' n r f i ~ to o b t a i ~ - ~ e a n i n g f u l value of ACI.

Fire ;", x-"':" -:.-. /.:."::" Propagation - - ~ . 1 ~ . e corrosion" probe is a corrosion m e a s u r i n g device Be~'ond the '~"" s ~ ~ p t e d f rom that descr ibed in "The Inf luence of Oxygen

Ign luon Zone at C o n ~ . ~ t i o n on Fuel Parameters for Fire Model ing," for use in Full-Scale a ..:.... the f i r ~ r ~ n m e n t of the exhaus t duct. It shall consist of two

N o n e ":::::i::~iii-:.--.-'.:':.-::..-..copper el~':~'nts, each 48 m m x 5 m m , e m b e d d e d parMlel with N o n e N o n e ":':-:.~:: .... ~ '~"~t l~i '~ ' r in a 152 m m x 26 m m epoxy-fiberglass plate. O n e Limited ....... %'-.s'-:-:?-':" c o p ~ " e l emen t shall be coated to act as a reference for the other Yes ..:..'.'!i¢~i~iiii!~i!iiii!? ":i-~" non'~coated copper e l emen t / s enso r . The sensor e l emen t shall have L i m i . ~ "~::i::i::~: :~i..::.::~:-thickness available for the corrosion m e a s u r e m e n t (span

FRPP Panel PMMA Panel X L P E / N e o p r e n e Cable PVC/PVDF Cable XLPO Cable XLPE/EVA Cable PE/PVC Cable CR or PVC Conveyor Belts CR or SBR Conveyor Belts 7 to 8 '~!i!iiii~imit¢.~ ~" PVC or SBR Conveyor Belts >8 ":~...:'.ff" APolymer abbr].wiations: PVC - po lyv iny lch lor id~" l~DF -

~ olyvinylidene fluoride; FRPP - f i r e re ta rded p~{ypropylene; TIrE - e thylenetet raf luoroethylene; PMMA -

polymethylmethacrylate; XLPE - crossl inked polyethylene; XLPO - crossl inked polyolefin; EVA - ethylvinyl acetate; PE - polyethylene; CR - ch lo roprene rubber; SBR - styrene- bu tad iene rubber . Bpropagation Behavior: Yes - fire propagates beyond the

ignit ion zone to the bounda ry of the exposed material surface; Limited - fire propagates beyond the ignition zone but p ropaga t ion stops well before the bounda ry of the exposed material surface; None - fire does no t p ropaga te beyond the ignition zone, def ined as the a rea of f lame coverage by the init iat ing fire source.

>10 Ye~.:ii~}::i . . . . ~!~ . . . . . . . !!:: ~ii.-"-:'{::'t_hickness) of 0 2600 ~m -+10 percen t >10 Y ~ =:==========}==========..4¢ ............. ~i!::!i!::?i-.-::,.-ii" ~:

9 Li mi t e ~[':':':':':':" "::::::::::':':" o n a l '1~ ..... " "" . . . . . . . . . -" tea"i:i::ii~i:" -':" "":':':"" .... B.4.2.2 The cor rosometer assesses corr , ion by the elect "c 9 ..::¢:~::':':"Y~x, - ":::~!~!i}:......:i:. resistance me thod . It measures the change in resistance of the ,, ..::¢y-- _.r~.~.¢:..~. :'~!i::i::i::} ~ .... sensor e l emen t of the corrosion probe compared to the resistance

~ . . . . , ~xml~: : i ~ .:iii .... of the protected reference e l emen t of the corrosion probe. The ~r~ l e s <6 "::i~-.-'..:~::~ N o n e ii::i::!} system has a l inear response in terms of the change in electrical

--::::::::::::. x.:.. resistance with sensor e l ement metal loss, a drift of no more than -+ 0.1 percen t of span thickness over a period of 24 hour s a n d a resolut ion of 0.1 pe rcen t of span thickness. The opera t ing t empera tu re is between 0°C and 50°C.

Table B.2.2 s h o ~ tha t a fire p ropaga t ion index equal to or less than a value of 6 mS/S/kW ~/s sec r'~ correlates very well with full- scale fire behavior for which propaga t ion is l imited to the ignition zone.

B.4.3 Calibration o f Corros ion M e a s u r e m e n t System.

B.4.3.1 Ensure that the repeatability of the corrosion m e a s u r e m e n t is within +20 pe rcen t by conduc t ing a combus t ion test with 30 g of pure, low densi ty polyvinylchloride powder in the circular spec imen holder .

B.4.3.2 Ensure that the m i n i m u m cor rosomete r ou tpu t is zero (within the resolut ion of the ins t rument ) by conduc t ing a combus t ion test with 30 g of pure polypropylene beads in the circular spec imen holder , us ing an IR hea te r f lux of 30 k W / m e.

B.4.4 Corrosion Measurement Procedure. This p rocedu re should be p e r f o r m e d after the no rma l combus t ion test calibration p rocedures specified in 5.2.7 and after the calibration of the corrosion m e a s u r e m e n t system specified in B.4.3.

B.4.4.1 Inspect the corrosion probe for ,;pot or discolorat ion defects in the copper strips and clean the probe with a zero residue organic solvent ( that does no t react with copper) us ing cotton swabs. The probe surface should no t be con tamina ted after cleaning.

741

NFPA 287 - -November 2000 ROP

6 mm thick brass plate --- , 6 mm square copper tube x 44.45 mm diameter ~ soldered to brass plate-- 7

28 575 drill 36 525 ~ " 36.525-~ ~ 0.194 c l e a r a n c e ~

• 4 holes - ~ / / - - - 6 mm square copper tube ~ ~ ~ 7 J For cooling ~ . , , . , . . ~ f _ . . ~ / soldered to aluminum plate ~ ~ ~ "

water . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 3 mm thick aluminum plate ~ N ~ r--3.175

x 44.45 mm diameter ~ ~ ' ~ j ~ L ~ " ' - , ~ N k . ~ k , ~ [ ~ ] Fasten to duct with ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ " ~ f IX,, 11 ! ~

~ ~ ~ , (2) 10-32 flat head ~ ~ ' N ~ K , , ~ . / / I ' ~ cap screws LFo r cooling w a t e r ~ / ~--1.575

No21 drill - / M--No 10drill countersink / I - -M -~ 14300 10-32 tap " for 10'-32 flat Cut slot - j I ,~o ~-,~ " (2) places head cap screw l ~ ° ' o t ~

(2) places A1 -A1 B1 -B1

:haust duct

Reference - Sensor element own facing downward, but may be rotated 90 or 270 degrees)

Silicone r 6 mm sql

ii!i!i/ i~ck aluminum plate mm diameter to gasket surface)

Sili( ,rass plate diameter

S

Note: All dimensions are mm unless rl#:{:~i~!ii!i!i:iiiiii?:i~!~ .... '::ii~i: ...... -:::i~:.:i:i~#~ ....

Figure B.4.2 :eo~N~n probe:$~ exhaust duct, 300 mm from end of test section.

B.4.4.2 Turn on power to the corrosometer a n d " : ~ a r e for corrosion data recording. .:iiiiii::"

B.4.4.3 Initialize the corrosion probe by monitor ing probe status on the corrosometer and then record corrosion data from the probe every 5 minutes until the start of the combustion test.

B.4.4.4 Insert the cleaned, initialized probe into the test section duct horizontally with the measuring and reference elements facing downward, toward the upstream fire products, and the center of the probe elements at the center of the duct, as shown in Figure B.4.2. This step is performed alter the exhaust and air supply blowers (see 5 . 2 . 8 ) have been operating for 30 minutes.

B.4.4.5 Monitor corrosion data every minute during the combustion test.

B.4.4.6 Remove the corrosion probe from the test section duct 30 minutes after the end of the combustion test and place the probe inside an environmentally controlled chamber maintained at an ambient temperature of 23 + 3°C and a relative humidity of 60 + 5 percent. Monitor corrosion data from the probe in the chamber every 5 minutes for at least 16 hours.

B.4.5 Optional Calculation of Average Corrosion Index.

B.4.5.1 The average corrosion index shall be determined from the measured metal loss due to a combined 500Tminute exposure time during the combustion test and moni tor ing time in the environmental chamber after the combustion test, using the following equation:

A C I = Cto,,/ 500

0"95Mto,,/f=, I

/ ovi zXti where ACI is the ratio of an average corrosion rate to an average combustion product concentration in the test section duct, the concentration averaged from the time, t o , when there is detectable specimen mass loss until the time, tf, when 95 percent of the ultimate mass loss has occurred.

7 4 2


B.4.6 Report the average corrosion index (Angstrom mS/kg.*minute), along with other combustion test parameters if corrosion measurements are obtained.

A n n e x C R e f e r e n c e d P u b l i c a t i o n s

C.I The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus not considered part of the requirements of this standard unless also listed in Chapter 2. The edition indicated here for each reference is the. current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this standard.

C.l.1 NFPA P u b l i c a t i o n s . National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 271, Sta.r~dard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 1998 edition.

Tewarson, A., Generation of Heat and Chemical Compounds in Fires, Chapter 4, Section 3, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition, pp. ~53 to 3-84, The National Fire Protection Asso,ziation Press, Quincy, MA, June 1995.

C . 1 . 2 O t h e r P u b l i c a t i o n s .

C.1,2.1 ASTM P u b l i c a t i o n s . American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428- 2959.

C.1.2.2 FMRC P u b l i c a t i o n s . Factory Mutual Research Corp., 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike, Norwood, lvlA 02061.

Approval Standard for Clean Room Materials, Class Number 4910, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood, ~ _ 02062, September 1997.

Tewarson, A., Bill, R.G. Jr., Braga, A., DeGiorgio, V. and Smith, G, "Flammability of Clean Room Materials," Factory Mutual Research Corporation, White Paper, FMRCJ.I. 0BOJ8.RC, November, 1998.

Cable Fire Propagation Specification Test Standard, Class Number 3972, FactoryMutual Research Corporation, Norwood, MA 02062- 9102,July 1989.

C.1.2.3 Additional Publications.

Tewarson, A., Lee, J.L., & Pion, R.F., The Influence of Oxygen Concentration on Fuel Parameters for Fire Modeling, Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, pp.563-570, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 1981.

Tewarson, A. and Khan, M.M., Flame Propagation for Polymers in Cylindrical Configuration and Vertical Orientation, Twenty- Second Symposium (International) on Combustion, p.1231~t0, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1988.

Newman, J.S. & Steciak, J., Characteriz~,tion of Particulates from Diffusion Flames, Combustion andFlame, Vol. 67, 1987, p. 55.

ASTM B 826, "~tandard Test Method for Monitoring Atmospheric Corrosion Tests t~y Electrical Resistance Probes, American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standai'ds, Volume 03.04, 1997.

ASTM E 906, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and .Products, American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.07, 1997.

Ackeret, J., " ~ . t s of Internal Flow," in Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flow .(...~.":7":~:~. n, Ed.), Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, p. 1, 1.~::~

Wu, P..~:."P~"l~l:.~Panel Fire Tests for Flammability Assessment" P r o c ~ . i : o f th~:~!~:..Int.~rnational Fire Science and Engineering Co .~'refi '~: ( I n t e r f l ~ : ~ Interscience Communications, London, .~ii" 605~14, 1999. .:.:y" .

ASTM E 17,54, Sta,*dard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ":::" " ~ ' : ~ P . and Perzak, F.J., "Conveyor Belt Flammability Test: Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption C o m ~ . s o n of Large-Scale Gallery and Laboratory-Scale Tunnel Calorimeter, American Society for Testingand Materials, Annual .::.,::~. , Result~::::~.o~.~edings of 23 "a International Conference of Safety in Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.07, 1997. "~-~::.:~. Mines, 19t~:"Research Institute, Washington, DC, Sept. 11-15

• . . , :!~i( ":::::~:~.::-! .::-'! !1.~9, pp,~::38-150. Atmospheric Corrosion Tests by Electrical Resistance Probes :~::~i" i:i::::ii:iiii::ii::::::::~i~i~i ¢::"

American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book..o£.ASTM '%~#::" "!i::~ ! .... Standards, Volume 03.04, 1997 . . . . :~!~:!:iiii::i::i::i::~-.. ":ii~ii" ":::"

.:~.~::.

743

Documents

(Alt. toJ. IL Lawson)