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Authors Gerring, Robert Lyle, 1934-

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A L T E R E D AND C O N S T R U C T E D CERAM IC FO RM S

by

R o b e r t L. G e r r in g

A n E s s a y S u b m it te d in L ie u of T h e s i s To th e F a c u l ty of the

D E P A R T M E N T O F A R T

In P a r t i a l F u l f i l lm e n t of th e R e q u i r e m e n t s F o r th e D e g r e e of

M A S T E R O F F IN E ARTS

In th e G ra d u a te C o lleg e

T H E UNIVERSITY O F ARIZONA

S T A T E M E N T BY A U T H O R

T h is e s s a y h a s b een s u b m i t te d in p a r t i a l fu l f i l lm e n t of r e q u i r e m e n t s fo r an a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t T he U n iv e rs i ty of A r iz o n a an d is d e p o s i te d in the U n iv e r s i ty L i b r a r y to be m a d e a v a i la b le to b o r r o w e r s u n d e r r u l e s of the L i b r a r y .

B r ie f q u o ta t io n s f r o m th is e s s a y a r e a l lo w a b le w ith o u t s p e c ia l p e r m is s i o n , p ro v id e d th a t a c c u r a t e a c k n o w le d g m e n t of s o u r c e i s m a d e . R e q u e s t s fo r p e r m i s s i o n fo r e x te n d e d q u o ta t io n f r o m o r r e p r o d u c t io n of th is m a n u s c r i p t in w ho le o r in p a r t m ay be g r a n te d by the h e a d of th e m a jo r d e p a r tm e n t o r the D ean of the G ra d u a te C o lleg e w hen in h is ju d g m e n t the p r o p o s e d u se of the m a t e r i a l i s in the i n t e r e s t s of s c h o la r s h ip . In a l l o th e r i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , p e r m i s s i o n m u s t be o b ta in e d f r o m th e a u th o r .

SIGNED: * / - XYt

A P P R O V A L BY P R O J E C T SU PER V ISO R

T h is e s s a y h a s b e en a p p ro v e d on the da te show n below:

A s s o c ia t e P r o f e s s o r of A r tM A U R IC E K. GROSSMAN D ate

LIST O F IL LU ST R A T IO N S

F ig u r e

L V oyage

2o C ook ie J a r

3o W e e d P o t

■4. H ead R e s t

5. - S to n e w a re B o tt le

6 0 . S tudy N u m b e r 2

7. . S lab an d W hee l

8 0 , R a k u

9° S tudy N u m b e r 1

■10. S q u a re C i r c le

T he f r e e s p i r i t i s the s p i r i t of Joy . It d e l ig h ts to c r e a t e in b eau ty . It i s u n a f ra id , i t know s no f e a r . . It d e c l a r e s the e a r t h to be i t s h o m e , and th e f r a g r a n c e of e a r t h to be i t s i n s p i r a t i o n .

To be t r u l y f r e e a n d u n in h ib i te d in an a p p r o a c h to a r t , o r to

life , i s a d if f icu l t a im to a c h ie v e . T h e r e a r e t i m e s w h en i t s e e m s th a t

p r o g r e s s c a n be m a d e only by d e s t r u c t i o n of a f o r m o r a n id e a . A t s u c h

t im e s i t i s d if f ic u l t to th ro w out o ld w a y s and s t a r t f r o m the beg in n in g

to w a rd a new go a l. . B ut new g o a ls , new f o r m s an d ch an g in g c o n ce p ts

a r e , o r sh o u ld be, a p a r t of e v e r y d a y l i f e . . I r e m e m b e r v e r y c l e a r l y

h e s i t a t in g b e fo re th e f i r s t c y l in d e r th a t I cu t a p a r t a n d r e a s s e m b l e d .

T h is h e s i t a t io n w as a type of f e a r of th e unknown; a f e a r th a t w h a t one

d i s c o v e r s can n o t be u n d e r s to o d a n d in c o r p o r a t e d in to a m e a n in g fu l

e x p r e s s io n of f o r m . . To be " f r e e " in c o n c e p t of a p p r o a c h i s in a s e n s e

q u ite p a r a d o x ic a l b e c a u s e th e r e a r e a lw a y s p a s t t r a d i t io n s ; so lu t io n s .

th a t o th e r a r t i s t s h a v e d i s c o v e r e d a n d le f t a s a h e r i t a g e a s w e l l a s o n e ’s

own p r e v io u s s o lu t io n s . . I c an s e e w h a t th e y d i s c o v e r e d a n d s t a t e d to

e x p r e s s t h e i r c o n c e p ts .o f fo r m an d s p a c e , but I f e e l th a t I m u s t d i s ­

c o v e r a n d so lv e m y own f o r m - s p a c e p r o b le m s w ith m y own in tu i t io n

a n d i n t e l l e c t a s a gu ide . I s im p ly m u s t a llow th a t p a r t of m e to s p e a k

w h ich d e m a n d s th a t I go to c la y in th e f i r s t p la c e . T h is i s th e n e e d

L o u is H. S u ll ivan , T he A u to b io g ra p h y of a n Id e a (New Y o rk : D o v e r P u b l i c a t io n s , I n c . , 1956), p. 2 6 8 .

F i g u r e 1. V o y a g e

3

th a t H e r b e r t R e a d c a l l s a "w ill to f o r m : "

T he w ho le ‘d r i v e 1 in an y p u r p o s iv e w i l l to fo r m ( the only r a t i o n a l e x p la n a t io n of a r t i s t i c d e v e lo p m e n t) i s to w a rd s an e q u i l ib r iu m of in n e r fe e l in g and th e o u te r w o r ld of e x p e r i ­en ce , an d th e w ork , of a r t fu n c t io n s a s the r e a l i z a t i o n of su ch an equ ilib r ium ;, ^

I b e c o m e a s a b s o r b e d in th e s p a c e - f o r m r e l a t i o n s h ip s of a

te a p o t o r co o k ie j a r a s in th o s e of an a b s t r a c t s c u lp tu r e , s in c e I b e l ie v e

th a t a l l can e x i s t on a d e e p e r le v e h H e n ry M o o re h a s w r i t t e n :

F o r m e a w o r k m u s t f i r s t h a v e a v i t a l i t y of i t s own* . I do n o t m e a n a r e f l e c t i o n of th e v i t a l i ty of life , of m o v e m e n t , p h y s ic a l a c t io n , f r i s k in g , dan c in g f ig u r e s and so on, but th a t a w o rk c an h a v e in i t a p e n t - u p e n e rg y , an in te n s e life of i t s own, in d e p e n d e n t of th e o b je c t i t m a y r e p r e s e n t , ^

By " o b je c t" I a m s u r e th a t M r , M o o re d id n o t h a v e in m in d a te a p o t o r

co o k ie j a r , but i f th is u n d e r ly in g s p i r i t c a n c o m e th ro u g h h u m a n f o r m ,

o r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l a r t of an y .kind, I f a i l to s e e why i t c an n o t co m e

th ro u g h in s o m e th in g fu n c t io n a l , I f e e l th a t th e cook ie j a r (F ig , . 2 )

e x i s t s a s a s c u lp t u r a l f o r m in to w h ic h I h av e i n c o r p o r a t e d fu n c tio n .

T h e re fo re , , I c an f in d no r e a s o n to d i s t in g u is h b e tw ee n c r a f t s a n d f in e

a r t s , ■ " , C e r a m i c s i s not a l i e n to p a in t in g o r s c u lp t u r e . A ll the

v a r io u s a r t f o r m s , v e r b a l an d a u r a l a s w e ll a s v i s u a l a n d p la s t i c , , a r e

i n t e r r e l a t e d , W h e re I w ou ld p r e f e r to p la c e e m p h a s i s i s in w h e th e r .

^ H e r b e r t R ead , A C o n c ise H i s to r y of M o d e rn S c u lp tu r e (New Y ork : F r e d e r i c k .A , P r a e g e r , P u b l i s h e r s , 1964), p, 54,

3 Ib id „ , p . 37,

^ G ien n C, N e lso n , C e r a m i c s (New Y o rk : Holt, R in e h a r t a n d W inston , I n c , , I960), p , 67.

F i g u r e 2. C o o k i e J a r

F i g u r e 3. W eed P o t

o r no t a g iv en f o r m e x p r e s s e s w h a t M o o re c a l l s the " in te n s e l i fe of i t s

own. " P e r h a p s I sh o u ld s ta t e i t th is w ay: A ny g iv en p ie c e can e x i s t on

m o r e th a n one le v e l of p e r c e p t io n , a n d a good p ie c e e x i s t s on s e v e r a l

le v e l s w h e th e r o r not u s e i s i n c o r p o r a t e d in to the" d e s ig n -

W ith a w a ll a l l a r o u n d A c la y bow l i s m o u ld ed ;But th e u se of th e bow l W ill d ep en d on th e p a r t Of th e bow l th a t i s vo id . ^

Not only th e u se , but th e s p a t i a l u n ity d e p en d s on th e v o id - -

how one i s m a d e a w a r e o f;the s p a c e engu lf ing o r en g u lfed in th e f o r m .

S p ace and f o r m , p o s i t iv e a n d n e g a t iv e , y in a n d yang, a l l h a v e fo r m e a

s i m i l a r m e a n in g . I am no t a w a r e of s p a c e u n t i l m y eye b u m p s in to a n

o b jec t; th a t i s to say , un ti l a f o r m of s o m e s o r t show s m e th a t th e s p a c e

a ro u n d i t e x i s t s . - A t one e x t r e m e , a m in im u m a m o u n t of f o r m i s u s e d

to e x p lo re a g r e a t a m o u n t of s p a c e , a s in, fo r e x a m p le , P i c a s s o ' s w i r e

c o n s t r u c t io n s of. 1930 .. A t th e o th e r e x t r e m e , f o r m i s e m p h a s iz e d a s a

p o s i t iv e e l e m e n t a s in th e c lo ak ed , b lo c k - f o r m e d E g y p t ia n f ig u r e s th a t

a p p e a r in th e X I D y n as ty . ^ B e tw e e n th e s e t h e r e i s a c o m p le te s p e c t r u m

of t r a n s i t i o n a l f o r m s th a t r a n g e f r o m one e x t r e m e to th e o th e r . . In m y

w ork . V oyage ( F ig u r e 1) b le n d s a l a r g e am o u n t of n e g a t iv e s p a c e in to

5 L ao T zu , T he W ay of L i f e , t r a n s . R. B. B la k n ey (New Y o rk : T h e New A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y , 1955), p. 63.

^ I r m g a r d W o ld e r in g , T he A r t of E gyp t, t r a n s . A nn E . K eep (New Y o rk : G re y s to n e P r e s s , 1963), p . 128.

p o s i t iv e f o r m , w h e r e a s W eed P o t (Fig.- 3) r e l i e s m o r e on p o s i t iv e f o r m

fo r i t s s c u lp t u r a l s t a t e m e n t .

T he id e a of ju x ta p o s in g s p a c e - f o r m i s not un ique to m e but

h a s b e en u s e d by a r t i s t s of th e p a s t an d p r e s e n t . . My w o r k l i e s , I

b e l ie v e , in th e t r a d i t i o n of H e n ry M o o re , K en n e th A r m i t a g e an d P e t e r

V ou lkos ,. a l l of w hom h av e w o rk e d w ith in te g r a t in g a n d ju x ta p o s in g

s p a c e - f o r m , p o s i t iv e an d n e g a t iv e s p a c e , ro u g h an d s m o o th te x tu re , ,

h a r d a n d so ft e d g e s . It h a s b e en l i t t l e m o r e th a n a d e c a d e s in c e th e

a b s t r a c t s c u lp t u r a l in f lu e n c e s f r o m E u r o p e p e n e t r a t e d in to the c e r a m i c

a r t s of th e U n ited S ta te s . A m ong th e p io n e e r s w e r e E l le n K ey-O b e r g

a n d h e r h u sb an d , Rolf,. D av id W e in r ib and P e t e r V o u lk o s . M r s . K e y -

O b e r g 's e a r l y w o rk s a r e a b s t r a c t s c u lp t u r e s m a d e of h o l lo w e d -o u t c la y

f o r m s , w h ich r e s e m b l e s o m e of th e w o r k s done by M iro a n d A rp . In

•C ra f t H o r iz o n s of F e b r u a r y , 1956, D av id W e in r ib i s c r e d i t e d w ith u s in g

"S lab b u i l t e l e m e n t s in ( c r e a t in g a) new p o t t e r y ( fo rm ) . . . . M any a r e

Om e a n t to be v ie w e d l ik e s c u lp tu r e , f r o m a l l s id e s . " T he a r t i c l e p o in ts

out th a t W e in r ib i s c o n c e r n e d w ith bo th v o lu m e an d o pen s p a c e a n d th a t

th e a p p a r e n t o v e r la p p in g of th e two o b je c t iv e s does no t in th e l e a s t

in v a l id a te th e b a s ic fu n c t io n a l id e a of th e p o t . T he s a m e y e a r P e t e r

T E llen K e y -O b e rg , " C e r a m ic S c u lp tu re , " C ra f t H o r iz o n s ( M a r c h - A p r i l , 1953), V o l.-X II , . No. 2, pp.. 1 6 -1 9 . '

^ C o n ra d B ro w n , " A r c h i t e c to n ic s in C lay , " C r a f t H o r iz o n s ( J a n u a r y - F e b r u a r y , 1956), Vol.. XVI, No. 1, p . 15.

V oulkos , p e r h a p s e v en then. A m e r i c a ^ b e s t know n p o tte r^ h e ld h is f i r s t

a b s t r a c t s c u lp tu r e exhibito " T h e r e w e r e m u l t i - f o r m v a s e s fo u r f e e t

h igh in w h ich w h e e l - th r o w n e le m e n t s of v a ry in g s i z e s an d sh ap e h a d

b e e n jo in e d t o g e t h e r - - f o r m s s e t on t h e i r s id e s and t h e i r ends s e a le d

ups f la t d i s k - l i k e e l e m e n ts added* 0 e o S o m e v i s i t o r s saw an in f lu ­

en ce of P ic a s s o o A lso , I th ink , a n in f lu e n c e f r o m J a p a n an d o th e r

p r im i t i v e a r t so u rc e s* T h e s e in f lu e n c e s f r o m th e p a s t c o u ld h av e

c o m e f r o m a n u m b e r of c u l tu r e s w h ich b u il t l a r g e s c u lp t u r a l p i e c e s

f r o m c la y 0 A m o n g th e a m o s t a n c ie n t a r e th e v o tiv e im a g e s of p r e -

10d y n a s t ic E gyp t. T h e H an a n d T an g C h in e se p r o d u c e d m a n y s c u lp t u r a l

o b j e c t s , . the s i z e of w h ic h s e e m e d to d ep en d on th e w e a l th a n d p o s i t io n

of the d e c e a s e d , th a t w e r e b u r i e d w ith th e d e ad fo r t h e i r u s e in the

n e x t w o r ld : to m b d e f e n d e r s to c h a s e aw ay e v i l s p i r i t s , t o w e r e d

11p l e a s u r e p a v i l l io n s , o r s im p le e v e r y d a y o b je c t s . T he J a p a n e s e

H an iw a to m b f ig u r e s w h ich l in e d the b u r i a l a p p r o a c h e x p r e s s r e a l

12fe e l in g f o r th e c la y f r o m w h ic h th e y a r e m a d e . Not ev en a b r i e f

d i s c u s s io n of c la y f o r m s c o u ld ig n o r e the p o w e rfu l p o t t e r y f o r m s f r o m

9 C o n ra d B row n , "V ou lkos E x h ib i ts New S to n e w a re , " C ra f t H o r iz o n s (M a y -Ju n e , 1956), Vol.. XVI,, No. 3, p . 47.

IQ W bldering , op. c i t . , pp. 3 1 -3 3 .

P e t e r C.- Swann, A r t of C hina , K o re a , a n d J a p a n (New Y o rk : F r e d e r i c k A . P r a e g e r , P u b l i s h e r , 1963), pp. 4 0 -4 3 .

12I b i d . , pp. 5 8 -5 9 .

M ex ico an d Latin. A m e r ic a , , P a r t i c u l a r l y i m p r e s s i v e a r e th e b e a u t i fu l ly -

a b s t r a c t e d f ig u r e s of the M ay an a n d O lm e c - Z a p o te c s ty le s , h a n d -b u i l t

13f o r m s w h ich s e e m to e x p r e s s th e v e r y e s s e n c e of c lay .

I t r y no t to f o r c e o r c o n t r iv e a p ie c e in a d v a n c e , e v en th o u g h I

m a k e p e n c i l s k e tc h e s of sh ap e a n d s p a c e i n t e g r a t i o n , . So th a t th e w o rk

c an p r o c e e d sp o n ta n e o u s ly , I g e n e r a l ly le a v e the s k e tc h e s a t h o m e w hen

going to w o r k a t th e s tu d io .

. A l l p e r f e c t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t in a r t o r l ife i s a c c o m p a n ie d by the c u r io u s se ja sa t io h th a t i t i s h a p p en in g of i t s e l f - - t h a t i t i s no t fo r c e d , s tu d ie d o r c o n t r iv e d . . . . th e s e n s a t io n th a t th e a c t io n i s h a p p en in g of i t s e l f , n e i t f ie r f r o m a n a g e n t n o r to a w i tn e s s . . . . ^

C lay i s , of c o u r s e , th e m a t e r i a l in w h ich I w o rk . It h a s

d e f in i te s t r u c t u r a l l im i t a t i o n s th a t a r e due to i t s la c k of t e n s i l e s t r e n g th

an d f r a g i l i t y d u r in g th e f i r in g p r o c e s s . F o r th is r e a s o n o v e r ly - e x te n d e d

an d u n s u p p o r te d s h a p e s , th in o r w e a k b a s e s and l a r g e o v e rh a n g in g

m a s s e s a r e d if f icu l t to f i r e , a s th e y te n d to d r o o p , . sag , b r e a k a p a r t

o r c r a c k . . In e v i ta b ly d u r in g th e p r o c e s s of b u ild ing a fo r m , t e x tu r e s

su c h a s t o r n ed g es , f i n g e r p r i n t s a n d to o l m a r k s b e c o m e i m p r e s s e d in to

th e c la y s u r f a c e . In th i s w ay th e s u r f a c e n a tu r e of w e t c la y i s n a tu r a l ly

e x p lo i t e d . . F o r m e , th e e a r l y p l a s t i c s t a g e in w h ich m a n y s u r f a c e t e x t u r e s

13E r w in Q. C h r i s t e n s e n , . P r i m i t i v e A r t (New Y o rk : B o n an z a B ooks, 1955), pp. 1 7 5 -1 9 2 .

l^ A la n W. W a tts , P s y c h o th e r a p y E a s t an d W e s t (New Y ork :T he New A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y , 1961), p . 151.

a n d sp o n ta n e o u s s h a p e s can be d e v e lo p e d m o r e th a n m a k e s up fo r the

s t r u c t u r a l l im i t a t i o n s im p o s e d by th e f i r in g . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t i s a lw a y s

p o s s ib l e to p la n on ad d in g o th e r m a t e r i a l s to the f i r e d p ie c e . V oyage

(F ig .. 1) i n c o r p o r a t e s b r o n z e in to th e d e s ig n and H e a d R e s t (F ig . 4) h a s

a v e lv e t p i l lo w . T he i n t r i n s i c a l l y h u m b le n a tu r e of c l a y - - t h a t of being ,

a f t e r a l l , j u s t d i r t - - i s p e r h a p s i t s g r e a t e s t a d v a n t a g e . . To c r e a t e s o m e ­

th ing of w o r th f r o m s u c h a w o r th l e s s s u b s ta n c e i s , in th e l e a s t , g r a t i f y ­

ing, and, a t b e s t , th e v e r y e p i to m e of c r e a t iv i ty .

. In a c c o r d a n c e w i th t r a d i t io n , c o lo r a s a g la z e h a s a n a tu r a l

an d in t e g r a l p la c e on a c e r a m i c f o r m . C o lo r a d d ed to s p a c e - f o r m

m a n ip u la t io n c a n b e c o m e a n i m p r e s s i v e p r o b le m , one w h ich few

c e r a m i c s c u lp t o r s h a v e r e a l l y ta c k le d . I h a v e t r i e d in a few in s t a n c e s

to c r e a t e a w o rk in w h ich c o lo r a n d f o r m a r e of e q u a l im p o r ta n c e , one

not d o m in a t in g th e o th e r . H o w ev e r , th e c o lo r of th e b o t t le in F ig u r e

5 p la y s the d o m in a n t ro le , w h e r e a s c o lo r in. S tudy N u m b e r 2 (F ig . 6 )

i s s u b o rd in a te to the f o r m . S lab an d W h ee l (F ig . 7) i s p ro b a b ly th e

m o s t s u c c e s s f u l in th is r e g a r d , but th e p r o b le m s t i l l r e m a i n s .

. One of the m o s t sp o n ta n e o u s an d im m e d ia te p o t t e r y p r o c e s s e s

i s R aku . . In th is a n c ie n t J a p a n e s e p r o c e s s , f in g e r an d to o l m a r k s

b e c o m e a r e c o r d of how th e p ie c e w a s m a d e and a l t e r e d . T h e q u a l i ty

of d i r e c t n e s s of h a n d l in g a n d d e c o r a t in g sh o u ld be q u i te e v id e n t in th e

f in a l f o r m . The R a k u p ie c e (F ig . 8 ) w a s f i r e d in a s m a l l f u r n a c e a t

abou t 1800 d e g r e e s . W hen th e l e a d - b a s e g la z e a p p e a r s to b e m e l te d .

10

F i g u r e 4. H ead R e s t

11

F i g u r e 5. S t o n e w a r e B o t t l e

12

F i g u r e 6. S tu d y N u m b e r 2

13

F i g u r e 7. S lab a n d W h e e l

F i g u r e 8 R aku

15

th e p ie c e i s r e m o v e d , r e d - h o t , f r o m th e f u r n a c e an d p lu n g e d in to a

b u c k e t fu l l of saw dus t, , l e a v e s o r o th e r c o m b u s t ib le m a t e r i a l , . w h e re i t

i s le f t , c o v e re d , to r e d u c e in the h ig h ly c a r b o n - f i l l e d a tm o s p h e r e f o r

s e v e r a l m in u te s . D u r in g th is t im e g la z e s w h ich c o n ta in i r o n o r c o p p e r

ox ide ch an g e f r o m th e o x id iz e d to th e r e d u c e d s t a t e a n d chan g e

d r a m a t i c a l l y in c o lo r : I r o n c h a n g e s f r o m i t s n a t u r a l ta n o r s t r a w

c o lo r to coo l c o lo r s of g re y , g r e y - g r e e n , o r o l iv e ig g e e n . C o p p er

o x ide c h a n g e s f r o m w a r m s h a d e s of g r e e n to a b r ig h t o r d eep r e d . T he

c o lo r ch an g e i s a r r e s t e d by p lung ing th e s t i l l -7 h o t p ie c e in to c o ld w a te r .

T he w ho le f i r in g t im e f o r s e v e r a l p o ts i s u s u a l ly l e s s th a n a n h o u r .

. A s a t h e s i s s u b je c t I h a v e c h o s e n a l t e r e d and c o n s t r u c t e d f o r m s .

T h e s e f o r m s h a v e b e e n m a d e in a n u m b e r o f w a y s : S lab an d W h ee l w a s

m a d e by co m b in in g w h e e l - th r o w n f o r m s w ith s la b p ie c e s ; S tudy N u m b e r

1 (F ig . 9) w a s m a d e by p la c in g two bow ls lip to lip a n d ad d in g s lab

s t r i p s a n d th ro w n sp o u ts ; H e ad R e s t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d by b e a t in g a

th ro w n c y l in d e r in to a n o v a l sh ap e , cu t t in g h o le s in to w h ich p ie c e s of

s la b c la y w e r e i n s e r t e d and fina lly ,, ad d in g th e p in c h e d an d c o n s t r u c t e d

c e n te r p ie c e . . E x c e p t f o r th e two s m a l l bow ls a t th e top, Study N u m b e r

2 w a s m a d e e n t i r e ly of f o r m e d s la b s (F ig . 5). T he c o o k ie j a r (F ig . 2)

w a s m a d e f r o m a w h e e l - th r o w n c y l in d e r th a t w a s c a p p e d a n d p la c e d on

i t s s id e . W hite in th i s p o s i t io n th e top a n d s id e h a n d le s w e r e a d d ed

a n d th e open ing w a s cu t in to th e new top of the f o r m .

16

F i g u r e 9. S tu d y N u m b e r 1

17

. S to r e d s o m e w h e r e in a m i s t y p a r t of m y b r a i n i s a n id e a l , a

p e r f e c t un ion of e l e m e n ts th a t w o u ld e x p r e s s a l l m y id e a s a b o u t f o r m ,

s p a c e and c o lo r in one p ie c e . T h is id e a l i s n e v e r a c h ie v e d ; in f a c t i t

s e e m s c o n s ta n t ly to be c h a n g in g .a n d I n e v e r c o m e c lo s e to e x p r e s s in g

i t . It i s no t s im p ly th e b e l ie v in g a n d p r a c t i c i n g of id e a s and th e o r i e s

th a t m a k e a w o r k of a r t . "T h e w a y s of a r t , l ike l ife i t s e l f , a r e , if

no t a c c id e n ta l , a t l e a s t m y s t e r i o u s an d to a n e x te n t b ey o n d ev id en t

h u m a n c o n t ro l . T h e a r t i s t ' s r e s p o n s e and in tu i t io n a b o u t th e m a t e ­

r i a l a n d p ie c e w ith w h ich a n d upon w h ic h h e i s w o rk in g h a v e m u c h m o r e

to do w ith th e s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e of a n y w o rk . In an y even t, t h e r e a r e

m a n y d iv e rg e n t e l e m e n ts th a t m u s t be d e a l t w ith o r , p e r h a p s , s y n th e s iz e d

in th e f in a l f o r m .

. A ll th in g s b e a r the sh a d e on t h e i r b a ck s ,. A nd th e su n in t h e i r a r m s ;

By a b len d in g of b r e a t hF r o m th e su n a n d th e sh ad e ^E q u i l ib r iu m c o m e s to th e w o r ld .

I S N e l s o n , op. c i t . , p. 68.

l^ T z u , op. c i t . , p. 95 .

18

F ig u r e 10. S q u a re C i r c le

R E F E R E N C E S

B row n , C o n ra d , . " A r c h i te c to n ic s in -C lay , " C r a f t H o r iz o n s ,- XVI (Jan . - F e b . , 1956), 15.

______ o . "V ou ikos E x h ib i ts New S to n e w a re , " C r a f t H o r iz o n s , XVI- (M a y -Ju n e , 1956), 47=

C h r i s te n s e n , . E r w in O. P r i m i t i v e A r t . New Y o rk : B o n a n z a B ooks, 1955.

K e y -O b e r g , E l le n . " C e r a m ic S c u lp tu re , " C r a f t H o r iz o n s ,(X III ( M a r . - A p r . , 1953), 1 6 -1 9 .

N elson ,. G lenn C. C e r a m i c s . New Y o rk : Holt, R in e h a r t a n d W in s to n I n c . , I960 .

R ead ,. H e r b e r t . A C o n c is e H is to r y of M o d e r n .S c u lp tu re . New Y ork: F r e d e r i c k A. P r a e g e r , P u b l i s h e r s , 1964.

. Sullivan,. L o u is H. T he A u to b io g ra p h y of a n Idea . New Y ork : D o v e r P u b l i c a t io n s , I n c . , 1956.

Swann, P e t e r C. A r t of China,. K o re a , an d Jap a n . . New Y ork : F r e d e r i c k A . P r a e g e r , P u b l i s h e r s , 1963.

Tzu,. L a o . T he W ay of. L ife , t r a n s . . R. B. B lak n ey . New Y o rk : T he New A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y , 1955.

W atts , A la n W. P s y c h o th e r a p y E a s t an d W est . New Y o rk : T h e New A m e r ic a n . L i b r a r y , 1961.

• W o ld e r in g , I r m g a r d . T he A r t of E g y p t, t r a n s . Ann. E . K eep . New Y ork : G re y s to n e P r e s s , 1963.

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