Alternate Energy Sources & their Management

Mr. Mubashir ZamanAssistant Director (T-IV & Tech.)

Course on Alternative Energy (AE) for Development

We will Discuss about: All available types of AE Sources. Policies by Government. Best Policies by developed countries. New Technologies. Commercialization of the AE Technologies. 1 Hour each day for one Company/ Organization

to present their Organizational Profile.

Types of Alternative Energy

Chapter No. 1

Introduction

• Traditionally used fossil fuels.• These fossil fuels, like gasoline and coal etc.• The world's supply of these nonrenewable resources is

diminishing.• The prices continue to skyrocket.• Fossil fuels are damaging to the environment.• Fossil fuels will not be around forever.

Because of these three reasons, we are beginning to look at alternative energy sources.

Other Options

• Fortunately, there are other options out there, and many of them do not have the same concerns that fossil fuels have.

• These alternative sources are environmentally friendly, renewable, and more affordable in some cases.

• There are a number of advantages to exploring alternative energy sources.

• Many alternative energy sources reduce greenhouse gases and pollutants which not only lead to us being unhealthier but contribute to global warming.

WIND POWER

• Wind is a natural energy source. • When the wind blows, the blades of the turbine

rotate. • The rotation is then converted into an electrical

current through the use of an electrical generator. • These wind turbines are usually built on wind farms. • Electrical currents today are harnessed by large wind

farms that are used by national electrical grids. • They are also used on a smaller scale for providing

electricity to smaller homes or locations.

Advantages

• It produces no pollution. • This means there are no harmful by-products

and our environment stays healthy. • Wind energy is a renewable source, so we will

never run out of wind. • Wind turbines can be placed on farms in

which livestock are raised. • Wind farms can also be built off-shore.

Disadvantages

• Once concern is that wind power is not constant. • Some days are windier than others. On some

days, there is little to no wind. • In order for this energy source to be more

reliable, it needs to be more consistent so that electricity is being produced all the time.

• Another concern is that some people believe that the wind turbines are ugly and they do not want them around.

SOLAR POWER

• Trapping the sun's rays into solar cells.• Sunlight is changed into electricity. • Solar energy is most commonly used for

producing electricity, getting the salt out of water, heating, and cooking.

Advantages

• One advantage is that as long as we have a sun, its energy is renewable.

• Secondly, like wind power, it does not contribute to pollution and keeps our world clean.

• Solar energy is a very practical form of energy for lighting and heating.

• Solar power can be easily used to heat water tanks, pools, and spas.

• Its uses are endless.

Disadvantages

• Just like wind power, solar power also has the disadvantage of inconsistency.

• There are some days when ample sunlight is present, offering a lot of solar energy; there are also days when the sun is not shining and little to no solar power energy will be collected.

• Additionally, solar power stations can be very expensive to build, which may make it somewhat impractical.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• Geothermal energy is the natural energy formed by the earth.

• The hot rocks that are under the ground heat the water to produce steam.

• Then you can drill holes in this area, causing the steam to shoot up and drive turbines.

• The turbines then power electric generators.

Advantages

• Just as wind and solar power, geothermal energy does not pollute or cause harmful by-products.

• A geothermal plant is a very self-sufficient energy source once it has been built.

• These plants are typically rather small and do not have much affect on the beauty of the landscape, so no complaints there like the complaints with the wind turbines.

Disadvantages

• If the geothermal plant is not produced correctly, there can be pollutants.

• Also, if the drilling is not done correctly, there will be hazardous minerals and gases released into the air.

• Finally, geothermal sites can run out of steam at some point.

• You can see that it is vitally important that the geothermal plants are done correctly in order for them to be effective, and they will not last forever.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

• Hydroelectric power is generated from dammed water that drives a water turbine and generator.

• Tidal power is one version of this. • The power of the water of a tide creates

pressure that will turn either a turbine or a water wheel.

• This power then is able to provide energy to the electric generator.

Advantages

• First, water can be held in order to provide for times of less water.

• This is a difference from the other forms of alternative energy since with hydroelectric energy you have the ability to accumulate the water.

• This means that the energy can be generated consistently. • Hydroelectric power, like wind, solar, and geothermal

energy, has no waste or pollution. • Additionally, it is renewable because the water can be

reused.

Disadvantages

• Disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include that the dams can be rather expensive to build.

• There also needs to be enough supply of water to create energy, and that supply of water needs to be powerful.

BIOFUELS

• Biofuels are fuels that are made from animals or plants.

• They may include methane from animal waste, wood chippings, or wood.

• Today ethanol has been getting a lot of attention for its use in combination with gasoline for transportation use.

Advantages

• There are various types of biofuels, mainly being used to power machines, for cooking, and to heat homes.

• The technology used to create and utilize biofuels is still fairly new, but is gaining popularity in Europe, Asia, and America.

• One of the big advantages of biofuels is the fact that they can be renewable.

• Ethanol, which is made from corn, can be made as long as there is a steady supply of corn.

• Biofuels are also less hazardous on the environment.

Disadvantage

• Biofuels do have some disadvantages. • One is the amount of resources it takes to make a biofuel. • It costs more and takes more resources to make a gallon of

ethanol than it takes to make a gallon of gas. • It also takes fossil fuels to grow and harvest the corn to make

the biofuel. • Another disadvantage is the cost of conversion. • With everything set up to run off of fossil fuels, it would cost a

lot of money to covert cars and homes to run off of biofuel. • Add to that the cost of the fuel itself, converting costs more

than most people have.

NATURAL GAS

• Natural gas is a fossil fuel. • It does, however, have some differences. It does not

produce carbon dioxide, which is the main greenhouse gas. • This makes natural gas a better option. • There is also still a rather large supply of natural gas in the

world.• Methane is the primary ingredient of natural gas, with most

of the other elements in the core element being filtered out through an extensive filtering process.

• Natural gas is found in areas with other fossil fuels, and can even be created by other organisms.

• Most of the natural gas in the world is produces in North American and Asia, with several other developed countries producing large amounts.

Advantage

• There are several advantages to using natural gas, including the reduces environmental damage, cost, and ease of use, since many homes and businesses could easily be converted to use natural gas.

• There are disadvantages, just like anything else. • It does still releases greenhouse gases, and the

process to isolate methane is quite complex.

HYDROGEN

• Hydrogen so far has not proven to be a very profitable energy source since it takes more energy to manufacture than the hydrogen actually produces.

• It is, however, a very good fuel for the environment and has turned out to be a good energy source for vehicles.

• Hydrogen fuel is used primarily in batteries, and while it hasn't been profitable yet, it is promising.

• This type of alternative energy is used primarily in batteries, by combining oxygen and hydrogen to create power.

• The only by-product is water vapor, instead of dangerous and damaging carbon dioxide.

• If there was an easier way to produce the hydrogen needed for the reaction in the batteries, hydrogen would be a great energy source.

• Unfortunately, it takes more to produce the hydrogen than it is currently worth.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

• Nuclear energy is energy created through atoms.

• By either splitting atoms (fission) or merging them (fusion), it creates energy from the reaction.

• Nuclear energy, while it does produce a large amount of power, has several other hazards.

• Nuclear energy creates dangerous nuclear waste which is difficult to deal with.

• It must be stored in a secure location until it can be properly dealt with.

• Power plants also run the risk of a meltdown. • If one stage of the process is destroyed, it can lead to a

radiation leak which can make the area around the plant unlivable for years.

• The radiation created with many nuclear plants can be devastating to the environment.

• The Chernobyl incident, which is one of the worst nuclear accidents ever, caused the resettlement of over 300,000 people and exposed even more to dangerous radiation, which can lead to increased cancer rates in both people and animals.

• Even though the area of the incident is still under quarantine, many consider the area to be safe for resettlement.

Advantage

• One of the big advantages of nuclear energy is the amount of power it can produce from one plant, although the cost for building one is quite high.

• The dangerous effects nuclear power can have on people or the environment have led many of the more developed countries to steer away from the use of nuclear energy until the risks can be eliminated.

Energy Management

Chapter No. 2

• In Pakistan we required Advanced training to help you master the energy market.

• Need reliable energy market data and news?• Searching for successful and proven hedging

and trading advice.• The Energy Management Institute brings to

bear deep expertise and practical industry experience that our clients respect and trust every business day.

Experiential Learning is the First Step in order to Overcome the above discussed issues.

You can master the energy market

• You are the Agents of Change. • No matter what your level of experience or area

of expertise, Experiential Learning training path that’s right for you.

• By Pooling your experiences under the one roof can brings the next generation managers.

• By attending courses like this, you will not only builds the links but also could explore the market as well.

Get practical and timely information you can use immediately

• An easy-learning environment with small, personalized classes.

• Hands-on instruction.• Real-life examples.• Current market data• Expert instructors with real, applicable industry

experience.• Future market perspective for understanding

tomorrow’s industry.

• Energy management is largely a science.• Today’s energy management challenges are

much more dynamic than they were in the past. • Corporates are facing acute energy crisis. • On one hand, they are caught with scarcity of

electricity supply and on the other, the ever increasing cost of energy.

• Various organizations with lead from Bureau of Energy Efficiency are looking for accredited energy managers and auditors to find solution to the creeping problems.

• Energy management is an essential and unavoidable activity in most of the industrial sector.

• Energy management systems are applied in various forms and degrees of sophistication to all sectors of industry.

• It contains a large variety of measures e.g. recognizing the importance of energy management, target setting, planning, monitoring, reporting and implementing optimal control strategies.

• Such planned strategies require a specialized stream exclusively dedicated to develop individuals into expert energy managers.

• The global economic recovery from a downturn raised important question in many parts of the world regarding energy security including diversification, generation and its efficient allocation.

• The future of economic development hinges upon energy security and reframing of public policy for effective policy interventions will set the standard for shaping out the future of energy demand.

• The global demand for different fuel sources is changing the overall energy mix to support cost effective support to economic growth.

• Notwithstanding falling share, oil is likely to remain the dominant fuel source in primary energy mix till 2035.

• It will remain sensitive to public policy actions to curb rising demand and emissions standards.

• The natural gas will play instrumental role in meeting the world energy needs for at least next two and half decades.

• The demand for energy put pressure on people around the world to explore new vistas for energy and think beyond the available sources of energy.

• Exploring new renewable energy sources has become more important to lead the world towards a more secure, reliable and sustainable energy path.

• Energy is the key determinant of economic development and prosperity of society.

• It also provides an impetus for keeping sustainability in economic growth.

• Pakistan, which falls in the middle income group, has been facing an unprecedented energy crisis for past few years as the demand and supply gap widens.

• Its current energy demand far exceeds its indigenous supplies fostering dependency on the imported oil that put substantial burdens on the economy.

• Recent unrests in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and political turmoil put up an upward pressure on the international oil prices with implications for Pakistan’s burgeoning oil import bill, and boosting cost structure in power generation sector leading to severe domestic shortage of electricity and gas.

• The energy availability has remained main impediment to economic growth.

• The growth prospects of the economy in 2010-11 were constrained by the availability of energy.

• In order to ensure energy supply, government is pursing policies of increasing domestic energy supplies by attracting foreign investment, diversifying imports to include natural gas, coal and electricity.

• It encourages attainment of optimal energy mix through fuel substitution by promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy and interregional co-operation.

• The circular debt represents inefficiency in electricity sector and has increased to 1.5 times as compare to last year.

• Due to high energy prices, shift from expensive imported fuel (oil) to indigenously available alternative fuel (gas) has been seen, creating huge gap between demand and supply and has compelled government to tackle this with load management strategy along with increase in the prices.

Electricity Crisis in Pakistan

Chapter No. 3

• We are a nuclear nation, there are few such nations in the world, 10 countries to be exact.

• United States, Russia, UK, France, China, India, Israel, Pakistan, North Korea, South Africa.

• None of them is having energy issues as severe as Pakistan.

Pakistan electricity, least outage to the most per province/capital

• Islamabad (Capital), 0 - 4 Hours outage, depending upon Location

• NWFP, 2 - 4 Hours of outage, depending upon Location

• Sindh/Punjab, 12 - 16 hours of outage, depending upon Location

• Baluchistan, 16 - 20 Hours of outage, depending upon Location

Electricity in Pakistan is generated, transmitted, distributed and retail supplied by two vertically

integrated public sector utilities: • Water and Power Development Authority

(WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except Karachi), • Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for

the City of Karachi and its surrounding areas.• There are around 16 independent power

producers that contributes significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.

• Some officials even go as far as claiming that the frequent power cuts across Pakistan today are indicative of an emerging prosperity as there is fast rising demand for electricity.

• And yet, the failure to meet the demand is indeed indicative of a challenge to that very prosperity.

• Pakistan's electricity producers are now seeking a parity in returns for both domestic and foreign investors which indicates it to be one of the key unresolved issues in overseeing a surge in electricity generation when the country faces growing shortages.

• Contrary to Pakistani government and expatriate claims, Pakistan suffers from a massive electricity shortage.

• Electricity generation in Pakistan has shrunk by 50% in recent years due to an overreliance on hydroelectric power.

• In 2008, availability of power in Pakistan falls short of the population's needs by 15% Pakistan was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007.

• Production fell by 6000 Megawatts and massive blackouts followed suit.

• Load Shedding (deliberate blackouts) and power blackouts have become severe in Pakistan in recent years.

• The main problem with Pakistan's poor power generation is rising political instability, together with rising demands for power and lack of efficiency.

Towards the Solution

Chapter No. 4

Alternate Power Appliances

Solar Fountain - A Modern Alternative To A Moorish Oasis ?

Solar Water Heating System Options

Buy a Pair of Solar Shades

Solar Outdoor Lighting

Solar Attic Fan

Solar Battery Charger

The Solar Oven

Wind Power Supply + Solar Geyser + Solar Power

Windmills & Windmill Alternatives

Geothermal Heating & Cooling

Hydrogen Gas as a Sustainable and Cheap Fuel