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Alternative Approaches to Social Protection for Health in West and Central Africa Cora Walsh; Nicola Jones, PhD Report commissioned by UNICEF WCARO

Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

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Page 1: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Alternative Approaches to Social Protection for Health in West and 

Central Africa

Cora Walsh; Nicola Jones, PhDReport commissioned by UNICEF WCARO

Page 2: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Presentation overview 

1. Rationale for Social Protection

2. Child and maternal health profiles in WCA 

3. Health care financing 

4. Alternative health financing mechanisms

Page 3: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

1. Rationale for social health protection

Source: Flickr/world bank

Page 4: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Rationale for Social Health Protection 

• 60 year commitment to health as a universal human right 

• Alma Ata (1978) declaration of “Health for All by 2000”

• Children’s right to the “highest attainable standard of health” (UNCRC) 

Page 5: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

The barrier of health care costs 

• Widespread poverty & financial barriers to health care services include: – 1/3 of total health care spending in 2/3 of all low‐income countries  is out‐of‐

pocket [WHO,  2003]

– High health care payments result in reduced expenditure for basic needs, loans 

and sale of assets

• Financial barriers to preventive & curative health services:o High levels of morbidity & mortality

o Lost productivity 

o Lost time in school (due to child illness & children as caretakers)

• Inducing & entrenching levels of poverty and vulnerability, across the lifecycle and inter‐generationally

Page 6: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

2. Child and maternal health profiles in WCA

Page 7: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Key health vulnerabilities 

• Of 68 MDG priority countries, not a single WCA country ‘on track’ for MDGs 4 & 5 on child & maternal mortality [Lancet, 2008]

• In 5 WCA countries, increased U5MRs

• Globally, highest regional average U5MR of 169 (per 1,000 live births, in 2007)

• Globally, highest regional average MMR of 1,100 (per 100,000 live births)

• Decrease in ODA for child health in half of WCA countries [UNICEF 2008]

Page 8: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

High Mortality from Preventable Causes

WHO Statistical Information System, 2008

Page 9: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

High U5MRs parallel low maternal health service utilisation

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

U5MRs vs. Maternal Health Service Utilisation [UNICEF, 2008]

U5MR (per 1,000 live births) Antenatal care coverage (at least once, %) Skilled attendant at delivery (%)

Page 10: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Obstacles to health service access

[Weighted averages calculated from DHS data, 2001-2005]

WCA regional averages (Source: DHS data)

56%

40%

37%

23%

19%

17%

12%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

Cost (money)

Distance

Transport problems

Not wanting to go alone

No female provider

Don't know where to go

No permission to go

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3. Health care financing in WCA 

Page 12: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Equity impacts of health expenditure

[Data source: WHO 2008]

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Out‐of‐pocket payments (OPPs)

• OPPs are all health related expenses incurred at the time of use of health service, including consultation fees, drugs etc. 

• Exclude expenditure on transport to health care services. 

• Exclude reimbursements, e.g. from insurance. 

• Include fees (official & unofficial) paid to public and private health providers, and traditional healers. 

Page 14: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Government expenditure on health

[Data source: WHO 2008]

Health share of total government expenditure (%) (Source: WHO)

3.5 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.7 5.06.7 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.8

9.5 10.2 10.9 11.0 11.2 12.0 12.2 13.2 13.5 13.9

18.4

36.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Nigeria

Congo

Guinea-B

issau

Cote d'

Ivoire

Guinea

Maurit

ania

Seneg

alGhan

aTo

goEq G

uinea

DRCSier

ra Leo

neCha

dNige

rCAR

Camero

onGam

bia Mali

Sao Tom

e & P

rincip

eCap

e Verd

eBen

inGab

on

Burkin

a Fas

oLib

eria

Page 15: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Emergence of User Fees in WCA

• Introduced following structural adjustment policies in 1980s

• 1987 Bamako Initiative: introduced community participation elements to user fee policies

• User fees aimed to:o Increase revenue with high efficiencyo Counteract moral hazardo Improve quality and coverage of serviceso Rationalise pattern of health care‐seeking behaviouro Safeguard equity through exemptions for the poor 

[James et al., 2008; Schieber and Maeda, 1997; SC UK, 2005]

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Multi‐layered negative equity effects

• Impoverishing impacts of user fees include:o Selling assetso Health expenditure at expense of other needso Loanso Lost labour time

• Regressive, leading to decline in health service usage by poorest quintiles

• Undermining prevention & treatment of childhood illness

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User fee exemptions 

Mali:

• Vaccinations

• Bed nets to protect against malaria

• Free malaria care to women and children

• Free TB and ARV treatment and preventive care for leprosy and other ‘neglected’ diseases

Senegal 

• Free deliveries and C‐sections

• Coverage of individuals with a certificate of destitution: beneficiaries receive free care at public health facilities

• Free malaria care

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4. Alternatives to user fees 

Source: Flickr World Bank

Page 19: Alternative Approaches to Social Health in West and ... · Cons • Difficulty ... • Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone ... Alternative Approaches to Social Protection

Community‐based Financing Schemes

• Complementary coverage of SHI excluded populations

• Voluntary, private, non‐profit insurance schemes

• Largely participatory• Smoothing private 

expenditure• Pooling health risks• Strategic purchasing to 

encourage quality

• Low cost‐recovery, on average 25% [Ekman, 2004]

• Continued OOPs to meet total costs

• High administrative costs• Catch‐22 of contributions 

from poorest• Exclusion of the poorest• Low coverage in region –

highest is just 3% in Mali 

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Social Health Insurance in WCA: pros and cons

Pros • Pooling health risks • Pooling financial 

contributions• Aim of universal coverage, 

regardless of income level• Redistributive• Government contributions 

for indigent • Protection from 

catastrophic expenditure

Cons • Difficulty covering large 

informal sector & population with unstable incomes

• WCA: ~1/10 population employed in formal sector

• Inequity in coverage: lower enrolment in poorest quintiles

Source: Scheil-Adlung, et. al, 2006

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Ghana: National Health Insurance Scheme

• Est. 2004, coverage of 54% population by mid‐2008 –12.5 million individuals

• Fees range from between 7 and 20 GHS (approx 5‐15USD per annum) 

• This is still a significant barrier to enrolment for the poor according to 2008 participatory study

• Lower registration among  lowest wealth quintiles 

• National Health Insurance Fund covers:

i) formal sector workers who contribute 

ii) children under 18 years whose parents are both card holders

iii) people over the age of 70; 

iv) pensioners; and 

v) the indigent

• Exemptions: 

i) All pregnant and lactating women, and new‐borns

ii) Announced but not yet implemented exemptions for children under 18 years. 

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Removal of user fees for U5MR impact

• Direct linkages between user fee removal, increases in service utilisation & reductions in child mortality

• Removal of user fees in 20 African countries would result in:o Estimated 233,000 under‐five deaths prevented annually

o 6.3% of under‐five deaths 

• Estimating resource requirementso ~5‐10% recurrent health care budgets annuallyo Uganda: increase of US$7 to $8.4 per capita

• Consider district level implicationso Current allocation of user fee revenue to be replacedo District level decision making control over user fee revenue

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Facilitating removal of user fees

Implementation challenges of exemptions

• Selective exemptions by socio‐economic status prone to costly and complex administrative procedures

• Confusion regarding who qualifies for exemption

• More effective: blanket exemptions for specific services

• Step towards removal of all fees: exemption mechanisms for the poor and particularly vulnerable populations requiring health services

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Conclusions 

• Prioritise user fee abolition in maternal and child health services

• Address the prerequisites for the successful removal of user fees

• Strengthen budget management and the quality of health expenditure

• Understand  potential (and limitations) of SHI and MHOs

• Build political will and good governance

• Take advantage of favourable donor policies and build on international momentum

2) Address prerequisites

3)Strengthen budget

management

4) Understand potential of SHI

and MHOs

5) Build political will

nationally and with donors

1) Prioritise fee abolition for MCH