ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels , are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels.

INTRODUCTIONPetroleum production is expected to decrease significantly by

the year of 2025,so we going to an alternative fuel. Hydrogen is considered to be one of the most promising, and

the most environmentally friendly, fuels to replace diesel and petrol in the future.

Hydrogen is the simplest molecule on earth with only one proton and one electron. Hydrogen gas is formed with two atoms on each molecule.

HYDROGEN AS A ALTERNATIVE FUEL

Hydrogen is the ideal alternative fuel for future.

Current oil production is 25 billion barrels of oil per year; by 2025, annual oil production most likely will be between 18 and 19 billion barrels.

Hydrogen is considered an alternative fuel for two reasons: It is renewable, and it is the most abundant element on the earth.

HYDROGEN CHARACTERISTICSHydrogen's physical and chemical properties make it a good

candidate for a fuel. At normal atmospheric conditions, hydrogen is a colorless and odorless gas.

Fuel cells also may use hydrogen as a fuel. A fuel cell is an electrochemical engine that converts the chemical energy contained in the hydrogen molecule into electrical energy. Hydrogen can react with oxygen to produce electricity in a fuel cell.

Because of its low density, liquid hydrogen weighs less than petroleum-based fuels. With these properties, hydrogen has the highest energy-to-weight ratio of all fuels.

EXTRACTION AND USE OF HYDROGEN ENERGY

There are two ways to extract the energy contained in hydrogen: by simple combustion in ICE's or turbine engines or by converting it to electricity in a fuel cell.

Fuel cell drive concepts with highly efficient electric drive systems can provide fuel-efficient solutions for vehicle propulsion that are two to three times as efficient as ICE's with mechanical transmission systems.

PRODUCTION Electrolysis can be used to separate water into its basic constituents, hydrogen and

oxygen. In electrolysis, a current is passed through water. Although any power source can be used to produce the electric current, hydroelectric resources offer the lowest price for hydrogen production. Globally, over 95% of hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbons; about 4% is produced through electrolysis of water.

STORAGE Hydrogen may be stored on

platforms using a variety of technologies. At room temperature, hydrogen is a gas that can be stored in compressed gas cylinders similar to those used on natural-gas-powered vehicles.

These cylinders have a pressure level of 20 megapascals (MPa), or 2,900 pounds per square inch (psi).

 TRANSPORT

Compressed gaseous hydrogen and liquid hydrogen can be transported by trucks or rail.

Liquid hydrogen can be transported in pressurized tanks by truck, rail, barge, or ship. Insulation of the storage tanks is of utmost importance.

In Germany, there are two large hydrogen distribution networks that have more than 50 kilometers of pipeline with pressures of 2 MPa, or 290 psi. There have been no accidents in more than 50 years.

HYDROGEN FUEL USING VECHILESDaimler-Benz

AG BMW, and Mazda have a vechile used hydrogen fuel. Modern18 wheel semi-trucks are a formidable piece of engineering.

SAFETYHydrogen has different

characteristics from petroleum-based fuels, it is as safe as gasoline, diesel, or kerosene.

Hydrogen's explosive range is a 13- to 79-percent concentration in air. It is colorless and odorless and burns with a nearly invisible flame. Hydrogen's wide explosive range, coupled with its very low

ignition energy.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

One common source of hydrogen is water, which is 11.2 percent hydrogen by weight.

Hydrogen-powered-fuel-cell vehicles have zero emissions. On the other hand, platforms powered by petroleum-based fuels emit significant amounts of air pollutants .

Using hydrogen in fuel cell propulsion systems with low temperature fuel cells completely eliminates all polluting emissions.

ADVANTAGES

Colourless and odourless .Low ignition energy High flame temperature Invisible flame in daylight conditions Negative Joule-Thompson Coefficient, meaning that a

leak may self-ignite Small molecular size

CONCLUSION

There are many different alternative fuel options being developed right now. For those who would like to make a change right now, many of the options are already available and would be suitable for day to day life. By making the right choices and further developing these technologies we have to power to save the planet.