Alternative Fuels for engine

7/28/2019 Alternative Fuels for engine

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The increasing motorizationincreasing motorizationof the world

has led to a steep rise in the demand ofpetroleum products. But petroleumresources are :

Finite

Highly concentrated in certainregions of the world

Source of environmentalpollution.

BackgroundBackground


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The transportation sector consumes 65

percent of the total petroleum productssupplied. In India, the transportation sectorcontributes:

about 1/3rd of CO2 emissions about 1/3rd of NOx emissions nearly 77 % of CO emissions around 45 % of particulate matter (PM)

BackgroundBackground


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How to reduce our reliance onHow to reduce our reliance onpetroleumpetroleum--based fuels ?based fuels ?

Alternative Fuels!

Alternative fuel" means fuel that is

(a) for use in motor vehicles to deliver direct propulsion,

(b) less damaging to the environment thanconventional fuels, and

(c) prescribed by regulation,

including, without limiting the generality of theforegoing, ethanol, methanol, propane gas, naturalgas, hydrogen or electricity when used as a solesource of direct propulsion energy.


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MethanolMethanolWhat it isWhat it is:: !!"

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Environmental Characteristics:Environmental Characteristics:

Emissions from M-85 vehicles are slightly lower than ingasoline powered vehicles. Smog-forming emissionsare generally 30-50 percent lower; NOx andhydrocarbons emissions from M-85 vehicles aresimilar to slightly lower. However, CO emissions areusually equal or slightly higher than in gasolinevehicles.

Advantages:Advantages:

High octane and performance characteristics. Only minor modifications are needed to allowgasoline engines to use methanol. There is a significant reduction of reactiveemissions when using M-85.


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What it isWhat it is:: Its a cheap non-petroleum based fuel. As withmethanol, E-85 is the primary ethanol alternative fuel. Theuse of ethanol in vehicles is not a new innovation. In the1880s, Henry Ford built one of his first automobiles to run on

ethanol.

There's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoeThere's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoeThere's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoeThere's enough alcohol in one year's yield of an acre of potatoes to drive thes to drive thes to drive thes to drive themachinery necessary to cultivate the fields for one hundred yearmachinery necessary to cultivate the fields for one hundred yearmachinery necessary to cultivate the fields for one hundred yearmachinery necessary to cultivate the fields for one hundred years.s.s.s.

Henry Ford

How is it producedHow is it produced:: It can be produced by fermentation ofvegetables and plant materials. In India, its main source ismolasses - a byproduct of sugarcane. Its done in threestages1. Extraction of juice from sugarcane2. Fermentation of the juice3. Distillation

EthanolEthanol


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Environmental CharacteristicsEnvironmental Characteristics:: It has approximately30-50% fewer smog forming emissions than agasoline vehicle. Air toxics are also reduced byabout 50 percent when compared to gasoline. As

with all internal combustion engines, vehicles usingethanol emit minor amounts of aldehydes. This isresolved by installing advanced catalyticconverters on the vehicles.

Major problem with ethanol is the corrosion. Ethanoldriven vehicles require lines, hoses and valves tobe resistant to the corrosion that alcohol caninduce. Alcohol corrodes lead-plated fuel tanks;

magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, and aluminumparts; and some synthetic gaskets.


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Natural GasNatural Gas -- LNG & CNGLNG & CNG What it isWhat it is:: Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons -

mainly methane (CH4). It can be stored on avehicle either in a compressed gaseous state

(CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG).

How it is producedHow it is produced:: Natural gas is primarilyextracted from gas wells or in conjunction withcrude oil production; it can also be produced as a

"by-product" of landfill operations.

Environmental CharacteristicsEnvironmental Characteristics:: Natural gas has lowCO emissions, virtually no PM (particulate matter)

emissions, and reduced volatile organiccompounds. Per unit of energy, natural gascontains less carbon than any other fossil fuel,leading to lower CO2 emissions per vehicle miletraveled.


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AdvantagesAdvantages

1. Its cheap

2. Its Engine-Friendly3. Its safe

4. There is lot of it in India.

5. Its clean, easy to trap and odorless.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

1. The storage cylinder takes a lot of space.2. CNG gas stations are not widely available in India.


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LiquifiedLiquified Petroleum GasPetroleum Gas -- LPGLPG

What it isWhat it is:: Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consistsof various hydrocarbons, mainly propane,

propylene, butane, and butylene in variousmixtures. The main constituent, in most of thecases , is propane.

How it is producedHow it is produced:: LPG is a byproduct of naturalgas processing and petroleum refining.

Environmental CharacteristicsEnvironmental Characteristics:: The LPG run

vehicles have lower emission of reactivehydrocarbons (about one-third less), NOx (20percent less), and CO (60 percent less) thangasoline vehicles.


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1. Its cost is 60% of petrol with 90% of its mileage.

2. Has a higher octane number and burns moreefficiently.

3. LPG has many of the storage and transportationadvantages of liquids, along with the fueladvantages of gases.

4. Saves on the maintenance costs.


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Hydrogen (HHydrogen (H22))

What it isWhat it is:: Hydrogen gas (H2)

How it is producedHow it is produced:: Hydrogen can be produced from

a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc. Two methods are generally usedto produce hydrogen:

(1) Electrolysis

(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reformingor partial oxidation.

Environmental CharacteristicsEnvironmental Characteristics:: When combusted(oxidized), only water vapor is produced. Whenburned in an internal combustion engine, smallamounts of nitrogen oxides and small amounts ofunburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide areproduced, due to the use of engine lubricants.


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Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly 10 timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.

Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperature butrequires very little energy to ignite it.

Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.

As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses

associated with throttling.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

There is danger of back fire and induction

ignition. Though low in exhaust , it produces toxic NOx.

Its difficult to handle and store, requiring highcapital and running cost.


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What it isWhat it is:: Biodiesel is a fuel made primarilyfrom the oils and fats of plants. Although, it

can be used as a straight replacement todiesel, the blend of biodiesel to diesel canbe as low as 20% biodiesel, 80% diesel.

How it is producedHow it is produced:: Biodiesel can beproduced through a transesterficationprocess, forming fatty esters. One of thebyproducts of production is glycerol, whichcan then be sold as an independentproduct.

BiodieselBiodiesel


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Environmental CharacteristicsEnvironmental Characteristics:: Biodiesel

has no aromatic content and only traceamounts of sulfur. In vehicle tests, it haslower emissions of carbon monoxide,soot, and polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons than conventional diesel.With adjustments in the injection enginetiming, it is possible to reduce the NOx

emissions.

BiodieselBiodiesel


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Low Emissions

It is biodegradable and non-toxic

Low cost High Cetane Number

High Lubricidity


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Electricity (Batteries & Fuel Cells)Electricity (Batteries & Fuel Cells)

What it isWhat it is:: Electricity is a type of energy wheremechanical power is derived directly from it,

as opposed to other alternative fuels, whichrelease stored chemical energy throughcombustion to provide mechanical power.Electricity in vehicles is commonly provided by

rechargeable batteries, but fuel cells are alsobeing explored.

Environmental Characteristics:Environmental Characteristics: Battery-

powered electric vehicles are almost zero-emission vehicles. Fuel cell emissions, usinghydrogen as the fuel, are water vapor andheat.


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Batteries are the storage "tanks" forelectricity, and the quantity ofpotential power available from themis given by the battery rating

(determined by plate size, quantity ofelectrolyte, etc.).

BatteriesBatteries


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Fuel cells do not store energy; instead

chemical energy is converted intoelectricity. An external source ofhydrogen (for example, from naturalgas, gasoline, or one of the alcohol

fuels) and oxygen (from air) are fed tothe fuel cell. The electrolyte fuel cellsemploy the electrochemical reaction

between hydrogen and oxygen togenerate electricity.

Fuel CellsFuel Cells


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Our dependence on energy is central toour economy and way of life.

Economically, we need to utilize new andrenewable types of fuels, as our supplies ofmany current fuels are very limited.Environmentally, burning fossil fuels has

been greatly affecting and damaging ourplanet.

Thus, it is important to compare all typesof fuels, in order to determine the best

ones, economically and environmentally,short term and long term. For this we needto develop alternative fuels.

ConclusionsConclusions


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Alternative Fuels for engine