Alternative Therapies for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Service Dogs&

Therapeutic Riding

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What Is Autism?

• DSM-IV-TR(2000) “Autistic Disorder” is placed in a group of five “Pervasive Development Disorders” (PDD) that also comprises “Rett’s Syndrome,” “Childhood Disintegrative Disorder,” “Asperger’s Syndrome,” and “Pervasive Development Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDDNOS)

• Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Syndrome, and PDD-NOS – are often collectively referred to as “Autism Spectrum Disorders” (ASD).

What It Looks Like• Qualitative impairment in social interaction, at least 2 of:

– impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviours such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction;

– Failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to development level; – A lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people (e.g., by a lack of

showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest); – Lack of social or emotional reciprocity,

• As well as– Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least

one of the following:– Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal

either in intensity or focus; – Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, non-functional routines or rituals; – Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body

movements); – Persistent preoccupation with parts of objects.

• Differentiation between Autistic Disorder and Asperger’s Syndrome is a “qualitative impairment in communication” manifested by at least one of the following:– Delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language; – In individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with

others; – Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language; – Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to development level.

• In contrast to children with Autistic Disorder, those with Asperger’s Syndrome do not demonstrate any significant delays in language or cognitive development. This is why Asperger’s Syndrome is sometimes labelled “high-functioning Autism” and considered by some to be a less severe disorder. However, this apparent advantage of Asperger’s Syndrome can be offset by the sometimes dramatic psychological consequences of the disorder. Whereas autistic children are typically not interested in others, children with Asperger’s Syndrome want to interact but cannot do so appropriately and are therefore much more likely to be rejected by other children.

How can these animals help?

Service Dogs• National Service Dogs (NSD) has proven that

properly trained and certified autism service dogs can:– increase safety levels– improve a child's socialization and behaviour skills– calm children thereby giving them an increased

attention span and a greater aptitude for learning– create freedoms for the child and family members to

go out of the house safely and confidently– expand a child's capabilities to experience more of life

and to grow

Research• Adams & Burrows (2005) began evaluating the Benefits of Service Dogs for

Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders • Objectives

– 1) determine if there is improved safety, increased social interaction, decreased behaviours and increased human-animal bond

– 2) determine impact of the service dog (stress levels, happiness, family cohesion and family outings

– 3) describe and define the human-animal bond• Autism is a major public health problem which bolters the significance of

this research• Human-animal interactions may alleviate stress in children and reduce

autistic characteristics and behaviours. Animals can act as transitional objects, where bonds formed between children and animals can be transferred to humans.

• Their research hopes to evaluate the potential benefits of long-term human-animal companionship. In fact, at the three month mark, most families have already been positively impacted by the service dogs

• Collaboration with the National Service Dogs Training Centre provides a very unique opportunity to study these dogs in a home environment

Equine Therapy• Horseback riding allows individuals with disabilities to benefit physically,

mentally and emotionally• Horseback riding provides physiotherapy by strengthening and relaxing

muscles, improving posture, balance and coordination and increasing joint mobility

• Therapeutic riding has been show to improve psychological functioning and motivation

• The ability to attend to tasks and follow instructions improves due to the discipline and attention required when riding

• The horse’s rhythmical, multi-dimensional movement facilitates activation of postural control, balance, motor and sensory systems

• Therapy sessions are uniquely created to improve poise, posture, strength and flexibility, as well as cognitive function, mood and behavioural responses

• Social activities such as horse shows and summer camps encourage confidence, self-esteem and a sense of accomplishment as new levels of expertise and goals are met

Links

• National Service Dogs www.nsd.on.ca• Windsor-Essex Therapeutic Riding Association

www.wetra.ca• Dogs on Duty- article based on research by

Adams & Burrows http://www.uoguelph.ca/csaw/newsletter/doc/CSAWNewsWinter2005.pdf

Upcoming EventsEaster Egg Hunt for DogsGood Friday, April 10th, 2009Malden Park 11:00 a.m.Border City Barkers will do a demonstration at

10:00a.m.BBQ after the hunt