AM ltiA Multi-Id t P ti C t lIndustry Perspective on Control … · 2018. 4. 30. · AM ltiA Multi-Id t P ti C t lIndustry Perspective on Control Engineering for Resilient Infrastructures

A M lti I d t P ti C t lA Multi-Industry Perspective on Control Engineering for Resilient Infrastructures

Tariq SamadTariq SamadCorporate FellowHoneywell Automation and Control Solutions

Berkeley, CA, June 16, 2014

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OutlineOutline

• The diversity of CPS infrastructures• Resilience—the state-of-the-practice• Resilience and smart grids

2Document control number

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CPS Infrastructures--ExamplesCPS Infrastructures Examples

• Power systemsSmart Grid Conceptual Model (NIST)

• Microgrids• Smart buildings• Process plantsp• Factories• Oil and gas pipelines• Water distribution networks• Water distribution networks• Air traffic management• Road traffic management• Rail transportation• . . . and interconnections of the

above (e.g., smart cities)Barcelona water distribution network (EU FP7 WIDE project)


Grenoble smart highway (courtesy of C. Canudas-de-Wit)

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Connected Homes as CPS InfrastructureConnected Homes as CPS Infrastructure

http://wifithermostat.comhttp://mytotalconnect com


http://mytotalconnect.comhttp://greenbuttondata.org/

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CPS versus Cyber InfrastructuresCPS versus Cyber Infrastructures

• Examples of “cyber-only” infrastructures:– financial networks– corporate IT systems– networked monitoring and surveillance systems

• What difference does the “physical” element make? . . .

Energy underpins CPS infrastructures!


gy p

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Facets of CPS infrastructures and their controlFacets of CPS infrastructures and their control

Legacy systems and their accommodation

Standards and i t bilit


interoperability

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Cross-industry CPS InfrastructuresCross industry CPS Infrastructures

• CPS infrastructures differ across several dimensions– requirements, characteristics, properties

• Resilience a cross-cutting need– but details vary across industries

• How can we characterize cyberphysical infrastructures?– capture commonalities as well as differences?

Abstractions are important, but solutions must be


p ,informed by the problem domain

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OutlineOutline



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Resilience – the state-of-the-practiceResilience the state of the practice

• A new buzzword perhaps but today’s complex infrastructures• A new buzzword, perhaps, but today s complex infrastructures are hardly devoid of “resilience”

U d t di i d t ti i ti l if h i t• Understanding industry practices is essential if research is to have real-world impact


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Example: Contingency analysis in power systemsExample: Contingency analysis in power systems

• Power system operation attempts to ensure that stability is i t i d d b f “ ti i ”maintained under a number of “contingencies”

– outage of transmission lines, transformers, generators, etc.• Contingency analysis is a “what-if” scenario simulator

– off-line analysis and on-line operator tool• “N-1” contingency analysis: Exhaustive test that grid limits

(thermal, voltage, etc.) are not violated with the outage of any individual component of the power system– usually required by utility policy

• N-2, N-3, etc. contingency analyses may also be performed based on likelihood of component failures

• Requires a detailed model of the power system network, integrated with state estimation


http://www.smartgrid.epri.com/UseCases/ContingencyAnalysis-Baseline.pdf

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Example: Layered safety approach in process plantsExample: Layered safety approach in process plants

• Layers of protection widely recognized by process industryrecognized by process industry

• Layers can serve different purposes: preventative, mitigation, deterrence, detection, alerting

• Dedicated safety instrumented system (SIS), independent of other control systemsIEC 61508 IEC 61511 t d d• IEC 61508, IEC 61511 standards


An Integrated Approach to Safety: Defense in Depth, whitepaper available at honeywellprocess.com

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OutlineOutline



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The Smart Grid ChallengeThe Smart Grid Challenge

LG T&DTraditional LG T&DTraditional power system

f, V,

LG T&DSmart grid (with high

renewablesprice, commands, CO2, . . .

frequency, voltage, load, . . .

renewablespenetration)


A large-scale, distributed, techno-economic control problem!

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Smart grids—the enhanced need for resilienceSmart grids the enhanced need for resilience

• Higher penetration of intermittent renewables

Daily peak managementRamp Smoothing

renewables• Increasing stresses on transmission

and distribution infrastructure• Continued lack of cost effective large• Continued lack of cost-effective large-

scale storage solutions• Demand-side management demands

customer engagement and acceptancecustomer engagement and acceptance• Economic incentives favored over

direct load controlApproaches:• Approaches:– automated demand response– microgrids

k t d i

Load Shifting & Ancillary Services

Grid Balancing Issues


– market design (diagram courtesy of LBNL / DRRC)

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Example: Automated Demand ResponseExample: Automated Demand ResponseAutomated demand response – “Changes in electric use by demand-side resources from their normal consumption patterns in response to

h i th i f l t i it t i ti

Utility

changes in the price of electricity, or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized.” [FERC]

LoadDevices

? Utility $

Aggregation

EnergyManagement

System

LoadDevices Direct load control—utility

controls devices in facilities


Aggregation

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PG&E Auto-DR System Architecturey

tP G & E D R A S

S ecure W eb S erv ices

Inte

rnet

D R A S

`

Inform ationS ystem

O perato rs “1”, “3 ” o r “5” ind ica ting price leve ls

In ternet

R T P S erver

W S

T arget

C LIRW S

C lient

M ulti-s ite E nterprise

C ontro l S ystem

M u lti-S ite E nterprise

C ontro l

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S Protocol

C lient

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S Pro tocol

C LIR

EM C S Protocol

E M C S P rotocol

A C W D ,

C ontro l S ystem

F eedback

Electric Loads

CC C

EM C S Pro tocol

G TW Y

E lectric Loads

CC C

E M C S P rotocol

G TW Y

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S Protoco l

S im ple C lient

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S Protoco l

G TW Y

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S P ro tocol

G TW Y

Electric Loads

CC C

E M C S Protocol

S im p le C lien t

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S P ro tocol

E lectric Loads

CC C

E M C S P rotocol

E lectric Loads

CC C

C o ntra C osta C o unty

Electric Loads

CC C

E M C S Protocol

E lectric Loads

CC C

EM C S Protoco l

E lectric Loads

CC C

S ven hard ’s, IK E A , e tc .


S ite 1 -25 S ite 1 -3C o ntra C osta C o unty 1 C LIR fo r 10 S ites -D B P1 C LIR fo r 3 S ites- C P PS olectron , e tc .

N etA pps

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DOE Smart Grid Investment Grant Award2009 American Recovery & Reinvestment Act (ARRA) Smart Grid Grant

$11.4M DOE-funded; $22.8M total project

DOE Smart Grid Investment Grant AwardU.S. Department

of Energy

• Project Implementation• Operating Center• CPP Tariff Creation

• System Planning

Southern California Edison (SCE)

• Customer Acquisition and Deployment

• Reporting

• System Planning• Event Notification• Incentive Payment

• Regulatory Reporting

DR Automation System

JACE Controllers• Integration with

Existing BAS

DR Automation System (DRAS)

• Event Control• Information Dashboards

• Reporting

700 SCE Customers (80 MW – Auto-DR)• > 200KW Use

• Program Participation Agreement• DR Specific Programming Change to BAS

• Customer Dashboard


• Individual Event Participation or Opt Out

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Automated DR for ancillary servicesAutomated DR for ancillary services

• Ancillary services “support the transmission of electric power from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas and transmitting utilities within p g g gthose control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system.“ (FERC)

Ancillary Service Response Time Duration Telemetry

Regulation Up Start in <1 min.; 15 – 60 min. 4 sec.g p ;reach limit in <10 min.

Regulation Down Start in <1 min.;reach limit in <10 min.

15 – 60 min. 4 sec.

Non-Spinning Output in < 10 min 30 min 4 sec ; everyNon Spinning Reserves

Output in < 10 min. 30 min. 4 sec.; every minute

Spinning Reserves

Instant start;full output in <10 min.

30 min. 4 sec.; every minute


(Products and requirements of ancillary services markets in California)

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Vehicle-to-Grid for Ancillary ServicesVehicle to Grid for Ancillary Services

• Los Angeles Air Force Base: first pilot for DoD V2G Project– partners include SCE, Honeywell, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

• First federal installation to replace all general purpose fleet vehicles with plug-in electric counterparts– 41 plug-in EVs with charging stations, V2G-capable, ~15kW per vehicle– tools for scheduling and dispatching of PEVs

• Monthly frequency regulation revenues in CAISO: ~$15/kW (2011)• First of several anticipated installations for DoD V2G systems• Ancillary service market structures could be built around statistical

models for driving patternsg p


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LA Air Force Base V2G ProjectLA Air Force Base V2G Project


slide courtesy of C. Gorguinpour, US Air Force

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Example: MicrogridsExample: Microgrids


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The Case For Micro-Grids (U.S.)( )

Heavily burdened, aging electrical grid

The toll of power disruptions


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Microgrid Case StudyMicrogrid Case StudyUS Food and Drug Administration (FDA) campus, White Oak, Maryland• 9 000 employees

Current energy assets Under expansion:

9,000 employees• 362,000 m2

• Islanding capability required

Current energy assets 27,000 ft2 central plant Electrical generation

► 5.8 MW reciprocating engine (dual fuel)

Under expansion: 57,000 ft2 central plant Electrical generation

► 2 X 7.5 MW turbine-gen (dual fuel)► 4 X 4.5 MW turbine-generator (nat. gas)► 2.0 MW diesel black-start gen

Chilled water► 2 X 1,100-ton absorption chillers

► 4.5 MW turbine-gen (nat. gas only)► 5 MW steam turbine-generator► 2 X 2.25 MW diesel black-start gen

Chilled water (3 X 2,500 tons), p► centrifugals (2 X 1,100 tons + 3 X 2,000

tons) Dual-fuel hot water back-up boilers

► 3 X 10 MMBtu/Hr

( , ) Thermal energy storage (2 million gal) Heat recovery steam generators (132,000 lbh) Dual-fuel steam back-up boiler (25 KPPH)


► 3 X 10 MMBtu/Hr 25KW fixed & 5KW tracking PV array

Heating hot-water converters (112 MMBTUH)

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Results and BenefitsResults and Benefits

UptimeUptime Uptime over the last 12 months is > 99.999%.

Island ModeIsland ModeIslanded, either automatically or manually, 47 times over the past 18 months. Operations have not been interrupted for any weather related events.

Power GenerationPower Generation On a yearly basis more power is supplied to utility than utility supplies to the White Oak Campus.

Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation 30% reduction in energy use from baselineEnergy ConservationEnergy Conservation 30% reduction in energy use from baseline

CO2 MitigationCO2 Mitigation 50,000 metric tons CO2-equivalent; 15,000 cars’ worth. Under construction: additional 22,000 metric tons.

National Capital Region Demand Reduction

National Capital Region Demand Reduction

$3M in Demand Savings and Program Participation


Further benefits anticipated with expansion

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Integrated Microgrid Optimization Problemg g p

DEMAND SIDESUPPLY SIDE

Wind Campuses

Optimization of generation, storage and consumption

Wind

Photovoltaics

p

Load managementGeneration

forecastLoad

forecast

System Optimization

Cogeneration (CHP)

Neighborhoods

g- Curtailable loads- Reschedulable loads- Critical loads

Equipment schedules, fuel switching

UTILITIES

Other sources – e.g. biomass Optimum

use of storage capacities

Purchase or generate?

fuel switching

Bulk electricity network Energy storage

componentsElectric cars

Batteries fuel cells

UTILITIES

Demand response, dynamic pricing, buying green power Can be used as

a temporal storage


Batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen, thermal storage, etc.

a temporal storage

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Economic incentives and market mechanismsEconomic incentives and market mechanisms• Wholesale electricity markets are

dynamic– day-ahead to spot markets– locational marginal price (LMP)– can be volatile and even negative

• Retail tariffs are numerous and complex– PG&E offers about 90 tariffs– regulatory oversight

• Interest in dynamic pricing for retail customers increasing

• Flat• Time of use

• Demand response• Green power

Examples of Retail Tariffs

g• Coupling of markets and power

can’t be ignored . . .

e o use• Critical peak pricing• Real-time pricing• Demand charge• Block and index

G ee po e• Net metering• Feed-in tariff• Plug-in electric vehicle• Increasing block price


• Block and index• Net metering

• Increasing block price• Low income

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OutlineOutline

• The diversity of CPS infrastructures• Resilience—the state-of-the-practice• Resilience and smart grids• Speculative coda: Resilient communication in peoplep p p


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Resilient Communication in Humans? [1]Resilient Communication in Humans? [1]

A: Do you know what time it is?B: Well, the milkman just came.

--S.C. Levinson, Pragmatics, 1983g


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Resilient Communication in Humans? [2]Resilient Communication in Humans? [2]

--K Meehan Meehan’s Streak 2004 With permission of the artist--K. Meehan, Meehan s Streak, 2004. With permission of the artist.


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ConclusionsConclusions

• Diversity of CPS infrastructures– abstractions are important to strive for . . .– but societal and industry impact will require deep domain

understanding• Safety, security, and resilience have been top-of-mind concerns

in the state of the practice – sophisticated approaches honed over decades . . .– pervasiveness of cyber-connectivity poses new vulnerabilities

• Power systems with high renewables penetration a priority CPS infrastructure– smart grids resilient grids– economic incentives at wholesale and retail levels


Documents

AM ltiA Multi-Id t P ti C t lIndustry Perspective on Control … · 2018. 4. 30. · AM ltiA Multi-Id t P ti C t lIndustry Perspective on Control Engineering for Resilient Infrastructures