31
Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District fC l bi dP t ti lH lth Ri k ofColumbia andP ot entialHealth Risk Abdullahi A. Asimalowo 1 , Kofi AsanteDuah 2 , Rama Seshu Tangirala 1 1 Monitoring and Assessment Branch, Air Quality Division, 2 Environmental Protection Administration, District Department of the Environment, Washington, DC National Air Toxics Monitoring and Data Analysis Workshop April 47, 2011 US EPA Region 6, Dallas, TX

Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    4

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District f C l bi d P t ti l H lth Ri kof Columbia and Potential Health Risk

Abdullahi A. Asimalowo1, Kofi Asante‐Duah2, Rama Seshu Tangirala1, , g1Monitoring and Assessment Branch, Air Quality Division, 2Environmental Protection 

Administration, District Department of the Environment, Washington, DC

National Air Toxics Monitoring and Data Analysis WorkshopApril 4‐7, 2011

US EPA Region 6, Dallas, TX

Page 2: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Authors would like to acknowledge the assistance from the Monitoring andassistance from the Monitoring and Assessment Branch staff:  Robert Day, Khin Sann Thaung Richard Tun Jessica DanielsSann Thaung, Richard Tun, Jessica Daniels, Winston Thaung, and others.

Page 3: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

DisclaimerDisclaimer

This presentation and the opinions therein are those of the authors and do not necessarilythose of the authors and do not necessarily represent or express the views of the District Department of the Environment or theDepartment of the Environment or the Government of the District of Columbia 

Page 4: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Obj iObjectives

• Evaluate the ambient acetaldehyde ( ) l l i h i i f l bi(CH3CHO) levels in the District of Columbia.– Data period 2004‐2009

• Assess potential human health related risk.

Page 5: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

O iOverview

• Carbonyls are monitored in the District of Columbia (District) as part of the national air toxics trends stations (NATTS) monitoring networktoxics trends stations (NATTS) monitoring network.

• NATA 2005 ranked aldehydes as high health risk compounds among ambient air toxics.p g

• Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) in the carbonyls group was selected for the preliminary study because of hi h t f d t ta high percent of data capture.

Page 6: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

O iOverview…

Physical Properties

• Chemical formula: CH3CHO3

• Molecular weight: 44.06g/mol

• Colorless liquid; miscible with water• Colorless liquid; miscible with water

• Odor is pungent and suffocating0• Vapor pressure is 740 mmHg at 200C

Page 7: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

O iOverview…

Potential Health Concerns

• Cancer Risk– Classified as Group B: probable human carcinogen 1,3,5g

– Limited information available1,3

– High incidence of nasal tumors in rats and g c de ce o asa u o s a s a dlaryngeal tumors in hamsters have been noted1,3

Page 8: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

O iOverview…

Potential Health Concerns

• Acute Exposurep– Irritation of eyes, skin, and respiratory tract;

– Erythema, coughing, pulmonary edema, andErythema, coughing, pulmonary edema, and necrosis (at high exposure);

– Depressed respiratory rate and elevated blood ep essed esp a o y a e a d e e a ed b oodpressure in experimental animals.

» US DOHHS (1993); US EPA (1987)

Page 9: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

OverviewOverview…

P i l H l h CPotential Health Concerns• Chronic (non‐cancer)

– Symptoms similar to alcoholism.

– Reference concentration (RfC) is 0.009 mg/m3.

– ‘At exposures increasingly greater than the RfC, the potential for adverse health effects increases.’

US EPA (1999)

Page 10: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

OverviewOverview…

Potential Health ConcernsPotential Health Concerns• Reproductive/Developmental Effects

– Animal studies indicate potential developmental– Animal studies indicate potential developmental effects.

– Shown to cross placenta to fetus in animals ( )(1,4).

– Rats injected with CH3CHO showed skeletal malfunction, lower birth weight, and highermalfunction, lower birth weight, and higher postnatal mortality. 

– No information available for humans.EPA, 1987; IARC, 1985

Page 11: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Overview…

Potential SourcesPotential Sources• Vehicular exhaust fumes 1,2,3• Photochemical degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 1 2 3compounds (VOCs) 1,2,3

• Product of incomplete combustion in fire places 1,2,3• Higher plant respirations 4,6,,7g p p• Coffee roasting 1,2,3• Tobacco burning 1,2,3• Coal refining 1,2,3• Coal refining 1,2,3• Waste processing 1,2,3

Page 12: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Overview…Acetaldehyde Emissions in the District

• 49.8 tons per year (Data source: 2005 NATA Inventories)

Point Sources0.1%

Area Sources8.7%

Off‐Road Mobile

Rail_Marine_Airports0.6%

Point SourcesInventories)• Vehicular (on‐road and off‐

road) exhaust is the primary source

On‐Road Mobile55.4%

Mobile35.2%

Point Sources

Area Sources

On‐Road Mobile

Off‐Road Mobile

Rail_Marine_Airportssource

Page 13: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Air Toxics Sampling and Analysis MethodAir Toxics Sampling and Analysis Method

Page 14: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Source: Dennis K. MikelEPA–OAQPS‐AQAD

Page 15: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District
Page 16: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

McMillan Reservoir Station

Page 17: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

McMillan Reservoir Air Monitoring Station

Page 18: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Sampling and Analysis MethodSampling and Analysis Method

S l ll t d d l d i EPA’Samples are collected and analyzed using EPA’s Compendium Method TO‐11A (Compendium of Methods for Determination of Toxic Organic gCompounds in Ambient Air). • Samples are collected using adsorbent cartridge 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) on silica. 

• 24‐hour sampling once every six days.Di i ’ l Phil d l hi AMS• District’s samples are sent to Philadelphia AMS laboratory for analysis.

Page 19: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Sampling Instrument

Page 20: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

S li d A l i M h dSampling and Analysis Method…

• EPA Compendium Method TO‐11A– Analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

– Data posted on the EPA’s data repository, Air li ( )Quality Systems (AQS).

– Data downloaded from AQS used in this study.

Page 21: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Data AnalysisData Analysis

• Data from 2004 to 2009 from the District’s• Data from 2004 to 2009 from the District s NATTS site analyzed.

• Number of yearly sampling events ranged b 9 d 61 i di i h 98%between 59 and 61, indicating more than 98% data capture.

• Except 2009, all years had at least 70% of theExcept 2009, all years had at least 70% of the samples above the method detection limit (MDL‐0.6 ppbC).

• Overall about 20% of the data were below• Overall, about 20% of the data were below the MDL.

Page 22: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District of Columbia - 2004-2009(µg/m3)

3.5

4.0

(µg/m3)

2.5

3.0

µg/m

3)

2.0

5

cent

ratio

n (µ

1.0

1.5

Con

c

0.0

0.5

9/1/2002 1/14/2004 5/28/2005 10/10/2006 2/22/2008 7/6/2009 11/18/2010Sample Date

Page 23: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

9

Acetaldehyde Concentrations at Select Locations in the Northeast

7

8

9

Allegheny-PABaltimore-MDBronx-NYDC

5

6

n (p

pbC

)

FairfaxNew Castle-DE

3

4

once

ntra

tion

0

1

2Co

0

1/4/

2004

4/4/

2004

7/4/

2004

10/4

/200

4

1/4/

2005

4/4/

2005

7/4/

2005

10/4

/200

5

1/4/

2006

4/4/

2006

7/4/

2006

10/4

/200

6

1/4/

2007

4/4/

2007

7/4/

2007

10/4

/200

7

1/4/

2008

4/4/

2008

7/4/

2008

10/4

/200

8

1/4/

2009

4/4/

2009

7/4/

2009

10/4

/200

9

Sample Date

Page 24: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Acetaldehyde Concentrations in the District of Columbia - 2004-2009

4

4.5

2006

2007

3

3.5

C)

2008

2004

2005

2009

2

2.5

ratio

n (p

pbC 2009

1

1.5

Con

cent

r

0

0.5

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 611 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61Sampling Event (Jan-Dec)

Page 25: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Acetaldehyde Levels in the District of ColumbiaSeasonal Variation 2004‐2009

2.50

Seasonal Variation 2004 2009 

2004

2005

2006

1 50

2.00

ppbC

2006

2007

2008

2009

1.00

1.50

centration

s (p

0.50

Conc

0.00

Spring Summer Fall WinterSpring Summer Fall Winter

Page 26: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Results and DiscussionResults and Discussion

• Annual Average concentrations:• Annual Average concentrations:

– Lowest in 2004 • Mean: 0.72 µg/m3 and σ=0.35

–Highest in 2006 • Mean: 1.12 µg/m3 and σ=0.80 

• No seasonality observed during the studyNo seasonality observed during the study period.

Page 27: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District
Page 28: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Results and Discussion: Potential Health Risk

Cancer risk• Approximately 2 in a million.Hazard Quotient (HQ)• HQ for the six‐year period estimated at 0.1. • HQ is well below the risk threshold 1.

Page 29: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

ConclusionsConclusions

• No seasonal variation observed• No seasonal variation observed.

• 2 in a million cancer risk.

• HQ is low.

• Two years ‐ 2006 and 2007, indicated slightly y g yhigher ambient levels than the other years.

Page 30: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

Further Analysis and dRecommendations

• The entire carbonyl family needs to be reviewed to determine population exposure concentrations.

S i d h l l i• Source apportionment study may help explain contributions from various sources.

• Combinin o tdoor ith indoor on entrations ma• Combining outdoor with indoor concentrations may better explain inhalation exposure. 

• 2 in a million cancer risk calls for further review by• 2 in a million cancer risk calls for further review by accounting for other exposure sources.

Page 31: Ambient Acetaldehyde in the District

ReferencesReferences1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Assessment Document for Acetaldehyde. EPA/600/8‐86‐

015A. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, , ,Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1987.

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS, online database). National Toxicology Information Program, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 1993.

3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Acetaldehyde. l f l ff f h d l hNational Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. 

1999.4. Millet, D. B., Guenther, A., Siegel, D. A., Nelson, N. B., Singh, H. B., de Gouw, J. A., Warneke, C., Williams, J., 

Eerdekens, G., Sinha, V., Karl, T., Flocke, F., Apel, E., Riemer, D. D., Palmer, P. I., and Barkley, M.: Global atmospheric budget of acetaldehyde: 3‐D model analysis and constraints from in‐situ and satellite observations Atmos Chem Phys 10 3405‐3425 doi:10 5194/acp‐10‐3405‐2010 2010observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3405 3425, doi:10.5194/acp 10 3405 2010, 2010.

5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Allyl Compounds, Aldehydes, Epoxides and Peroxides. Volume 36. World Health Organization, Lyon. 1985.

6. Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Cristian Cojocariu, Vera Jüssen and Heinz Rennenberg: Elevated Atmospheric CO2Causes Seasonal Changes in Carbonyl Emissions from Quercus ilex. New Phytologist Vol. 154, No. 2 (May, g y Q y g , ( y,2002), pp. 327‐333

7. COJOCARIU, C., ESCHER, P., HÄBERLE, K.‐H., MATYSSEK, R., RENNENBERG, H. and KREUZWIESER, J. (2005), The effect of ozone on the emission of carbonyls from leaves of adult Fagus sylvatica. Plant, Cell & Environment, 28: 603–611. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐3040.2005.01305.x