Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience (AIMPBE):

Seamless Session Browsing Experiences across Heterogeneous Devices using Sensors

Rosaleen Hegarty

†, Tom Lunney

†, Kevin Curran

†, Maurice Mulvenna

*

†Intelligent Systems Engineering Laboratory (ISEL), School of Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS)

*TRAIL Laboratory, School of Computing and Mathematics

Faculty of Computing and Engineering

University of Ulster, Magee College, Derry/Londonderry, BT48 7JL

{hegarty-r, tf.lunney, kj.curran, md.mulvenna}@ulster.ac.uk

Abstract- Exploratory analysis on the development of an

Ambient Intelligent Mobile Persistent Browsing Experience

(AIMPBE) system activated by sensors is presented. AIMPBE is a

communication and synchronisation framework for seamless web

session browsing to provide integrated connectivity across

heterogeneous geographically distributed devices. The intention is

to provide persistent location independent and appliance sensitive

viewing for the user enabling Internet mobility. Human technology

interface communication will be abstracted to a common

representation that will facilitate optimisation and customisation

across a number of heterogeneous input output terminals. This will

ensure smooth continuity between components for seamless

usability and maximum user convenience; filtering current context

aware information to the untethered user abetting their efficacy in

a digitally enhancing information society.

Keywords: ambient intelligence, ubiquitous computing, digital

communication, wireless networks, sensor technology,

embedded design, location information, context awareness.

I. INTRODUCTION

Mobile digital communication in an ambient setting is a

complex force uniting ubiquitous computing, sensor

technology, ad hoc networks and Internet to provide “nomadic,

untethered, pervasive, anytime, anywhere facilities” [1]. The

ever increasing demand is for ambient accessibility to

information provided by utilising small portable and fixed

devices fuelled by Moore’s Law with wireless communication

[2],[3]; which in turn is revolutionising usage patterns of

electronic service amongst academia, business and touches the

life pattern of regular users. However within the frame of

ubiquitous mobile and fixed computing there exists the

challenge to provide ‘persistent’ web sessions between multiple

devices, as the user’s session state is maintained regardless of

the device in operation; enabling the user seamless transfer.

Mobile devices with persistent web sessions will enable

physical movement, and location change, when viewing for

instance a lengthy web application, synchronising a seamless

user session between client facilitators identified by the server

network.

A. Objectives of AIMPBE

The motivation for this research is to provide seamless

Internet connectivity across disparate geographically dispersed

viewing devices. Through the use of sensor activated

communication, viewing content is always available at the

current terminal or display screen. The primary objectives of

this study are to:

• Develop a framework intrinsically linked to the porting

of web browsing session information over the Internet.

• Develop a scalable solution distributing current context

aware information to appropriate selected devices.

• Ensure user interface continuity and optimisation

between distributed devices such as PDAs, PCs and

smart mobile phones by using appropriate sensor

technology.

• Organise intelligent content and management

information for streaming audio and visual media.

• Customise and synchronise input and output between

the distributed devices to ensure continuity of the user

experience.

In pursuing the objectives outlined above, several research

questions need to be addressed. For example:

• What sort of profiler will be needed to track user

behaviour/movement, both within the context of the

virtual environment and the physical one (possibly

intelligent algorithms coupled with infrared, or Radio

Frequency IDentification-RFID tags) to provide

persistence and session continuity?

• How will the profiler store the user’s session, will it

cache and co-ordinate seamlessly to a new device from

decentralised clients (subsequently passing from web

ISBN: 978-1-902560-19-9 © 2008 PGNet

script to client – client-side facilities), or from a central

repository (heavy overload for concurrent sessions –

server-side facilities)? [4].

• How will AIMPBE tailor context sensitive intelligent

user interfaces with automatic profiling to optimise the

mobile user experience?

• What would be an appropriate architecture and design

for AIMPBE?

Amongst the challenges for this system, there exists the

requirement to work in real-time and to cope with varying

levels of ambiguity, such as changes in user predilection, user

idiosyncratic actions and weak sensor signals. Adaptability to

new heterogeneous devices and amended environments will

result in readjustment to meet user specification and

compensate for device failure supporting integration and

interoperability.

Whilst dynamically adapting to user requirements through

reconfiguration, ‘trust’, ‘security’ and ‘safety’ standards must

also be adhered to, and integrated into the AIMPBE design. An

elementary functional requirement for systems within Ambient

Intelligence (AmI) should be to provide simplicity and ease of

use for the user and “reject any steep learning curve” [5],[6].

The core of the application architecture is to provide natural

interactions and abstraction of the underlying technical

communication infrastructure; hiding complexity, whilst

enhancing experience and confidence.

These challenges will be addressed by carrying out research

associated with the design and implementation of AIMPBE – a

seamless session browsing experience across heterogeneous

devices aided by sensors. ‘Mobile device’ and ‘user’ are central

to this topic of pervasive ubiquity. AIMPBE will be tested

within the context of mobile and fixed systems using sensor

detection to capture the essence of ambient intelligence for the

inclusion of all citizens abetting their efficacy, whilst

interacting through multi-digital modes of communication.

The consecutive sections are divided as follows (II) details

research related to ambient intelligent environments, whilst

section (III) will focus on Internet technology and mobile

persistent sessions. Section (IV) discusses the requirements for

AIMPBE. Section (V) presents the proposed system schematic.

Section (VI) discusses potential tools, future developments and

enhancements for AIMPBE, and Section (VII) presents

conclusions.

II. RELATED RESEARCH

The following section gives a review of related research that

is relevant to AIMPBE within the context of Ambient

Intelligent and Ubiquitous projects. Section A reviews the area

of early Pervasive and Ubiquitous computing; while Section B

analyses the expansive range of Ambient Intelligence and

Pervasive Computing technologies that followed from the work

started at Xerox PARC.

A. Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing

Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp) is a reflection of the

situational use of computing technology and the embedding of

complex computation within the social infrastructure of the

‘real world’. This interplay of digital in the physical was the

basis for much early investigation at Xerox Palo Alto Research

Center (PARC) and to which the reference “from atoms to

culture” was coined [7]. The focus was on redefining user

interactions, eliminating complexity and submerging the

technology around.

Early projects in ubiquity included LiveBoard

commercialised as ‘LiveWorks’ [8], which was an expansive

wall display migrating from silicon to rear screen projection. A

book sized ParcPad computer or MPad, used near field radio

signals and maintained constant network connectivity [7]. The

Olivetti Research Lab in conjunction with developments at

Xerox PARC created the Active Badge system [9],[10],[11].

The unification of which became known as ‘the board,’ ‘the

pad’ ‘the tab’ and ‘the badge’ [12],[7]. This system platformed

on a flexible computational framework of wireless networks

supporting mobile and remote access [13] and was capable of

recognising device, location, setting, connection and ownership,

and became an important test bed for ambient intelligence.

B. Ambient Intelligence and Pervasive Computing

Large scale ubiquitous research projects followed to include

‘Oxygen’ at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

incorporating a collaboration of communication and

computation using natural perceptive interfaces employing

multimodal speech and vision interchange [18],[19] and is

illustrated in Fig. 1. The Cricket Location Support System was

the location detection system incorporated into OXYGEN, and

it used Radio Frequency and ultrasound technologies to provide

location support services for the user [25].

‘Project Aura’ at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), [14],

[15]; is a large blanket venture evolving from CMU’s projects

to include legacy systems such as ‘Darwin’ (mobile application

aware networking), ‘Coda’ (nomadic file access), ‘Odyssey’

(Operating System support for application adaptation) and

‘Spot’ (computer wearables), as discussed in [16]. ‘Endeavour’

at UC Berkeley, provides for nomadic access through pervasive

storage of data in the network [17].

‘Portalano’ at Washington investigates invisible computing

with emphasis on data-centric routing for ‘smart’ data migration

[16]. Others in this arena include EMBASSI, MOBILEARN,

DYNAMITE, OZONE, ACTSLAINE, iRoom, Cyc Project,

EMERGE, BelAmI, SERENITY, and AMBIESENSE. These

Fig. 1: MIT project Oxygen [20].

systems are commonly offering virtual support for embedded

and distributed intelligence assisting the user autonomously in

providing for their requirements [16].

Related Industrial research extends to AT&T Research in

Cambridge, United Kingdom, IBM TJ Watson and their project

‘Platform Independent Model for Applications’ (PIMA),

providing for platform independence amongst heterogeneous

devices [16]. Philips Research [19] is the emerging industrial

division for ambient intelligence and their current project is

Philips’ ‘HomeLab’. The only truly large scale ubiquitous

system in existence is the Internet [19]; a large scale distributed

computing environment utilising wireless web access through

fixed and handheld heterogeneous devices for general purpose

information retrieval and composition.

III. INTERNET TECHNOLOGY

The prescience for the World Wide Web has grown and

become increasingly influential for information retrieval via

Internet technology. Info Strada is invariably extending into

modern society, infiltrating life from work through to recreation

[21]. Citizens on the move [22] are becoming networks on the

move integrated into a framework of networks supporting a

dynamic experience, through spatial and social relations.

Current popular social networking sites include ‘Bebo,’

‘Buzznet,’ ‘Facebook,’ ‘Flickr,’ ‘MySpace’ and there are many

more.

AIMPBE seeks to provide a social utility within ambient

space by sanctioning the ‘firing up’ of Internet sessions on a

selected device, and then the seamless coalescence and

switching to other appliances whilst perpetuating a constant

session browsing experience for the user activated by sensor

communication. This is achieved by caching the mobile web

session and associated objects and relaying them to another

possibly central repository, to facilitate viewing to commence

as a new ‘continued’ session on a different platform. Context-

aware and context-dependent information will be captured to

provide the dynamics in supporting persistent sessions.

Communication of information relevant to the user state and

situation such as location, session, device identity, activity and

time are all relevant entities in this context.

A. Mobile Persistent Web Sessions

The proliferation of mobile devices has as a consequence

increased the requirement for migrating sessions between

multiple systems. ‘Sun Ray’ a stateless thin-client system

centrally manages user applications, and draws computing

resources from, the Sun Ray server [23]. A smart card enables

user mobility between Sun Ray client appliances with

continuity of session; permitting a new continued assembly on

an alternative device.

Low cost, portable storage devices have led to the

development of web browsers for USB drives, such as Stealth

Surfer [24] and Portable Firefox [25]. They are limited however

to only running a web browser on a USB drive. Google Browser

Sync for Firefox is an extension that continuously synchronises

the users’ personal browser settings across user computers and

enables the restoration of open tabs traversing different

machines and browser sessions [26].

In conjunction with Firefox, Foxmarks offers a bookmark

synchroniser to automatically coordinate a user’s bookmarks

between two or more computers running Firefox, permitting

remote access and bookmark management from any computer

via my.foxmarks.com [27]. Yoono a Firefox add-on permits

personalisation of the browsing experience through suggestions

discovered by fellow surfers, including websites of interest,

people and articles incorporating a social element. Yoono

provides a scrapbook facility and bookmarks are also

automatically synchronised across user computers [28].

Webpod [29] is a portable system enabling persistent Internet

sessions, maintaining the entire user’s plugins, bookmarks,

browser web content, cookies, web history and configurations;

enabling personalised web browsing sessions on any Internet-

enabled device. Unlike Stealth Surfer and Portable FireFox,

Webpod like Google Browser Sync provides an entire web

browsing environment for its user. Webpod, as in [29]

“provides a virtualisation and checkpoint/restart mechanism

that decouples the browsing environment from the host,

facilitating session suspension to a pocketable portable storage

device,” allowing resumption from storage to another computer.

MobiDesk [30] transparently virtualises a user’s computing

session by abstracting underlying system resources in three

main areas: operating system, display and network. It provides a

thin virtualisation layer that decouples a user’s computing

session from any particular end user device, and moves all

application logic to the hosting provider. “The virtualisation

layer decouples a user’s computing session from the underlying

operating system and server instance, enabling high-

availability service by transparently migrating sessions from

one server to another during server maintenance or upgrades,”

[30].

pTHINC provides seamless mobility across a broad range of

different clients, and is implemented in Windows Mobile, using

thin-client computing. pTHINC connects to the server and

presents the user with the most recent session; should one not

exist then a new one is created. Existing sessions can be

seamlessly continued without change to the session setting or

server configuration providing seamless mobility across

different devices [31].

Many thin-clients have been developed and some with PDA

clients such as Microsoft’s Remote Desktop, Citrix MetaFrame

XP, Virtual Network Computing, GoToMyPC, and Tarantella

[31]. These systems were designed for desktop computing and

later retrofitted for PDAs. They do not address key system

architectures and usability issues relating to display quality and

system performance important for PDAs as PASSWORD does

[31].

PASSPORT as in [32] is a thin-client architecture that can be

used by service providers to deliver general application services

on mobile handheld devices. PASSPORT virtualises and resizes

the display on the server to efficiently deliver high-fidelity

screen updates to a broad range of different clients, screen sizes

and orientations. This enables PASSPORT to provide the same

persistent session over different client devices. PASSPORT

works transparently with existing applications, window

systems, and operating systems and “does not require

modifying, recompiling, or relinking existing software”.

PASSPORTs’ persistent application session model facilitates

the user to reconnect to a session from any device and continue

with the session or to commence a new one [32]. PASSPORT

provides a common computing environment for running

applications across computers enabling the user to remotely use

the exact same environment and applications from any

computer, however it does not interface with sensor technology

as is an intended design dimension of AIMPBE.

IV. REQUIREMENTS FOR AIMPBE

The ability to capture the user in state, application and

service requires interpretation of the ‘6 W’s’; ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’

‘Why?,’ ‘Where?,’ ‘When?’ and ‘hoW?’ [33] and is central to

the design and profile of the user. Context is argued to be a

feature of interaction [34] in any human computer symbiosis.

Within the framework of ambient intelligence, context is a key

factor, and this element has given rise to Activity Theory

Modelling taken from the psychology and social science

disciplines, working in the areas of consciousness and cognitive

acts within phenomenology [35]. Activity theory applied in

AIMPBE finds application in the areas of context awareness

and situational descriptions because of its adaptability to socio-

technical perspectives. It is based on the premise that

intelligence is action orientated and context can be used to bring

order and clarity to unclear situations in order to deliver

appropriate actions. Therefore context is seen as a tool for

action selection. The tagging of context to information is an

essential factor for the later retrieval of that same data.

Within AIMPBE enabling device exchange whilst sustaining

the capabilities and resources of the current session is part

enabled by context awareness. Location information is one form

of context aware information. This locating information may be

physical (gathered through Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

tracking, RFID tagging or infrared) or virtual within the system

session such as time stamping, image recognition, calendar

applications, camera reading or Internet Protocol (IP) address

[36]. Location management, a context aware feature utilised in

travel tourist guides [37] coupled with user profiling can be

incorporated into AIMPBE. The concept of tourist guide

systems defines the convergence of ubiquitous computing

communication and friendly user interfaces; encompassing the

ethos of ambient intelligent space - embedding, personalisation,

adaptivity, and anticipatory results, providing access

everywhere.

The visual display screens of the incorporated devices must

be rescaled from the server to deliver user interface continuity.

In so doing efficient delivery and content management will

permit a perpetual session amongst the client devices.

V. SYSTEM SCHEMATIC

The proposed high level schematic for the system is

illustrated in Fig. 2. The key components of AIMPBE work to

ensure continuity of service between multiple parts and include

a sensor network, web server, session server, and user session

(to store user history, cookies, current web page state and

bookmarks amongst other user facilities) to different mobile

devices. The server side can act as a coordinator to manage the

data sessions, with the aforementioned facility for screen

resizing before exporting to a newly activated device. The client

side component will have the necessary functionality to manage

session synchronisation as a feature. The server must also

maintain a user’s personal profile and orchestrate this profile to

heterogeneous devices within dynamic environments. In

addition the server will also be responsible for carrying out

routine authentication and authorisation and provide session

state and mobility handling within the design.

The information flow through the high level schematic is

activated by a session instantiation on a client and then

coordinates between multiple client devices through sensor

detection supported by the server updates and configurations.

Middleware connecting the applications within the system

schema may use an Extensible Markup Language (XML) and

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) to facilitate

the transformation and representation of data via the Internet

and between the session and web server. They may be used both

to encode documents and to serialise data. A middleware

knowledge repository such as MySQL may be incorporated as it

is compatible with the Ruby on Rails language (an object

oriented web application developer) and will be integrated in

the overall schema for interactive user web applications.

Fig. 2: General information flow for AIMPBE.

The area of context awareness is concerned with the tracing

and locating of objects along with their social and

environmental interactions. This facility will require the

implementation of intelligent algorithms, for pattern matching,

learning and situation assessment and may include Case Based

Reasoning and Data Mining currently being investigated.

The data flow of this high level schematic will be refined

through iterative processes in the prototype build as the

development of AIMPBE progresses.

VI. POTENTIAL TOOLS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

The potential software and tools required for the system

design will take into account, a unique username (and

password) for individual users as a necessary privacy/security

feature. An example of this type of code implemented in Ruby

is illustrated in Fig. 3. This can be achieved in two different

ways (i) have the server put a lifelong cookie into the browser

on the PC. This could be done on the server side for instant

communication to the client, however there is a problem in that

the user could have all cookies automatically deleted after use

or (ii) alternatively the user downloads a small file for every

device they intend to employ the application on. This file will

have the username/password imprinted on it as well as a link to

the server. When the user clicks on the file, it will contact the

server, and the server will send the last used web page(s)

address(es).

Java2EE could be used for both the client-side (J2SE) and the

server-side (J2EE) communicating relatively easily between

each other. With this configuration, a user could employ an

application on a mobile phone (J2ME). ASP and PHP are

powerful server side languages that may also be utilised. PHP

like Ruby on Rails (RoR) has session maintenance built into the

framework, making the system structure more robust.

RoR is a free open source object web application and

persistence framework written in the Ruby programming

language. It is a full stack system for developing database

backed applications appropriate to AIMPBE. Ruby works with

a wide range of web servers, such as Apache, lighttpd, nginx

proxying through to Mongrel. The database options that could

be used in connection with Ruby may range from any one of the

following, Oracle, SQLite, or PostgreSQL.

A number of existing toolkits could also be considered for

Knowledge Repository (such as MySQL, or DB2), Server

Support (SQL server) and Middleware (such as XML or SOAP)

in the system architecture.

Class User < ActiveRecord::Base

validates_uniqueness_of :username

validates_confirmation_of :password, :on => :create

validates_length_of :password, :within => 5..40

# If user matching the credentials is found, return user object, else return nil

def self.authenticate(user_info)

find_by_username_and_password(user_info[ :username],

user_info[ :password])

end

end

Fig. 3: Example of Ruby code for validating username and password.

VII. CONCLUSION

Ambient Intelligence is a dynamic vision, one in which the

technology serves individuals in a symbiosis of human machine

communication. In essence human culture, as a diverse mosaic

of social networking integrates with a flexible standard in

technology constantly adapting to user preferences in

accommodating convenience and comfort. AIMPBE will be

deployed in a prototype space containing state of the art

equipment to include; PC, laptop, smart mobile phones, RFID

tags, Bluetooth, and sensor location technology. The objectives

for the design of AIMPBE, are in the provision of a seamless

session browsing experience between multiple devices. A

review of the fundamental infrastructures required for Ambient

Intelligent environments has given an insight into the diversity

of the technology and its utility in mobile information access. A

review of existing mobile web sessions and mobile computing

sessions has also been given, which are of pivotal importance to

this development. A potentially unique contribution of

AIMPBE has been identified, namely providing seamless

session browsing via sensor network technology.

AIMPBESession Client

Sensor Output

Middleware, Server,Network

Session Server

Web Server

Context Awareness

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