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America Before Columbus America Before Columbus & Early European & Early European
Exploration Exploration
But First… North AmericaBut First… North America
• The “Land Bridge” – 40,000 years ago??? Is it correct?
Cultures of North AmericaCultures of North America
• In 1492… estimates: fewer than 1 million to more than 10 million inhabitants
• Most settlements semi-permanent, fewer than 300 people
• Agriculture: corn, beans, tobacco, etc.
• Hunting for nomadic tribes
Larger Native SocietiesLarger Native Societies
• Pueblos in the Southwest
Larger Native SocietiesLarger Native Societies
• Mound builders (Cahokia – 30,000!)
Larger Native SocietiesLarger Native Societies
• Woodland natives east of Mississippi River (e.g. League of the Iroquois)
Central & South AmericaCentral & South America
• Maya (300AD-800AD)
Central & South AmericaCentral & South America
• Aztec
Central & South AmericaCentral & South America
• Inca
Now… EuropeNow… Europe
Why and how did they Why and how did they explore the Americas?explore the Americas?
Improvements in TechnologyImprovements in Technology
• Renaissance artistic & scientific creativity– Use of gunpowder, compass, improved ships
& maps– Printing press spread ideas across Europe
Religious ConflictReligious Conflict
• Reconquista - Catholic victory in Spain over Muslims– Ferdinand & Isabella marry, unite Spain– Reconquest finished in 1492
Religious ConflictReligious Conflict
• Protestant Reformation (revolt) in Northern Europe splits the Church
• Protestants & Catholics desire to spread their religion across the world
Developing Nation-StatesDeveloping Nation-States
• Monarchs gaining power in Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands
• Need revenue to run their countries need for trade
Expanding TradeExpanding Trade
• Increased trade w/ Africa, India, China
• Italians & Ottoman Turk middle men
• Others sought new route to avoid middlemen
Portugal Gets It Going…Portugal Gets It Going…
• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Vasco de Gama India
Spain Takes the LeadSpain Takes the Lead
• Columbus gains funding from Spain to search for a westward passage to Asia
Dividing the WorldDividing the World
Conflict between Catholic Conflict between Catholic countries over colonies countries over colonies resolved resolved
Spanish Explorations & ConquestsSpanish Explorations & Conquests
• Balboa Panama/Pacific Ocean
• Magellan Circumnavigate the world
• Cortez Aztecs
• Pizzaro Incas
• Conquistadores – Increased World’s gold supply by 500%!– Encomienda System (Native Americans)– Asiento system (African Slaves)
Other ExplorersOther Explorers
English ClaimsEnglish Claims
• Henry VIII and Elizabeth I challenge Spain
• John Cabot explored Newfoundland 1497
• Sir Francis Drake & Sir Walter Raleigh
England defeats the Spanish Armada
French ClaimsFrench Claims
• Cartier and Verrazano explore the east coast and St. Lawrence River, claim for France
• Busy repressing the French Huguenots (Calvinists/Protestants)
• Samuel de Champlain established Quebec 1608 “New France”
• Louis Jolliet, Jacques Marquette, Robert de la Salle add Mississippi River region
Dutch ClaimsDutch Claims
• Henry Hudson sought Northwest Passage, claimed Hudson River for the Netherlands New Amsterdam/New Netherlands
• Dutch West India (joint-stock) Company takes charge of New Netherlands
English English and and
French French Claims Claims
- 1645- 1645
Jamestown
Plymouth
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange
• Europeans and Native Americans had developed differently for 1000s of years
• Contact led to an exchange of plants, foods, diseases (est. 90% casualty rate)
• Significant, permanent changes to the WORLD