America Claims an Empire Chapter 10 Notes. Chapter Overview To compete with other world powers, America gains colonies overseas, although some Americans

America Claims an America Claims an EmpireEmpire

Chapter 10 NotesChapter 10 Notes

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

To compete with other To compete with other

world powers, America world powers, America gains gains

colonies overseas, although colonies overseas, although some Americans object.some Americans object.

Section one: Imperialism & Section one: Imperialism & AmericaAmerica

ImperialismImperialism::Establishing colonies overseasEstablishing colonies overseasGrowing, worldwide trendGrowing, worldwide trendMany Americans thought it was time Many Americans thought it was time

to join the other Imperialist nationsto join the other Imperialist nations


3 Factors fueled American 3 Factors fueled American Imperialism:Imperialism:Desire for military strengthDesire for military strengthThirst for new marketsThirst for new marketsBelief in cultural superiorityBelief in cultural superiority


Military StrengthMilitary Strength::Global military presenceGlobal military presenceAlfred T. Mahan—Admiral in U.S. Alfred T. Mahan—Admiral in U.S.

NavyNavyUrged U.S. to build up Navy to Urged U.S. to build up Navy to

competecompete9 ships built 1883-18909 ships built 1883-1890Transformed into world’s 3Transformed into world’s 3rdrd largest largest

naval powernaval power


New MarketsNew Markets::Solution to U.S. economic Solution to U.S. economic

problems:problems: Overproduction & Overproduction & UnemploymentUnemployment

Cultural SuperiorityCultural Superiority::Responsibility to spread Responsibility to spread

Christianity & “Civilization” to the Christianity & “Civilization” to the worldworld


Alaska, 1959Alaska, 1959William Seward—Sec. of StateWilliam Seward—Sec. of State1867, Arranged purchase of Alaska 1867, Arranged purchase of Alaska

from Russia for $7.2 Million (2 from Russia for $7.2 Million (2 cents/acre!)cents/acre!)

Timber, minerals, & oil….great deal!Timber, minerals, & oil….great deal!

……Then turned to Midway Islands in the Then turned to Midway Islands in the PacificPacific

Section one: Imperialism & Section one: Imperialism & AmericaAmericaHawaii, 1959 (Territory, 1898)Hawaii, 1959 (Territory, 1898)

Economically important Economically important Missionary schools & churchesMissionary schools & churches

descendents became sugar plantersdescendents became sugar planters¾ of island’s wealth = American ¾ of island’s wealth = American sugar planterssugar planters

Americans wanted to annex so no Americans wanted to annex so no dutyduty

Pearl Harbor—U.S. Naval Base, 1887Pearl Harbor—U.S. Naval Base, 1887Refueling station for U.S. shipsRefueling station for U.S. ships

Section two: The Spanish Section two: The Spanish American WarAmerican War

Americans interested in Cuba Americans interested in Cuba One of few lasting One of few lasting Spanish coloniesSpanish colonies

U.S. supported Cuba as they rebelled U.S. supported Cuba as they rebelled against Spain & demanded that against Spain & demanded that slavery be abolishedslavery be abolished

Americans invested millions in sugar Americans invested millions in sugar cane plantationscane plantations


Cuba’s 2Cuba’s 2ndnd war for independence war for independence (1895)(1895)

Jose Marti—Cuban journalist/poetJose Marti—Cuban journalist/poetOrganized a revolutionOrganized a revolutionHoped to provoke the U.S. into helpingHoped to provoke the U.S. into helping

1896, Spain sends 1896, Spain sends Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler to restore order in Cubato restore order in CubaConcentration campsConcentration campsU.S. Newspapers rallied American U.S. Newspapers rallied American

sympathysympathy


YellowYellow JournalismJournalism—exaggerate to lure —exaggerate to lure readersreaders

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst““You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the

war”war”

Pres. McKinley tries diplomacyPres. McKinley tries diplomacySpain recalls Weyler, modifies policy in Spain recalls Weyler, modifies policy in

Cuba, offers Cuba self-governmentCuba, offers Cuba self-government


1898, NY Journal published De Lome 1898, NY Journal published De Lome Letter (Spanish minister to the U.S.)Letter (Spanish minister to the U.S.)Stolen from Havana post office & leaked to Stolen from Havana post office & leaked to

presspressCriticized McKinley, weakCriticized McKinley, weakSpain apologized, De Lome resignedSpain apologized, De Lome resignedBut U.S. angryBut U.S. angry


Days later (February 15,1898) U.S.S. Days later (February 15,1898) U.S.S. Maine blew up in Havana HarborMaine blew up in Havana Harbor

Cause unknown, newspapers said Cause unknown, newspapers said Spain was responsibleSpain was responsible


Spain wanted to avoid warSpain wanted to avoid warApril 20, 1898—U.S. declares war on April 20, 1898—U.S. declares war on

SpainSpain11stst battle=Philippines battle=PhilippinesPhilippines support U.S. & joined in victoryPhilippines support U.S. & joined in victory

June, 1898—American forces land in CubaJune, 1898—American forces land in CubaRough Riders helped clear the way for victory Rough Riders helped clear the way for victory

at San Juan Hillat San Juan HillGave U.S. MomentumGave U.S. Momentum


Fighting lasted 15 weeksFighting lasted 15 weeksDec. 10, 1898—U.S. & Spain meetDec. 10, 1898—U.S. & Spain meetTreaty of Paris, 1898Treaty of Paris, 1898Freed Cuba, islands of Guam & Freed Cuba, islands of Guam &

Puerto Rico to the U.S.Puerto Rico to the U.S.Sold Philippines to U.S. $20 MillionSold Philippines to U.S. $20 Million


Opposition to ImperialismDenying self-government to newly acquired

territoriesRace issues unsolved at homeImmigrants would compete for jobs

February 1899—Senate approves Treaty of Paris

Section three: Acquiring New Section three: Acquiring New LandsLands

Puerto Rico: Occupied by U.S. Military & Puerto Rico: Occupied by U.S. Military & General Nelson A. MilesGeneral Nelson A. Miles

1900—Foraker Act-ended military rule 1900—Foraker Act-ended military rule & set up self-government& set up self-government

1917—Puerto Ricans became U.S. 1917—Puerto Ricans became U.S. CitizensCitizens


Cuba: Independent after warCuba: Independent after warTeller Amendment—U.S. had no intention Teller Amendment—U.S. had no intention

of taking over Cubaof taking over CubaAmerican Soldiers occupied Cuba giving American Soldiers occupied Cuba giving

food, clothing, schools, helped farmers, food, clothing, schools, helped farmers, and helped to eliminate Yellow Feverand helped to eliminate Yellow Fever

1900—Cubans wrote constitution1900—Cubans wrote constitution


U.S. insisted on adding Platt AmendmentsU.S. insisted on adding Platt AmendmentsRefused to withdraw troops until addedRefused to withdraw troops until added

Cuba not make treaties that limit Cuba not make treaties that limit independence or permit a foreign power to independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territorycontrol any part of its territory

U.S. reserved the right to intervene in CubaU.S. reserved the right to intervene in CubaCuba was not to go into debtCuba was not to go into debtU.S. could rent/buy land on the island for U.S. could rent/buy land on the island for

naval stations & refueling stationnaval stations & refueling stationReluctantly signed, Cuba became protectorateReluctantly signed, Cuba became protectorate


Philippines: outraged by Treaty of ParisPhilippines: outraged by Treaty of ParisRevolt against U.S., 3 year rebellionRevolt against U.S., 3 year rebellionU.S. forced them into zones where poor U.S. forced them into zones where poor

sanitation, starvation & disease killed sanitation, starvation & disease killed thousandsthousands

Eventually lost to U.S. controlEventually lost to U.S. control


China was weak due to war & foreign China was weak due to war & foreign interventionintervention

France, Germany, Britain, Japan, Russia all France, Germany, Britain, Japan, Russia all est. settlements along China’s coastest. settlements along China’s coast

Out of fear, U.S. Sec. of State, John Hay Out of fear, U.S. Sec. of State, John Hay created the Open Door notes to further created the Open Door notes to further trade intereststrade interests

Letters that addressed leaders of Letters that addressed leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the imperialist nations proposing that the nations share trading rights nations share trading rights


Europeans were dominating China’s big Europeans were dominating China’s big cites, resentment grewcites, resentment grew

Secret societies such as “Boxers” pledged Secret societies such as “Boxers” pledged to rid China of “Foreign devils”to rid China of “Foreign devils”

Boxer rebellion—killed hundreds of Boxer rebellion—killed hundreds of missionaries, foreigners, & Christian missionaries, foreigners, & Christian converts (lasted 2 months)converts (lasted 2 months)

U.S. feared Europeans would use victory U.S. feared Europeans would use victory to take more control in Chinato take more control in China


Hay proposed 2Hay proposed 2ndnd Open Door notes Open Door notesU.S. would “safeguard for the world the U.S. would “safeguard for the world the

principle of equal & impartial trade with all principle of equal & impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire”parts of the Chinese Empire”

Foreign policy:Foreign policy:Growth of U.S. economy depended on exportsGrowth of U.S. economy depended on exportsU.S. had right to intervene abroad to keep U.S. had right to intervene abroad to keep

foreign markets openforeign markets openClosing of an area to U.S. products, citizens, or Closing of an area to U.S. products, citizens, or

ideas threatened U.S. survivalideas threatened U.S. survival

Section four: America as a Section four: America as a World PowerWorld Power

Roosevelt (1901) builds on Open Door Roosevelt (1901) builds on Open Door note to increase influence in East Asianote to increase influence in East Asia

Mediates settlement in a war between Mediates settlement in a war between Russia & JapanRussia & JapanCompeting for control of KoreaCompeting for control of KoreaJapan leading but running out of men & Japan leading but running out of men &

moneymoneyAsks Roosevelt for negotiation at Portsmouth, Asks Roosevelt for negotiation at Portsmouth,

NHNHRoosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize (1906) for Roosevelt wins Nobel Peace Prize (1906) for

negotiationsnegotiations


Panama Canal: U.S. needed canal cutting Panama Canal: U.S. needed canal cutting across Central America to reduce travelacross Central America to reduce travel

Britain gave U.S. exclusive rights to build Britain gave U.S. exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central and control a canal through Central AmericaAmerica

U.S. encouraged Panamanian U.S. encouraged Panamanian independence from Colombiaindependence from Colombia

Finally, Panama & U.S. sign treaty—U.S. Finally, Panama & U.S. sign treaty—U.S. pays Panama $10 mil plus annual rent of pays Panama $10 mil plus annual rent of $250,000 for an area of land across $250,000 for an area of land across Panama—the Canal ZonePanama—the Canal Zone


Construction of Panama Canal—Construction of Panama Canal—one of the greatest engineering one of the greatest engineering featsfeats

Began 1904, Canal opened in 1914Began 1904, Canal opened in 1914Total cost to U.S.= $380 millionTotal cost to U.S.= $380 million


Latin American Affairs—reminded Europeans of Latin American Affairs—reminded Europeans of Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

Roosevelt’s “Speak softly & carry a big stick” Roosevelt’s “Speak softly & carry a big stick” Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe

DoctrineDoctrineU.S. would now use force to protect economic U.S. would now use force to protect economic

interests in Latin Americainterests in Latin AmericaDollar Diplomacy—U.S. gov. to guarantee Dollar Diplomacy—U.S. gov. to guarantee

loans made to foreign countries by American loans made to foreign countries by American business peoplebusiness people


Missionary Diplomacy—Policy denying Missionary Diplomacy—Policy denying recognition of Latin American recognition of Latin American governments that the U.S. viewed as governments that the U.S. viewed as oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to U.S. interestsU.S. interests

Mexican Revolution—Mexico ruled almost Mexican Revolution—Mexico ruled almost 3 years by military dictator, Porfirio Diaz3 years by military dictator, Porfirio Diaz

Diaz encouraged foreign investments in Diaz encouraged foreign investments in MexicoMexico


1911, rebellion led by Francisco Madero1911, rebellion led by Francisco Madero1913, rebellion led by Victoriano Huerto, 1913, rebellion led by Victoriano Huerto,

killed Maderokilled MaderoWilson refused to recognize Huerto’s Wilson refused to recognize Huerto’s

gov.gov.Came very close to war with MexicoCame very close to war with Mexico1915, Huerta regime collapsed, 1915, Huerta regime collapsed,

Venustiano Carranza comes to powerVenustiano Carranza comes to powerWilson formally recognized governmentWilson formally recognized government


““Pancho” Villa led rebellion, raids Pancho” Villa led rebellion, raids against U.S. against U.S.

John J. Pershing—sent to capture John J. Pershing—sent to capture VillaVilla150,000 National Guardsmen stationed at boarder

War with Europe forced U.S. to make War with Europe forced U.S. to make peace with Mexicopeace with Mexico

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America Claims an Empire Chapter 10 Notes. Chapter Overview To compete with other world powers, America gains colonies overseas, although some Americans