America grows geographically…but still has challenges

America from the Bill of Rights to 1877

Louisiana Purchase

• April 30, 1803• France sold 828,000 square miles to United

States• One of President Thomas Jefferson’s greatest

achievements• 5 cents per acre ($15 Million Dollars…about

$283 million dollars in today’s dollars)…same amount to build Cleveland Brown’s stadium

Sets stage for exploration

Lewis and Clark:.• Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant

William Clark set out on a mission from President Thomas Jefferson to explore western rivers for a route to the Pacific Ocean.

• They were to collect information about the Louisiana Territory

• Took two years and four months…started and ended in St. Louis, Missouri

War of 1812

• America pledged neutrality in the War between France and England. We continued to trade with both countries.

• France and Britain seized U.S. ships to prevent goods from reaching other’s ports.

• The British began kidnapping American sailors from U.S. ships claiming they were deserters from the British Navy.

• Presidents Adams and Jefferson tried every diplomatic way to continue trade and keep peace with them.

President Madison

• Achieved an agreement with France (Napoleon) to stop taking ships and sailors and open up trade with the United States again.

• Madison could not get an agreement from Great Britain which resulted in a Declaration of War on June 18, 1812.

War for rights and land• Some wanted to fight the War of 1812 due to

actions against American sailors, others wanted to fight it to gain more land in the South and West…and even North (borders around Lake Erie).

• Took place on multiple fronts

Northern Front…OhioThe Battle of Lake Erie, sometimes called theBattle of Put-in-Bay, was fought on 10 September1813, in Lake Erie. Nine vessels of the defeated andcaptured six vessels of British Royal Navy. Thisensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.

Commander Oliver Hazard Perry

Horseshoe Bend

March 27, 1814: With the help of the Cherokee Nation Andrew Jackson (Future President) defeated Tecumseh’s allies in the South. As a result, they had to give up much of their land to the United States. This took place in modern day Alabama.

Battle of New Orleans

Final blow to the British as they lost over 2,000 casualties while Andrew Jackson’s troops suffered 71.

Star Spangled Banner (National Anthem)Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner from the Baltimore Harbor the morning after the British bombarded Fort McHenry.

Monroe Doctrine

• President James Monroe (5th President) 1817.• Revolutions were sweeping across Latin America.

Americans cheered as colonies in Latin America freed themselves from Spain.

• The Monroe Doctrine said “The American continents” were closed to “future colonization”

• The Monroe Doctrine as invoked just a few times…for example it stopped Britain from taking back Venezuela as they did not want to go to war with America in the 1890’s.

Manifest Destiny

The widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent.

Florida

• In 1819, U.S. diplomats persuaded Spain to cede (yield) Florida to the United States.

Indian Removal Act

• In 1830 President Andrew Jackson convinced the Congress to pass the Indian Removal Act to clear Indians, by force if needed, from lands and move them to reservations.

• Some resisted by force and by starvation…this episode in history is called the Trail of Tears.

Annexation of Texas

• The region we know as Texas was a Spanish territory that was part of Mexico. Spain agreed to let Moses Austin and later his son Stephen Austin to establish a colony (1821)

• This happened as Mexico declared independence from Spain. Mexico agreed to let him establish a colony only if they agreed to learn Spanish, become Mexican citizens and join the Catholic church.

Conflicts with Mexico

• The over 25,000 Americans that would live in Texas by 1830 did not like all of these rules. They did not want to learn Spanish and many slaveholders did not like the fact Mexico had outlawed slavery.

• Stephen Austin tried negotiating with Santa Anna (dictator of Mexico) but he was thrown in jail.

The Alamo

• Texans declared independence from Mexico• They fought for their freedom led by Davy

Crockett, Jim Bowie and a group of Texas Freedom Fighters.

• Mexico warned expect no mercy.• The Battle at the Alamo resulted in all Texas

troops their being killed.

Remember the Alamo

• Remembering what happened at the Alamo as their war cry, the Texas Volunteers led by Sam Houston overran the Mexican Army…trapping Santa Anna.

• Santa Anna would sign a treaty giving Texas independence.

• Texas at first was its own country (the Lone Star State)…but they wanted to be part of the United States.

Lone Star State

• Many Northerners did not want Texas to become a State because they wanted to be a slave state. In 1845 Texas was admitted to the Union…as a slave state.

Mexican War

• James Polk, 11th President from 1845-1849, sent troops to occupy the North Bank of the Rio Grande…where the US felt the border with Mexico was but Mexico disagreed.

• Mexico would attack with America declaring war in 1846. US forces seized New Mexico and California. America would eventually capture Mexico City in 1846

Treaty of Guadalupe

• US and Mexican agreement establishing the Rio Grande as the border of Texas. Mexico also ceded a huge region from Texas to California..the US paid Mexico $15 million.

• US would increase its territory by 1/3…Mexico would lose half of its territory.

Oregon TreatyA treaty between Great Britain and the United States

that was signed on June 15, 1846. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary

dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S.

Was the Civil War inevitable

Missouri Compromise

1820: Missouri wanted to become a state, but as a slave state. The existing 22 states were equal in terms of slave and free states at 11. This would create an imbalance.

Missouri Compromise

• Maine would enter as a free state• Missouri would enter as a slave state• A line was drawn across the Louisiana

Territory that North of the line would be free and south slavery would be permitted.

• Both sides, for the most part, were unhappy

One country…two different cultures

• North was more urban, as people were migrating from the farms to the cities.

• From 1800-1860 the population of New York City grew from 60,000 to 800,000.

• In the South everything remained predominantly rural scattered across the countryside. The largest Southern city, New Orleans, had a population of only 169,000.

• By 1860 there were almost 4 million slaves in the South.

Northern Economy

• Agriculture was a significant part but also workshops, factories and mills in the growing manufacturing fields. Many immigrants came here for opportunity.

• Rail lines and canals also would make trading more efficient.

Southern economy

• Little industry• Rice, corn and cotton grew very well.• Slaves were owned by one in four households.• Saw abolition of slavery as a economic threat.

Underground Railroad

A network of secret escape routes and safe houses for runaway slaves.

Harriet Tubman, born to slavery who escaped to Philadelphia for freedom, helped other slaves escape to freedom. She returned South to do so.

Rewards for her capture was over $40,000.00.

Compromise of 1850

• This allowed California to enter the Union as a free state. The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on the vote of the people who settled there.

• This would only satisfy people for a short time.

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of the Compromise of 1850…Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners. Northerners were very unhappy about this.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Slavery in the two new territories (Kansas and Nebraska) would be decided on by the people who live there…not by Congress.

Dred Scott decision

1856: Missouri slave Dred Scott and his wife Harriet sued for their freedom by arguing that having lived with his owner in a free territory (Wisconsin), he should be a free man.

Supreme Court in 1857 ruled that Scott could not bring a suit in federal court because African Americans were not U.S. citizens

He was given his freedom by his new “owner”

Election of 1860

• Abraham Lincoln, the Republican nominee for President, defeated three candidates by receiving less than 40% of the vote. He defeated Stephen Douglas who in debates Lincoln articulated that slavery is “…a moral, social and political wrong.”

• Lincoln won in November, 1860…by the time he took office on March 4, 1861 seven states had seceded from the union over slavery.

Fort Sumner

• Southern forces open fire on a federal fort in the Charleston harbor.

Northern and Southern advantages

• North had twice as many people, a more diverse economy with farming and manufacturing.

• The South would have the advantage of fighting mainly on their own grounds.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln signed this which declared all slaves living in states in rebellion against the United States to be …forever free.

Southern states (the confederacy)ignored this.

Long and deadly battle.

April 12, 1861 at Fort Sumter until Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865...last battle fought on May 13, 1865

Rights need to be Constitutional

• 13th Amendment (1865): Slavery is abolished in the United States and its territories.

• 14th Amendment (1868): The Civil Rights of all people born or naturalized in the United States are guaranteed.

• 15th Amendment (1870): All male citizens have the right to vote regardless of race or color.

Freedmen’s Bureau

• Congress established them in 1865 to give relief to former slaves and poor whites. They would provide food and medical care, as well as legal assistance.

• Helped set up more than 4,300 schools for African Americans of all ages.

Black Codes

• Lincoln had been replaced by Andrew Johnson.• Johnson would permit the South to

reconstruct itself…many northern lawmakers thought the federal government should be involved. They were right…the southern states would institute Black Codes- laws intended to restrict the freedom and opportunities of African Americans.

Examples of Black Codes

• Could not vote• Could not serve on juries• Required to sign a contract to work and if not

would be sent to work for planters who lost their slaves.

Into the 1870’s

There were still state laws being passed that stopped the full participation by African Americans:

Poll Tax- Required citizens who wanted to vote to pay a poll tax.

Literacy Tests-Only about ½ of all African American children in the South attended school.

Jim Crow Laws

• Reconstruction of the South and North ends in 1877…but not all is fixed in terms of rights for African Americans.

• Once Democrats regained control of the state governments in the South, they passed Jim Crow laws that segregated blacks from whites in public life. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was constitutional under the doctrine of “separate but equal.”