American Colonization

7th grade

August 25, 2015

• Do you think that the

Puritans were selfish or

selfless? Explain in 3-5

sentences.

Colonization

• England viewed its North American colonies as an economic resource.

• The colonies provided England with raw resources- basic material in its natural state that is used to produce a finished good.

• England then sold the finished goods back to the colonies.

• This process followed an economic theory called mercantilism - the theory that a state’s or nation’s power depended on its wealth.

Mercantilism

• To make money, England had to export more goods than it imported.

• Export – sell goods to other countries

• Import – bring in goods from other countries

• The Navigation Acts directed the flow of goods.• Colonies could not use foreign ships or send

products to other countries.

• The colonies were dependent on England.• England was their “Mother Country”

• The English made several attempts to establish colonies in America before they were successful.

• The lost colony of Roanoke discouraged others from planning English colonies

• In the beginning of the 1600’s the idea emerged and several merchants sought charters from the King.• Charters – the right to organize settlements in

an area.

God, Gold, and Glory

• Settlers came to American for the Three G’s• God, Gold, and Glory

• God – people faced persecution for their religious beliefs and wanted freedom to practice their religion.• Persecution – to be treated harshly because of

your beliefs or practices.

• Gold – people believed that there were riches in the New World that were not available to them in their country.

• Glory – there was the opportunity to became richer and achieve a high status than the one they held.

The Southern Colonies• The Big Idea

• Despite a difficult beginning, the southern colonies soon flourished.

• Main Ideas

• The settlement in Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America.

• Religious freedom and economic opportunities were motives for founding other southern colonies.

• Farming and slavery were important to the economies of the southern colonies.

Climate

•The warm climate allowed for a long growing season; thus, more labor was needed Physical Features:

•The region’s fertile soil supported agriculture which led to many cash crops being produced. Natural Resources:

•Natural resources included tobacco, rice, rum fish lumber and indigo.

Economy

• The economy of the South depended on agriculture. Cash crops were tobacco, rice, and indigo.

• Enslaved Africans became the main source of labor

• The conditions of slavery were brutal.

• Slave codes, or laws to control slaves, were passed.

Economy

• A plantation, or small farm, was often on a river so crops could be shipped easily by boat.

• Some people in the South settled in the backcountry region, toward the Appalachian Mountains.

• Small farms grew corn & tobacco

• The independent small farmers outnumbered the large plantation owners.

• Yet the plantation owners controlled the economic & political life of the region.

Jamestown

• King James I allowed the London Company to settle in a region called Virginia.

• The first colonists arrived in America on April 26, 1607.

• They settled in Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America.

• The colonists were not prepared to build and farm. Two-thirds died by their first winter.

• Tobacco saved Jamestown.

• http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown/videos/life-in-jamestown

Relations with Native Americans

• John Smith became the leader of Jamestown in 1608.

• Colonists were helped by the powerful Powhatan Confederacy of Indians.

• More settlers arrived, but many died from famine and disease.

• Settler John Rolfe married Pocahontas, which helped form peaceful relations with the Powhatan.

• Conflict started between colonists and the Powhatan in 1622 and lasted for 20 years.

Labor

• Most workers were indentured servants: people who came to America for free by agreeing to work without pay for a set amount of time.

• The first Africans were brought as slaves and servants in 1619. Increased work and the falling cost of slaves led colonists to use more slave labor.

Bacon’s Rebellion • Governor Berkeley of Virginia made an agreement

with the Native Americans to keep settlers from moving farther into Native American land

• Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against this policy.• Bacon and colonist led an attack on Native American

colonist • They drove Berkeley out of the colony

• Governor Berkeley called Bacon “the greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia”

• This resulted in a militia being formed • militia – group of civilians trained to

fight.

• The colonist wanted to continue moving westward

• The militia was used to control the Native Americans.

Maryland

• English Catholics came to America to escape religious persecution.

• Maryland was founded as a refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore in 1634.

• Protestants moved into the colony and quickly outnumbered the Catholics.

• Conflict between Catholics and Protestants resulted in the passing of the Act of Toleration of 1649

• Stated that both groups had the right to worship freely.

Georgia

• Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for debtors in 1733.

• debtors - those unable to repay their debts

• Oglethorpe wanted small farms, so he outlawed slavery and limited land grants.

• Founded as a military barrier to protect the other British colonies from Spain due to its location between Spanish Florida & South Carolina.

• Became the last British colony to be founded in America.

New England Colonies

New England Colonies

• Climate• Long, harsh winters and short summers• Shortest growing season of all three regions

• Physical Features• Abundance of raw materials (ex. Lumber and fish_

• Geography • Mountainous• Rivers• Rocky, thin soil

• The Big Idea

• English colonists traveled to New England to gain religious freedom.

• Main Ideas

• The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution.

• Religion and government were closely linked in the New England colonies.

• The New England economy was based on trade and farming.

• Education was important in the New England colonies.

• There were two groups of Protestants in England.

• Puritans wanted to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church.

• Separatist wanted to separate from Anglican Church.

• Because their journey had religious purposes these people called themselves Pilgrims.

• http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/massachusetts/videos/puritans-vs-pilgrims

• Some of the Separatists were given a guarantee by the Virginia Company to be able to practice their religion freely if they settled in Virginia.

• In return, they had to share their profits with the Virginia Company

• This group sailed across the ocean in the Mayflower.

• Bad weather caused the ship to not land in Virginia. They landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Mayflower Compact

• Plymouth was not a part of Virginia.• The laws of the charter no longer applied.

• The passengers drew up the Mayflower Compact.• Pledged loyalty to England.• Promised to obey laws passed “for the general

good of colony”.

• First example of a democratic government in this new world.

• http://www.history.com/topics/mayflower-compact

Massachusetts • Puritans were dissenters who disagreed with the

church in England.

• During the Great Migration in the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans came to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic difficulties in England.

• John Winthrop led Puritan colonist to Massachusetts and set up Massachusetts Bay Colony.

• Although the Puritans left England for religious freedom in America, they criticized, or persecuted, people who held religious beliefs other than theirs.

• This led to the formation of new colonies in America.

Religious Conflicts

• Thomas Hooker and followers founded Connecticut to make government more democratic.

• Roger Williams founded Providence (Rhode Island) and supported the separation of church and state.

• First colony to allow religious freedom.

• Anne Hutchinson questioned teachings of religious leaders and was forced out of the colony.

Economy • Farming

• Harsh climate and rocky soil meant few cash crops.

• Most farming families grew crops and raised animals for their own use.

• Subsistence farming- growing enough food to feed themselves and their family

• Little need for slaves.

• Trade • Merchants traded goods locally, with other colonies, and overseas.

• Fishing was one of region’s leading industries.

• Shipbuilding was also an important industry.

• The hub of the shipping trade.

Education

Public Education

•Communities established town schools.

•Students used New England Primer, which had stories from the Bible.

•Availability of schooling varied in the colonies.

•Most children stopped education after elementary grades.

Higher Education

•Important to colonists

•John Harvard and the General Court founded Harvard College in 1636.

•College of William and Mary founded in Virginia in 1693.

Shipping

• Northern coastal cities linked the northern colonies with the Southern colonies, and linked America to other parts of the world.

• Triangular trade was a system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Great Britain, and Africa.

• Slave trade brought millions of Africans to the Americas on a voyage called the Middle Passage.

The Triangular Trade Route-

Ships brought sugar and molasses from the West Indies to New England.

From New England, manufactured foods were shipped to West Africa.

On the second leg in West Africa, these goods were traded for enslaved Africans.

On the last leg, the enslaved Africans were take to the West Indies where they were sold to planters - this was known as the Middle Passage.

The Middle Colonies

Geography

• Climate:

• Longer summers than New England

• Resulted in a longer growing season.

• Physical Features:

• Coastal plains to the Appalachian foothills

• Numerous waterways for trade & transportation

• Fertile soil for productive agriculture as a result they produced larger quantities of cash crops.

• Natural resources include timber, furs, agriculture, and iron.

• Became known as the "breadbasket" of the colonies.

Economy • Practiced cash crop farming.

• Planting crops that could be sold easily in the market.

• Crops included wheat, barley, and oats.

• There were slaves, but indentured servants were a larger source of labor.

• Trade to Britain and the West Indies was important to the economy of middle colonies.

The Big Idea

People from many nations settled in the middle colonies.

Main Ideas

•The English created New York and New Jersey from former Dutch territory.

•William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania.

•The economy of the middle colonies was supported by trade and staple crops

• Read page 82 – **England take Over

New York

•Dutch founded New Netherland in 1613 as fur trading post.

•New Amsterdam was center of fur trade.

•Peter Stuyvesant led the colony from 1647-1664.

•English captured colony in 1664 and renamed it New York.

New Jersey

•English took control in 1664.

•The colony occupied land between the Hudson and Delaware rivers.

•Had diverse population, including Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and Scots.

Pennsylvania

• William Penn founded Pennsylvania, a larger colony for Quakers that provided a safe home.• Quakers are pacifist- people who refuse to fight in

a war or use force.

• Society of Friends, or Quakers, was one of largest religious groups in New Jersey.

• Quakers, who supported nonviolence and religious tolerance, were persecuted.

• Penn limited his power, established an elected assembly, and promised religious freedom to all Christians.

Life in the English Colonies

The Big Idea

The English colonies continued to grow despite many challenges.

Main Ideas

•Colonial governments were influenced by political changes in England.

•English trade laws limited free trade in the colonies.

•The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment led to ideas of political equality among many colonists.

•The French and Indian War gave England control of more land in North America.

English Colonial Rule • In the mid-1600s the English monarchy saw Charles II then

James II rule.

• James II tried to tighten royal control over the colonies, but in 1688 he was forced out by the English Parliament

• His daughter, Mary, and her husband, William, ruled.

• This change, that showed the power of the elected representative, came to be known as the Glorious Revolution.

• William & Mary signed the English Bill of Rights in 1689

• This guaranteed certain basic rights to all citizens

• Inspired the creation of the American Bill of Rights

Colonial Government

• Each English colony had its own government.

• Each government was given power by a charter.

• The English monarch had ultimate authority over the colonies

Emerging Culture

• American had a new spirit and were beginning to see themselves differently.

• The return of strong religious values in the 1720’s 1740’s led to the Great Awakening • This is the first great American revival.

• Revivals became a popular place to talk about political and social issues.

Emerging Culture

• The Enlightenment, a movement that began in Europe in the 1750s, influenced the colonists.

• It spread the idea the knowledge, reason, and science could improve society.

• Formed ideas on how government should work. Also spread that people had natural rights.

• Ideas spread through newspapers, lecture, and organizations.