American Expansion American Expansion OverseasOverseas

1898-19141898-1914

Ga Standards

• SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.

• b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.

• c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

Essential Questions:• How did the changing political, economic,

and technological climate of the latter 1800’s influence the expansion of America?

• How did America's relationship with the World change in the latter 1800’s and early 1900’s?

• How did America become a world power and leader?

• What are the characteristics of American Imperialism?

Vocabulary• Panama Canal• Imperialism• Isolation• William Seward• Captain Alfred

Mahan• Maine• Rough Riders• Queen Liliuokalani• Yellow fever• Yellow jack

• Spanish-American War

• War in the Philippines

• Roosevelt Corollary• Commodore Mathew

Perry• Dollar Diplomacy• Big Stick

The New Imperialism

• A nation’s policy of establishing colonies and building empires for economic gain, prestige, and missionary purposes.

• 1500-1600’s- Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Dutch.

• 1800’s- Germany, Italy, Belgium, Japan join in.

• America remains isolated.

• Reasons:1. Industrial Revolution

demanded new raw materials and increased trade.

2. New instruments of war.– Machine gun and

repeating rifles

3. Pride in the creation of an empire.

American Isolation

1. America had been a colony, and its sympathies were with the other colonies.

2. The undeveloped American West of the 1800’s was like a colony.

3. Not a real “need” for raw materials.

4. Limitless trade opportunities to Europe and its colonies.

Seward’s Foley• William Seward- Secretary William Seward- Secretary

of State under Lincoln and of State under Lincoln and Johnson.Johnson.

• AlaskaAlaska– Ice capped mountains w/ Ice capped mountains w/

an arctic climate.an arctic climate.

• Czar Alexander II wants to Czar Alexander II wants to sell- needs money for wars.sell- needs money for wars.

• Seward and Russian Seward and Russian ambassador agree to the ambassador agree to the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million.million.– $.02/acre$.02/acre– Card gameCard game

• 30 years later– “black gold” 30 years later– “black gold” found.found.

Captain Alfred Mahan

• Pre- 1890’s- America not interested in expansion.

• The Influence of Sea Power upon History– Attempts to show that to be

a great nation, a great navy is needed.

– Colonies needed as naval bases for refueling, raw materials, and markets.

• 1895- Great White Fleet is commissioned by Congress.

The Spanish-The Spanish-American WarAmerican War

Cuba• Cuba and Puerto Rico

last remnants of the old Spanish Empire.

• Economic Crisis– People working for

starvation wages.– $100 million/year sugar

trade with United States.

– 40% duty placed on all raw sugar hurts trade and forces plantations to close.

Cuban Revolution

• 1895 revolution over Spanish misrule and economic crisis.

• Revolutionists burn cities and plantations.

• Spanish army places citizens in concentration camps, or kills those that refuse.– Gen. Valeriano Weyler kills

over 200,000 Cubans

• Cuba reduced to utter ruin.– 1000’s dead from murder or

disease.

American Support• Concern over treatment of

Cubans by the Spanish.• Jose’ Marti- Cuban

revolutionist writes brilliant essays trying to get American support.

• American newspapers show sympathy.– William Randolph Hearst– Joseph Pullitzer– Use yellow journalism to gain

support for Cuba.• Big Business demand

support– Over $50 million of

investments were at stake.

• 3 reasons1. Cuba only 90 miles

from American soil2. 50$ million in

business investments in sugar, rice, tobacco, and railroads was at stake.

3. A $100 million/year trade was at stake.

William McKinley• Inaugurated on March

4, 1897• Strongly opposes

going to war.– Fear that war would put

the country back into a depression.

• Spanish call McKinley “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowds.”

“Remember the Maine”• Steel battleship sent to

Havana Harbor to protect American interests.

• Explodes while still at anchor- 250 killed.

• America blames Spain.

• “Remember the Maine” becomes a pro-war slogan.

• McKinley refuses to go to McKinley refuses to go to war.war.

Ultimatum• Sent by McKinley to

Spain.

1. Spain cease all fighting w/ the revolutionaries.

2. Cuban independence.

3. Abolish the concentration camps.

• Spain agrees to all, but #2.

WAR !!• April 11, 1898-

McKinley asks Congress for permission to intervene in Cuba.

• Resounding approval.• Teller Resolution

– The purpose of the war was to only bring peace to the Caribbean.

– Guaranteed Cuban independence.

War in the Pacific• Commodore George Commodore George

Dewey sent to Dewey sent to Spanish-controlled Spanish-controlled Philippine Islands.Philippine Islands.

• April 30, 1898- April 30, 1898- Secretly sneaks into Secretly sneaks into Manila Harbor and Manila Harbor and opens fire on the opens fire on the city.city.

• By noon the Spanish By noon the Spanish give up.give up.– Spanish lose 170 men.Spanish lose 170 men.– American loses 1 manAmerican loses 1 man

• Heatstroke Heatstroke

War in the Caribbean

• Spanish fleet destroyed in Santiago Harbor by American vessels.

• Battle lasts 4 hours.

Rough Riders• American volunteers

led by Theodore Roosevelt.

• June 24, 1898- charges San Juan Hill.– July 2- Spanish

attempt to flee Cuba• American army

invades Puerto Rico w/ no resistance.

• July 17- Spanish surrender.

• “A splendid little war!”– Theodore Roosevelt

War Casualties

• 386 Americans killed in battle.

• 5000 killed from disease– Yellow fever– Malaria

Peace Treaty of 1898

1. Cuba gets freedom from Spain.

2. United States is given Puerto Rico, and Guam.

3. United States would pay $20 million for the Phillippines.

• America acquires an empire overnight.• Expansionists delighted.

What to do with the Philippines?

• Questions for America?– Return to Spain?

• No, we just took them from them.

– Turn over to Great Britain or France?

• No, bad for business

– Give independence to?• No, not smart enough!

• Answer– Take control, educate and Christianize the people.

Conquest of the Philippines• Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

– Leads Filipino rebels Leads Filipino rebels against 70,000 US against 70,000 US troops.troops.

– Captured in 1901.Captured in 1901.• Philippine Government Philippine Government

Act of 1902Act of 1902– Established an Established an

appointed governor, appointed governor, elected assembly, and elected assembly, and an appointed upper an appointed upper house.house.

– William Howard Taft William Howard Taft appointed to be the first appointed to be the first governor.governor.

• 1916- allowed to elect 1916- allowed to elect both houses of both houses of legislature, and legislature, and promised promised independence.independence.

Hawaii• 1865- American sugar

cane and pineapple companies begin trade.

• 1875- Treaty signed allowing Hawaii to sell all its sugar to U.S. in return of not dealing with any other foreign nations.

• 1887- Pearl Harbor leased to U.S. as a naval base.

H AW

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Queen Liliuokalani• Announces

intentions of limiting all foreign influence in Hawaii.

• American sugar businessmen start a revolution.

• Marines called in.• February 1, 1893-

Hawaii annexed to the United States.– 1898- made a

territory.

Relations with China• Long standing trade

relationship of furs for porcelain and silk.

• Chinese become disturbed with foreign influence from America and Great Britain.

• Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895– Japan invades China– European nations try to divide

mainland China.– American concerns of losing

Chinese trade relations.

Open Door Policy

• 1898 China policy• Secretary of State

John Hay proposes:1. Keep all treaty ports

open.

2. All nations trading with China would be on equal ground.

The Boxer Rebellion• the “Boxers”- Chinese

secret society determined to remove all foreigners from China.

• 1900- 300 foreigners killed.– August- rebellion is crushed

by foreign powers.– China repays foreign nations

for losses in the rebellion.– United States returns its

share to the Chinese government and allows Chinese students to come to America and study.

Japan• Isolated nation- foreigners

forbidden to enter the country.

• Commodore Mathew Perry– Sent by President Fillmore to

negotiate a trade treaty.– Arrives w/ 4 steam-powered

ships– USS Fulton.– Japanese so impressed they

open 2 ports to American traders.

• Japanese intrigue with industrialization ends its isolation.– Becomes an imperial nation

and takes colonies for raw materials.

– 1894- invades China– 1900- invades Russia

American Expansion American Expansion in the Caribbean and in the Caribbean and

Latin AmericaLatin America

The Insular Cases• Question of whether

American colonies had protected rights under the Constitution?

• Supreme Court decision– Incorporated possessions

(Alaska and Hawaii) were destined for statehood, and had constitutional rights.

– Unincorporated possessions (Puerto Rico and Philippines) were not destined for statehood and did not have constitutional protections, but could not be deprived of life, liberty, or property w/out due process of law.

Puerto Rico

• Foraker Act of 1900– Established a new

government in Puerto Rico.

– Governor and executive council appointed by the President.

– Elected lower house.• 1916- Made a

territory and made Puerto Ricans American citizens.

Cuban Independence• 1901 Platt Amendment

1. The Cuban government must never enter into any foreign relationships that might endanger its independence.

2. The Cuban government must not incur debts it cannot repay.

3. United States has full authority to intervene when Cuban independence is threatened.

4. Cuban government must provide naval bases for the United States.

• Cuba becomes a protectorate of the United States.

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

The Need for a Canal• American vessels had

to make a 6 week voyage around S. America to get from the west coast to the east coast.

• 1880’s French tried to build a canal on the Isthmus of Panama but failed.

Columbian Negotiations• Isthmus of Panama a Isthmus of Panama a

province of Columbia.province of Columbia.• Secretary of State John Secretary of State John

Hay negotiates a treaty.Hay negotiates a treaty.– 99 year lease on a 6 mile 99 year lease on a 6 mile

strip of land across strip of land across Panama for $10 million Panama for $10 million and $250,000/year rent.and $250,000/year rent.

• Columbia agrees, but Columbia agrees, but refuses to ratify– wants refuses to ratify– wants more money.more money.

• President Theodore President Theodore Roosevelt is furious.Roosevelt is furious.

Panama Revolution• Group of revolutionaries

ask for U.S. aid in revolting against Columbia.

• Marines sent in to “protect American interests.”

• Columbia sends troops, but Americans force out.

• November, 1903- 3 days later, new government established in Panama.

• Two-weeks later U.S. given rights to build the canal.– Panama is paid $10 million

for a 10 mile strip of land.– Yearly rental of $250,000.

Building the Canal• United States Army Corp of

Engineers begin building.• Yellow fever and malaria a

problem.– Dr. Walter Reed discovers

that it was transmitted by mosquitoes.

– Swamps drained to destroy the breeding grounds.

• 1914- “Big Ditch” is completed.– $400 million project. – 200 million cubic yards of

earth removed.

American Foreign American Foreign PolicyPolicy

The Monroe Doctrine• 1823- President James

Monroe issues to Europe.

1. Europe may not attempt to further colonize the Americas.

2. Europe may not interfere with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere.

• United States could never enforce due to small navy.

Monroe Doctrine Test #1• 1865• France invades Mexico to

force repayment of war debts.

• Establish an Austrian prince, Maximilian as the new Emperor of Mexico.

• U.S. says violation of Monroe Doctrine.– Unable to enforce because of

Civil War.• Napoleon III faced with

wars in Europe pulls out.– Maximilian executed by

Mexican nationalists.

Monroe Doctrine Test #2• 1895• Border dispute between

Venezuela and British Guiana.

• United States intervenes- Great Britain claims Monroe Doctrine not a part of international law.

• With war a possibility, Britain settles the dispute.

Monroe Doctrine Test #3• 1902• Venezuela cannot

repay debts to Britain, Italy, and Germany.

• They blockade the Venezuelan coast.

• President Theodore Roosevelt demand violation of Monroe Doctrine.

• Matter is settled.

Roosevelt Corollary• Dominican Republic owes

European nations money– they threaten to intervene.

• Roosevelt announces that the U.S. had the right to interfere in Latin American disputes on behalf of the European nations.

• United States becomes “international policeman” of the Western Hemisphere.

• “speak softly and carry a big stick.”– Roosevelt.

“Dollar Diplomacy”• United States United States

“influence” in Latin “influence” in Latin America by William America by William Howard Taft.Howard Taft.

• American bankers lend American bankers lend money to Latin money to Latin American govts. American govts.

• When debtors failed to When debtors failed to repay the debts, U.S. repay the debts, U.S. govt. intervened to govt. intervened to “protect” American “protect” American investments.investments.– Usually meant the Usually meant the

landing of the Marines.landing of the Marines.

Troubles with Mexico• Mexican’s still angry

over the 1848 war with America.– Lost 1/3rd of their land.

• Disputes over Rio Grande, cattle rustling, and Indians.

• By 1913, Americans had invested $1 billion in Mexico.

Mexican Revolution

• 1910- Long-time President Diaz is overthrown by Victoriano Huerta.– U.S. loses a powerful

ally.

• American investors “disturbed” by the events.

“Watchful Waiting”• President Woodrow Wilson

announces “watchful waiting” policy.– Belief that revolutionary

government would be gotten rid of by Mexican people.

• Huerta attempts to seize American property.

• April, 1914- Germany attempts to send arms to the new Mexican govt.

• Wilson orders marines to invade Mexico.

ABC Mediation

• AArgentina, B Brazil, and CChile order mediation between U.S. and Mexico.

• Huerta asked to retire– he does.

• Replaced by rival, Carranza.– Becomes ally to the

United States.

Francisco “Pancho” Villa• Splits with Carranza

over alliance with America.

• 1916- kills 18 Americans.

• Crosses border into New Mexico and kills 17 Americans.

• Wilson orders troops to capture Villa “dead or alive.”

• General John Pershing leads 5,000 troops into Mexico.– Withdraws due to

Mexican resentment.– Never captures Villa.

The American Empire