American Foreign Policy:

1920-1941

American Foreign Policy:

1920-1941Mr. Phipps

Santa Teresa High School

Foreign Policy TensionsForeign Policy Tensions

InterventionismInterventionism DisarmamentDisarmament

• Collective Collective securitysecurity

• ““Wilsonianism”Wilsonianism”

• Business interestsBusiness interests

• IsolationismIsolationism

• NativistsNativists

• Anti-war movementAnti-war movement

• Conservative Conservative RepublicansRepublicans

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism

Sen. Henry Cabot Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

Isolationists, like Isolationists, like Senator Lodge, refused Senator Lodge, refused to allow the U.S. to to allow the U.S. to sign the Versailles sign the Versailles Treaty.Treaty.

Thought the U.S. Thought the U.S. should stay out of should stay out of “foreign wars”“foreign wars”

July, 1921 July, 1921 Congress Congress passed a resolution passed a resolution declaring WW I declaring WW I officially over!officially over!

Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament ConferenceConference(1921-1922)(1921-1922)

Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.the United States.

Goals Goals naval disarmament and balancing power in the naval disarmament and balancing power in the PacificPacific

Five-Power Treaty Five-Power Treaty (1922)(1922) The new battleship ratio: The new battleship ratio:

US Britain Japan France ItalyUS Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

Japan got a guarantee that the U.S. and Britain would stop Far Japan got a guarantee that the U.S. and Britain would stop Far East fortification/defense buildup [including the Philippines].East fortification/defense buildup [including the Philippines].

Loopholes: Loopholes:

no restrictions on small warshipsno restrictions on small warships

U.S. gets more because it has 2 oceans to protectU.S. gets more because it has 2 oceans to protect

European Debts to the European Debts to the U.S.U.S.

Hyper-Inflation in Hyper-Inflation in Germany:Germany: 19231923

The Dawes PlanThe Dawes Plan (1924)(1924)

Young PlanYoung Plan (1930)(1930)

For three For three generations, you’ll generations, you’ll have to slave away!have to slave away!

$26,350,000,000 to $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a be paid over a period of 58½ years.period of 58½ years.

By 1931, Hoover By 1931, Hoover declared a debt declared a debt moratorium--moratorium--canceling the debt.canceling the debt.

Locarno PactLocarno Pact (1925)(1925)

Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. 1919.

Germany signed treaties with Poland and Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration onlyof Germany by arbitration only.

Clark Memorandum Clark Memorandum (1928)(1928)

Secretary of StateSecretary of StateJ. Reuben ClarkJ. Reuben Clark

Clark pledged that Clark pledged that the U.S. would not the U.S. would not intervene in Latin intervene in Latin American affairs in American affairs in order to protect US order to protect US property rights.property rights.

This was a complete This was a complete rebuke of the rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe to the Monroe Doctrine!Doctrine!

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.as tools of foreign policy.

62 nations signed.62 nations signed.

ProblemsProblems no means of actual enforcement and gave no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security. Americans a false sense of security.

Japanese Attack Japanese Attack Manchuria Manchuria (1931)(1931)

League of Nations condemned the action.League of Nations condemned the action.

Japan leaves the League.Japan leaves the League.

Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.the Far East.

Hoover-Stimpson Hoover-Stimpson DoctrineDoctrine

(1932)(1932) U.S. would not recognize any territorial U.S. would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.acquisitions that were achieved by force.

Japan was infuriated because the U.S. had Japan was infuriated because the U.S. had conquered new territories a few decades earlier.conquered new territories a few decades earlier.

Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 Japan bombed Shanghai in 1932 massive massive casualties, and considered an act of aggression.casualties, and considered an act of aggression.

FDR’s “Good FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyNeighbor” Policy

Important to have Important to have all nations in the all nations in the Western Western Hemisphere alliedHemisphere allied

FDR FDR “ “The good The good neighbor respects neighbor respects himself and the himself and the rights of othersrights of others.”.”

Policy of non-Policy of non-intervention and intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

FDR Recognizes the FDR Recognizes the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

(late 1933)(late 1933) FDR felt that FDR felt that

recognizing Moscow recognizing Moscow might bolster the U.S. might bolster the U.S. against Japanese against Japanese imperialism (defense).imperialism (defense).

Thought trade with Thought trade with the U.S.S.R. would the U.S.S.R. would help the U.S. help the U.S. economy during the economy during the Depression Depression (economics).(economics).

The Nye Committee The Nye Committee HearingsHearings

(1934-1936)(1934-1936)

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

The Nye Committees The Nye Committees investigated allegations investigated allegations that the U.S. entered WW I that the U.S. entered WW I to make big profitsto make big profits

Targeted:Targeted:

Munitions ownersMunitions owners

Bankers who wanted to Bankers who wanted to protect loans and return protect loans and return investment investment

Claimed that Wilson Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring by sailing in to warring nations’ waters.nations’ waters.

Resulted in Congress Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality passing several Neutrality Acts.Acts.

FDR’s “I hate war” Speech FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)(1936)

Neutrality Acts: 1935, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 19371936, 1937 FDR proclaimed that during a foreign war, the FDR proclaimed that during a foreign war, the

U.S. would:U.S. would:

Prohibit sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibit sales of arms to belligerent nations.

Prohibit loans and credits to belligerent nations.Prohibit loans and credits to belligerent nations.

Forbid Americans to travel on vessels of nations-Forbid Americans to travel on vessels of nations-at-war [in contrast to WW I].at-war [in contrast to WW I].

Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up, pay when goods are picked up, no credit or loans no credit or loans

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

Effects:Effects: Executive Authority limited.Executive Authority limited.

America failed to mobilize.America failed to mobilize.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality

The Panay Incident The Panay Incident (1937)(1937)

Japan bombed Japan bombed USS PanayUSS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River, an international waterway.tankers on the Yangtze River, an international waterway.

Japan was testing US resolve!Japan was testing US resolve!

Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks--most Americans satisfied with apologyfurther attacks--most Americans satisfied with apology

ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests. further aggression against US interests.

December 12, 1937

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-(1936-1939)1939)

The American “Lincoln The American “Lincoln Brigade”Brigade”

The Rise of FascismThe Rise of Fascism 1935 1935

Hitler denounced the Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty and Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations the League of Nations [re-arming!] [re-arming!]

Mussolini attacks Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.Ethiopia.

1936: 1936:

German troops sent German troops sent into the Rhineland. into the Rhineland.

Fascist forces sent to Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in fight with Franco in Spain.Spain.

1938: 1938:

Austrian Austrian AnschlussAnschluss..

Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS][AXIS]

Munich Agreement Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT!APPEASEMENT!

1939: 1939:

German troops march into German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia.the rest of Czechoslovakia.

Hitler-Stalin Non-Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.Aggression Pact.

September 1, 1939: September 1, 1939:

German troops march in German troops march in Poland Poland blitzkriegblitzkrieg WW WW II begins!!!II begins!!!

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.

FDR persuaded Congress to allow limited aid to FDR persuaded Congress to allow limited aid to European countriesEuropean countries

Americans could sell weapons on a “cash-and-carry” Americans could sell weapons on a “cash-and-carry” basis.basis.

FDR authorized to proclaim danger zones for FDR authorized to proclaim danger zones for American ships.American ships.

Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act: Aggressors could not send ships to buy American Aggressors could not send ships to buy American

munitions.munitions.

The U.S. economy improved as European demands for The U.S. economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.38 recession.

America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

““America First” America First” CommitteeCommittee

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Great Britain.........................$31 billionGreat Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Admiral Isoroku YamamotoYamamoto

Pearl Harbor from the Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Cockpit of a Japanese

PlanePlane

A date which will live in infamy!A date which will live in infamy!

Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 19411941

F.D.R. Signs the War F.D.R. Signs the War DeclarationDeclaration

U.S.S. ArizonaU.S.S. Arizona, Pearl , Pearl HarborHarbor

2,887 Americans Dead!2,887 Americans Dead!

Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor MemorialMemorial