AMERICANAMERICANFOREIGN POLICYFOREIGN POLICY

(1945-Present)(1945-Present)

Unit IXAUnit IXA

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

Discuss the United States as a global Discuss the United States as a global superpower from 1945-1992.superpower from 1945-1992.

Analyze the American government response Analyze the American government response to foreign developments.to foreign developments.

Analyze how the American public responded Analyze how the American public responded to foreign developments.to foreign developments.

Understanding the Cold WarUnderstanding the Cold War

After WWII, the traditional powers of the world After WWII, the traditional powers of the world regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union regressed and the United States and the Soviet Union arose as the dominant superpowers.arose as the dominant superpowers.

Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies.Both nations were polar opposites in ideologies. Soviet Union = communism, police stateSoviet Union = communism, police state United States = capitalism, democracyUnited States = capitalism, democracy

The relationship began under mistrust and tensions The relationship began under mistrust and tensions increased as time moved on.increased as time moved on.

Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright Cold War meant a “war of words” rather than outright conflictconflict However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in However, the Cold War includes episodes of “hot” conflicts in

various regions around the world.various regions around the world.

United NationsUnited Nations General AssemblyGeneral Assembly

Member nations convened Member nations convened to develop a postwar world to develop a postwar world to combat global issues to combat global issues while respecting while respecting sovereignty and peace.sovereignty and peace.

Security CouncilSecurity Council 15-member body to 15-member body to

authorize peacekeeping authorize peacekeeping and promote international and promote international securitysecurity

Permanent MembersPermanent Members United States, Soviet Union, United States, Soviet Union,

Great Britain, France, ChinaGreat Britain, France, China Resolutions must be Resolutions must be

unanimousunanimous

Iron CurtainIron Curtain German Occupation German Occupation

ZonesZones Democratic Republic Democratic Republic

of Germany (East of Germany (East Germany)Germany)

Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany (West Germany)Germany)

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Soviet Union did not Soviet Union did not

withdraw its troops withdraw its troops from occupied from occupied Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Virtually forced Virtually forced communist regimes communist regimes on Eastern Europeanon Eastern European

Truman & Containment (1945-1953)Truman & Containment (1945-1953) George F. KennanGeorge F. Kennan

Strategies to prevent the spread of Strategies to prevent the spread of communismcommunism

Secretary of State George C. Marshall and Secretary of State George C. Marshall and Dean AchesonDean Acheson

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Provide economic and military support for Provide economic and military support for

nations threatened by communismnations threatened by communism Greece and TurkeyGreece and Turkey

National Security Act (1947)National Security Act (1947) Expanded and centralized Department of Expanded and centralized Department of

Defense (DoD)Defense (DoD) National Security Council (NSC)National Security Council (NSC) Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

NSC-68NSC-68 (1950) (1950) Justify defense spending and arms buildup as Justify defense spending and arms buildup as

necessarynecessary Establish alliances with non-communist Establish alliances with non-communist

nationsnations

Truman & Containment (1945-1953)Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Marshall Plan

European Recovery European Recovery ProgramProgram $13 billion in grants$13 billion in grants Rebuild and develop Rebuild and develop

European infrastructureEuropean infrastructure

Designed to prevent Designed to prevent communist uprisings or communist uprisings or infiltration in vulnerable infiltration in vulnerable nationsnations

Truman & Containment (1945-1953)Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Soviet Union Soviet Union establishes blockade establishes blockade of West Berlinof West Berlin

U.S. and allies launch U.S. and allies launch aerial campaign from aerial campaign from 1948-19491948-1949 Drop food and fuel to Drop food and fuel to

citizenscitizens

Extremely successfulExtremely successful Over 200,000 flightsOver 200,000 flights 47,000 tons daily47,000 tons daily

Truman & Containment (1945-1953)Truman & Containment (1945-1953) NATONATO

North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Organization (NATO) Permanent alliance Permanent alliance

between U.S., Canada, between U.S., Canada, and Western Europeand Western Europe

If one member is attacked, If one member is attacked, all treaty nations will all treaty nations will defenddefend

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Soviet Union’s version of Soviet Union’s version of

NATONATO Eastern European satellite Eastern European satellite

nationsnations

Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Truman & Containment (1945-1953) Korean Conflict (1950-1953)Korean Conflict (1950-1953)

Potsdam Conference (1945)Potsdam Conference (1945) Korean peninsula divided between Korean peninsula divided between

communist North and democratic communist North and democratic SouthSouth

North Korean Invasion (1950)North Korean Invasion (1950) Advised by Soviet Union and ChinaAdvised by Soviet Union and China

Truman and United Nations Truman and United Nations InterventionIntervention General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur

launched successful counterattacklaunched successful counterattack Repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese Repulsed to 38th parallel by Chinese

support troopssupport troops Armistice (1953)Armistice (1953)

38th parallel: Communist North and 38th parallel: Communist North and Democratic SouthDemocratic South

Truman win/loseTruman win/lose Containment workedContainment worked ““soft on Communism”soft on Communism”

Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race Nuclear weapon Nuclear weapon

developmentdevelopment United States develops United States develops

weapons with higher weapons with higher yieldsyields

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Detonated first nuclear Detonated first nuclear

weapon (August 1949)weapon (August 1949) United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Detonated first nuclear Detonated first nuclear weapon (October 1952)weapon (October 1952)

FranceFrance Detonated first nuclear Detonated first nuclear

weapon (February 1960)weapon (February 1960) ChinaChina

Detonated first nuclear Detonated first nuclear weapon (October 1964)weapon (October 1964)

Second Red Scare Second Red Scare (1947-1957)(1947-1957) Government PoliciesGovernment Policies

Loyalty Review BoardLoyalty Review Board McCarren Internal Security Act McCarren Internal Security Act

(1950)(1950) House Un-American Activities House Un-American Activities

Committee (HUAC)Committee (HUAC) Investigate Americans for Investigate Americans for

pro-communist beliefs and pro-communist beliefs and blacklistingblacklisting

Senator Joseph McCarthy (R)Senator Joseph McCarthy (R) McCarthyismMcCarthyism

EspionageEspionage Alger HissAlger Hiss Klaus FuchsKlaus Fuchs

Julia and Ethel RosenbergJulia and Ethel Rosenberg

Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961) Secretary of State John F. DullesSecretary of State John F. Dulles

““New Look”New Look” Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation

Domino TheoryDomino Theory Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine

Extension of Truman Doctrine to Middle EastExtension of Truman Doctrine to Middle East

Covert OperationsCovert Operations Operation Ajax (1953) - IranOperation Ajax (1953) - Iran Operation PBSUCCESS (1954) - GuatemalaOperation PBSUCCESS (1954) - Guatemala

Temporary Thaw with Temporary Thaw with Soviet UnionSoviet Union ““Atoms for Peace” (1953)Atoms for Peace” (1953) ““Spirit of Geneva” (1955)Spirit of Geneva” (1955)

Hungarian Revolt (1956) Sputnik (1957) U-2 Incident (1960)

Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Vietnam and CubaVietnam and Cuba

Vietnam Geneva Conference (1954) Ho Chi Minh and North Vietnam Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization (SEATO) (1954)

Cuba Fidel Castro and Revolution

Deposes Fulgencio Batista (1959)

American Embargo Cuban Alliance with Soviet

Union

Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Eisenhower & Brinkmanship (1953-1961)Farewell Address (1961)Farewell Address (1961)

“Military-Industrial Complex” Cold War and Arms Race implications Warning of a military-corporate state

Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)

Secretary of Defense Robert Secretary of Defense Robert McNamaraMcNamara Develop conventional military strategies Develop conventional military strategies

and policiesand policies Nuclear weapon escalation as last phaseNuclear weapon escalation as last phase

Alliance for Progress (1961)Alliance for Progress (1961) Economic cooperation with Latin Economic cooperation with Latin

AmericaAmerica Peace Corps (1961)Peace Corps (1961)

Volunteer organization for Volunteer organization for developing nationsdeveloping nations

American University Speech (1963)American University Speech (1963) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)Military Advisors in Vietnam (1963)

American troop support for South American troop support for South Vietnam and Ngo Dinh DiemVietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem

Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Berlin Crisis (1961)Berlin Crisis (1961) Berlin Wall (1961)Berlin Wall (1961)

Checkpoint CharlieCheckpoint Charlie

“Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (1963)(1963)

Premier Nikita Khrushchev and JFK (1961)

Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)Kennedy & Flexible Response (1961-1963)CubaCuba

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

Soviet missiles in Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969) Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)Gulf of Tonkin (August 1964)

Incident - North Vietnamese fired Incident - North Vietnamese fired upon U.S. warshipsupon U.S. warships

Resolution - Congress authorized Resolution - Congress authorized combat troops through Johnson’s combat troops through Johnson’s urgingurging

EscalationEscalation Operation Rolling ThunderOperation Rolling Thunder Troops increases from 1964 to 1969Troops increases from 1964 to 1969

540,000 at most during Vietnam 540,000 at most during Vietnam ConflictConflict

Hawks and DovesHawks and Doves Hawks - contain communist aggressionHawks - contain communist aggression Doves - internal conflict and unpopular Doves - internal conflict and unpopular

draft and resultsdraft and results Tet Offensive (January 1968)Tet Offensive (January 1968)

Vietcong launch surprise attackVietcong launch surprise attack U.S. military victory but political and U.S. military victory but political and

popular victory for Minh and North popular victory for Minh and North VietnameseVietnamese

Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)Johnson & Vietnam (1963-1969)War and TragedyWar and Tragedy

Space RaceSpace Race National Aeronautic and National Aeronautic and

Space Administration Space Administration (NASA) (1958)(NASA) (1958) Response to Sputnik and Yuri Response to Sputnik and Yuri

GagarinGagarin Mercury ProgramMercury Program

Alan ShepardAlan Shepard First American in space (1961)First American in space (1961)

John GlennJohn Glenn First American to orbit Earth First American to orbit Earth

(1962)(1962)

Kennedy’s Race to the MoonKennedy’s Race to the Moon Apollo ProgramApollo Program Apollo 11 (1969)Apollo 11 (1969)

““One small step for man, one One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” - Neil giant leap for mankind” - Neil ArmstrongArmstrong

Nixon & Nixon & Detente Detente (1969-1974)(1969-1974) Secretary of State Henry KissingerSecretary of State Henry Kissinger Nixon DoctrineNixon Doctrine

Assist allies, but not assume all the world’s Assist allies, but not assume all the world’s defensedefense

Visit to China (1972)Visit to China (1972) Met with Chairman MaoMet with Chairman Mao Virtual recognition of Communist ChinaVirtual recognition of Communist China

Soviet Union and Leonid BrezhnevSoviet Union and Leonid Brezhnev Visit to Moscow (1972)Visit to Moscow (1972) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)

(1972)(1972) OPEC’s Oil Embargo (1973)OPEC’s Oil Embargo (1973)

American support of Israel during Yom American support of Israel during Yom Kippur WarKippur War

Led to recession and gasoline rationing Led to recession and gasoline rationing in U.S.in U.S.

Nixon & Detente (1969-1974)Vietnamization

Purpose Expand, equip, and train South

Vietnamese Reduce American troop involvement “Peace with honor”

Cambodia bombings My Lai Massacre (1968)

U.S. troops slaughtered women and children

Pentagon Papers (1971) Avoid defeat and ensure containment NOT to help a friend New York Times v. United States

(1971) War Powers Act (1973)

48 hours advance notice 60 day military authorization, 30 day

withdrawal Paris Peace Accords (1973)

Ford & Detente (1974-1977)Ford & Detente (1974-1977)

Helsinki AccordsHelsinki Accords Strategic Arms Strategic Arms

Limitation Treaty Limitation Treaty (SALT I)(SALT I)

VietnamVietnam Fall of Saigon (1975)Fall of Saigon (1975)

Carter & Human Rights (1977-1981) Panama Canal Treaty (1977) Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace between Egypt and Israel SALT II (1979) Soviet Union and Afghanistan (1979)

Boycott of Moscow Olympics (1980) Iranian Revolution (1979)

Ayatollah Khomeini 55 American hostages for 444 days Operation Eagle Claw (1980)

Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)

Reagan DoctrineReagan Doctrine Provide support for resistance Provide support for resistance

movements against communist movements against communist governmentsgovernments

““peace through strength”peace through strength” Operation Cyclone (1979-Operation Cyclone (1979-

1989)1989) Support of Mujahideen in Support of Mujahideen in

AfghanistanAfghanistan Lebanon (1983)Lebanon (1983)

Marines barracks bombingMarines barracks bombing Grenada (1983)Grenada (1983)

Operation Urgent FuryOperation Urgent Fury Libya Bombings (1986)Libya Bombings (1986)

Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)Iran-Contra Affair

Iran-Iraq War U.S. sold weapons to both

sides; mostly to Saddam Hussein and Iraq

Nicaragua Sandinistas Contras Boland Amendment (1985)

Iran-Contra Affair Colonel Oliver North Weapons sales to Iran funded

Contras against Sandinistas

Reagan & Rollback (1981-1989)Soviet Union and Gorbachev

“Evil Empire” Strategic Defense System

(SDI) - “Star Wars” Brandenburg Gate

"Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall."

Mikhail Gorbachev’s Reforms Glasnost

Openness and freedom of expression

Perestroika Gradual capitalist reforms

H.W. Bush & End of Cold War (1989-1993)H.W. Bush & End of Cold War (1989-1993) Iron Curtain FallsIron Curtain Falls

GermanyGermany Berlin Wall falls (1989) and Reunification (1990)Berlin Wall falls (1989) and Reunification (1990)

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Poland and SolidarityPoland and Solidarity

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Dissolution (1991)Dissolution (1991) START I (1991) and START II (1993)START I (1991) and START II (1993)

China and Tiananmen Square (1989)China and Tiananmen Square (1989)

H.W. Bush & End of Cold War (1989-1993)H.W. Bush & End of Cold War (1989-1993)Panama and Persian Gulf War and SomaliaPanama and Persian Gulf War and Somalia

Operation Just Cause (1989-1990) Invasion of Panama

Operation Desert Storm (1991) Iraq invaded Kuwait Coalition victory over Iraq

Operation Restore Hope (1992-1993) Somalia Continued through Clinton

administration

Clinton’s Foreign Policy (1993-2001)

NAFTA Bosnia (1995-

1999) Globalization

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Group of 8 (G-8)

Foreign Policy Shifter, 1994Seattle Post-Intelligencer

W. Bush and War on Terror (2001-2009)

9/11 Bush Doctrine

Afghanistan Iraq

Homeland Security PATRIOT ACT

Obama and Today’s World (2009-Present)

Death of Osama bin Laden

Iraq Ended occupation

Afghanistan Taliban resurgence

Arab Spring Egypt Libya Syria

Ukraine Crimea

One’s Bullseye Cannot Rescure Obama’s RecordFinancial Times, May 2012