AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1985-901985-90

CHAPTER 33, Section 4CHAPTER 33, Section 4

THE FALL OF THE SOVIET THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD

WORLD COUNTRIESWORLD COUNTRIES

SECTION 4 QUIZSECTION 4 QUIZ• WHO BECAME LEADER OF THE USSR IN 1985?WHO BECAME LEADER OF THE USSR IN 1985?

• ___ WAS THE RUSSIAN WORD FOR OPENNESS ___ WAS THE RUSSIAN WORD FOR OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS.IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

• WHEN THE USSR COLLAPSED IN 1991, IT WHEN THE USSR COLLAPSED IN 1991, IT TURNED INTO A FEDERATION OF SMALLER TURNED INTO A FEDERATION OF SMALLER NATIONS KNOWN AS ___.NATIONS KNOWN AS ___.

• THE COMMUNISTS WHO SEIZED CONTROL OF THE COMMUNISTS WHO SEIZED CONTROL OF NICARAGUA IN 1979 WERE KNOWN AS THE NICARAGUA IN 1979 WERE KNOWN AS THE ___.___.

• THE 1991 U.S.-LED ATTACK ON IRAQI FORCES THE 1991 U.S.-LED ATTACK ON IRAQI FORCES IN KUWAIT WAS CODENAMED ___.IN KUWAIT WAS CODENAMED ___.

IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS

• MIKHAIL GORBACHEVMIKHAIL GORBACHEV• I.N.F. TREATYI.N.F. TREATY• GLASNOSTGLASNOST• PERESTROIKAPERESTROIKA• COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT

STATESSTATES• TIANANMEN SQUARETIANANMEN SQUARE• SANDINISTASANDINISTA• CONTRASCONTRAS• OPERATION DESERT STORMOPERATION DESERT STORM

Section 4 QuizSection 4 Quiz•DEFINE:DEFINE:

1.1.Commonwealth of Independent Commonwealth of Independent StatesStates

2.2.PerestroikaPerestroika

3.3.I.N.F. TreatyI.N.F. Treaty

4.4.Tiananmen Square MassacreTiananmen Square Massacre

5.5.Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm

IMPORTANT DATESIMPORTANT DATES

• 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES LEADER OF USSRLEADER OF USSR

• 1989:1989:– APRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACREAPRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE– NOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENEDNOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENED– DECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMADECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMA

• 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT

• 1991:1991:– JANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORMJANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORM– DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF

INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

OPERATION DESERT OPERATION DESERT STORMSTORM• SUMMER, 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAITSUMMER, 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT

• WHY?WHY?– SADDAM HUSSEIN, DICTATOR OF IRAQ, ORDERS INVASIONSADDAM HUSSEIN, DICTATOR OF IRAQ, ORDERS INVASION– IRAQ CLAIMS KUWAIT HAS BEEN “SLANT DRILLING” UNDER IRAQ CLAIMS KUWAIT HAS BEEN “SLANT DRILLING” UNDER

THEIR BORDER FOR OILTHEIR BORDER FOR OIL– HUSSEIN WANTS KUWAITI OIL RESERVES & MONEY FROM HUSSEIN WANTS KUWAITI OIL RESERVES & MONEY FROM

KUWAITKUWAIT

• IRAQI INVASION IS BRUTALIRAQI INVASION IS BRUTAL

• U.S. PRES. GEORGE BUSH, Sr. PRESSES U.N. TO ACTU.S. PRES. GEORGE BUSH, Sr. PRESSES U.N. TO ACT

• U.N. ORDERS IRAQ OUT OF KUWAIT; IRAQIS REFUSEU.N. ORDERS IRAQ OUT OF KUWAIT; IRAQIS REFUSE

• U.N. (led by U.S.) SEND MILITARY FORCES TO SAUDI ARABIA U.N. (led by U.S.) SEND MILITARY FORCES TO SAUDI ARABIA (OPERATION DESERT SHIELD)(OPERATION DESERT SHIELD)

• WHY? PREPARE FOR ATTACK ON IRAQISWHY? PREPARE FOR ATTACK ON IRAQIS

OPERATION DESERT STORM OPERATION DESERT STORM (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

• JANUARY, 1991:JANUARY, 1991:– U.S. – LED FORCES ATTACK IRAQIS U.S. – LED FORCES ATTACK IRAQIS

FROMBASES IN SAUDI ARABIAFROMBASES IN SAUDI ARABIA– MASSIVE AERIAL BOMBING CAMPAIGN MASSIVE AERIAL BOMBING CAMPAIGN

BEGINS ASSAULTBEGINS ASSAULT– MASSIVE GROUND ASSAULT (mostly U.S., MASSIVE GROUND ASSAULT (mostly U.S.,

some British) FOLLOWSsome British) FOLLOWS– IRAQI CASUALTIES ARE VERY HIGHIRAQI CASUALTIES ARE VERY HIGH– IRAQIS PUSHED OUT OF KUWAIT / IRAQIS PUSHED OUT OF KUWAIT /

KUWAIT LIBERATED KUWAIT LIBERATED

OPERATION DESERT STORMOPERATION DESERT STORM

DESERT STORM BATTLE PLANDESERT STORM BATTLE PLAN

CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R.CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R.• 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

BECOMES SOVIET LEADERBECOMES SOVIET LEADER• EFFECT?EFFECT?

– GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.)RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.)

– TWO BASIC IDEAS:TWO BASIC IDEAS:•GLASNOSTGLASNOST – OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING – OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING

SOCIAL PROBLEMSSOCIAL PROBLEMS•PERESTROIKAPERESTROIKA – RESTRUCTURING OF THE – RESTRUCTURING OF THE

SOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMYSOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY•EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS…EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS…

– FREE ELECTIONSFREE ELECTIONS– FREEDOM OF THE PRESSFREEDOM OF THE PRESS– LIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LANDLIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND

MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, SOVIET LEADER, MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, SOVIET LEADER, 1985-911985-91

NEW YORK TIMES NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE, 1985, HEADLINE, 1985, ANNOUNCING ANNOUNCING GORBACHEV’s GORBACHEV’s MOVE INTO POWERMOVE INTO POWER

CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R.CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R.• OTHER ACTIONS:OTHER ACTIONS:

– 1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE 1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S.NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S.

– DID WHAT? DID WHAT? • REDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HADREDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HAD• ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S

NUCLEAR STOCKPILESNUCLEAR STOCKPILES

• FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION:FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION:– NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM

IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS – MANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCEMANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCE– 1991: 1991:

• GORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENTGORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENT• 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE

• RESULT? 1991: RESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDSENDS

• COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE(C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE

GORBACHEGORBACHEV and V and REAGAN, REAGAN, 19861986

REAGAN, GEORGE BUSH, Sr. and GORBACHEV; NEW REAGAN, GEORGE BUSH, Sr. and GORBACHEV; NEW YORK CITYYORK CITY

GORBACHEV VISITS NYC, 1986GORBACHEV VISITS NYC, 1986

REAGAN & REAGAN & GORBACHEV GORBACHEV IN FRONT OF IN FRONT OF ST. BASIL’s ST. BASIL’s CATHEDRAL, CATHEDRAL, THE KREMLIN, THE KREMLIN, RED SQUARE, RED SQUARE, MOSCOWMOSCOW

TIME TIME “Man “Man Of The Year” Of The Year” Cover, 1986Cover, 1986

U.S.S.R., Before 1991U.S.S.R., Before 1991

CARTOON: THE SINKING OF THE USSR, CARTOON: THE SINKING OF THE USSR, 19911991

DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD WORLD

• 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS TO BEGIN CREATING SATELLITE NATIONS TO BEGIN CREATING MORE DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENTSMORE DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENTS

• THEY DO: EXAMPLE? THEY DO: EXAMPLE? – POLAND ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST, POLAND ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST,

DEMOCRATIC GOV’T. DEMOCRATIC GOV’T. – POLAND’S ECONOMY BECOMES CAPITALISTPOLAND’S ECONOMY BECOMES CAPITALIST

• 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN WALLWALL

• 1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED• RESULT? RESULT?

– SOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDSSOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDS– THE IRON CURTAIN FALLSTHE IRON CURTAIN FALLS

• Distmantling ofDistmantling of

The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall

TIME TIME Magazine Magazine “Man of The “Man of The Decade” Cover, Decade” Cover, January, 1990January, 1990

CENTRAL AMERICA & CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS PROBLEMS• SEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILSSEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILS• CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always

important for U.S. foreign policy / security important for U.S. foreign policy / security since early 20since early 20thth Century Century

• WHY? WHY? – LocationLocation– Resources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobaccoResources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobacco

• EXAMPLE?EXAMPLE?– Location: Panama – Panama CanalLocation: Panama – Panama Canal– Resources: Cuba – Tobacco, SugarResources: Cuba – Tobacco, Sugar

• SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses had a large presence therehad a large presence there

C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS PROBLEMS

• WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED?INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED?

• HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA:HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA:– Examples?Examples?

• 1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE• 1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

– EXPLAINEXPLAIN

• NEW PROBLEMS:NEW PROBLEMS:– 1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD 1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD

WAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHEREWAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHERE– 1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA 1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA

USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.

THE COLD WAR & LATIN THE COLD WAR & LATIN AMERICAAMERICA• COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH

AMERICAAMERICA

• 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: COMMUNIST REBELS WINCOMMUNIST REBELS WIN

• ““SANDINISTASSANDINISTAS”- ”- NICARAGUAN NICARAGUAN COMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANSCOMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANS

• U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICADEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA

• RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. AMERICAAMERICA– EXAMPLE? EXAMPLE? ““CONTRASCONTRAS” ” – – ANTI-COMMUNIST ANTI-COMMUNIST

GUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTASGUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTAS

SANDINISTAS ON JUNGLE PATROLSANDINISTAS ON JUNGLE PATROL

• DANIEL ORTEGADANIEL ORTEGA AUGUSTO AUGUSTO SANDINOSANDINO

DANIEL ORTEGA, PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA & SANDINISTA DANIEL ORTEGA, PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA & SANDINISTA LEADERLEADER

DANIEL ORTEGA & FIDEL CASTRO, DANIEL ORTEGA & FIDEL CASTRO, 19801980

SANDINISTAS IN COMBATSANDINISTAS IN COMBAT

U.S.- SUPPORTED “CONTRAS”U.S.- SUPPORTED “CONTRAS”

C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

• PANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGAPANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGA• NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS

(mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA (mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA AS A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO AS A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. AMERICAN. AMERICA

• PROBLEM? YESPROBLEM? YES– U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S.U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S.– SECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERNSECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERN

• RESULT? RESULT? – 1989: 1989: OPERATION JUST CAUSEOPERATION JUST CAUSE::

• U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMAU.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA• NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO U.S. FOR NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO U.S. FOR

PROSECUTIONPROSECUTION

– NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING & NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING & IMPRISONEDIMPRISONED

U.S. ARMY U.S. ARMY AIRBORNE AIRBORNE DROP, PANAMA, DROP, PANAMA, 19891989

U.S. ARMY TROOPS, PANAMA, 1989U.S. ARMY TROOPS, PANAMA, 1989

Gen. Manuel Noriega,Gen. Manuel Noriega,

Dictator of PanamaDictator of Panama