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American Life in the Roaring American Life in the Roaring TwentiesTwenties
1919-19291919-1929
American Life in the Roaring American Life in the Roaring TwentiesTwenties
1919-19291919-1929Chapter 34
Life cover, July 1, 1926
"One Hundred and Forty-three Years of LIBERTY and Seven Years of PROHIBITION."
(Private Collection)
Life cover, July 1, 1926Life cover, July 1, 1926Life cover, July 1, 1926Life cover, July 1, 1926
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
GUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONSGUIDING QUESTIONS
What aspects of life created the What aspects of life created the reputation of the “Roaring 20s”?reputation of the “Roaring 20s”?
In what ways and to what degree In what ways and to what degree were the 1920s a period of were the 1920s a period of tension between new and tension between new and changing attitudes on the one changing attitudes on the one hand and traditional values on hand and traditional values on the other. the other. (Consider Race relations, immigration/ nativism, role of women, consumerism)
BUSINEBUSINESSSSBOOMBOOM
BUSINEBUSINESSSSBOOMBOOM
BUSINESS BUSINESS PROSPERITYPROSPERITYBUSINESS BUSINESS PROSPERITYPROSPERITYECONOMIC PROSPERITY:
productivity: up 50%unemployment: 4-9-12%? real income: up 25%standard of living: (where?)
indoor plumbing central heatingelectricity (2/3 by 1930)
CAUSES OF BUSINESS PROSPERITY: Increased productivity (scientific management, machinery)
Increased use of oil and electricity Favorable government policy (tax breaks, antitrust)
Gross National Gross National Product, 1920-1930Product, 1920-1930
Unemployment, 1920-1930
Automobiles & Automobiles & Industrial Industrial ExpansionExpansion
Automobiles & Automobiles & Industrial Industrial ExpansionExpansion
Henry Ford‘fordism’
Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928(From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village)
“Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913Henry Ford (1835-
1947)
1913: 14 hours to build a new car1928: New Ford off assembly line every 10 seconds
1913: car=2 yrs wages1929: 3 mos. wages
Auto Auto Manufacturing Manufacturing Auto Auto Manufacturing Manufacturing
PROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR WORKERSWORKERSPROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR WORKERSWORKERS unions lose WWI gains:
open shopscompany unionsinjunctions
“welfare capitalism”employment insecurity
PROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR WORKERSWORKERS Income Income Distribution, 1929Distribution, 1929
PROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR WORKERSWORKERS Income Income Distribution, 1929Distribution, 1929
65%29%
5%
1%
Source: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
40% of all U.S. families lived on >$1,500 per year – in poverty range
PROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR FARMERSFARMERSPROBLEMS FOR PROBLEMS FOR FARMERSFARMERSMechanization
Farm income down 66%“parity” McNary-Haugen BillAgricultural Marketing Act (1929)
TILLING ONE ACRE OF LANDTILLING ONE ACRE OF LAND1900: 90 mins. using 5 horses 1929: 30 mins. using a 27-hp tractor2000: 5 mins. using a 154-hp tractor
PRODUCING 100 BUSHELS OF WHEAT PRODUCING 100 BUSHELS OF WHEAT ON 5 ACRESON 5 ACRES1890s: 40-50 labor hours 1930: 15-20 labor hours
SOCIETY, SOCIETY, CULTURE CULTURE & VALUES& VALUES
SOCIETY, SOCIETY, CULTURE CULTURE & VALUES& VALUES
Farm vs. Nonfarm Population, Farm vs. Nonfarm Population, 1880-19801880-1980Farm vs. Nonfarm Population, Farm vs. Nonfarm Population, 1880-19801880-1980
1920 CENSUS:
First time majority of U.S. population in urban areas (towns 2500 or greater)
1920: More workers in factories than on farms
1930: Still 44% live in rural areas
CONSUMERICONSUMERISMSMCONSUMERICONSUMERISMSM
(electric) appliancesautomobilesadvertising (image vs. utility)
buying on creditchain stores
ConsumeConsumer Debt, r Debt, 1920–1920–19311931
General Electric ad (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
CONSUMERISM: CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Impact of the
AutomobileAutomobile
CONSUMERISM: CONSUMERISM: Impact of the Impact of the
AutomobileAutomobile
Replaced the railroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways)
Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting”
Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered (=almost one per family)
Passenger Car Passenger Car Sales, 1920-Sales, 1920-19291929
Filling Station, Maryland in Filling Station, Maryland in 19211921
Impact of the Automobile: Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-Trains and Automobiles, 1900-19801980
Impact of the Automobile: Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-Trains and Automobiles, 1900-19801980
Jones, Created Equal
AutomobilesAutomobiles & &
ConsumerismConsumerismAutomobilesAutomobiles & &
ConsumerismConsumerism
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
<< Ford ad:Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own."
“Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?"
(Library of Congress)
Dodge advertisement photo, 1933Dodge advertisement photo, 1933
CONSUMERISCONSUMERISM &M & Automobiles Automobiles
CONSUMERISCONSUMERISM &M & Automobiles Automobiles
Chevrolet Chevrolet AdvertisemeAdvertisement 1925nt 1925
Ford Motor Ford Motor Company Company showroom 1925showroom 1925
July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920searly 1920sJuly 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920searly 1920s
MASS MASS CULTURE: CULTURE: RadioRadio
MASS MASS CULTURE: CULTURE: RadioRadio
New mass medium
1920: First commercial radio station By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios
Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927)
The Spread of The Spread of Radio, to 1939Radio, to 1939
MASS MASS CULTURE: CULTURE: MoviesMovies
MASS MASS CULTURE: CULTURE: MoviesMovies
Movie “palaces”“talkies” (1927)
Will Hays
80 million tickets sold per week by 1930 (population: 100 million)
(Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library)
MASS CULTURE: Popular MASS CULTURE: Popular HeroesHeroesMASS CULTURE: Popular MASS CULTURE: Popular HeroesHeroes
(Private Collection)
Charles Lindbergh (National Archives)
“success ethic”“self-made man”Bruce Barton- The Man Nobody KnowsThomas EdisonCharles Lindburgh
ROLE OF WOMEN:ROLE OF WOMEN:the “New Woman”the “New Woman”ROLE OF WOMEN:ROLE OF WOMEN:the “New Woman”the “New Woman”
the “New Woman”“pink collar” jobs
Women’s fashions, 1920Women’s fashions, 1920Women in the Workforce, 1900-1940
ROLE OF WOMEN – the ROLE OF WOMEN – the “flapper”“flapper”ROLE OF WOMEN – the ROLE OF WOMEN – the “flapper”“flapper”
the “flapper” – fact and myth
ROLE OF WOMEN: ROLE OF WOMEN: Women and PoliticsWomen and PoliticsROLE OF WOMEN: ROLE OF WOMEN: Women and PoliticsWomen and Politics
Impact of suffrageLeague of Women VotersNational Women’s PartyAlice PaulMargaret Sanger
Alice PaulAlice Paul
Sheppard-Towner Act
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ARTARTLiteratureLiterature
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ARTARTLiteratureLiterature
“lost generation”F. Scott FitzgeraldSinclair LewisErnest HemingwayH.L. Mencken - “booboisie”
Eugene O’NeillF. Scott & Zelda Fitzgerald on the Riviera,
1926 (Stock Montage)
Eugene Eugene O’NeillO’Neill
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ART ART African AmericansAfrican Americans
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ART ART African AmericansAfrican Americans
Harlem RenaissanceLangston Hughes
Langston HughesLangston Hughes
I’ll Take My Stand
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ART ART JazzJazz
CHANGES INCHANGES IN LITERATURE & LITERATURE & ART ART JazzJazzJazz
“The Jazz Age”Louis ArmstrongDuke Ellington
Louis Armstrong & the Fate Marabel band, 1919Louis Armstrong & the Fate Marabel band, 1919
Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong
SOCIAL & SOCIAL & CULTURAL CULTURAL CONFLICTCONFLICTSS
SOCIAL & SOCIAL & CULTURAL CULTURAL CONFLICTCONFLICTSS
ReligionReligionReligionReligion
“modernists”“fundamentalism”Scopes TrialAmerican Civil Liberties UnionClarence DarrowWilliam Jennings Bryan
SOCIAL & CULTURAL SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:CONFLICTS:
ProhibitionProhibition
SOCIAL & CULTURAL SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:CONFLICTS:
ProhibitionProhibitionProhibitionThe noble experiment
“wets and dries”Al Capone
Alphonse “Scarface” CaponeAlphonse “Scarface” CaponeGovernment agents breaking up an illegal bar during ProhibitionGovernment agents breaking up an illegal bar during Prohibition
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
National Origin Act of 1924
Number of Number of Immigrants and Immigrants and Countries of Countries of Origin, 1891-1920 Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940and 1921-1940
Percentage of Population Foreign Born, Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-19901850-1990
Immigration, 1921-1960Immigration, 1921-1960Immigration, 1921-1960Immigration, 1921-1960
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
Communist International3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism
Red ScarePalmer Raids (1920)
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920
Police arrest Police arrest “suspected “suspected Reds” in Reds” in Chicago, Chicago, 19201920
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
Sacco & Vanzetti
HAVE A CHAIR!HAVE A CHAIR! from from The Daily WorkerThe Daily WorkerIS THIS THE EMBLEM? IS THIS THE EMBLEM? from from The Daily WorkerThe Daily Worker
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1921
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS: SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Xenophobia and Racial Xenophobia and Racial UnrestUnrest
Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith
“new” Ku Klux KlanLeo Frank
(Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920
Ku Ku KluKlux x KlaKlann
Ku Ku KluKlux x KlaKlann
(mid-1920s)
(Private Collection)
Copyright 1997 State Historical Society of Wisconsin
Ku Klux Ku Klux KlanKlanKu Klux Ku Klux KlanKlan
Ku Klux Klan parade in Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 19261926
BUSINESS – BUSINESS – FRIENDLY FRIENDLY GOVERNMEGOVERNMENTNT
BUSINESS – BUSINESS – FRIENDLY FRIENDLY GOVERNMEGOVERNMENTNT
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Warren G. Harding“Return to normalcy”Herbert HooverAndrew MellonThe “Ohio Gang”
Teapot Dome ScandalHarding with Laddie, June 13, 1922
Albert B. Fall (left)
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Calvin Coolidge“The business of America is business”
President Calvin CoolidgePresident Calvin Coolidge Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENTBUSINESS – FRIENDLY BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
Herbert HooverAl Smith
Herbert Herbert HooverHoover
Election Election of 1928of 1928
Hoover, Ford, Edison, and Firestone
Feb 11, 1929
Hoover, Ford, Edison, and Firestone
Feb 11, 1929
The Great The Great CrashCrashThe Great The Great CrashCrash
Stock Market Prices, 1921–Stock Market Prices, 1921–19321932
Stock Market crash: October 24, 1929 (Corbis-Bettmann)
New York Times, Friday, October 25, 1929
SOURCESSOURCESSOURCESSOURCES
http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1920_1930.htmlBrinkley, American History: A SurveyKennedy, American Pageant 13e (History Companion)Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/Jones, et al., Created EqualNashAmerica: Pathways to the Present