American School History

The History of American Education

When I think of Puritans, I think most of…

45%

11%3%

41%

The first Thanksg... Stern, hateful pe... People like me Religious intoler...

1. The first Thanksgiving2. Stern, hateful people3. People like me4. Religious intolerance

Varieties of Colonial Schooling

Dame SchoolApprenticeshipsIn loco parentisLatin Grammar School

Old Deluder Satan Law

1636Establishment of Harvard College

1647Every town of 50 households….Every town of 100 households….Response to a generational problem.

The Colonial Experience

Local Control of SchoolsCompulsory EducationTax-supported schoolsState Standards

Also established “permanently” the tension between religious and secular influences in school classrooms in America

National Identity and Education

Thomas Jefferson – educated citizenry for democracyUniversity of Virginia

Benjamin Franklin – practical and nonsectarian education

Franklin Academy – University of Pennsylvania

The Constitution

Expressed Powers vs. Delegated Powers

Tenth Amendment:

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited to it by the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people”

Nevertheless….

The United States has a long tradition of federal involvement in public education. We will see some of these instances and realities in chapters to come.Titles (Ten)ADAIDEANCLB

I like the idea of federal involvement in public education….

12%

65%

19% 5%

Very much Some Not so much Not at all

1. Very much2. Some3. Not so much4. Not at all

The Common School

Horace Mann

“Common” as in common features, not as in for “common people.”

Still, Mann’s efforts made standardized education available for more Americans.Rise of the public “elementary school.”

The Normal School

Preparation for Teachers – standardizedInfluence of Horace MannUMD has its origins in the spread and proliferation of “normal schools.” State and Local funding. Standardization

Federal Legislation

Land Ordinance &Northwest Ordinance –1785-87Morrill Land Grant College Acts 1862-90Smith Hughes Act --1917GI Bill --1944

National Defense Education Act -- 1958ESEA – 1965Head Start – 1964Bilingual EA 1968-01Title IX 1972IDEA 1973NCLB 2001

“Schoolography”

What do you know of the history of schools in your home community?

Portfolio Reflection…..

Education in the West in “Big Picture Sense”

Classical Models of Greece and RomeReligious Traditions and EducationRenaissance Values European Values

RenaissanceEnlightenmentRomanticism

American Pragmatism

William JamesCharles Sanders Peirce

Late nineteenth century

Orientation toward sense, perception, empiricism – led to Philosophy of Pragmatism

Rousseau

Enligtenment vs. RomanticConception of NatureConception of the ChildThe ultimate educationEmile

Friedrich Froebel / Maria Montessori

Continental Practitioners and Theorists

Profound influence on American early elementary education

The KindergartenThe Montessori Method

John Dewey

PragmatismExperience and PedagogyStudent-CenteredProgressivismDemocratic Ideals

Provocative and oft misunderstood

Piaget

Reorganizing our conception of child development and psychology.

Cognitive stage theory:

SensorimotorPreoperationalConcrete OperationsFormal OperationsProfound effect on teacher preparation curriculum and curriculum in elementary schools

B.F. Skinner

BehaviorismEducation analogized to laboratory experiments

Reinforcement TheoryPositive, Negative rewardsBehavior Modification

I would want my 5-6 year-old to…

1. Stay out of school2. Be home schooled3. Be in a demanding

academic skills program

4. Be in a traditional kindergarten

5. Be in a Montessori program