America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 2 The Invasion and Settlement of North America 1550-1700 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta

America’s HistorySeventh Edition

CHAPTER 2The Invasion and Settlement of North America

1550-1700

Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

James A. HenrettaRebecca Edwards

Robert O. Self

I. Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and HollandA. New Spain: Colonization and Conversion

1. Franciscan Missions and Indian Revolts2. Popé and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680


1. Franciscan Missions and Indian Revolts•Franciscans encouraged the Christianization•“Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries” (1573) charged missionaries with pacification of the peoples•friars established missions in Florida and Neuvo Mexico•learned native languages but violently attacked cultural differences (polygamy, religious idols)•sold some native peoples into slavery•encouraged Indians to adopt Spanish culture

•initially Indians were trusting; when Christian prayer failed them they sought help from ancestral gods; massive reduction in Pueblo population in southwest as a result of European disease, forced tribute, and raids by other Indian groups.

2. Popé and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680


1. Franciscan Missions and Indian Revolts•initially Indians were trusting•when Christian prayer failed them they sought help from ancestral gods•massive reduction in Pueblo population in southwest as a result of European disease, forced tribute, and raids by other Indian groups.


2. Popé and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680•revolt led by Indian shaman Popé killed more than 400 Spanish and forced 1,500+ colonists to flee the Sante Fe region for El Paso•Popé wanted to restore Indian traditions to the area and destroy any signs of Spanish civilization•within ten years the Spanish were re-asserting control over the Pueblos•failed rebellion followed in 1696•to reduce their labor, the Pueblos eventually settled with the Spanish

•agreed to speak Spanish, follow patrilineal kinship system, and defend Nuevo Mexico against Apaches and Comanches; marriages between Spanish men and Pueblo women produced “mestizo” (bicultural) offspring; Pueblos never completely assimilated.


2. Popé and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680•agreed to speak Spanish, follow patrilineal kinship system, and defend Nuevo Mexico against Apaches and Comanches•marriages between Spanish men and Pueblo women produced “mestizo” (bicultural) offspring•Pueblos never completely assimilated.

I. Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and Holland

B. New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries1. The Rise of the Iroquois2. The Jesuit Missions

I. Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and HollandB. New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries

1. The Rise of the Iroquois– cold weather made New France (eastern Canada) less desirable for migrants than Nuevo Mexico– French government discouraged migration and offered conditions favorable to peasants

remaining in Europe– land of New France was ripe for fur acquisition: mink, otter, beaver could be exported to Europe

and sold for clothing– Five Iroquois Nations bartered with French and Dutch traders for European guns

– Iroquois grew their population quickly and became powerful with the use of European weapons; aggressively attacked other groups, ritually killing the men and capturing women and children.

1. The Jesuit Missions


B. New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries1. The Rise of the Iroquois– Iroquois grew their population quickly and became powerful with the use of

European weapons– aggressively attacked other groups, ritually killing the men and capturing

women and children.


B. New France: Fur Traders and Missionaries2. The Jesuit Missions- 1625-1763 hundreds of French priests lived among the Indian peoples- mostly members of the Society of Jesus who respected the values of the

native peoples- conversion failed when Indians did not see results from the use of Christian

prayers- Jesuits sought to adapt their beliefs to the Indians’ needs (ex: Virgin Mary)- their presence in the region could not combat the devastation wrought by

fur traders.

I. Rival Imperial Models: Spain, France, and HollandC. New Netherland: Commerce

1. Hudson River Settlement2. England Invades


1. Hudson River Settlement• 1609 with Dutch support Englishman Henry Hudson located a wealth of fur along a river in

present-day New York• 1621 Dutch founded the colony of New Netherland, sending farmers and artisans to the region

to build a community• Failed• small population of Holland meant few migrants would go to North America

• West India Company granted land to wealthy Dutch along the Hudson who were unsuccessful in populating the estates.

2. England Invades


1. Hudson River Settlement• West India Company granted land to wealthy Dutch along the Hudson

who were unsuccessful in populating the estates.


2. England Invades • settlers had hostile relations with Algonquin neighbors• uneasy alliance with Mohawks• Dutch focused on business profits and not land acquisition• diverse population of Dutch, English, and Swedish• England invaded and took control of the colony in 1664• leadership was uncertain in the years that followed as Dutch culture

remained but political control was contested• 1699 a colonist observed region was “like a conquered Foreign Province.”

1. Describe this seventeenth-century town.

2. What European influences are present in this illustration of New Amsterdam?

II. The English Arrive in the ChesapeakeA. Settling the Tobacco Colonies

1. The Jamestown Settlement2. The Indian Revolt of 16223. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland


1. The Jamestown Settlement• 1606 a charter was granted to Virginia Company for land from present-day North

Carolina to New York• primary goal was trade with native people• 1607 traders (all men) sent for economic venture• settlement failed horribly• 38 of 120 men dead within 9 months• disease and warfare, and famine• Powhatan (Algonquin) forged relations with later settlers, marrying his daughter

Pocahontas to John Rolfe

2. The Indian Revolt of 16223. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland


1. The Jamestown Settlement• Rolfe produced tobacco in the region• production of tobacco encouraged migration to the region.

2. The Indian Revolt of 1622• Powhatan’s brother Opechancanough [O-pee-chan-KA-no] led an unsuccessful uprising in

1609• captured John Smith• later became chief and vowed another uprising• 1622 revolt killed 347 English settlers• King James revoked the charter and made Virginia a colony in 1624• settlers would follow English rule: appointed governor, elected assembly, legal system,

Anglican church.

3. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland


3. Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland• tobacco colony created by King Charles’s granting of land to Lord Baltimore

(Cecilius Calvert)• became a refuge for Catholics; population grew quickly• 1649 Toleration Act granted all Christians in the colony the right to religious

freedom• life was harsh• few women, much disease, many orphans• small plantations farmed by “freeholding” families (male partners).

1. Describe the action taking place in this illustration.

2. What conclusions might men and women in England have drawn about life in the colonies from this illustration?

II. The English Arrive in the ChesapeakeB. Masters, Servants, and Slaves

1. Indentured Servants2. African Laborers


1. Indentured Servants•by 1700 more than 100,000 English migrants had come to Chesapeake as indentured servants•many were men seeking land and opportunity who could not afford passage•some were women•all were valuable but severely exploited•many died before their indenture had ended•those who survived rarely received what had been promised.

2. African Laborers


2. African Laborers•1619 John Rolfe noted first Africans sold in the Chesapeake•at first these men were not legally enslaved•by 1660s status was changing•value of tobacco declined and landowners desired ways to make a profit despite declining prices•African labor was “cheaper” than white labor, they concluded•residents of the Chesapeake became increasingly race conscious, referring to color white/black.

II. The English Arrive in the ChesapeakeC. Bacon’s Rebellion

1. The Seeds of Social Revolt2. Indians and Frontiersmen3. Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader


1. The Seeds of Social Revolt2. decline in tobacco profits worsened social and political conflicts3. Parliament passed Acts of Trade and Navigation (1651, 1660, 1663), allowing only English or colonial-owned ships to enter

American ports4. kept Dutch from being able to trade with the colonists5. tobacco planting continued but profits remained very low6. farmers changed crop rotation schedules and those without land suffered with barely any food, seed, or tools

7. post-1670 region was dominated by planter-merchant elite who owned nearly half of all settled land in Virginia; Gov. Berkeley gave large land grants to members of his council, who then exempted the land from taxation

8. House of Burgesses took away voting rights from landless freemen (half of adult white men in the colony).

– Indians and Frontiersmen– Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader


1. The Seeds of Social Revolt– post-1670 region was dominated by planter-merchant elite who owned

nearly half of all settled land in Virginia; Gov. Berkeley gave large land grants to members of his council, who then exempted the land from taxation

– House of Burgesses took away voting rights from landless freemen (half of adult white men in the colony).


2. Indians and Frontiersmen– violent struggles in 1670s left complex legacy: decrease in class conflict among whites,

increasing violence against Native Americans, and racial divisions as slave imports rose substantially

– competition for land on the Virginia frontier worsened relations with the small population of native peoples

– whites demanded that Indians be expelled from the region– 1675 group of Virginia militiamen killed 30 Indians– violence erupted between the groups– Berkeley proposed a series of forts along the frontier to deter Indian “intrusions” into Virginia.

2. Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel Leader


3. Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel 4. English migrant with a position on the governor’s council5. disagreed with Berkeley on frontier policy6. demanded a military commission but was denied7. organized a militia to attack Indians on the frontier8. political struggle began between Bacon and the governor9. Bacon issued “Manifesto and Declaration of the People” calling for death or removal of Indians and an end to rule

by wealthy in Virginia10. Bacon’s army burned Jamestown and plundered the plantations of wealthy

11. Bacon died in October 1676 of dysentery; 23 of his followers were hanged; wealthy leaders in Virginia realized that they had to appease the poor and landless: cut taxes, expelled Indians from the frontier, increased importation of slaves while decreasing use of indentured servants; 1705 House of Burgesses legalized chattel slavery.


3. Nathaniel Bacon, Rebel – Bacon died in October 1676 of dysentery– 23 of his followers were hanged– wealthy leaders in Virginia realized that they had to appease the poor and

landless: cut taxes, expelled Indians from the frontier, increased importation of slaves while decreasing use of indentured servants

– 1705 House of Burgesses legalized chattel slavery.

III. Puritan New EnglandA. The Puritan Migration 1. The Pilgrims

2. John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay3. Roger Williams and Rhode Island4. Anne Hutchinson5. The Puritan Revolution in England

III. Puritan New EnglandA. The Puritan Migration

1. The Pilgrims• religious separatists who left the Church of England• lived briefly among Dutch Calvinists in Holland• 35 then migrated to America along with 67 who left England• led by William Bradford aboard the Mayflower• first winter extremely harsh, only half survived until spring• built a community of houses, planted crops• by 1640 Plymouth had 3,000 settlers because of worsening religious tensions in England.

2. John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay3. Roger Williams and Rhode Island4. Anne Hutchinson5. The Puritan Revolution in England


2. John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay• 1630 Winthrop led 900 Puritans to America and become governor of Massachusetts

Bay Colony• wanted to create an ideal “city on a hill”• joint-stock corporation was transformed into a representative government with council

and assembly, ruled by “the godly”• voting rights limited to those who were members of the church• unlike Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts Bay established Puritanism as a state-

supported religion.

3. Roger Williams and Rhode Island4. Anne Hutchinson5. The Puritan Revolution in England


3. Roger Williams and Rhode Island• Massachusetts Bay was purged of all dissenters• Williams was a Puritan minister in Salem who opposed establishing Congregationalism

as official religion of the colony• advocated tolerance• questioned the practice of taking Indian land• banished in 1636; established Providence on land purchased from Narragansett Indians• 1644 new colony established, Rhode Island, with no established church and religious

tolerance.

4. Anne Hutchinson5. The Puritan Revolution in England


4. Anne Hutchinson• wife and mother of 7• held weekly prayer meetings for women and made accusations against Boston

ministers• believed in a “covenant of grace” not “works”• God revealed truths to individuals and not only through the minister• Puritan belief that women were inferior to men hastened officials’ anger

towards Hutchinson• banished in 1637• settled in Rhode Island.

5. The Puritan Revolution in England


5. The Puritan Revolution in England• religious war broke out in England• English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians demanded social reforms

and Parliamentary power• Oliver Cromwell victorious; 1649 a republican commonwealth

declared• elaborate ceremonies and bishops banned from the Church of

England• crown restored in 1660 upon Cromwell’s death.

1. Describe the altar area of each church.

2. What attributes of the two churches’ histories and/or teachings are reflected in the designs of these two altars?

III. Puritan New EnglandB. Puritanism and Witchcraft

1. Supernatural Forces• Puritans saw signs of God and Satan in the physical world (birth defects, storms, unusual events,

etc.)• many Christians incorporated some pagan practices into their daily lives• condemned those who claimed powers as healers or prophets• 1647-1662 14 New Englanders were hanged for witchcraft.

2. Salem 1692C. A Yeoman Society, 1630-1700

1. Proprietors

III. Puritan New EnglandB. Puritanism and Witchcraft

2. Salem 1692• after young girls claimed to experience seizures and accused neighbors of

bewitching them, accusations spun out of control• Massachusetts Bay tried 175 people for witchcraft, executed 19• debate among historians as to whether the witchcraft hysteria was the result of

class differences or efforts to control/limit the activities of women in the colonies• charges of witchcraft were significantly reduced as colonists began to adopt the

philosophies of the Enlightenment, including rational and scientific thought.

C. A Yeoman Society, 1630-17001. Proprietors

III. Puritan New EnglandC. A Yeoman Society, 1630-1700

1. Proprietors• groups of settlers who received tracts of land from the general courts of

the colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut and then distributed the land to male heads of household

• all families received some land• most adult men could vote in town meeting (local government) largest

plots of land went to men of high social status• the possibility of land ownership made New England a place of great

opportunity for men.

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New WorldA. Puritans and Pequots

1. Praying Towns

B. Metacom’s War of 1675-16761. Metacom2. Losses and Bloodshed

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New WorldA. Puritans and Pequots

1. Praying Towns• some Puritans questioned the morality of taking Indian land• most viewed Indians as “savages”• to convert Indians to Christianity the Bible was translated from English to Algonquian by John Eliot• Eliot worked with other ministers to turn 14 Indian villages in Massachusetts and Connecticut into

“praying towns” where the native population followed Christian teachings• these communities had a population of nearly 1,000 Indians by 1670.

B. Metacom’s War of 1675-16761. Metacom2. Losses and Bloodshed

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New WorldB. Metacom’s War of 1675-1676

1. Metacom•known to English as King Philip; leader of the Wampanoags•wanted to expel Europeans•alliance with Narragansetts and Nipmucks to attack settlements in New England•killed by Mohegan and Mohawk warriors hired by Massachusetts Bay leaders.

2. Losses and Bloodshed•rebellion 1675-1676•Indians destroyed one-fifth of English towns in Massachusetts and Rhode Island•nearly 5% of European population in New England was killed; approximately 4,500 Indians killed and more displaced from land.

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New WorldB. Metacom’s War of 1675-1676

2. Losses and Bloodshed•rebellion 1675-1676•Indians destroyed one-fifth of English towns in Massachusetts and Rhode Island•nearly 5% of European population in New England was killed•approximately 4,500 Indians killed and more displaced from land.

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New World

C. The Destructive Impact of the Fur Trade1. Consequences

IV. The Eastern Indians’ New World

C. The Destructive Impact of the Fur Trade1. Consequences

• negative for Indian population: diseases, guns, and rum• loss of economic independence• loss of religious autonomy and culture• tribal politics altered by the presence of English settlements and

governors• women lost economic power as trade for European goods decreased

the importance of native women’s production• exploitation of beaver, deer, otter altered environment.

There are many interconnected actions taking place in this illustration.

Identify the actions of the various groups of Huron throughout this image and draw conclusions about what they think might be taking place.

1. What is the central action of this illustration? What evidence suggests such a conclusion?

2. What does this ceremony tell us about Huron culture?

Documents

America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 2 The Invasion and Settlement of North America 1550-1700 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta