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Amines and Heterocyclic Compounds

Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

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Page 1: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Amines  and  Heterocyclic  Compounds  

Page 2: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  Organic  deriva7ves  of  ammonia,  NH3    •  Nitrogen  atom  with  a  lone  pair  of  electrons,  making  amines  

both  basic  and  nucleophilic  •  Occur  in  plants  and  animals  

Amines  –  Organic  Nitrogen    Compounds  

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•  A  heterocycle  is  a  cyclic  compound  that  contains  atoms  of  two  or  more  elements  in  its  ring,  usually  C  along  with  N,  O,  or  S  

Heterocyclic  Amines  

Page 4: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  Amines  and  carbonyl  compounds  are  the  most  abundant  and  have  rich  chemistry  

•  In  addi7on  to  proteins  and  nucleic  acids,  a  majority  of  pharmaceu7cal  agents  contain  amine  func7onal  groups  

Why  this  Chapter?  

Page 5: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  Bonding  to  N  is  similar  to  that  in  ammonia  – N  is  sp3-­‐hybridized  – C–N–C  bond  angles  are  close  to  109°  tetrahedral  value    

 Proper7es  of  Amines  

Page 6: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  An  amine  with  three  different  subs7tuents  on  nitrogen  is  chiral  (in  principle  but  not  in  prac7ce)  :  the  lone  pair  of  electrons  is  the  fourth  subs7tuent  

•  Most  amines  that  have  3  different  subs7tuents  on  N  cannot  be  resolved  because  the  molecules  interconvert  by  pyramidal  inversion  

Chirality  Is  Possible  (But  Not  Observed)  

Page 7: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  Amines  with  fewer  than  five  carbons  are  water-­‐soluble  

•  Primary  and  secondary  amines  form  hydrogen  bonds,  increasing  their  boiling  points  

Amines  Form  H-­‐Bonds  

Page 8: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  The  lone  pair  of  electrons  on  nitrogen  makes  amines  basic  and  nucleophilic  

•  They  react  with  acids  to  form  acid–base  salts  and  they  react  with  electrophiles  

Basicity  of  Amines  

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•  Amines  are  stronger  bases  than  alcohols,  ethers,  or  water  

•  Amines  establish  an  equilibrium  with  water  in  which  the  amine  becomes  protonated  and  hydroxide  is  produced  

•  The  most  convenient  way  to  measure  the  basicity  of  an  amine  (RNH2)  is  to  look  at  the  acidity  of  the  corresponding  ammonium  ion  (RNH3

+)  •  High  pKa  →  weaker  acid  

and  stronger  conjugate  base.  

Rela7ve  Basicity  

Page 10: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  Amides  (RCONH2)  in  general  are  not  proton  acceptors  except  in  very  strong  acid  

•  The  C=O  group  is  strongly  electron-­‐withdrawing,  making  the  N  a  very  weak  base  

•  Addi7on  of  a  proton  occurs  on  O  but  this  destroys  the  double  bond  character  of  C=O  as  a  requirement  of  stabiliza7on  by  N=  

Amides  

Page 11: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  The  N  lone-­‐pair  electrons  in  arylamines  are  delocalized  by  interac7on  with  the  aroma7c  ring  π  electron  system  and  are  less  able  to  accept  H+  than  are  alkylamines  

Basicity  of  Arylamines  

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•  Can  be  more  basic  or  less  basic  than  aniline  •  Electron-­‐dona7ng  subs7tuents  (such  as  –CH3,  

–NH2,  –OCH3)  increase  the  basicity  of  the  corresponding  arylamine  

•  Electron-­‐withdrawing  subs7tuents  (such  as  –Cl,  –NO2,  –CN)  decrease  arylamine  basicity  

Subs7tuted  Arylamines  

Page 13: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Subs7tuted  Arylamines  (Cont’d)  

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Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch  Equa7on:  

•  In  what  form  do  amines  exist  at  physiological  pH  inside  cells?  

 Biological  Amines  and  the  Henderson-­‐Hasselbalch  Equa7on  

pH = p Ka+ log

A−⎡⎣ ⎤⎦HA⎡⎣ ⎤⎦

so logA−⎡⎣ ⎤⎦HA⎡⎣ ⎤⎦

= pH − p Ka

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Saturated  Heterocyclic  Compounds  

Saturated  amine  heterocycles  containing  five  or  more  atoms    have  physical  and  chemical  proper7es  typical  of  acyclic  amines.  

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pKa  Values  

Amines  are  the  most  common  organic  bases.  

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Five-­‐Membered  Ring    Aroma7c  Heterocyclic  Compounds  

Page 18: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

•  If  the  nitrogen  atom  occurs  as  part  of  a  ring,  the  compound  is  designated  as  being  heterocyclic  

•  Each  ring  system  has  its  own  parent  name  

Common  Names  of  Heterocyclic  Amines  

Page 19: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Polycyclic  Heterocycles  

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•  Pyrole  is  an  amine  and  a  conjugated  diene,          however  its  chemical  proper7es  are  not  consistent  with  either  of  these  structural  features  

Pyrole  and  Imidazole  

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•  Electrophilic  subs7tu7on  reac7ons  occur  at  C2  because  it  is  posi7on  next  to  the  N  

•  A  more  stable  intermediate  ca7on  having  3  resonance  forms  •  At  C3,  only  2  resonance  forms  

Chemistry  of  Pyrole  

Page 22: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

The  Resonance  Contributors  for  Pyrrole  

Pyrrole  is  an  extremely  weak  base  because  its  lone  pair  is  needed  for  its  aroma7city.  

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Dipole  Moments  

The  dipoles  are  in  different  direc7ons.  

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Delocaliza7on  Energy  

Delocaliza7on  energy  increases  as  the  resonance  contributors  become  more  stable  and  more  nearly  equivalent.  

Page 25: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Electrophilic  Aroma7c  Subs7tu7on  Reac7ons  

Page 26: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Why  at  the  2-­‐Posi7on?  

Page 27: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

If  the  2-­‐Posi7on  Is  Unavailable,    Subs7tu7on  will  Occur  at  the  3-­‐Posi7on  

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Rela7ve  Reac7vites  

Page 29: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Five-­‐Membered  Ring  Aroma7c  Heterocycles  are  More  Reac7ve  Than  Benzene  

Page 30: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Protona7on  Occurs  at  the  2-­‐Posi7on    

a proton  is  an  electrophile  so, like other electrophiles, it goes to the 2-position  

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Pyrrole  Polymerizes  in  Acid  

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Pyrrole  is  more  acidic  than  pyrrolidine    because  its  conjugated  base  is  stabilized  by  electron  delocaliza7on.  

pKa  Values  

Page 33: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

pKa  Values  

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Pyridine  is  Aroma7c  

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pKa  Values  

The  pyridinium  ion  is  a  stronger  acid  than  a  typical  ammonium  ion.  

Page 36: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Which  is  More  Reac7ve  in  an    Electrophilic  Aroma7c  Subs7tu7on  Reac7on?  

Page 37: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Pyridine  Can  React  as  a  Nucleophile  

Page 38: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

The  Resonance  Contributors  for  Pyridine  

Page 39: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Electrophilic  Subs7tu7on  Occurs  at  the  3-­‐Posi7on  

Page 40: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Rela7ve  Reac7vity  

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Pyridine  is  Less  Reac7ve  Than  Benzene  in  Electrophilic  Aroma7c  Subs7tu7on  Reac7ons  

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Pyridine  Also  Undergoes    Nucleophilic  Aroma7c  Subs7tu7on  Reac7ons  

the  mechanism  

Page 43: Amines’and’Heterocyclic’ Compounds - Untitled Page · Amines’–Organic’Nitrogen’’ Compounds ... Saturated’Heterocyclic’Compounds ... • Each’ring’system’has’its’own’parentname

Nucleophilic  Subs7tu7on  Occurs  at    the  2-­‐Posi7on  and  the  4-­‐Posi7on  

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Nucleophilic  Aroma7c  Subs7tu7on  Reac7ons  

In  nucleophilic  aroma7c  subs7tu7on  reac7ons,    the  ring  has  a  leaving  group  that  can  be  replaced  by  a  nucleophile.  

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Reac7ons  of  the  Side  Chain    

Subs7tuted  pyridines  undergo  the  same  side-­‐chain  reac7ons  that  subs7tuted  benzenes  undergo.  

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Forming  Diazonium  Ions    

The  keto  form  is  more  stable  than  the  enol  form.  

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The  Methyl  Group  at  the  2-­‐Posi7on    or  4-­‐Posi7on  is  “Acidic”  

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Some  Reac7ons  That  Result  from  the  Acidity  of  the  Methyl  Group  

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Heterocyclic  Amino  Acids  

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Imidazole  

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The  Nitrogens  are  Equivalent  in  Protonated  Imidazole  and  in  the  Imidazole  Anion  

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An7histamines  

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Purine  and  Pyrimidine  

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The  Porphyrin  Ring  System