& P I S - L i

6 Z I ■ ° w l ~

/ f f 7 „

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

HA N DB O OKON

C R O P P R O D U C T I O N IN ETHI OPI A

(1st EDITION)

ADDIS ABABA 1979

C O N T E N T S

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................ 3

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 5

CEREALS .........................................................................................................................10

Barley, maize, sorghum, wheat.

OIL CROPS ................................................................................................................20

Groundnuts, linseed, noug, sesame.

FIBER CROPS ................................................................................................................26

Cotton, Kenaf

PULSE CROPS ................................................................................................................29

H aricot beans, cow peas, mung bean, pigeon pea, lima bean, adzuki bean, hyacinth bean, soybean, horse'bean, field pea.

HORTICULTURE .......................................................................................................32

Vegetables: berbere, tomato, onion, sweet potato, cabbage, potato, carrot, beet roots, green beans.

Fruit: banana, grape, papaya, lemon, lime, orange, manderine, grape­fruit.

FOREWORD

The aim of this document is to acquaint users with the basic research data and enable them to apply the research results which will considerably raise their production and productivity.

This basic research data is the first of its kind. So far research results and recom­mendations were not found in a compiled form but scattered in progress Reports* National Crop Improvement Committee Reports and some technical papers.

Such references were imcomplete and in some cases inaccessible for most of the information-gatherers and users alike. The present presentation condenses more or less the research findings of the past eleven years.

Although the need for a compiled summary of the research results of the past eleven years was raised from time to time in the last three years it gained momentum when the National Development Campaign was announced and the Institute presented as one of its involvement in the campaign the presentation of basic research results to the users (EPID, State Farms, Settlement Authority, Seed multiplication Cor­poration, Farmers’ Association and individual farmers etc.)

The failure or success of these recommendations solely depends on the users. So the Institute takes this opportunity to humbly request the concerned organiza­tions and Institutions to adhere to the guide-lines described in the text for best results.

This overall review gives concise information. Further details for each crop will be published in individual leaflets.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The research programmes carried out by the Institute of Agricultural Research (IAR) since its creation are goal oriented in that they were intended for particular purposes in support of the growth and development of agriculture, live stock produc­tion and forestry in Ethiopia. To meet these basic objectives a wide range of pro­blems facing the agricultural sector have been and are being studied by the scientists of the IAR. Results that are already achieved can offer complete sets of practical answers to the production of many crops and which if correctly applied, can bring quick transformations in the Agricultural sector.

2. The scientists of the IAR have paid particular attention to the development of new high yielding varieties of industrial and food crops adapted to the different ecological conditions of the country.

3. The research programmes, from the very beginning did not have a purely theoretical character but have always been adjusted to meet the needs of the Ethio­pian peasant farmers. D ata collected by the Socio-economits Department during its continuous surveys of the rural areas have helped to acquire a profound know­ledge of the problems facing the agricultural sector and thus point the way to in­troducing new changes and orientations in the research programmes.

4. The Institute of Agricultural Research operates from seven main stations and twenty two sub-stations distributed in the different ecological zones of the country as follow:

1. Holetta - Altitude 2400m. Summer with max. temperature between 21°C and 25°C - moist monsoon with 4 or less dry months - Average Annual Rainfall 1200 mm.

Major Research Activities:

Highland crops : Wheat, barley, triticale, oil crop: noug, rapeseed & linseed; agronomy.

Animal production/Breeding Soil Science Socio-economics

Plant protection : Entomology, Weed control, plant pathology Pasture and Forage

2. Melka Werer - Altitude 750 m. Average daily minimum Temperatures in the coldest months are over 13°C-Average rainfall per annum 580 mm, Hot Tropical Desert conditions.

Major Research Activities: Irrigated farming, Small implements, Cotton, lowland pulse, Kenaf, maize, pasture & forage, oil seeds (sesame, groudnut) crop protection; soil-water relationship; crop physiology.

3. Nazareth: Altitude: 1600m. Coldest month temperature minimum 8-13°Cmaximum 20°C. Semi arid monsoon - rainfall average per annum 800 mm.

Major Research Activities: Horticulture (Fruits & vegetables) and pulses, kenaf, food processing, small implements, crop protection.

— 7 —

T

ites : Melkassa I; Melkassa 11; KokaSubstation-Kulumsa with ARDU. Hi|

Bako : Altitude 1640m - Averageidail} Average daily maximum for; |aU? ftiont months - Rainfall average per

Major Research Activities: mid-highland groundnt) soybean ... ^

! sub-station Didessa: I r».

JIMMA : Altitude 1953 m-Summer wit and 25° C. Moist monsoon with $ or annum 1500 mm

tyfajor Research Activities: Coffee an4 Cqflf|npmllo»S ub-stations (Coffee) - Agaro, Amphi

ipajor sub-Station GeraGode : Altitude 300 m - summer itiaxinti- Winter minimum oyer 7°C abd j^a- Hot subtropical desert conaitiofis.

Rainfall - annual average 300 4m! 1" i

Major Research Activities:: Irrigated f^rmin^ ub-station : Kelafo:

Mekele (llal a) Altitude 2100 m - Average' is over 7°C.Average daily minimum warmest month tions. •7 dry months - average annual raibfall i

^ajor Research Activities : Dry land f rmin;Agronomy, soil and moisture cottserva lentils, pasture & forage; crop pr|?tectioj

ub-station: Kobo, Quiha; Mai-Mekdep, Chickpeas, haricot beans)

'{vassa : Altitude 1600 m average daily minimf below 10° C, Absolute maximum; oscillates! months, average annual rainfall mSI"

lajor Research Activities : Mid-highland croj Maize; soybean; pepper; pulses. i|All these stations may be regarded te in

t l^yare situated. Research is not being wWCi pieties of crops and techniques are d§|el$|

wim in farming systems is coriductedjwirain imers* lands are used as demonstratiola te

ses.

jjga for all months below 20° C get* |4 l)C. moist Monsoon - 6 dry

nim,

| Maize; pepper; oil seed (sesame

ririjum temperature between 21 ‘dry months. Rainfall average per' : t; ■-diversification. i

i, MetUj Tepi, Wonago. other

0Ver 40°C i?ve U°C .

jaine as MWRS)

minimum Of the coldest month

5r-24°C. Sub-tropical desert condi-

* k

i. Barley, wheat, teff, chickpeas,

% (Sorghum, Millet, Maize, Teff,

of the coldest months (5 months) jtween 27 and 34° C for the warmest

Sarch.

[ parts of the rural milieu where i. jso\|ted manner, as soon as new

[a$co|piprehensive program to test iral community* Bor this purposee ields.

6. In addition joint IAR/EPID actions are carried out in many other areas of the country and demonstrations are carried on farmers’ lands to test the readiness of the Ethiopian peasants to accept new farming techniques and improvements as recommended by the research stations of the IAR. These particular programmes were/are conducted in the following areas:

9. IAR/EPID Sites

1. Endibir - IntgrfygUgct Research2. Nedjo2. Nedjo 9 9

3. Chencha 9 y

4. Gambella 9 9

5. Woretta 99

6. Kobo 9 %

7. Jijiga 99

10. IAR/EPID

1. Harbu (Wollo) : Adaptive research programmes or activities2. Emmanuel (Gojjam) ”3. Hauzien4. Enda Selassie5. Degem (Shoa)6. Robi (Bale)7. Wojel (Gojam)8. Jibur (Shoa)9. Bure (Gojam)

10. Tefki (Shoa)11. Woldia (Wollo)12. Debat (Begamidir)13. Adi Ugri (Eritrea)14. Wayu (Wolega)15. Gelemso (Hararghe) ”

7. The Institute of Agricultural Research has at its disposal an immeasurable technical asset accumulated from the results achieved by the scientists of the research stations:

— The norms of production for most areas are already defined for the main crops usually found in the country including food and industrial crops such as coffee, cotton, tef, wheat, maize, pulses, barley, sorghum, ground­nuts.

— Improved varieties that can be readily used are available in the research stations for multiplication from mother seed. Some new techniques related to soil conservation practices have been tried and defined.

— 9 —

r<?]| staff are ready to be impfe- f technical reports hardly un-r

.1 All these technical achievements, of t] mented in the fields. But the^^a&fin t defstandable by the commonvpspple*

.2 The objectives of this paper ate to ffans terms and make them availably tolall kers, state farms, settlement proj§;ts*;

METHODOLOGY

This paper was prepared by the Liaison tion with the scientists of t^e research provided by the scientists themselves.' three stages:— Preparation of inventory sheets— Collection of data 4■ ') • r .— Selection, compilation, arrangements J the^ata into their final form of

presentation. I 1.1 The collection of the data was dond b

ment of IAR often bj{ visits to thelreseairl part in field trips to check the ac urapy; been achieved in station and in ttejdemt

PRESENTATION OF THE RESjULTSjI

The data presented in this documentoepres: ments of the scientists in various .^iscr1 work not only in the main stations Jbut are the results from work done 4ver a- in this paper in their simplest: terms to organisations (extension workers* Istate associations etc.) to whom they ap de||

se results very briefly into d.prganisations (extension wor t associations etc.)

fartment of IAR in close coopera- Itio^s. The technical data were ils inventory was carried out in

technical staff of the Liaison depar- Stations. The staff have also taken (hedata and the results that have ^tioii plots bn farmers* lands.

jt a concise review the latest achieve- derived from intensive research

tin the sub stations. Although they lerogtf of years, they are reported

itate their use by the interested s, settlement projects, peasant

[ec*). They are presented in the forms of recomni[f§d&tions for corp production.

rop productionecommended Varieties : Varieties that) are nf|

cerned.Uitude at which the crop is grown: This

altitude where the varieties recommi midhighlands, low lands). This tato climatic conditions that are found, are added to this rubric.

t adapted to the environment con-

mplefc set of information about the successfully grown, (highlands’

nsideration some particular micro e area. Data related to rainfall

>pes of Soils : Relates to the types of soils varieties. Usually it refers to the tyjes of

suitable for the recommended most representative of a region.*

ittj| the crops in the fields.editig rate: The amount of seed, n ecessa ry !; ejj hectare expressed in kilos.

'me of sowing: The most suitable date for s

Spacing: Refers to the density for optimum growth and yield of the crops perhectare.

Types and rate o f Fertilizers', deals with the amount of fertilizers necessary per hectare and the types of fertilizers that should be used in regard to the types and the degree of fertility of the soils.

Types and rates o f pesticides: related to crop protection against diseases, para­sites and other predators.

Length o f time between sowing and harvesting: related to the number of days(months, years) required by the recommended varieties from the sowing date until the crop is ready to be harvested.

Yield per hectare: The expected yield per hectare that may be obtained if re­commendations are correctly applied.Yields are given for trial plots in stations that represent the ideal performance of the variety recommended. In some cases the yields are given for demonstration lields on farmers’ lands, on state farms and also the national average yield/hectarc currently obtained from the actual peasants’ farming system.

— 11 —

d

. C E R E A L S

.1 B A R L E Y

Re c o m m e n d e d v a r ietiesMalting Barley: Beka: the :BK|i Food Barley: The compositel29>lth^

Al t it u d e

In Ethiopia Barley is jaostly a^mgniai iilant are those with altitude rangipgnpiiv iarley can be grown profitably at altitude [igher altitudes are always reqi^d. .

>ES OF SOILS

Barley has a wide range of soil ad|ptat rainage is suitable for the plant. >BarlSy rown successfully in areas with aieddjsh br<i iiitable fertilizers. f

:T

M X

The plant gives the best results in atfeas wit> 2000 mm with 650 to 700 mm Well distrib

; ]'........tM E OF SOWING

The time of sowing must be carefully plf sowing can be very harmful to th^pjip, nost areas is:-

— Mid June — for the varieties Bek* the Bedi Black.

— Early July — For the coposite 29 a»$ the IAR/H/485.

SEED RATE AND SPACING

3.7.L.; EH 8B/F4.E.L.6.L |[/4^5, the Bedi Black 6R.

. The most suitable areas for the to 3,000.m above sea level. Food d 2|000 m but for malting barley

A red sandy clay soil with a good ' rate some acidity and has been relay soil of a pH (5.5 to 6) using

annual average rainfall of 1000 ' during the main growth period.

| to avoid damage by frost. Late fontinended time of sowing over

S/F4.E.L.7.L.; EH8B/F4.EX.6X

Spacing between the rows must be 20 cm v. line on the rows. The seed rate is 8S|to 1

J^TE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS- : [The rate and types of fertilizers recommei

l|N to be applied at the time of sowing. jPotasf its.

DISEASES AND PESTS

The most important diseases found on— Leaf rust (Puccinid hordei) ;— liftis dil

land areas and does not c^use [great grown on highlands in thecouitry.

•»— 42 —I :t

the seeds are then broadcast

are 46 kgs of P2Os and 41 kilos not normally needed in Ethiopian

are:occurs mainly in mid and low-

ffiagei because the crop is mostly

Other diseases are: Covered smuts, Ustilago hordei; Loose smut, Ustilagotritici; Stripe, Helminthosporiuins gramineus; Powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis spp; and scalp, Rhyrichos- porium secalis.

Recommended control measures are: Crop rotation; use of resistant varieties; treatment of the seed with organo-mercurials.

PESTS

The main pest of barley is the Barley Fly Delia aramboargi and seed dressing should be applied as a routine insurance against loss.

Army worms are important in “outbreak” years.

In recent years the Maize Aphid has caused very severe damage to barley especially at high-altitudes.

Plusia Worms (e.g Chrysodeixix acuta), are locally serious leaf eaters.

Armyworms can be controlled as described under “Maize”Maize Aphid can be controlled with ULV sprays of 15% thiometon at 1.2 Jit/ha

Plusia Worms can only be killed if they are sprayed when still small (less than 15mm long) 15g of 85% carbaryl WP or 20ml of 50% malathion EC in 10 litres of water is recommended.

GROWTH PERIOD

The length between sowing and harvesting varies from 4 to 5 months according to the varieties. The growth period is around 4 months for composite 29 and the IAR/H/485; 4 ]/2 months for Bedi Black and EH/8B/F4.E.L.7.L. and 5 months for Beka.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

The average yield per hectare currently obtained on stations reaches 57 to 60 quintals. An average of 40 quintals is the yield most commonly achieved in de­monstration fields on farmers’ lands where the recommended techniques are correctly applied. This may be compared to the national average of 10 quintals in peasant farming systems.

1.2 M A I Z E

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

Five leading varieties are recommended for their outstanding performance in the field. These varieties can be sown profitably in a wide range of conditions. They are: Bako composite, SR 52, KCC, KCB, Jimma Bako.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Barley is under preparation.

— 13 —

H..JMII ? l ^ | 4 i 4 1 f

ALTITUDEMaize can be grown successfully m a

Rowland areas below 1000 up to i80(jim a on the highlands (1800 m and above);

TYPES OF SOILSAll the varieties recommended r$

fn the Bako area maize performs: e: s a proper drainage.

ng£ of altitudes ranging from the ^sea. level. But it performs poorly

:jH drained light sandy loam soil, brown clay soil where there

JtAINFALL

The varieties recommended can Rainfall reaches an average of 800 jmnyequ >eriod. In dry areas (rainfall below " rrigated.

TIME OF SOWING

in, areas where the annual over the whole growing

is crop peiforms poorly unless

Early sowing gives better result^ fcrhfe commended time for sowing is the fyrst two weeks of May or as early yi ttfe rain^s jpossible.

SEED RATE AND SPACINGMaize must be planted at 75 cm x 30 cni|

i mount of seed necessary is then 25 to |J0 killi . . . . . . . . . -1,, j. . jfjljtATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS ij

The plant reacts positively to cherdical M fertilizers recommended are 75 kgs pf i f iii i f per hectare, but will vary according to |oil ty |j

DISEASES AND PESTSMost important are leaf diseases such as|i

QHelminthosporium turcicum). But the| dp tpis country.

Seedling maize is often attacked fey the lb “outbreak” years there can also fee sejious exempta. (For details see the MR ilullei control”). Maize Aphid, Rhopaloxiphupi til usually well controlled by natural enemies pest, the Maize Stalk Borer being dominjnt at Stalk Borer, Chilo partellus below

CONTROL MEASURES:

Crop residues should be destrbyed^at le They can be fed to cattle put into catt troyed by trampling or theiy can b burnt building or making fences.

>r the.best growth of the plant. The {per hectare.

silvers. A normal rate and types of | rorm of urea and 75 kilbs of s and conditions.

ist (Puccind sorghi) and leaf blight; normally cause serious damage in

et Army worm, Spodoptera exigua. age by the Armyworm, Spodoptera fVrttjyworm, its recognition and fis common but infestations are

m bbrers are the most important tildes'above 1500 m and the spotted

two inonths before sowing is due. beret debne where they will be des- s4 against the use of old stalks for

USE OF PESTICIDES:

Against Aphids:

On small farms (less than two hectares) spray with 10 ml of 40% dimethoate EC in 10 of water if necessary.

— on larger farms the use of ULV is most practical.

Spray 30% dimethoate ULY at 1.0 It per hectare.

Against Stalk Borers: Examine the plants when they are almost knee high—if more than 5% show leaf damage put a pinch of 5% DDT down inside each leaf tunnel.

Army worms can be controlled by:-

a) Dusting with 10% DDT dust, or b) Spraying to 20ml 39% endosulfan EC or 2g

95% trochlorfan Wp or 20ml50% malathion EC in 10 litres w'ater

or c) By ULV sprays of 25% DDT ULV (1 lt/ha) or malathion technical (1.5 lt/ha) or endosulfan 25% ULV (1.5 lt/ha).

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between sowing and harvesting are the following :- Variety Jimma Bako requires 160 days and KCB 165 days. The other recommended varieties have a longer growth period of up to 170 days.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

Yields per hectare in stations range from 77 to 120 quintals per hectare for the recommended varieties. On large scale production and on farmers’ lands (around the station) an average of 50 quintals per hectare has already been obtained where all the above recommended techniques have been correctly applied. This is to be com­pared to the national average yield of 16 quintal per hectare of the actual peasant farming system.

EC — Emulsifiable Concentrate.WP — W ettable Powder.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Maize is under preparation.

1.3 S O R G H U M

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

Out of the many varieties of sorghum that have been tried, the following out­standing ones are recommended by the Ethiopian Sorghum Improvement Pro­gramme:

ETS 2752 ETS 2111 KOBO MASH 76Allemaya 70 76T.I. No. 14 ASFAW WHITE

— 15 —

ETS 2213 ETS 3235

ALTITUDEThe first four varieties mentioned$above

ETS 3235 are suitable for highland areal up t|(I [row better in mid highland areas; from 150(? .re well adapted to lowland areas but raey tude of 1400 meters. ' ?•

TYPES OF SOILSAll varieties require light soils or clay to

^cid i.e. near neutral. ,

RAINFALLThe varieties recommended can be sue

fill reaches an average of 600 mm per #ear. t le average rainfall can reach 1225 inmjthe Vi White and Didessa 1057. j1 I

76TI No. 19 76TI NO. 23,

r m

DIDESSA 1057

ITS 2752, Ailemaya 70, ETS 2113, 1QQ0 metres. ETS 2111,76TI. No. 14

I8ti0 meters. The other varieties be successfully grown up to an alti-

idy soils provided the pH is not very

r grown in areas where the rain- iijor the wetter areas (Bako) where ‘ ' s most recommended are Asfaw

TIME OF SOWING ^Recommended times of sowing are the fallowing— Second week to the end of A$ril fof

ETS 3235, Asfaw White, ;Di^ssa : |— Second week to the end Of May fo|— mid-June to the end of June for tb|

f£S 2752, Ailemaya 70, ETS 2113,1EJS 2111 >ther varieties.

SEED KATEFor all the varieties the amount

SiPACING

r hectare is 5 kilos.

Except for the varieties 76T.I. No. 14, 7€ X No. 19* 16T.I. No. 23 KOBO- ASH 76 which are planted at 75 x 15 cra$,| id Asfaw White and Didessa 1057 : 75 x 10 the other varieties must be planted a(i|an average distance of 75 x 20 cms.

RiATE AND TYPES OF FERTILThe same amount and type of fert

[they are normally as fo l lo w s 100> jr hectare but these will vary with

DISEASES AND PESTSDiseases that occur generally in Ef

fyhacelotheca cureuta; Coyeried kernel fphacelotheca reilicuia,. Other disease y>>goni, Bacterial streak, Xanthomonas\hoh$&Ae leaves.

recommended for all the varieties, up phosphate and 100 kgs of urea s and soil conditions.

the smuts. Loose Kernel smut, elothe\ca sorghi and Head smut, rifti stripe, Pseudomonas andis- n also cause great damage to

Control measures recommended are:

— Use of resistant varieties— Treatment of the seed with fungicides such as organo-mercurials, sulphur

and thiram.

PESTS

The main pests of sorghum are the stem borers as described for maize

— That is Maize Stalk Borer above 1500m and spotted Stalk Borer below 1500m. American Bollworm, Heliothis armigera is a very serious pest of varieties with tight compact heads but those with loose open panicles are not usually damaged. Birds and other predators and parasites kill the worms. Army worm is important in “outbreak” years. In Eritrea and Tigray the sorghum chafer, Pachnoda interrupta known locally as dinza is a major pest. Breeding takes place in the manure of abandoned cattle kraals denbe. Adults fly into sorghum field in large numbers and eat milky grains. Various grass hoppers cause localised severe damage.

For Stalk Borer and Armyworm control see above under “ Maize”American Bollworm can be controlled with sprays o f DDT or endosulfan but

application is difficult and the use of open panicled varieties is recommended. Sorghum Chafer can be killed by dusting with 5% carbaryl dust but application is difficult (See the IAR bulletin “The genus Pachnoda in Ethiopia” ).

Grass hoppers can be controlled with 2.6% BHC dust. (For other control measures see the IAR Bulletin “Short-horned grass hopper Pests in Ethiopia” )

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between sowing & harvesting are:— 8 months and half for ETS 2752, Allemaya 70— 7 months and half for ETS 3235— 7 months for ETS 2113— 6 months and half for Asfaw White and ETS 2111

and Five months for the other varieties.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

The yields per hectare usually obtained on stations are:— 60 quintals for the first mentioned varieties ETS 2752 and Allemaya 70— 55 quintals for ETS 2113, ETS 3235— 40 - 50 quintals for the other varieties.

The national average yields per hectare for sorghum under actual peasant systems are 11 quintals. Results achieved in demonstration fields on farmers’ lands where all the recommended practices mentioned above are correctly applied have reached an average of 25 - 30 quintals/hectare.

PUBLICATIONSMore detailed information is available from the Ethiopian Sorghum Improvement Project at Nazareth. In addition an IAR booklet on this crop is under preparation.

— 17 —

■

.4 T E F

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

A very extensive research progr. to improve the local varieties. Result (if three outstanding varieties that havj sistance to diseases and pests and yield DZ-01-99 and DZ-01-196. DZ-01-3$4 i) 99 is also a high yielder but because

oth farmers and consumers. DZ-Ql-1 iut is much appreciated by farmers be* tie white color of the seeds.

iXTITUDE

i|ng conducted on tef with the aim achieved have permitted the release good performance in terms of re- f|e. These varieties are DZ-01-354

Mder greyish white variety. DZ-01* sfed- Color it is less appreciated by

’ ed Magna, is not a high yielder its high price on the market due to

Tef is a wide spread crop found almost^ /erywhere in Ethiopia. It occupies,according to the latest estimates, n$arlyj;29% 34% of the area under cereals. It is cultivated above sea level. However trials cariiedfout monstrated that the best performance of Tef to 2400 m for the varieties reconiinenfled

the total cultivated land and about ltitudes ranging from 300 to 2800 m

eretit level of elevation have de­clares generally at altitudes of 1700

TYPES OF SOILS

Tef is a crop adapted to a great i|rained red or black clay soils. Tef gro productive.

RAINFALL

The plant performs better in areas f 1000 mm during the growing penod^It is

he plant is very sensitive to drought.;

POME OF SOWING

The recommended time for sowing is the Aries with the timing of the rains. i

SPACING AND SEED RATE"L

The seed is broadcast in a well prebared d -30 kgs/ha. ; -

IATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

The rate of application recommended fo£— On light Soil 40 kgs N as Urea aff<l— On black Soil 60 kgs N as Uitea an$

at the time of $owm$

— 18 —

f soil types. It does better on well idy soil tends to be short and less

rainfall reaches an annual average mmended to avoid dry areas for

week to the end of July, but this

Id clean of grass. The seed rate is

fertilizers are:60 kgs P20 5 as DAP/hectare 60 kgs P2Os as DAP/hectare

-.-it ijM

DISEASES AND PESTS

The most common diseases on Tef are Rust, Uromyces eragrostidis and Head smudge, Helminthosparium miyakei. These diseases are of economic importance in more humid and warm regions. No control measures are yet available. Re­commendations are to sow early in fields free of any types of grass.

PESTS. The M ajor pest is the Barley fly, Delia arambalgi. This pest can cause great damage in the field.

Control measure: Dress the seeds before planting with 40% aldrin WP at the rate of 50g to 10 kilos of seed.

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between the date of sowing and harvesting is 107 to 126 days for the recommended varieties.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

Yields per hectare currently obtained in stations and on farmers’ lands where all the above recommended techniques are being applied are the following:

DZ-01-354: 22 to 28 Quintals/ha in Stations 17-22 quintals on farm ers’ Lands

DZ-01-99: 22 to 28 quintals in Stations 17-22 quintals on farmers’ Lands

DZ-01-196: 12 to 18 quintals in Stations 10 to 12 quintals on farm ers’ Lands.

The national average yield of the actual peasants’ farming system is around 8 quintals/ha.

PUBLICATIONSMore detailed information is available from the Teff programme of the University at Debre Zeit.

1.5 W H E A T

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

Since the beginning of the functioning of the Institute a very progressive research programme has been carried on wheat particularly on Breadwheat. Different varieties have been introduced and adaptation trials have been conducted in many areas to find the most adaptable varieties that can be grown profitably in the country.

Very good results have been obtained and the country is now in a position to grow this crop profitably. The varieties most recommended for Breadwheat are: Enkoy, Romany Back Cross, Mamba, 6106.8, 6290 Bulk, CI-14393, SON64 x SKE, Kenya Kanga, and Dereselegne.

For Durum W heat: Cocorit 71 and Gerardo.

— 19 —

iiLTITUDE

F f -w — J - f - ... - lu , 1 i mm wt h-Jt- ■

In Ethiopia Wheat is mostly a highland ■& c rop are those situated at altitude tan^ng ’fis|

)p> The most suitable areas for the l 2,000 to 2,300 m above sea level.

: TYPES OF SOILS ■The crop is adapted to a verywide range of

brown clay. But it is necessary to avoijii flood forms poorly in such conditions. .-j

loils flom black day loam to reddish I' iheayy clay soils for the crop per­

11AINFALL

Wheat is very sensitive to drOugW andl it in dry areas. The most suitable areasjfor wfi rainfall of 1200 mm with 600 mm welipistti^

'T

is recommended to avoid growing at are those with an average annual :ed ditdng the growth period.

'[TME OF SOWINGThe recommended lime for sowing is the;

; uly. Thus the crop can be harvested o5 timei j[reat damage. (

»nd of June or in the early days of i avoid frosty conditions that can do

SEED KATE AND SPACING ,ii.Seeding is made by drilling in rows 20

is 125 kgs/ha. ' { ■* 'friipart. The amount of seed necessary

ItATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERSWheat is very sensitive to soil; fertility afl

Bzers. The rate and type of fertilisers pormgj Urea and 45 - 70 kilos of phosphate as P20 | Ethiopian soils. ,

responds readily to chemical ferti- lyecommended are 70 kg of N as Potash is not normally needed in

DISEASES AND PESTSThe most common diseases of great iiq| rtance for wheat are:Rust — Stem rust, Puccinia gratniriis f. sj|

iust, Puccinia striifornus\ leaf msU Pudjtinia to wheat. Other diseases are: Bunt o^stinkm Septoria triciti; Glume blotch, Septom noddjjt' * 7 i

tritici is the most destructive. Stripe ondita, can also cause great damage r smut, Tilletia foetida; leaf blotch,

Control MeasuresAs the varieties recommended (have beend

s hown some resistance to most of the disease^ at altitude above or below those reco^uneni^

— Crop rotation and treatment £f thela poisonous fungicides suclfi as .l^xaoml nitrobeuzeine (PCNB) givb gqod tefi

: . .’Tj— The field must be completely free fr<6

— 20 .—j

rfed in a number of areas and have t'is necessary to avoid areas located

jeds with organo-mercurials or less rdfoeuzeine (XHCB) or Peutachloro^It*.

4

.1

ft grass before sowing.

L _ * L .A !-•-

PESTS

Wheat has very few pests in Ethiopia. Armyworm may be important in outbreak years. Maize Aphid attacks have been reported but damage is not as serious as on barley.

For Amryw’orm control see under “ Maize”

For Maize Aphid control see under “ Barley”

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between sowing and harvesting for the varieties Romany BxC & Mamba is 4 l/ 2 months. The other varieties Enkoy, 6106.8, 6290 Bulk, Cl 14393, SOH64 x SKE, Kenya Kanga require an average of 4 months.

Dereselegne is a fast growing variety that can be harvested after 3 V2 months. It is mainly recommended for areas where the rainy season is shorter.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

The leading varieties recommended usually reach an average of around 53 quintals for Breadwheat and 30 quintals for Durum. In demonstration fields on farmers’ lands an average of 32-40 quintals has been already obtained for Bread­wheat and 20 quintals for Durum. It has to be noted that the national average of the actual peasant farming system is around 10 quintals/ha.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on W heat is under preparation.

I. C«L CROPS

U GROUNDNUTS

1 RECOMMENDED VARIETIESFour leading varieties are recommended

£is. They are: Shulamith, GA 119* *

T1TUDE

Groundnuts are usually grown at|altitu| It is recommended to avoid areas abwe i f

ITYPES OP SOILS

A well drained light sandy loam soil is with poor drainage can be damaging tp the of the pegs in the soil. Very poor yields jfer he$

RAINFALL

It is necessary to avoid areas whet an annual average of about 55!0-f

[eriod is enough for the crop. In the grown successfully under irrigation.

TIME OF SOWINGThe most suitable time for sowing is

observed that late sowing at the end o f July plant.

SEEDING AND SPACINGGroundnuts must be planted asrecomme

Djf the plant. The amount of seed necessary

or immediate use on a wide scale Virginia bunch.

ranging from 1600 m to sea level* m.

t suitable for this crop. Heavy soil ni because it stops the penetration, 0 have been recorded in such areas..

isture content is too high. Rainfall ell distributed through the growing Cfer & Gode areas groundnuts arc

first half of June. It is commonly into August is very harmful to the

SjATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERSThe chemical fertilizer often

phosphate (DAP) per hectare at the ti'

Dis e a s e s a n d p e s t s

Although the varieties recommended are n the country they must be protected jag ‘ 4at can cause damage of economic im||prtanc

The Groundnut Aphid (Aphis craaeivora§ >\era eligua) the latter being particularly a

The use of pesticides is recommended %iagainst Aphids :

d-at 60 x 10 cms for the best growth ectare is then 60 - 80 kgs.

Spray with a mixture o] of water/ha eveiy wee

ed is 100 kilos of diammonium ng.

istant to the diseases usually found insects. The most common insects to, the. crop are:

id the Lesser Armyworm (Spodo- Of seedlings.

control the pests:10 ml 40% dimethoate EC in 10 It

against the lesser Armyworms: spray with a mixture of 20 ml of 39% endo­sulfan EC in 10 It of water.

GROWTH PERIOD:

All four varieties recommended require a maximum of 4-5 months from the date of sowing to harvesting.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

Due to high yields of Groundnuts, this crop is regarded as the most promising oil crop in the country. An average of 40 - 50 quintals per hectare is the yield most commonly obtained on stations. In demonstration plots and on farmes’ lands where all the above recommended techniques are correctly applied an average of 35 quintals is currently achieved. This compares to the present national average of 4 - 5 quintals peasant farming systems.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on G roundnuts is available.

2.2 LINSEED (FLAX)

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

Two varieties are being recommended for wide scale production and are avail­able to farmers. They are Victory and Concurrent.

ALTITUDE

The crop is grown in Ethiopia in areas located at altitudes above 1800 m. Optimum altitude ranges are 2300 to 2800 m.

TYPES OF SOILS

Well drained fertile soil, clay loam to sandy soils are more suitable for the crop. It performs best in areas with deep moist soils with pH between 6.6 to 7.6.

RAIN FALL

Flax must be planted in areas where the average annual rainfall is around 450 - 500 mm well distributed over the growing period. The plant is very sensitive to drought and places with growing season rainfall below the above average must be avoided.

TIM E OF SOWING

Flax being a highland crop, the time of sowing must be carefully planned. Late seeding can result in frost damage. Sowing must not be carried out after the end of June.

SEEDING AND SPACING

Flax is grown for fiber and for seed. When planted for fiber spacing between rows must be 20 cm. But for seed a wider spacing, 40 cm between rows is recom­mended. The seeding rate is 25 - 35 kg per hectare.

— 23 —

T Flax is a crop of low fertility requirements; ; sh than P and K. It is not advisable to ttse an; i mIs. But in areas with poor degraded soils < ase the rate and types of fertilizers recomme

p j per hectare. 1

>tSEASES AND PESTSL i

The most common diseases on flax jare R, lldew, Erysiphe sp» f’Ontrol measure:- Use resistant varieties....... .. .. s

1 iSTS: The Plusia worms, ChrysodeixU acuU l yritosa are the pests most frequency found o] 1 pot caused by these insects in the fijeldsj t is '

big infestation. Control measures ar|:

TE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZE]i reacts more readily to N fertili- ypes pf fertilizers in fertile alluvial

fertilizers can be added. In that d are; 23 kg; of N and 23 kg of

t, s Melampsora Uni; and Powdery

ad the Linseed Flea beetle, Altica Flax.;- Even though great damage |ble-to inspect regularly to avoid

Spray with a mixture of 15 g 85% c4rbafylit 1 10 It of water.

rJlOWTH PERIODi'i

The length of time between sowing and ha! 1 > r seed. But when the crop is grown for fiberj; ] Lint is in full bloom. At this stage fibrous el| ( eveloped and the fiber can be extracted. The i nenish and of better quality.

1 1ELDS PER HECTARE — The aver < uintals of seed. The yield of fibre is; 5

$ NOUG {Guizotia abyssinica)

ftjfcCOMMENDED VARIETIES — No 1released. It is recommended to use any io| healthy plants.

j JLTTTUDE — Noug is a highland ; crop. It 1800 to 2000 m above sea level;

' YPES OF SOILS — Noug is a very land areas in Ethiopia. It performs, stand soils such as heavy clay soils fail. But it is recommended to avoid of sand and gravel.

1 AINFALX — The crop gives a better yield „ rainfall reaches 1000 hm in hig^ alfitudefcj an average annual rainfall ,of 350 - <jjb tributed through the main growing speric

— 24 —

esting isr between 102 to 150 days e best’ time to harvest is when the lettts in the linseed plant are well traw and fiber obtained then are

per hectare is around 3.7 to 5.2 /per hectare of finished fiber.

ed varieties have been so far variety using selected seeds from

test suited to elevations between

ted crop fotind in various high- lpamy clay fertile soils but it can E! logged where many other crops xt)ired soils with a high percentage

hectare where the average annual aijarep at altitudes below 2000 m

;cient provided it is well dis-

TIM E OF SOWING — The best time for sowing is the end of June or the early days of July. But in water logged soils sowing can be delayed until the end of August and the crop will grow on residual moisture.

SEEDING AND SPACING — The seeds are drilled in rows 25 - 30 cm apart. The amount of seed necessary is 15 to 20 kgs/ha.

RATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS — Observations made from trials con­ducted on Noug have shown that fertilizers do not have any significant effects on the yields. In some cases it gave negative responses because of early shatter­ing. For better performance it is more advisable to grow the plant in fertile soils and following strictly the recommendations for sowing date and spacing.

DISEASES AND PESTS — Very few diseases of great economic importance have been so far recorded on Noug. Some cases of shot hole, Septoria spp; Powdered mildew. Sphaerotheca spp; Leaf spot Cercorpora gvizoticola can be observed but with very little damage.

PESTS — The Plusia worms, Diachrysia orichalcea and the Noug Fly, Dioxyna sororcula are the most common insects found on Noug, but they do not cause great damage to the crop.

To prevent severe outbreaks the following control measures are recommended

— Destroy w’ild host plants growing near the cultivated areas. Destroy crop residues at least two months before the next sowing is due.

— In case of appearance of the insects in the field the use of pesticides may be necessary:

— Spray with a mixture of 15gr 85% carbaryl WP in 10 It of water against the Plusia worms.

— Spray with a mixture of 10 ml fenthine EC in 10 It of water against Noug Fly.

GROWTH PERIOD — Noug requires an average of 3 months in areas situated at an average altitude below 2000 m but in higher elevations the time between the date of sowing and harvesting is around five months.

2.4 S E S A M E

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES

The leading recommended variety is T85. Other varieties like Selection/76 and Kalaton/74 are also well adapted and can be grown successfully on a widu range of conditions.

ALTITUDE

Sesame is mainly a low land crop. It is well adapted to altitudes ranging from 1600 m to sea level.

TYPES OF SOILS

A well drained deep sandy loam soil is the most suitable for the plant. Sesame is usually grown in Ethiopia in alluvial soils in valleys close to the main streams.

— 25 —

4 tempts to adapt the plant in areas wittt an uccessful.

RAINFALL

Sesame can be grown profitably in&reas iVerage of 500 mm—below that irrigation

’W*

TME OF SOWING

The most recommended time for seeing iffthe month of June. In the lowland tfeas where irrigation can be provided,! the rear round. '

SEEDING AND SPACING

For a better growth of the plant spacing m|st be 10 x 40 cms. The amount of ejed necessary is 6 kilos/hectare.

The Sesame Seed Bug, Elasmolomus sordidus n but is not recorded from other parts of the.' i

In the middle Awash Valley the d]seasej|®esame phyllody” is troublesome. ' lie vector is the Sesame Jassid Orosius albicinfhs This disease is not known from

tper sesame-growing areas.

The sesame webworm Antigastra, c4talaun$s can be a pest.

Control measures recommended are:

LATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

The alluvial soils where the plant is jisuall^ e response to fertilizers is not very apparent, j apply a chemical fertilizer, diammonium

ha at the time of sowing. '■

‘J2STS AND DISEASES

stoil (pH 5- 6) have not been very

ere the rainfall reaches an annual s necessary.

can be. grown profitably all the

wn are normally very fertile and

fs fertile soils it is recommended hate (DAP) at the rate of 100

sa major pest in north west Ethio- untry.

of the stacks, and under the mat [n| with 5% earbaryl dust.

— against the Seed Bug: dust atftheusetl fo| tl

— against the Sesame Webworm: spravjwith a mixture of 20 mlmal^mon BC in 10 It of water for smallllfaims (less than 2 hectares) or

, 59%M|iialathion ULV at 1.5 lt/ha for larger farms.

— For phyllolid control: spray seedlingate 40% EC* vector. i

— 26 —

with a mixture of 10 ml dimetho- 10 It of water to kill the jassid

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between sowing and harvesting is around 115 days for the variety T/85. For the two other varieties mentioned above, Selection/76, the Kalaton/ 74 the growth period is 140 days.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

The T/85 is the highest yielding variety. It gives around 20 quintals per hectare

In demonstration fields on farmers’ lands where all the techniques recommend­ed are correctly applied, the yields per hectare most commonly obtained are around 10 to 12 quintals.

The average national yield of the peasant farming system is around 3 quintals/ha

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Sesame is under preparation.

— 27 —

« " r "W

FIBER CROPS

1 C O T T O N iRECOMMENDED VARIE11ES !!

The variety most recommended for jwide though other varieties have shown similar iseases, adaptation to local condition$|and

Other varieties such as AMS - 01 cah be Jut in small farms under rainfed condidons, i

more recommended because of its V&ll ‘ he JASSID.

ALTITUDECotton can be grown in Ethiopia at altit

Vreas of an altitude above 1500 ra are man

TOES OP SOILSCotton grows better in a well drained

ejddish brown soil with an acid pH. Flood re indications that flooding early in thefseaspj erious to the plant.

(VINFALL

It is recommended to grow cotton Under cal conditions are more suitable for th| plai

a|ls to reach the' minimum water requirement the Awash Valley which is the cOtto| bell

lbng the Awash river. r

TME OF SOWING

vj

t production is the Acala 1517/70 ojrmaiice in terms of resistance to (Ppe* hectare.

rn also profitably under irrigation. |asajat level the variety ALBAR S1 resistance to pests, particularly

up to 1250 m above sea level.

vial soil. It is better to avoid the .r$a» must also be avoided. There

to 34 days after sowing is dele­

tion in Ethiopia because where itude, temperature, soil) rainfall e qrop. Cotton is mostly grown thiopia with deep alluvial soils

This is the most important factor aind shS Id be taken into consideration by►tl rtA+f MAYHAP Un«1ti . nAiiHMi* in M'Km a m w #'A aa • a«i;a«>Iery cotton grower. Early sowing is bgneficif

nect infestations and gives better results in s.tes to be observed:

to the plant as it helps to avoid of yields per hectare. Sowing

Mid May to end of June for the Ippper'iti wash areas.Late April to mid June for the Middle and July to August for areas in thb Lo«

Re d in g a n d sp a c in g

The optimum density recommended is 50>Ak) plants per hectare. To achieve t ds, spacing must be 100 cm x 20 cm. l^ie seeqgrate is«20 - 25 kgs/ha.

Iff

RATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

The plant responds readily to fertilizer application and higher yields per hectare are obtained by using the proper chemical fertilizers. The rate and types of fertilizers recommended are 100 kgs of diammonium phosphate (DAP) per hectare at the time of sowing.

DISEASES AND PESTS

Angular leaf spot or black arm (Xanthomonas malvacearum) is the most serious disease found on cotton in the country. This disease can easily be controlled by the treatment of the seeds with organo-mercurials or sulfuric acid.

PESTS

Cotton is subjected to attacks by insects of different species. So careful inspections of the cotton fields are necessary in order to detect on time any sign of appearance of insects for quick control action. The major pests that have serious effects on the yields of the crops are: the Cotton Jassid, Empocisca lybica; the Cotton Aphid, A phis gossypii; the cotton Thrips, Caliothrips spp. (only serious on seedlings); the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gassypiella; and the Cotton Flea Beetle, Poclagrica spp.Other pests are:

The Tobacco Whitely, Bcmisia tabaci; the Cotton Stainer, Dysdercus spp. ; the Sudan Bollworm, Diparopsis watersi; the Spiny Bollworm Earias spp.; the American Bollworm, Heliothis arniigera, the lesser ArmyW orm, Spodoptera exigna; the Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, the Red Cotton Mite, Tetranychus spp. Two different types of measures are recommended to control successfully all these pests. They are:

a) Cultural and Technical Measures— Rigorously maintain a closed season— crop residues should be destroyed at least two m CK^before the next

sowing is due.— Early sowing is also recommended as a very useful measure to avoid

insect infestations.

b) Chemical measures — use of pesticides.It is recommended to take such control actions from the time of the

first appearance of the pest.Pesticides recommended are:-

— Against the Cotton Jassid, the Tobacco Whiteily, the Cotton Aphid, spray with a mixture of 10 ml 40% dimethoate EC in 10 It of water or dimethoate 30% ULV at 1.0 lt/ha.

— Against the Cotton Stainer, the Pink Bollworm, the Sudan Bollworm the Spiny Bollworm, the Lesser Army Worm, spray with a mixture of either 40 ml of 25% DDT EC or 12.5 gr. of 75% DDT WP in 10 It. of water or 40% DDT ULV at 2.5 lt/ha.

— Against the Cotton Thrips and the American Bollworm, spray with a mixture of 20 ml of 39% endosulfan EC in 10 It of water or 25% endosulfan ULV at 1.5 lt/ha.

— 29 —

Altitude plays a very important role oil jtowth period is shorter at low altitude l}he length of time between sowing, ana hi

8 months for the Upper AwaSh galley5 to 7 months for the Middle; Awash (fi4 - 5 months for the Lower Awasl, r I

VBELDS PER HECTARE

In Ethiopia cotton is a very jiroitiising.i on have reached an average far abbve;|jiie ^ frequent yield per hectare is around ($) quj eld is 30 quintals/ha. However tl(ere.|s no

6 45 - 50 quintals/ha with strict observation

GROWTH PERIOD

$>eed of growth of the plant. The to be longer at higher altitude;

: are the fallowing:titude 1250 m)JjSde 700 m)le; around 300 m)

•£, Yields per hectare under irriga- >average (15 quintals). On stations

In the State Farms the average n -Shy this could not be raised e Recommended techniques.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Cotton is available?but undlr revision for up dating.

m K E N A F

R e c o m m e n d e d v a r i e t i e sFour varieties are selected for wide sc;

brmances in terms of high yields per h^ctare.J HO, Cuba 108, Cuba 20-32.

ALTITUDE

Kenaf can be grown in Ethiopia at .ltitup altitudes above 1800 m and areas wfcejre th l mlow 12°C must be avoided. 4"

KPES OF SOILS

Kenaf is usually grown in Ethiopia in the ^wash Valley). It is a crop adapted to Jeep;s|

acid soils. So heavy clay soils in floodedt

IAINFALLAn average annual rainfall of 500 nim is sj

buted during the early stage of the growth igation must be provided. '

!ME OF SOWING

production because of their per- |y are: SH/15R/326024, Ex Fiber

ranging from sea level to 1800 m. erage minimum temperature falls

ivial soils close to the main streams id# loam soils, and performs poorly

lujfc be avoided.

fipient for the crop if it is well dis- pod. In dry areas with low rainfall

The recommended time of sowing is late Jj tl altitudes above 800 m. But in lower ifri^at «rforms well all the year round. F

particularly for the Awash Valley ar&as^OO m and below) the crop

SEEDING AND SPACING

Spacing is a very important factor that can greatly affect the yield. So it must be observed closely. Recommended spacing is 5 cms in the rows and 30 cms between the rows. The seed rate is 13 kilos/ha.

RATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS

The alluvial soils, the most common areas where Kenaf is grown are usually very fertile soils so responses to fertilizer applications are not very apparent. In less fertile soils fertilizers must be used for better results. It is then recommended to use a chemical fertilizer such as diammonium phosphate (DAP) at the rate of 100 kilos/ha.

PESTS AND DISEASES

Kenaf is very attractive to the Cotton Flea Beetle Podagrica puncticollis and leaf damage may become so severe that spraying is needed.

If kenaf is being grown for seed, then Cotton Stainers, Dysdeerus spp must be controlled. But if the plants are being grown for fiber then Stainers have no econo­mic importance.

For Flea Beetle Control

a) Dress the seed before sowing with aldrin 40% WP at the rate of 50 g to 10 kg of seed. This will kill the Flea Beetle larvae that live around the kena roots and thus reduce the population of adult beetles.

GROWTH PERIOD

The length of time between sowing and harvesting is about 80 to 100 days.

YIELDS PER HECTARE

The average yield obtained on stations is around 30 quintals of commercial fibre/hectare. On farmers’ lands where all the recommended techniques are correctly applied an average of 20 quintals/ha is the most common yield.

PULSE CROPSSome special attention has

i ars because of their economic an<(’ fd ) rogramme conducted on pulses id to ueds of internal consumption and alsopo [he prevailing conditions in the couxij 1 fferent types and varieties of pu)s6s$THe! #ared to:

— improve the yields of the £ropS— release varieties resistant to diseases— adapt foreign varieties to the Jocal

rjo date very useful results have been 4chie\ i ops can be grown profitably on a wid® soalc

Re c o m m e n d e d v a r ie t ie s:-HARICOT BEANS: Brown speckled,

Mexican 142

>s . f this group for the last six ie miain objective of the research

gelding varieties to meet the* stfrplus for the export market, successful i production of many

rch programmes on pulses are

iditions of the country.ajttd a stage is reached where the % many areas«of the country.

a<jk Dessie, Red Wollamo,

i202il.l6, Ex Kenia, Ex Superm y ,{SM- 409.Florida

>n) DR. 5Carolina Sieva Pole

Cowpeas: White Wonder Trailing, n Market.

MUNG BEANS: M 1134; M 4% MPIGEON PEAS: Tall type (perennial) •

Early type (shohLIMA BEANS: Calico pole; CaljlformADZUKI BEAN: 5069HYACINTH BEAN: A—51268 jSOYBEAN: Jupiter; TEM 2 ^ .2 |2 4 ? 3 |HORSE BEAN: 20 DK; 38 BK; KUS| ^27.33; 11 AK.FIELD PEAS: Prussian blue; F.p. Ex | Mbhondafer;

C5436 K; Fp( E l DZ;I

itH T U D ESuitable altitudes for those crops wary

rieties concerned. I

Ethiopia:— Haricot bean is a lowland an,d me

areas located at altitudes from 220 t<— Lima beans can be grown prbfitiu>I The other pulse crops require; himer aljj necessary to avoid areas situate atjaltit peas and horse bean which perforin well

— 32

latiy according to the types and

m altitude crop well adapted to $0 m above sea level.

des ranging from 600 to 1700 m ides from 1000 to 1700 m. It is s above this level, except for field altitudes up to 3000 m.

TYPES OF SOILS

Haricot bean and lima bean grow better in clay loam and medium black clay soils. The other pulse crops give very good results in such soils as reddish brown clay or even heavy clay.

RAINFALL

An average rainfall of 400 to 500 mm well distributed through the main grow­ing period is enough to meet the water requirements of pulse crops. But for pigeon peas and hyacinth bean the minimum average rainfall must be around 700 mm.

TIM E O F SOWING

The recommended time of sowing for all the pulse crops is mid to late June or early July.

SPACING AND SEEDING RATES

Recommendations are as follow:

HARICOT BEANS 10 xCOW PEAS 20 xPIGEON PEAS

early types 20 xperennial 100 x

LIMA BEANS 50 xA D Z U K IB E A N 10 xHYACINTH BEAN 50 xSYOBEAN 5 xHORSE BEAN 5 xFIELD PEAS 5 xM UNG BEANS 10 x

RATE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZERS — Pulse crops perform better with a proper fertilizer dressing. The rate and types of fertilizers recommended for all the varieties are 100 to 150 kg of diammonium phosphate (DAP) per hectare for reddish clay soils. But for sandy loam, light grey loams a rate of 100 kgs/ha of Triple Superphosphate (TSP) is recommended.

DISEASES AND PESTS — The most destructive diseases on pulses are:

— Bean rust, Uromyces phaseoli particularly common on beans in humid areas such as the Gojeb valley.

— Bean anthracnose, Colletotricum lindemuthianum;— Halo blight, Pseudomonas phaseolicola and common blight Xanthomonas

phaseoli.

— 33 —

H:C»ther diseases are Chocolate spot, B0trytis $ wfc (frequent on Horse bean) and

ust, Uromyces fabae.

I'ESTS — The most common insects that © cause great damage to pulses are:

Against the American Bollworm 4 - spr. endosulfan EC in 10 It of wat0r ofe

(jjROWTH PERIOD — The length the following:

Control measures recommended ace:— Crop roation }— Use of resistant varieties —. Treatment of the seeds with o gano.— spraying with copper or ditfcibcghbo

— Bean Aphid, Aphis fobae; Bollworm, Heliothis drinigerd;

Recommended control measures iAgainst the Aphids — spray in 10 It of water or spray with 30% di

75 to 95 days for Mung bean

100 to 120 days for Haricot beans and. „130 to 150 days for Field peas and Hq>j ;bean180 to 200 days for the other ab&ve ih«

FIELDS PER HECTARE — The avefage in stations and on demonstration; <plots

— 20 to 30 quintals for Haricot beans— for horsebean average yield isjfcro— Mung bean and Field peas gi>[e an— The other pulses — Adzuki bean, 1

quintals/ha.

e^curiaise in cases of Rust or Anthracnose.

fijpyetnthosiphon pisum; American

re of 10 ml 40% dimethoate EC ULV at 1.0 lt/ha.

with, a mixture of 20 ml of 39% n ULV at 1.5

tween sowing and harvesting are

crops,

d£ per hectare currently obtained farmiers* lands are the followings

ima beans, cow peas, pigeon peas, f to 25 quintals,

rage of 12 to 16 quintals, cinth bean give yields upto 30 - 40

Note that the national average yiel<j/ha o i| le peasant farming system is around 8 -9 quintals.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Pulse Crops is available.

— 34 ^

5. HORTICULTURE

Horticultural crops are very important in that they have a ready market both in Ethiopia and for export. So far a diversified research programme has been con­ducted and some results achieved.

5.1 Vegetables

Recommended Varieties

BERBERE:

TOMATO:

ONION:

SWEET POTATO:

CABBAGE:

POTATO:

CARROT:

BEETROOTS:

GREEN BEANS:

RED PEPPER: Bako local

HEINZ 1350, RUTGIR, ROMA NAPOLI

SUDAN RED; BOMBAY RED

WHITE STAO

COPENHAGEN, DRUM HEAD

LOCAL

CHANTENAI

CRIMSON GLOBE

TENDERGREEN PIONEER

ALTITUDE

In Ethiopia vegetable crops are adapted to wide ranges of altitudes (Sea level to 2000 m and above).

Berbere, beetroots, cabbages, carrots, potatoes, green beans and onions require a milder climate with optimum temperature not exceeding 24°C during the growth period. These crops are well adapted to altitudes from 1000 to 2200 where such conditions exist. As for sweetpotatoes, the crop grows better in hotter-areas where the average optimum temperature is around 30°C. It is usually observed that sweet potatoes cultivated under such conditions are of better quality,

TYPES OF SOILS

Vegetables are usually grown on sandy loam and clay soils. Heavy water-logged soils and flooded areas should normally be avoided. The crops have various require­ments but normally give very good results in fertile and well drained alluvial soils.

RAINFALL

Water requirements for vegetable crops are high. It is recommended to choose areas close to water where irrigation can be provided. This permits production of fresh food during the dry season as well as in the rains.

TIM E OF SOWING

Vegetables can be grown in Ethiopia at any time of the year under proper management. However some important factors are to be taken into account in planning and implementing development projects for these crops.

— 35 —

Some of these crops are very sensitive to (causing damage in the highlands from the days of January) should be avoided. i

Except for sweet potato, potato* aid b|i during the months with heavy rainss as mey 3 I ngs and also it is during this period tifat m<

In areas where irrigation can tables during the dry seasons.

In the Bako area the recommended] timeii df April. *

REEDING AND SPACING *

Recommendations are as follows:, BERBERE: 40 x 80 m^TOMATO: 30 x 100 cols.ONIONS : 20 x 40 cmsl An*CABBAGE: 50 x 50 cms

The four crops below are planting are :-

rst iti:

is|and for this reason frosty seasons ^ days of November to the early

)o;t, it is advisable to avoid seeding junafge the nurseries and the seed* Iseases are observed.

|t is often preferable to grow Vege- "■ -j . i - .

{Rowing berbere is the second week'v / n j '

t; of seed necessary 750 g/ha1 J l. :lit of seed necessary 500 g/ha

seed necessary 4-5 kg/ha

fetf. The average times to trans-

Berbere:Onion:Tomato:Cabbage:

Direct sowing is the techniqujp re mme

50 days aft$j emert 45 days aftefc eme| 40 days 'aftcl eme 10 -15 cm

CARROT: BEETROOT:

GREEN BEANS: POTATO:SWEET POTATO:

10 x 20 :cmi10 x 20 cm amoi

f:10 x 40. (cm amou|75 x 30 ip40 x 106 cm (cutij| 5)4 420 kilo/ha

Ra t e a n d t y p e s o f flERTnazEks

the other crops:Of sfcid necessary 4.5 kilo/ha of seed necessary 10 kilo/ha

of s ed necessary 80 kilo/ha

The rate and types of fertilizers ffeco: tJrea per hectare to be applied as MloWpPiO Urea 4 weeks after transplanting.' V

]>ESTS AND DISEASES ((Diseases occur on vegetables mainly dtjj;

a limiting factor for the production oH

ndedare 80 kg P2Os and 80 kg fore or at the;time of transplanting,

the rainy season which can be rainy seasons.

The most common diseases found on vegetables are:Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris found mostly on cabbage Alternaria leaf blight, Alternaria dauci that causes great damage to carrot.Downy mildew, Peronospora destructor common on onion and shallot.

Phytophotora infestans, late blight causes serious damage to potatoes during the rainy season at high altitudes.Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora, a disease of potato especially in poor drained soils Septoria leaf spot is hazardous to tomato production during the rainy season.

CONTROL MEASURES

Use selected and treated seed. Seed can be treated with copper fungicides at the rate of 1 or 2 tablespoonful in 4 liters o f water.

— Destroy crop residues and practice crop rotation.

— Avoid sowing vegetable crops in months with heavy rains.— Use resistant varieties.

PESTS

Pepper and Tomato: The most common pests on both crops are the Tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and the American Bollworm, Heliothis armigera, The first being also an important carrier of virus diseases and the latter a major pest.

O nion: Thrips tabaci is a major pest in all areas of the country.Cabbage: This vegetable crop is very sensitive to pest infestations parti­

cularly to leaf eating insects such as the cabbage aphid, Brevi-coryne brassicae, the Diamond-back Moth, Plutella xylostellathe Cabbage White Pier is brassicoides, the Cabbage Sawfly, Athalia spp, the cabbage Flea Beetle, Phillotneta spp.

Potato: The Potato Tuber Moth, phthorimaea ofercullela which is a peston potatoes in store, and stems and tubers in the field, and the Potato Epilachna, Epilachna hirta which attacks the leaves.

CONTROL MEASURES

— Destory wild host plants growing near cultivated areas— Use clean planting materials— Plant the new crop as far as possible from infested crop— Crop rotation can also be a good measure for pest control.

USE OF PESTICIDES:

Against Toboacco Whitefly, spray with a mixture of 10 ml 40% dimethoate in 10 It. of water.

Against American Bollworm, onion thrips, Cabbage Aphid, cabbage sawfly, Potato Tuber Moth, spray with a mixture of 20 ml. 39% endosulfan EC in 10 It of water.

— 37 —

Against Diamond-back Moth, brassicoides. Cabbage Fleaeetle, Potato Epilachna, Spray with afoi^tM oI l^gr. 85% carbaryl in 10 It of ater. i 1 ifi f

GROWTH PERIODTypical lengths of time between sowin

Berbere — Pepper 8 fin<>nt®Tomato Onion Cabbage

Potato Carrot Beetroot

Greenbeans Sweet potato

VlELD PER HECTAREAverage yields per hectare most co

iration plots on farmers’ lands where rectly applied are the following: •

65 tons on60 tons on statipns i 42 tons on itatijpns ai 28-30 tons On, statio:28-30 tons on stations

Berbere:Tomato:Onions:Cabbage:Potato:Sweet Potato:Carrot:Beetroot:Green beans:

5.2. F R U I T

RECOMMENDED VARIETIESSome normal and reasonably

Banana

id' harvesting are as follows

chieved on Stations and in demonsr recommended techniques are cor-

.v.

34 quintals on station! ind 26 quintals on farmers lands30-3S tons on farmers lands 30-35 tons on farmers lands 25-30 tons on farmers lands d 15-20 tons on farmers lands

nd 20-56 tons on farmers lands 2p tons on farmers lands

i | | 18420 on farmers lands30 tons on statins 30-32 tons on stations? 25 tons on stations ai

Papaya

15 tons on farmers lands

varieties are:— Giant Caverftfish* Cavendish, poyo— Barlinka, Rijbier— Solo

Manderine

Orange

Grape Fruit

Lemon

Lime

— Red Blush

— Cook Eureka

— Bears

— Dancy

— Parent Washington Navel

ALTITUDE

Banana, lemon line and papaya are lowland crops although they are sometimes planted at altitudes up to 2500 m. However the most suitable areas for these crops are those located at altitudes up to 1700 m.

Manderine and orange require a milder climate but it is advisable to avoid places exposed to frost. These crops perform better in areas from 1200 to 1800 m above sea level.

Grapes can be successfully grown at altitudes up to 2400 m.

TYPES OF SOILS

The above mentioned fruit crops are perennial trees that occupy the soil for long period of time. So very careful attention should be devoted to soil types and soil fertility. It is recommended to select deep well aerated loam soils or alluvial soils free of stones or coarse materials. Also flooded areas must be avoided.

RAINFALL

Fruit crops can be cultivated in areas where the rainfall reaches an annual average of 700-1000 mm. In dry areas where the rainfall is below this level, irrigation must be provided. However results achieved from research work conducted on fruit trees indicate that these crops give better results in areas of low rainfall with irrigation because under such conditions diseases are less serious.

TIM E OF SOWING

Fruit trees can be planted out in the field at any time of the year under proper management. But in highland areas it is more advisable that this operation take place during the summer season. The trees get a better start if planted during that time.

S P A C I N G

The above recommended fruit crops are grown first in nurseries from seeds or cuttings except for banana which is planted directly from selected rhizomes.

Transplanting must be made choosing good healthy trees and observing the recommended spacing below:

Banana — 250 x 250 cmGrapes — 200 x 150 cmPapaya — 250 x 250 cm

— 39 —

I LTE AND TYPES OF FERTILIZER

It is recommended to agply 100 kgs jper he planting. Other fertilizer applications Jare: the plant. Each plant should receive dressi

IJ lP per annum. Under proper management icessary to detect any symptoms ofjdeiifienciis

4&EASES AND PESTS

The most common diseases observed in fi

Cj^TRUS:- Foot Rot, Phytophthora citfpphth The disease causes rotting ojthe the major roots, I

C >itrol Measures:-

ai

Grape FruitLemonLimeManderineOrange

800 x 800 cm 900 x 900 cm 700 x 700 cm 700 x 700 cm 700 x 700 cm

G JAPES: Downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola gfipes in Ethiopia. The disease destroys both

harvested. It occurs mainly during thejxndis

Other diseases: Powdery mildew> Uticinulo grapes during the dry season.

C i] itrol Measures

A

Use of resistant no orange as rootstoc

ury of DAP before or at the time siary during the growing period « the rate of half to one kg of

careful watch of the field is

t crops are:-

jpreyalent in the Nazareth area, at tile base of the trumk and in

as Troyer citiangc or sour

Spray with copper or dithiocarban|ate 10 days later. V

P !STS

Major pests found on citrus (including oi Citrus Psyllid, Trioza erytreae; Citrus Apl|fd, To S< lie, Iceryapurchasi; Soft Brown so le, at itif; Orange Scale, Chrysomphalui diciyo pi \bia leucotreta; Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitatc

the most destructive disease on ves and fruit leaving nothing to iiiy seasons.

eqator may cause heavy damage

prides especially before bloom,

igfc, lemon, lime, grapefruit) are tjieracitricidus; Cottony Cushion 'iispetiduml Red Scale Aonidiella if; False Cbdling Moth, Crypto-

— Young seedlings of papaya may be attag :ed by cutworm. Damage to the fruit by birds can be seriousi

— Also birds can be troublesome o& graj monkeys, are very fond of banand and animals in the field. li

— 40 —

Some wild animals particularly damage are caused by these

Control measures include:

— Collect all fallen infested and deseased fruits as frequently as possible and destroy.

Use of Pesticides:

— Against the citrus psyllid spray with a mixture of 10 ml dimethoate EC in 10 It. of water.

— Against the citrus aphid, the cottony cushion scale, the soft brown scale, the orange scale, the following technique is recommended. Mix 5 ml of dieldrin 18 EC with 950 ml water — Add 1 gr. of water soluble dye (such as rhodaniss B) to the mixture. Paint a band round the trunk of the tree about 25 cms wide. Remove any weeds and low hanging branches which would allow ants to reach foliage of the tree.

— Against cutworms dust a little dieldrin round the plant

GROW TH PERIOD

All the fruit crops mentioned are perennial crops.

From the date of planting banana and Papaya live for about five years, grapes and citrus for periods of over twenty years.

Harvesting starts to take place at least 9-10 months from the date of planting for banana and Papaya, 3 years for grapes and four years for Citrus Sp.

Average yields most commonly obtained from fruit crops on stations and on farmers’ lands where the recommended techniques are applied arc as follows

YIELDS

Banana:

Grapes:

Papaya:

Lem on:

1 0 - 12 kgs per tree

4 - 5 kgs per tree

1 8 - 2 0 kgs per tree

250 - 300 kgs per tree

Lime, Manderine & orange — 20 - 25 kgs per tree.

PUBLICATIONSAn IAR booklet on Papaya is available

— 41 —