Table of Contents

Section Topic Pagei Table of Contents 21 Introduction to Amphibious Operations 32 Amphibious Operations Doctrine and Concept 53 Platforms 10

3A Ships and Craft 103B Aircraft 204 Weapons Systems 23

4A Ship Board Weapons Systems 234B Crew Served Infantry Weapons Systems 254C Individual Infantry Weapons Systems 285 The Amphibious Task Force (ATF) 306 The Marine Air –Ground Task Force (MAGTF) 347 Radio Telephone Communications Skills 458 Visual Signals 489 Marlinspike Seamanship 55

10 Glossary 58

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Section 1.

Introduction to Amphibious Operations1. Definition and Scope An Amphibious operation is a military operation launched from the sea by naval and landing forces

embarked in ships or craft involving a landing on hostile or potentially hostile shore. An amphibious operation requires extensive air participation and is characterized by closely integrated efforts of forces trained, organized and equipped for different combat functions. The complexity of amphibious operations and the vulnerability of forces engaged in these operations require an exceptional degree of unity of effort and operational coherence. The difficulties involved in conducting amphibious operations will normally dictate that the combatant commander will participate in planning, theater integration, and support. Amphibious operations are designed and conducted primarily to:

Prosecute further combat operations

Obtain a site for advanced naval, land, or air base.

Deny use of an area or facilities to the enemy

Fix enemy forces and attention, providing opportunities for other combat operations.

2. Types of Amphibious Operations The principal type of amphibious operation is the amphibious assault, which is different from other types of amphibious operations in that it involves establishing a force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. Other types of amphibious operations that do not involve establishing a force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore include:

Amphibious Withdrawal. An amphibious withdrawal is an operation involving the extraction of forces by sea in naval ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore.

Amphibious Demonstration. An amphibious demonstration is an operation conducted to deceive the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of tricking the enemy into a course of action that is unfavorable to them.

Amphibious Raid. An amphibious raid is an operation involving swift incursion into or a temporary occupation of an objective followed by a planned withdrawal. Raids are conducted for rush purposes as: inflicting loss or damage, securing information; creating a diversion.

3. Usefulness of Amphibious Operations The main reason that amphibious operations are useful is because of their mobility and flexibility. A commander can concentrate balanced forces and strike at a selected point in the enemy’s defense system. This can be done with speed and surprise. The amphibious operation exploits the element of surprise and capitalizes on enemy weakness by projecting and applying combat at the best location and time. The threat of an amphibious landing can cause enemies to divert forces, fix defensive positions, divert major resources to coastal defense, or disperse force. Such a threat may result in the enemy making expensive and wasteful efforts to defend their coastlines. The major requirement of an amphibious assault, which is the principal type of amphibious operation, is the necessity for swift, uninterrupted buildup of sufficient combat power ashore from an initial zero capability to full coordinated striking power as the attack progresses toward amphibious task force (ATF) final objectives.

Amphibious operations involve high-risk, high-payoff efforts to accomplish critical missions. Complete appreciation must include recognition of its chief limitation; the vulnerability of the landing force during the early hours of the operation. Strength ashore must be built up from zero to a coordinated, balanced force capable of accomplishing the assigned mission. Throughout the amphibious operation, but most particularly during the highly vulnerable ship-to-shore movement phase, success may hinge on the ability to integrate both land-based and maritime air defense resources to isolate the area of operations from hostile air platforms and airborne weapons attack to the maximum extent possible.

The conduct of landings from beyond enemy visual and radar range is a technique that employs maneuver warfare concepts such as surprise, operational speed, operational flexibility and tactical mobility to achieve a tactical advantage over the enemy that can be decisively exploited while minimizing the risk to assault shipping.

A beachhead is a designated area in on a hostile or potentially hostile shore which, when seized and held, ensures the continuous landing of troops and materiel and provides maneuver space required for follow on projected operations ashore. It is the physical objective of an amphibious operation. The landing area is that part of the objective area within which the landing operations of an amphibious force are conducted. It includes the beach, approaches to the beach, the transport areas,

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the fire support areas, the air occupied by close supporting aircraft, and the land included in the advance inland to the initial objective. A landing beach is that portion of a shoreline usually required for the landing of a battalion landing team. However, it may also be that portion of a shoreline constituting a tactical locality (such as the shore of a bay) over which a force larger or smaller than a battalion landing team may be landed. A Helicopter Landing Zone (HLZ) is a specified ground area for landing assault helicopters to embark or disembark troops and/or cargo. A landing zone may contain one or more landing sites.

Naval amphibious forces provide flexible and adaptive combined-arms crisis-response capability, and a self-sustainable forcible entry capability. Modern U.S. Navy amphibious assault shops are the primary landing ships for assault operations of Marine Expeditionary Units. These ships use Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC), conventional landing craft and helicopters to move Marine assault forces ashore. In a secondary role, using AV-8B Harrier aircraft and anti-submarine warfare helicopters, these ships perform sea control and limited power projection missions. Amphibious warships are uniquely designed to support assault from the sea against defended positions ashore. They must be able to sail in harm’s way and provide a rapid built-up of combat power ashore in the face of opposition. The United States maintains the largest and most capable amphibious force in the world.

4. Historical Data A total of 43 amphibious ships, excluding the two command ships, participated in Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 73 percent of all such ships in the Navy at the time. Along with their 18,000 embarked Marines prepared for amphibious assaults, they conducted practice forays along the Omani and Saudi Arabian coasts, assisted in boardings and searches of merchantmen whose uncooperative masters provoked more forcible measures, and provided support for raids on Iraqi held Kuwaiti islands. The threat posed by this presence to Iraqi forces in Kuwait led to between 7 and 11 Iraqi divisions deploying for an invasion that never came.

During the Cold War, Marines responded to crises about three to four times a year, depending upon what was counted. In the three years immediately following Desert Storm, they were called on to meet some 20 crises – about six times per year. The increase reflects a greater reliance on Navy and Marines aboard ships, as overseas bases diminish. To meet such crises, three MEU’s—each with 2,000 Marines embarked aboard ships – are routinely deployed around the globe.

The current modernization plan will provide amphibious lift for 2.5 Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) equivalents. The future amphibious force is being shaped to allow the formation of 12 Amphibious Ready Groups (ARGs) to meet forward-presence, contingency and warfighting requirements. Ultimately, the amphibious force will be composed of 12LHA/Ds, 12 LPD 17s, and 12 LSD 41/49s; capable of forming 12 ARGs (or operating independently when necessary) and lifting 2.5 MEB equivalents in all five lift parameters (vehicle square foot stowage, cargo cubic capacity, troop capacity, vertical take off and landing capacity, and LCAC capacity).

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Section 2.

Amphibious Operations Doctrine and Concepts

1. Historical Information Amphibious operations are traditional to Navy and Marine Corps and are part of their mission. Original USMC operating units, Marine barracks ashore and Marine detachments aboard warships, formed provisional landing forces and landing parties with sailors of the Fleet. The Marine Corps first organized the Marine Advance Base Force 1901. In 1933, it was re designated as the Fleet Marine Force.

The U.S. Navy published the first manual concerning landing operations in 1886. The manual, called The Naval Brigade and Operations Ashore, was written by a 1stLt Gilman, USMC. This publication evolved into the Landing Force and Small Arms Instruction Manual and was renamed the Landing Force Manual in 1918. In 1950 it took the name Landing Party Manual and was published as a series of manuals concentrating on the drill and tactics required for employment of Navy and Marine landing forces (or landing parties) ashore.

During the 1930's U.S. Marines in coordination with U. S. Navy developed a manual called the Tentative Landing Operations Manual. This was the first manual to address doctrine for embarkation, ship-to-shore movement, naval gunfire, and air support and command relationships--applied and tested by all services during World War II. The Tentative Landing Operations manual was expanded into DOCTRINE FOR AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS. This is a joint manual used by all U.S. Services, LFM 0-1. Our NATO allies also use it as NATO version, ATP-8.

2. General Concepts for Amphibious Operations An amphibious operation is an attack launched from the sea by naval and landing forces, embarked in ships or craft involving a landing on a hostile shore or potentially hostile shore.

3. Definition of Key Terms. The special terms used to designate the organizations and key commanders participating in amphibious operations are:

Amphibious Force (AF) An Amphibious force is the task organization formed for the purpose of conducting an amphibious operation. It includes Navy forces and landing forces, with their organic aviation; may include Military Sealift Command and Air Force assets when appropriate.

Amphibious Task Force (ATF). Describes all Navy surface, subsurface, and aviation units that comprise the AF. The Navy Forces are formed into a single subordinate component of the AF which is designated as the Navy Amphibious Force. The ATF is composed of surface ships, submarines and naval aviation assets. The ATF is commanded by the senior Navy staff officer who is designated as the Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF).

Landing Forces. The Landing Force is a task organization of all troop units, aviation and ground, assigned to an amphibious assault. It is the highest troop echelon in the amphibious assault. It is composed of the Command Element, the Ground Combat Element, the Air Combat Element and the Combat Service support element. The Landing Force is commanded by the senior landing force officer, who is designated as the Commander Landing Force (CLF).

Other Forces. The ATF may include other subordinate forces in addition to Navy forces and the landing force. When Air Force units are included in the AF they are organized into a separate component commanded by the senior Air Force officer. (Air Force units refer to those of the U.S. Air Force.) Garrison Force, Base Construction Force, etc. may initially be part of the landing force and their separate task organization initiated after the landing and/or when the progress of operations ashore permit. All of, or a designated portion of, the landing force may be redesignated as Base Defense Force. Commanders of the Air Force and other separate components exercise command authority over subordinate units similar to that exercised by CLF over the landing force. When Air Force units are included in the ATF they are organized into a separate component commanded by the senior Air Force officer (Air Force units refer to those of the U.S. Air Force.). Garrison Force, Base Construction Force, etc. may initially be part of the landing force and their separate task organization initiated after the landing and/or when the progress of operations ashore permits. All of, or a designated portion of, the landing force may be redesignated as Base Defense Force. Commanders of the Air Force and other separate components exercise command authority over subordinate units similar to that exercised by CLF over the landing force.

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4. Definition of Amphibious Operations. A military operation launched from the sea by an amphibious force, embarked in ships or craft with the primary purpose of introducing a landing force ashore to accomplish the assigned mission.

5. Purpose of Amphibious Operations. Amphibious operations are carried out for a number of different reasons. They can be carried out to achieve campaign objectives in one swift stroke by capitalizing on surprise and simultaneous execution of supporting operations to strike directly at enemy critical vulnerabilities and decisive points in order to defeat operational or tactical centers of gravity (COGs). Amphibious operations comprise the initial phase of a campaign or major operation where the objective is to establish a military lodgment to support subsequent phases. They can serve as a supporting operation in a campaign in order to deny use of an area or facilities to the enemy, or to fix enemy forces and attention in support of other combat operations. Finally, amphibious operations support military operations other than war in order to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace and stability, and support civil authorities in response to domestic crises.

6. Characteristics of Amphibious Operations The key characteristic of an amphibious operation is close coordination and cooperation between the ATF, LF, and other designated forces. The salient requirement of an amphibious assault is the necessity for swift, uninterrupted buildup of sufficient combat power ashore from an initial zero capability to full coordinated striking power as the attack progresses toward amphibious force objectives. Amphibious forces are task-organized based on the mission, capable of multiple missions across the full range of military operations. This also allows joint, allied, and coalition operations. The complexity of amphibious operations and the vulnerability of forces engaged in amphibious operations require an exceptional degree of unity of effort and operational coherence.

7. Strengths and Limitations of Amphibious Operations. There are numerous strengths in amphibious operations. The sea allows for maximum strategic mobility and flexibility. This enables amphibious forces to maximize the initiative and strike at the enemy’s weakest point. Once ashore, units can be sustained through sea-based logistics for extended periods of time. The most important strength of amphibious operations is that amphibious forces have the ability to assault a hostile beach and rapidly build up combat power ashore. A final strength comes with the Supporting Arms and introduction of combat troops ashore. This is the surest way to project power and influence ashore.

The main limitations of amphibious operations have to do with the lack of assets ashore. With the exception of limited special operations forces, there is zero combat power ashore at the beginning of an amphibious operation. This includes no initial artillery support and logistical support. The amphibious forces must rapidly build up these capabilities in order to successfully prosecute the operation. Other limiting factors include the difficulty in maintaining tactical integrity. This is especially true when assaulting a heavily defended beachhead against a dug in enemy.

There is also the difficulty involved with employing reserve forces when they are still afloat. Keeping landing assets in working order and maintaining assault schedules can cause problems with the assault. The final limitation is the sensitivity to weather, seas, surf and hydrographic conditions. This was especially true during the final stages of Operation Overlord. The operation was originally planned for 1 May 1944, but then postponed a month to get an addition al month of landing craft production. There were only three successive days each month that would give them the precise weather conditions required to satisfy their plans. The closest 3 dates to 1 June were picked: 5, 6 and 7 June. The landings were finally started on 6 June, because bad weather on the 5th would have limited air support.

Types of Amphibious Operations. There are different types of amphibious operations. The type of operation is dependent on the circumstances. The principal type of amphibious operation is an amphibious assault. It involves establishing a force on a hostile or potentially hostile shore. An amphibious demonstration is an operation conducted to deceive the enemy by a show of force with the expectation of deluding the enemy into a course of action unfavorable to it. An amphibious raid involves swift incursion into or a temporary occupation of an objective followed by a planned withdrawal. An amphibious withdrawal is an amphibious operation involving the extraction of forces by sea and naval ships or craft from a hostile or potentially hostile shore. Nonconventional operations include Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), Maritime Interdiction Operation (MIO).

Advance Force Operations. An Advanced Force Operations, conducted in the AOA by forces organic to the amphibious force before the arrival of the main body, can be undertaken isolate the objective area or gain information of the enemy and objective area. Advance Force Operations can also be conducted to prepare the objective area or conduct tactical deception to confuse the enemy. Upon the arrival of the main body to the amphibious objective area, the Advance Force is dissolved into the main body.

Preassault Operations. In amphibious operations, an operation conducted by forces organic to the amphibious force in the amphibious objective area before the assault phase begins, but after the arrival of the main body into the amphibious

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objective area. Upon the arrival of the main body to the amphibious objective area, the Advance Force is dissolved into the main body.

Supporting Operations. In amphibious operations, those operations conducted by forces other than those assigned to the AF. They are ordered by higher authority at the request of the AF Commander and normally are conducted outside the area for which the Commander is responsible at the time of their execution. Supporting operations can be conducted for a number of reasons including: to deceive the enemy, or isolate the landing area. Supporting operations also assist in gaining or maintaining air, ground and naval superiority in the landing area, gather information or wage psychological and unconventional warfare against the enemy.

8. Relative Strength Requirements. In order to achieve success, the AF should be assured of air superiority, which is that degree of dominance in the air-battle, which permits the conduct of operations at a given time and place without prohibitive interference. The AF should also be assured of naval superiority, both surface and subsurface. Finally, the AF should have superiority in forces/combat power established ashore.

9. Operational Concept for the Amphibious Assault As pointed out earlier, the amphibious assault is the principle type of amphibious operation. It involves the establishment of the landing force ashore in the amphibious objective area.

10. Initiating Order Amphibious operations commence with an order issued by the commander with establishing authority to the amphibious force commanders. The order initiating the amphibious operation may come in the form of a warning order, an alert order, a planning order, or an operation order (OPORD). The initiating order should contain the following sections: Mission, Assignment of forces, Designation of the CATF and CLF and establishes command relationships; Special instructions and Supporting operations.

11. Phases of the Amphibious Operation. Amphibious operations follow a well-defined pattern or sequence of events. Each phase of the operation bears the title of the dominant activity-taking place within the period concerned. Planning, for example, occurs throughout the entire operation but is dominant only in the period prior to embarkation. There are five phases through which an amphibious assault progresses. These five phases are known as PERMA.

Planning. The planning phase is the period extending from issuance of the initiating directive to embarkation. Amphibious planning procedures are distinguished by the necessity for concurrent, parallel, and detailed planning by all participating forces.

Embarkation. The embarkation phase is the period during which the forces, with their equipment and supplies, embark in assigned shipping.

Rehearsal. The rehearsal phase is the period during which the perspective operation is rehearsed for the purposes of testing plans and timing, combat readiness and ensuring all echelons familiar with the plan. During the rehearsal phase, communications will also be tested to ensure all echelons can communicate with one another. One or more rehearsals may be conducted in the same or different locations. Rehearsals may be conducted as part of the movement phase.

Movement. The movement phase is the period during which various elements of the ATF move from points of embarkation to the AOA. It is completed when the various elements of the ATF arrive at their assigned positions.

Action. The decisive action phase is the period from the arrival of the amphibious force in the operational area, through the accomplishment of the mission and the termination of the amphibious operation. The action phase includes final preparation of the objective area, ship-to-shore movement to conduct assault surface and/or helicopterborne landings, ground combat operations inland, landing remaining units/ supplies/ equipment of the Landing Force, and the conduct of other naval, air, and ground operations necessary to accomplish the AF mission.

Termination. Termination is not part of the PERMA, and is predicated upon successful accomplishment of ATF mission or firm establishment of the Landing Force ashore. Firm establishment of the LF ashore means the beachhead is secured and sufficient tactical and supporting forces have been established ashore to ensure the continuous landing of troops and material requisite for subsequent operations. At this point, command, communications, and supporting arms coordination facilities have been established ashore. And finally, the statement of the Landing Force commander that he is ready to assume full responsibility for subsequent operations. If the CATF and CLF agree, then the assault is terminated.

12. PERMA VS. EMPRA. PERMA (Planning, Embarkation, Rehearsal, Movement, Action) is the normal doctrinal sequence for conducting an amphibious operation. However, when the organization involved is the ARG and MEU (SOC), the actual

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sequence of events that occurs is EMPRA. Simply put, the MEU (SOC) embarks aboard ARG shipping, moves to the area of operations (for LANTFLT units, usually the Mediterranean), then receives a mission and conducts the planning, the rehearsal, and the assault. This can be accomplished because there is a permanently assigned CATF, CLF and associated staffs. The MEU (SOC) also has regularly scheduled deployments

13. Command Relationships During Amphibious Operations The command relationships established among the CATF, CLF, and other designated commanders of the amphibious force is important. The type of relationship chosen by the common superior commander (or establishing authority) for the amphibious force should be based on mission, nature and duration of the operation, force capabilities, command and control (C2) capabilities, battlespace assigned, and recommendations from subordinate commanders. Typically, a support relationship is established between the commanders and is based on the complementary rather than similar nature of the amphibious task force and LF.

14. Primary Decisions : Primary decisions are those decisions that must be made at the highest level within the AF before detailed planning for an amphibious operation can proceed. During “Mission Analysis,” the first step of the amphibious operation planning process, the two decisions must be made. (1)Determine Amphibious Force Mission(s). Amphibious force commanders may decide on a coordinated mission statement or develop separate but supporting mission statements. The determination of a coordinated amphibious force mission statement is a mutual decision. If separate but supporting mission statements are chosen, then each commander must develop his or her respective mission statement. (2)Select Amphibious Force Objective(s). Amphibious force objectives are physical objectives, either terrain, infrastructure (e.g., ports or airfields), or forces, that must be seized, secured, or destroyed in order to accomplish the mission. Amphibious force objectives are designated in alphabetic order (e.g., Amphibious Force Objective A and Amphibious Force Objective B). The selection of amphibious force objectives is a mutual decision.

15. “COA” Course of Action . After the primary decisions are made, a course of action must be developed. During “COA Development,” the second step of the amphibious operation planning process, amphibious force planners must further develop COAs based on the guidance from the amphibious force commanders. Normally, the LF planners will provide an LF COA for the ATF planners to build a supporting COA. At a minimum, COAs include the general area for a landing (which may already be specified by higher headquarters), designation of the main effort, the scheme of maneuver, and the task organization. The selected COAs will be wargamed and compared based on criteria established by the commanders. The selection of amphibious force COAs is a mutual decision. No later than during “COA Comparison and Decision,” the fourth step of the amphibious planning process, the following decisions must be made.

Select Course of Action. At this point a COA is selected and the CONOPS (including fire support planning guidance) is prepared. The CONOPS is usually a written and graphic representation, in broad outline, of the intent of both of the commanders with respect to their portion of the operation. It gives an overall picture of the operation, including the transit, formation for landing, and the scheme of maneuver for accomplishing the amphibious force objectives. Both commanders prepare mutually supporting CONOPS.

Select Landing Areas. The landing area is that part of the operational area within which the landing operations of an amphibious force are conducted. It includes the beach, the approaches to the beach, the transport areas, the fire support areas, the airspace occupied by close supporting aircraft, and the land included in the advance inland to accomplish the initial objectives. The selection of the landing area is a mutual decision

Select Landing Beaches. A landing beach is that portion of a shoreline usually required for the landing of a battalion landing team. However, it may also be that portion of a shoreline constituting a tactical locality (such as the shore of a bay) over which a force may be landed. Landing beaches are selected from within the selected landing areas. Principal factors in the selection of landing beaches (in addition to those previously described for selection of landing areas) include suitability for landing craft and AAVs and Offshore approaches and tidal conditions. Also, when selecting landing beaches, attention should be paid to the number, location, and suitability of beach support areas, beach exits, and nearby infrastructure. Landing beaches are designated by color, and subdivisions are further designated with the addition of a number (Green Beach, Red Beach 1, and Red Beach 2). The selection of landing beaches is a mutual decision. Commanders and their staffs must also begin developing their “commander’s guidance for fires.” They should also ensure that the JFC targeting process is responding to their need for ‘shaping’ fires and incorporating them into an integrated joint fire support plan.

16. Determine Sea Echelon Plan. The sea echelon plan is the distribution plan for amphibious shipping in the transport area to minimize losses due to threat attacks and to reduce the area swept by mines. The CATF determines the sea echelon plan. The design of the amphibious airspace must take into account, as a general rule, the lateral limits of the amphibious area above the sea echelon areas.

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Select LF Objectives. LF objectives facilitate the attainment of amphibious force objectives and/or ensure the continuous landing of forces and material. LF objectives are normally designated by LF and a number (e.g., LF Objective 1). LF objectives are selected by the CLF.

Select Landing Zones (LZs) and Drop Zones (DZs). An LZ is a specified zone used for the landing of aircraft. An LZ may contain one or more landing sites. A DZ is a specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are air dropped. Fixed-wing LZs and DZs are designated when airborne or air-transported forces are employed. The CLF selects LZs and DZs.

Select Date and Hour of Landing. The date and hour of the landing are selected unless they are specified in the order initiating the amphibious operation. H-hour is the time the first assault elements are scheduled to touchdown on the beach or an LZ and, in some cases, the commencement of countermine breaching operations. L-hour is defined in amphibious operations as the time at which the first helicopter of the helicopter-borne assault wave touches down in the LZ. H- and L-hour are confirmed prior to commencement of the landing based on the weather, enemy situation, and other pertinent factors. If not specified in the order initiating the amphibious operation, this is a mutual decision.

Primary Decisions

Primary Decision Maybe in Init Order Responsibility Not Later

Than StepDetermine AF Mission X Mutual 1Select AF Objective(s) X Mutual 1Determine COA for development X Mutual 5Select COA Mutual 4Select Landing Areas Mutual 4Select Landing Beaches Mutual 4Determine Sea Echelon Plan CATF 4Select LF Objectives CLF 4Select LZs and Drop Zones CLF 4Select Date and Hour of Landing X Mutual 4

Figure1 Primary Decision Responsibility Matrix

17. SUMMARY: This section was designed to provide students with the history of United States amphibious operations, basic concepts of current amphibious doctrine and the command relationships in the phases of an amphibious operation and the basic decisions that must be considered.

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Section 3.

Amphibious Assault Platforms

1. GENERAL INFORMATION A platform is the ship, craft, or vehicle used to get the amphibious forces to the AOA, to the beachhead and beyond. Also included in this chapter are those aircraft used support those operations and troops on the ground.

2. Amphibious Ships and Craft Amphibious ships are those vessels that get the landing forces from their home ports and bases to the AOA, transport the landing craft, and provide air support in the form of ongoing airlift of troops and supplies and close air support. Landing craft take the landing forces and their supplies from the ship to the beachhead, and in many cases beyond.

2.1. Amphibious Command Ship (LCC)/Joint Command Ship (JCC) The mission of the LCC/JCC is to serve as a command ship for the Joint Task Force (JTF), Amphibious Task Force (ATF), Landing Force (LF) and Air Control Group Commanders during joint amphibious operations. Only two of this class of ships has been built: The USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19) the Seventh Fleet Flagship and the USS Mt Whitney (LCC-20), the Sixth Fleet Flagship. These ships were designed specifically for the command and control of an amphibious operation with extensive communications, electronics, and computer equipment. The LCC is configured primarily as a flagship. There are no provisions for carrying LF cargo other than the small equipment items and some of the vehicles which are organic to the embarked staffs.

General CharacteristicsLength overall: 636 feetBeam: 107 feetDraft: 29 feetDisplacement: 18,646 full loadSpeed: 21 knotsPropulsion: Steam turbine with single shaftHelo spots: 2 Helo stowage: Open deck space for one UH-1.Organic boats:

Admiral's barge3 - LCPL

Troop capacity: 153 Enlisted, 56 OfficersArmament:

2 - RAM (Rolling Airframe Missile) 2 - CIWS (Close In Weapon System)

Hospital: Doctor attached to staff/Independent Duty Corpsman Communication circuits available: Link 4A, Link 11, Link 14, Joint Maritime Command Information System (JMCIS 2.2), CTAPS, SHF - 12, UHF - 33, VHF - 15, HF – 18various SATCOM and more (EHF, POTS, INMARSAT, Video Teleconferencing, etc.)

2.2. Amphibious Assault Ship (General Purpose) (LHA) The mission of the LHA is to embark, transport and land elements of the LF with their supplies and equipment by means of pre-embarked helicopters, landing craft and amphibious vehicles. Secondary: Refuel escorts, limited sea control with AV-8B aircraft, mine warfare with MH-53E helicopters and surface MCM/MCH platforms. The LHA combines the major characteristics of the attack cargo ship, the helicopter carrier and the amphibious transport dock into a single hull. The LHA’s flag complex is designed to support both MEU and PHIBRON staffs. There is an HFRG (High Frequency Radio Group), which is a single computer system that controls all HF communications (patching, tuning, selection of antennas). The first HFRG system was installed on USS SAIPAN (LHA-2). The LHA also has the Advanced Combat Direction System (ACDS), which is an advanced computer system to integrate weapons and sensors throughout Combat Information Center (CIC).

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General Characteristics:Overall length: 834 feetBeam: 132 feet (106ft folded deck edge elevator)Draft: 26 feetDisplacement: 40,000 tonsSpeed: 24 knotsPropulsion: Steam turbine with twin shaftsHelo spots: 10 (7 port, 3 starboard)Helo stowage: 26 CH-46D/E or 19 CH-53DOrganic boats: 4 - LCPLLift capacity:

Flag configuredLanding craft:

4 - LCU or 6 - LCM-8 or 45 AAV 1 LCAC FITS IN WELL DECK

Troop capacity: 1600 Enlisted/160 OfficersNotional load: 4 AH-1, 12 CH-46, 4 CH-53, 4 UH-1, 6 AV-8B, 4 LCUVehicles sq ft: 28,700Cargo cu ft: 141,200

Armament: 2 - CIWS2 - RAM

300 (240 troop space overflow) bed medical treatment center with 4 operating rooms and 3 dental operating roomsCommunication circuits: UHF - 32, VHF - 16, HF - 30, SHF, EHF, ACDSAircraft Elevators (2), one elevator portside aft of the island and one aft above the stern gate.

Planning considerations. When planning operations using the LHA, many factors must be taken into account, including: Well deck operations vs. air operations in regard to distance of the ship from the shore, Wind envelopes of helicopters and harriers and Time to respot flight deck after a launch.. Planners also have to consider Aircraft weapons loading and HERO (Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance). When dealing with Harriers, space must be allocated in hanger for maintenance containers. The LHA is also a primary platform for special operations missions. Finally, the LHA is capable of operating as an emergency safe haven for 1 LCAC.

2.3. Amphibious Assault Ship (Multi-Purpose) (LHD) The mission of the LHD is to embark, deploy, and land elements of a LF in an assault by helicopters, landing craft and amphibian vehicles as well as provide sea control and power projection ashore. Secondary missions include: Refueling escorts and mine warfare with MH-53 helicopters and surface MCM/MCH platforms. The LHD is able to conduct simultaneous vertical and surface assault while providing close air support to the forces ashore. Specifically designed to accommodate harriers and LCAC. CATF and CLF staffs are provided with a fully integrated command and control platform. Flag complex is configured to support both MEU and PHIBRON staffs.

General CharacteristicsOverall length: 844 feetBeam: 140 feet (107 ft folded elevators)Draft: 26 feetDisplacement: 40,500 tonsSpeed: 22 knotsPropulsion: Steam turbine with twin shaftsHelo spots: 9 (6 port, 3 starboard)Helo stowage: 42 CH-46Fix Wing: 6-8 AV-8B Harriers Fix Wing Secondary role: up to 20

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Organic boats: 4 LCPLs; 1 RHIB2 40ft Utility Boats

Lift capacity:Flag configuredLanding craft: 3 LCAC or 2 LCU or 7 LCM-8 or 45 AAV (not normally carried)Troop capacity: 1700 Enlisted/170 OfficersNotional load: 6 AV-8B, 4 CH-53, 12 CH-46, 4 AH-1, 4 UH-1, 3 LCACsVehicle sq ft: 20, 000Cargo cu ft: 101,000Aircraft Elevators (2): One starboard and aft of the island, the other is port midship.

Armament: 2 - Sea Sparrow Missile Launcher2 - RAM3 - CIWS

600 bed hospital (536 troop space overflow) with 6 operating rooms, 4 dental operating rooms, 2 emergency rooms.Communication circuits available: UHF - 26, VHF - 13, HF - 30, EHF, SHF, ACDS

Planning Considerations. When planning operations using the LHD, many factors must be taken into account including: Well deck operations vs. air operations in regard to the distance of the ship from the shore, the wind envelope of embarked aircraft and time to re-spot the flight deck after a launch. Consideration must also be given to aircraft weapons loading and HERO and they have to be careful of the assignment of radio circuits to flight deck edge antennas because of reduced effectiveness of radios when antennas are lowered. The assault support system is capable of simultaneous horizontal and vertical flow of troops, cargo and vehicles from stowage areas to well deck and to flight deck. System utilizes 6 cargo elevators, well deck monorail and 2 aircraft elevators. Finally, the LHD is a primary platform for special operations.

2.4. Amphibious Transport Dock (LPD) The primary mission of the LPD is to transport and land troops and their equipment and supplies by means of embarked landing craft and amphibious vehicles augmented by helicopter lift. A secondary mission is to refuel escorts.

General CharacteristicsOverall length: 570 feetBeam: 84 feetDraft: 23 feetDisplacement: 17,244 tonsPropulsion: Steam turbine with twin shaftsSpeed: 21 knotsHelo spots: 2 (4 deck edge for UH-1, AH-1 helicopters)Helo stowage: 1 CH-46 (telescoping hangar)Organic boats:

3 LCPLMotor whaleboat

Lift capacityLanding craft: 1 LCU or 4 LCM-8 or 20 AAV or 1 LCACTroop capacity: 840 enlisted, 70 officersNotional load: 2 CH-46, 1 LCU, 15 AAVsVehicle sq ft: 13,800Cargo cu ft: 48,700

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Armament: 2 - CIWSMedical: 1 operating room with 10 bed recovery wardCommunication circuits available: UHF - 8, VHF - 11, HF – 8

Planning Considerations. When planning operations using the LPD, planners must remember that the ship can be used as an alternate platform for aircraft weapons loading (AH-1). Crane allows for weatherdeck stowage of boats and containers. The ship can be used in advance force operations, though PCS duties limit air and spec war operations. The ship can also carry up to 2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) for reconnaissance. The ship is also a primary platform for Marine Rigid Raiding Craft (RRC) and Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC). Finally, with maintenance containers, the ship can operate 8 to 9 UH-1, AH-1, or SH-60 Helicopters.

San Antonio Class LPD -

2.5. Dock Landing Ship (LSD) The mission of the LSD is to transport and land troops, equipment and supplies of the LF by means of embarked, pre-loaded landing craft and amphibian vehicles. A secondary mission is to refuel escorts and carry AA BFS. The LSD usually acts as an LCAC Control Ship (LCS) in an amphibious operation. It can submerge the well deck to enable landing craft and amphibious vehicles to swim in or out over the stern gate. LSD-36 class has the ability to ballast straight or wedge down (aft well deck deeper than forward). LSD-41 class can wedge ballast only. There are two classes of LSD: the Whidbey Island (LSD-41) Class of which 8 were built and the Harpers' Ferry (LSD-49) Class, of which 4 were built.

General Characteristics:

Whidbey Island Class

Overall length: 609 feetBeam: 84 feetDraft: 21 feetSpeed: 22 knotsDisplacement: 15,700 tonsPropulsion: 4 diesels with twin shaftsHelo spots: 2 (forward spot reserved for landing force equipment stowage)Helo stowage: NoneOrganic boats:

2 – LCPL1 – Utility Boat

Lift capacityLanding craft: 4 LCAC or 3 LCU or 10 LCM-8 or 64 AAV. Can transport 5 LCACs with cargo ramp raised.Embarked troops: 360 enlisted, 40 officer.Vehicle sq ft: 12,500 sq ftNotional load: 4 LCACCargo cu ft: 5,000 cu ft

Armament:2 – CIWS2 – RAMSSDS

Medical: Independent Duty CorpsmanCommunication circuits available: UHF - 8, VHF - 21, HF – 9

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Planning considerations. The Whibley Island class can operate CH-53 and AV-8B, in emergency situations. The forward helicopter spot normally is used for cargo stowage. As for cargo handling equipment, the ship carries one 20 ton and one 60 ton crane. There is also a 15 ton bridge crane with two 7.5 ton hoists in well deck. There is a landing craft inhaul system, running the entire length of the well deck, which is utilized for LCAC and conventional landing craft wet well operations. There are Navy support elements embarked. This class of ship can be used in both advance force and special operations.

Harper’s Ferry Class Overall length: 609 ftBeam: 84 feetDraft: 21 feetDisplacement: 16,700 tonsSpeed: 21 knotsPropulsion: 4 diesels with twin shaftsHelo spots: 2 (forward spot reserved for LF equipment stowage)Helo stowage: NoneOrganic boats:

2 – LCPL1 – Utility Boat

Lift capacityLanding craft: 2 LCAC or 1 LCU or 4 LCM-8 or 25 AAVEmbarked troops: 360 enlisted, 40 officerVehicle sq ft: 20,200 sq ftNotional load: 2 LCACCargo cu ft: 67,600 cu ft

Armament:2 - CIWS1 - RAMSSDS

Medical: Independent Duty CorpsmanCommunication circuits available: UHF - 8, VHF - 21, HF – 9

Planning considerations The LHD can operate CH-53s and in emergency situations, they can operate AV-8s. The forward helicopter spot is normally used for cargo storage. To handle cargo, there is one 60 ton crane and one 15 ton bridge crane with 2 - 7.5 ton hoists in well deck The landing craft inhaul system, runs the entire length of the well deck, and is utilized for LCAC and conventional landing craft wet well operations. Navy support elements embarked. The Harper’s Ferry class is built on same hull as Whidbey Island class, but with extensive cargo stowage and a significantly shorter well deck.

2.6. Status of Future Amphibious Ships. Amphibious Assault Ships LHA/LHD/LHA(R). Amphibious assault ships are the largest of all amphibious warfare ships and resemble a small aircraft carrier. These ships are capable of Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing (V/STOL), Short Take off Vertical Landing (STOVL), Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) tiltrotor and Rotary Wing (RW) aircraft operations. These ships also contain a welldeck to support use of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) and other watercraft.

3. CONTROL AND LANDING CRAFT. The movement of troops, supplies and equipment to the beach in an orderly manner, as set forth in the operations order, is a naval responsibility. In order for the navy to carry out this responsibility, there are two types of craft used; control craft and landing craft.

3.1. Control Craft. The control craft assist the control ships. The organization responsible for the control craft is the Navy Control Group. The officers and control ships are designated by the CATF. The primary control craft used in an amphibious operation is the Landing Craft Personnel, Large or LCPL. The LARC is used for salvage operations as well as ferrying key personnel on the beach and through the surf zone.

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3.1.1. Landing Craft, Personnel, Large (LCPL). The LCPL is designated for use in amphibious control work such as the Boat Group Commander’s boat. Secondary functions of the LCPL in the amphibious assault include tender and light tow boat. The LCPL is organic to most amphibious ships.

General CharacteristicsLength: 36 feetBeam: 12 feetDraft: 3 feet 9 inchesSpeed: 20 knotsCompass: Magnetic and gyrocompassRadar: May have if a mission requirement (Marconi LN66)Construction: FiberglassHoisting weight: 19,300 lbsCapacities:

Crew - 3Troops - 17Cargo - 2.5 tons

Planning Considerations. When planning operations using the LCPL, the following must be considered: these boats have limited cargo capacity. All LCPL’s are hoisted, using either a davit, boom or crane, they cannot swim out of the welldeck, and finally LCPLs do not have a beaching capability.

3.1.2. Light Amphibious Resupply Craft - (LARC-V). The LARC is employed by Navy Beachmaster units as a salvage vehicle rather than in the cargo role implied by its name. The LARC can pump 250 gallons of water per minute for fire fighting or for dewatering. It is constructed of strengthened aluminum with removable side panels, which help in recovery and salvage operations. The LARC is a rubber tired vehicle with four wheel drive, plus single shaft and propeller for waterborne operations

General Characteristics

Length: 35 feetWidth: 10 feetWeight:

Loaded - 31,000 lbsUnloaded - 21,000 lbs

Maximum speed:Water - 9 knotsLand - 29.5 knots

Cargo capacity: 10,000 lbsCrew: 2

3.2. LANDING CRAFT. Landing craft are used to land equipment, vehicles, cargo and troops to the beach in an amphibious assault. The use of landing craft in amphibious assault dates from World War II. The craft are carried aboard amphibious assault ships to the objective area. Landing craft are capable of transporting tracked or wheeled vehicles and troops from amphibious assault ships to beachheads or piers. LCMs feature a bow ramp for onload and offload. LCU's have both bow and stern ramps for onload/offload at either end.

3.2.1. Landing Craft, Utility (LCU). The mission of the LCU is to land heavy vehicles, equipment, and /or cargo on the beach in an amphibious assault. It has both a bow ramp and hinged stern gate permitting passage of vehicles 13 feet 6 inches or less in width. It may also be used in conjunction with other LCUs as a causeway section under ideal sea conditions.

General CharacteristicsLength: 135 feetBeam: 29 feetDraft: 3.5 feet fwd/6.3 feet aft

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Weight: 200 tonsSpeed: 11 knots (full load)Capacities

Troops: 350Cargo: 170 tons

Cargo compartment dimensions:14 ft fwd to 25 ft aftLength 121 ft

Ramp clearance:Bow - 14 feetStern - 18 feet

Cargo handlingVia bow rampVia drive through stern gateVia open deck for crane loading

3.2.2. Landing Craft, Mechanized – LCM. The LCM is a smaller version of the LCU and only has a bow ramp. Landing craft are used by amphibious forces to transport equipment and troops to the shore.

General Characteristics. The general characteristics of the LCM 8 are discussed in this section.

LCM 8 TypeLength: 73.7 feet Beam: 21 feet Weight: 105 tons Speed: 12 kts Capacity: 180 tons (182.89 metric tons) Military lift: 1- M48 or 1- M60 tank or 200 troopsCrew: 5

LCM 6 TypeLength: 56.2 feet (17.1 meters) Beam: 14 feet (4.3 meters) Displacement: 64 tons (65.03 metric tons) full loadSpeed: 9 kts (10.3 mph, 16.6 kph) Range: 130 miles at 9 ktsMilitary lift: 34 tons (34.55 metric tons) or 80 troopsCrew: 5

3.2.3. Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) The mission of the LCAC is to deliver vehicles, equipment and cargo to the beach at high speed, possibly from over the horizon, in an amphibious operation.

General Characteristics.

Length: 88 feetBeam: 47 feetDraft: 2.9 feet (off cushion)Speed: 35+ knots75 tons of cargo - 1 M1A1 or 4 LAVs185 troops (in module)

Planning Considerations. Although the LCAC is the fastest way to get personnel and material ashore, there are many considerations that must be taken into account when planning an operation involving their use. The LCAC is only steady sea state of 3 or less, preferably two. There must be at least 100 yards of separation between LCACs on the beach. There must be at least 20 minutes between waves. There

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must be separate beaches and approach lanes for LCACs and conventional craft. Most importantly, the LCAC is not designed to assault defended beaches.

4. SPECIAL WARFARE CRAFT – Special operations forces are used to support amphibious operations in many ways. In order for these forces to carry out their missions, they need specialized craft to get them into the AOA. This section will detail some of these specialized craft.

4.1. Mark V Special Operations Craft. The Mark V is used to carry Special Operations Forces (SOF), primarily SEAL combat swimmers, into and out of operations where the threat to these forces is considered to be low to medium. They also support limited coastal patrol and interruption of enemy activities. The MARK V Special Operations Craft (SOC) is the newest, versatile, high performance combatant craft introduced into the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) Special Boat Squadron (SBR) inventory to improve maritime special operations capabilities. MARK Vs are organized into detachments comprised of two boats, crews and a deployment support package mounted on cargo transporters. The detachment can be delivered in-theater rapidly by two C-5 aircraft, by a well or flight deck equipped surface ships and, if appropriate, under their own power. The detachment can be deployable within 48 hours of notification and ready for operations within 24 hours of arrival at a forward operating base. They can operate from shore facilities, from well-deck equipped ships or from ships with appropriate crane and deck space capabilities. The MARK Vs are a result of a streamlined acquisition effort managed by the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Special Operations Acquisition Executive (SOAE). From the awarding of the contract t the actual possession of the first boat took only 18 months.

General Characteristics. Length: 82 feetBeam: 17 feet 6 inchesWeight: 57 tons Speed: 50 knots

4.2. Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat (RHIB) The RHIB is a high-speed, high-buoyancy craft designed for service as standard ship's boat and for general purpose use. Many RHIBs have been converted for Special Warfare use, and the 11 Meter RHIB was purpose built as a Special Warfare Craft. The Naval Special Warfare RHIBs are extreme- weather craft with the primary mission of SEAL insertion/extraction. They can operate in heavy seas and winds of 45 knots, but for other than heavy-weather training, the Navy limits its use to somewhat milder sea conditions (wind speed is less than 34 knots). The RHIB carries a crew of three and a SEAL element.

General Characteristics (7 Meter RHIB)Length: (inflated tube): 23 feet 9 inBeam: (inflated tube): 10.5 feetDraft: 22.5 inCapacity: 1000 lbsConstruction:Hull – fiberglassInflatable collar - hypalon/nylon with 7 compartments that can be mechanically detached from the hullSpeed: 25 ktsTroops: 18Armament: Mounts for .50 Cal, Mk 19 40mm Grenade Launcher, or M-60.

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General Characteristics (11 Meter RHIB) Length: 35 feet 11 inches (11 meters) (Overall, inflated tube)Beam: 10 feet 7 inches (3.2 meters) (sponson inflated); 8 feet 9 inches (2.6 meters) (deflated)Weight: 17,400 lbs, (7,892 kilograms)Draft: 2 feet 11 inches (0.9 meters)Speed: 40+ knots (nautical miles per hour) (64 kilometers/hour)Crew: 3 and a SEAL squad Range: 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) Armament: M60 7.62mm machine gun, MK19 40mm, M2 .50 cal. machine gun

4.3. Combat Rubber Raiding Craft (CRRC). The mission of the CRRC is to land small, lightly armed and equipped forces on undefended beaches to conduct raiding operations. These craft are also capable of use in clandestine insertions. Generally deployed aboard and LPD, the MEU (SOC) will deploy with a notional load of 18 CRRCs to support their missions.

General CharacteristicsLength: 16 ft 5 inBeam: 6 ft 3 inDraft: 22.5 inPropulsion: 35, 50 or 65 horsepower outboard (or paddles)Speed: 10 kts (motor), 2-3 knots paddlesCapacity:troops - 8cargo - 1000 lbs

5. AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT VEHICLES.

5.1. AAV 7 Series. The AAV7 series is an armored assault amphibious full tracked landing vehicle. The vehicle carries troops in water operations from ship to shore, through rough water and surf zone. It also carries troops to inland objectives after ashore. There are three variations of the AAV7 in use in the Marine Corps presently. The AAVC7A1 is a mobile command post designed to give the commander the basic communication capability of a static combat operations center. It carries extensive radio equipment and a crew to operate the equipment. The AAVR7A1 is a salvage and repair vehicle. It is capable of recovery of AAV or similar size craft and vehicles from the open ocean, surf, swamps, etc. It also provides the basic maintenance equipment necessary for first through third echelon maintenance and repair of the AAV family of vehicles in the field. The third variation is the AAVP7A1. It provides armor protected transportation for LF, their supporting equipment and supplies.

General Characteristics (AAVP7A1)Weight:Combat loaded: 50,758 lbsUnloaded: 46,314 lbsCrew: 3Cargo capacity (AAVP and AAVR):21 combat equipped troops (18 is a better planning figure)10,000 lbsFuel capacity: 171 GallonsCruising rangeLand - 25 MPH/300 milesWater - 6-8 knots/7 hoursArmament:M-2 .50 cal machine gun, MK 19 40mm grenade launcherCargo compartmentLength: 13.5 feetWidth: 6 feetHeight: 5.5 feetVolume: 462 cu ft

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5.2. EFV – The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle is the replacement for the AAV series. The mission of the EFV is to provide high speed transport of LF from ships located over the horizon and to provide firepower to support other combat elements (in the water or on land).

Characteristics - EFVLength: 34’ 4”Crew: 3Troops: 17Cargo: 5,130 lbs (with troops)Propulsion: Diesel with twin water jetsSpeed: Water – 20-25 ktsLand – 45 mphRange: Water – 65 nmLand – 400 milesArmament: 30mm Bushmaster7.62mm machine gunArmored Protection against:14.5mm AP @ 300 meters155/152mm Artillery Fragments @ 50 feet

6. Aircraft. Aircraft are used to provide combat support, transportation and ongoing supply operations to the beach and inland. Fixed rotary wing and tilt rotor aircraft are used in the amphibious operation.

6.1. UH-1N (HUEY) The UH-1 airframe is a highly versatile helicopter that has been around in one configuration or another since the Vietnam War. The UH-1N is used in transport, airborne battlefield command and control, troop insertion/extraction, fire support coordination, medical evacuation, search and rescue, armed escort/visual reconnaissance or utility roles throughout the Navy and Marine Corps.

Characteristics:Speed: 130 knotsRange: 300 milesCeiling: 14,200 feetMax takeoff weight: 10,500 lbsCrew: 2 officers, 2 enlistedArmament:

.50 caliber machine gunTwo 7-shot or 19 shot 2.75” rocket pods

6.2. CH-46D/E (SEA KNIGHT) The CH-46 provides all-weather, day/night, and NVG assault transport of combat troops, supplies, and equipment during amphibious and subsequent operations ashore.

Characteristics:Speed: 145 knotsRange: 132 nmCeiling: 10,000 feetMax takeoff weight: 24,300 lbsCrew: 2 officers, 2 enlistedPayload: 12 troops with aerial gunners, maximum of 5000 lbs external load

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6.3. AH-1W (SUPER COBRA) Like the UH-1 airframe, the AH-1 has been around since the Vietnam era. The AH-1W is an armed tactical helicopter capable of helo close air support, low altitude and high speed flight, target search and acquisition, reconnaissance by fire, multiple weapons fire support, troop helicopter support, and point target for threatening armor.

Characteristics:Speed: 147 knotsRange: 256 nmCeiling: 14,750 feetCrew: 2 officersArmament:

20mm machine gun (750 rounds)2.75”/5.0” rocketsTOW missilesHellfire missilesSidewinder missilesSidearm missilesZuni and Hydra (70 missiles)

6.4. CH-53E (SUPER STALLION) The CH-53 is another Vietnam era airframe that has been constantly updated and upgraded in order to continue in service with the fleet. The CH-52 is a used for heavy transport during ship-to-shore movement. With 3 engines, it is capable of lifting 16 tons and transporting it 50 nm and then returning before needing to refuel. It is also capable of transporting howitzers, LAVs and downed aircraft. It has been known to recover another CH-53E. This helicopter is also capable of in-flight refueling, making it highly versatile.

General Characteristics:Speed: 150 knotsRange: 540 nmCrew: 2 officers, 1 enlistedPayload: 18 tons, 37 passengers (55 passengers w/ centerline seats installed)

6.5. AV-8B (HARRIER) The AV-8B is a V/STOL platform designed to attack and destroy surface and air targets, to escort helicopters, and to conduct other such air operations as may be directed. Also to conduct CAS and DAS, offensive and defensive anti-air warfare and offensive missions against enemy SAM defenses.

General Characteristics:Speed: 545 knotsRange: 900 nm (greater than 14 nm high speed/low altitude combat radius)Crew: 1 officerArmament:

Sidewinder MissilesMaverick Missiles25mm gun podLaser Guided BombsCluster BombsGeneral Purpose Bombs

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6.6.V-22 Osprey. The V-22 Osprey is a joint service, multi-mission aircraft with vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) capability. It performs VTOL missions as effectively as a conventional helicopter while also having the long-range cruise abilities of a twin turboprop aircraft. The Marine Corps is the lead service in the development of the Osprey. The Marine Corps version, the MV-22A, will be an assault transport for troops, equipment and supplies, and will be capable of operating from ships or from expeditionary airfields ashore. The Navy's HV-22A will provide combat search and rescue, delivery and retrieval of special warfare teams along with fleet logistic support transport.

General Characteristics. Main rotor diameter: 38 feet (11.58 meters) Blades per rotor: ThreeWeight: 60,500 lbs max gross weightCeiling: 25,000 feet (service ceiling) Speed: 272 knots (cruise speed) Armament: Provisions for two .50 caliber cabin guns

6.7. SH-60B LAMPS Mk III (SEAHAWK) The SH-60 Seahawk is a twin-engine helicopter used for ASW, SAR, Drug Interdiction Ops, ASUW, Cargo lift, and special operations. The SH-60B is an airborne platform based aboard cruisers, destroyers and frigates and deploys sonobuoys and torpedoes in an ASW role. The also extend the range of the ship’s radar capabilities.

Characteristics:Speed: 133 knotsRange / Endurance: 450 nm / 4hoursCeiling: 13,000 feetCrew: 2 officers, 1 enlistedArmament:

Three external store stations for: Two Mk-46/50 torpedoes One Hellfire MissileCan be fitted with guns or 2.75” rockets

Sensors:LAMPS Mk III System (extends the ship’s horizon of engagement by 100 nm)RadarFLIRESMSonobuoys & ProcessorsHigh-speed data link (“Hawklink”)

7. CRUISERS/DESTROYERS and SUBMARINES – Surface combatants and submarines act as escorts for the amphibious ships. They also provide antiair and antisubmarine warfare capabilities, intelligence gathering, special operations and shore bombardment missions as part of the Amphibious Force.

7.1. TICONDEROGA CRUISER (CG) Ticonderoga class cruisers are capable of sustained combat operations in any combination of AAW, ASW, ASUW, STW environments. They are built to be employed in support of Carrier/Expeditionary/Surface Strike Groups, as well as interdiction and escort missions.

General Characteristics:Speed: 30+ knotsDimensions: Length-567 feet, Beam-55 feet, Draft-34 feet, Displacement-9600 tons full loadEngineering: Two Controllable Reversible Pitch propellers, 4 Gas Turbine EnginesHelos: 1 spot, 1 hangar for 2 SH-60B LAMPS Mk III

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Crew: 33 officers, 367 enlistedWeapons:

2 Mk 45 5”/54 cal Guns2 Mk 41 VLS

TomahawksStandard Missiles

2 Harpoon Quad-canister launchers2 Mk-32 Torpedo Tubes2 Mk-15 CIWS3 .50 cal Machine Guns

Sensors:AN/SPY-1A (CG 47-58)AN/SPY-1B (CG 59-73)AN/SPS-49 Air Search RadarAN/SPS-55 Surface Search RadarAN/SQS-53A/B/C Hull Mounted SonarAN/SQR-19B Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS)AN/SQQ-89(V) 6 ASW Combat System (ASWCS)AN/SLQ-32A (V) 3 EW Suite

7.2. ARLEIGH BURKE DESTROYER (DDG) Burke class guided missile destroyers were designed to operate in support of Carrier Battle Groups, Surface Action Groups, Amphibious Groups, and Replenishment Groups. Guided missile destroyers are multi-mission (ASW, AAW, ASUW, and STW) surface combatants.

General Characteristics:Speed: 30+ knotsDimensions: Length-505 feet (510), Beam-66 feet, Draft-31 feet, Displacement-8300 tons full load (9200)Engineering: Two Controllable Reversible Pitch propellers, 4 Gas Turbine EnginesHelos: 1 spot, 2 hangars for SH-60B LAMPS Mk III (Flight IIA)Crew: 23 officers (32), 300 enlisted (348)Weapons:

1 Mk 45 5”/54 cal Gun2 Mk 41 VLSTomahawksStandard Missiles2 Harpoon Quad-canister launchers2 Mk-32 Torpedo Tubes2 Mk-15 CIWS3 .50 cal Machine Guns

Sensors:AN/SPY-1DAN/SPS-67 Surface Search RadarAN/SQS-53C Hull Mounted SonarAN/SQR-19B Towed Array Sonar (TACTAS)AN/SQQ-28(V) 6 LAMPS Mk III Shipboard ElectronicsAN/SLQ-32A (V) 3 EW Suite

7.3. FAST ATTACK SUBMARINE (SSN). Fast attack submarines provide numerous capabilities to the commander Amphibious Force. There are four classes of attack submarines in the Navy’s inventory.

7.4. LOS ANGELES CLASS. Named after the USS Los Angles (SSN-688), the LA-Class submarines were specifically designed as ASW assets against Soviet submarines trying to sink the Carrier and ASUW assets against capital ships in the Soviet Surface Action Group. The LA-Class was designed almost exclusively for Carrier Battlegroup escort, although they carry out more varied missions today.

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General Characteristics:Speed: 20+ knotsDimensions: Length-360 feet, Beam-33 feetEngineering: Nuclear-powered, Steam-turbine, single propellerDisplacement: 6927 tons submergedCrew: 13 officers, 116 enlisted

7.5. SEAWOLF CLASS. The Seawolf-Class submarines were designed to operate autonomously against the world’s most capable submarine and surface threats. The primary mission of the Seawolf was to destroy Soviet ballistic missile submarines before they could attack American targets. Seawolf submarines are also suited for battlespace-preparation roles and are capable of integrating into a battle group’s infrastructure, or shifting rapidly into a land-battle support role. The USS Seawolf (SSN-21) makes up the entire class.

General Characteristics:Speed: 20+ knotsDimensions: Length-353 feet, Beam-40 feetEngineering: Nuclear-powered, Steam-turbine, single propellerDisplacement: 9137 tons submergedCrew: 12 officers, 121 enlistedArmament:

8 torpedo tubes50 tube Launch Weapons

7.6. JIMMY CARTER (SSN-23) Named after the former president of the United States and submariner, the USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) is a modified Seawolf-Class submarine. It was chosen to serve as a test bed for studying the evolution of submarine missions in the 21st century. It will support classified research, development, test, and evaluation efforts for notional naval special warfare missions, tactical undersea surveillance, and undersea warfare concepts. Differentiating the Jimmy Carter from all other undersea vessels is its Multi-Mission Platform, which includes a 100-foot hull extension that enhances payload capability, enabling it to accommodate advanced technology required to develop and test an entirely new generation of weapons, sensors and undersea vehicles.

Characteristics:Speed: 20+ knotsDimensions: Length-353 feet, Beam-40 feetEngineering: Nuclear-powered, Steam-turbine, single propellerDisplacement: 12,151 tons submerged (double hull)Crew: 12 officers, 121 enlistedArmament:

8 torpedo tubes50 tube Launch Weapons

7.7. VIRGINIA CLASS A more cost-effective follow-on to the Seawolf-class the USS Virginia (SSN-774) and follow on boats of the class are designed for battlespace dominance across a broad spectrum of regional and littoral missions as well as open-ocean, “blue water” missions. The missions of the Virginia-Class include Covert Strike Warfare, ASW, Covert Intelligence Collection/Surveillance, Covert Indication and Warning and Electronic Warfare, ASUW, Special Warfare, Covert Mine Warfare, and Battle Group Support. The Virginia is designed for multi-mission operations and enhanced operational flexibility. The Virginia is slower than the Seawolf, carries fewer weapons, and is less capable in diving depth and arctic operations, but is expected to be as quiet as the Seawolf, will incorporate a VLS and have improved surveillance as well as special operations characteristics to enhance littoral warfare capability.

General Characteristics:Speed: 20+ knotsDimensions: Length-377 feet, Beam-34 feetEngineering: Nuclear-powered, Steam-turbine, single propellerDisplacement: 7800 tons submerged (double hull)Crew: 13 officers, 100 enlistedArmament:

4 torpedo tubes12 VLS tubes

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TomahawksAdvanced Mobile MinesUnmanned Undersea VehiclesDry Deck Shelter & Advanced SEAL Delivery System

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Section 4.

Weapons Systems

1. General Information Weapons of all types are needed for the amphibious assault. These weapons systems range from those used shore bombardment to the personal weapons carried by the Marines and Sailors on the beach. This section will provide general information about many of the weapons used during the amphibious operation. This section is divided into three sub sections: shipboard weapons systems, crew served infantry weapons systems and individual infantry weapons systems.

2. Shipboard Weapons Systems Shipboard weapons systems are used to provide shore bombardment and gunfire support before and during the assault. These systems are also used to defend the ship against air and surface attack.

2.1. MK-12 – 5”/38 cal. Multipurpose Naval Gun. This five-inch thirty-eight caliber gun is one of the earlier naval guns used as primary armament on destroyers in the Second World War and as a secondary battery aboard cruisers and battleships. It was decided to equip cruisers and battleships with the smaller guns to achieve a "gun for the job" capability instead of having to fire an eight, twelve, or sixteen-inch main battery round at a torpedo boat. The Mark 12 gun fires two basic rounds; an anti-aircraft Common (AAC) and an HE/HC surface and shore bombardment projectile. The round is semi-fixed with a 54-pound projectile and a 28-pound shell case, which includes a 15-pound powder charge. A less frequently used but extremely useful shell is the star shell used to illuminate the battlefield. The mounting is the Mark 28 twin gun mount, so designated because both guns use a common elevating gear and power drive. The large variety of projectiles and high rate of fire helps make the Mark 12 5in/38 cal dual mount gun one of the most flexible gun systems ever mounted on a United States warship. The Mk12 is capable of firing 22 rounds per minute and has a range of 15,570 yards.

2.2. Mark 45 ~ 5-inch, 54-caliber lightweight gun. The 54-caliber (Mk 45) lightweight gun provides surface combatants accurate naval gunfire against fast, highly maneuverable surface targets, air threats and shore targets during amphibious operations. This lightweight gun system offers significant improvements in reliability and maintainability over the 54-caliber Mk 42 gun systems. Either the Mk 86 Gun Fire Control System or the Mk 160 Gun Computing System controls the Mk 45. The Mk45 is magazine fed, with a capacity of 475 to 500 rounds per magazine. It is capable of firing 16-20 rounds a minute and has a range of 13 nautical miles.

2.3. RIM-116A Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM). The RIM-116A Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) is a lightweight quick-reaction high-firepower anti-ship weapon system jointly developed by the U.S. and German governments. Currently developed as a Block O-type RAM and Block 1-type RAM, the RAMs will be an added asset. It is currently installed, or planned for installation, on 83 U.S. Navy and 28 German Navy ships. The RIM-116A RAM is designed as an all-weather, high-firepower, low-cost, self-defense system against anti-ship missiles. It uses the infrared seeking of the Stinger missile and the warhead, rocket motor, and fuse from the Sidewinder missile. Due to its high-tech radio-to-infrared frequency guidance system, it requires no shipboard support after the missile is launched. It is deployed aboard LHA/LHD, LPD, FFG, DD/DDGs.

2.4. Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile. The RIM-7M is a highly maneuverable air-to-air missile with surface-to-air and emergency surface-to-surface capability. The Navy's RIM-7M Evolved Sea Sparrow and the Air Force's AIM-7 Sparrow are radar-guided, air-to-air missiles with high explosive warheads. They have a cylindrical body with four wings at mid-body and four tail fins. The Navy uses the Evolved Sea Sparrow version aboard ships as a surface-to-air anti-missile defense. The versatile Evolved Sea Sparrow has all-weather, all-altitude operational capability and can attack high-performance aircraft and missiles from any direction The RIM-7M has a range of over 30 nautical miles and a top speed of 2,660 miles per hour. . It is widely deployed by U.S. and NATO forces. The Evolved Sea Sparrow is found aboard many U.S. and NATO surface warships, including the CV/CVN, LHA/LHD, DD/DDG.

2.5. Phalanx Close-In Weapons System Fast-reaction, rapid-fire 20-millimeter gun system. The Phalanx Close-In Weapons System (CIWS) underwent operational tests and evaluation onboard USS Bigelow in 1977, and exceeded maintenance and reliability specifications. Phalanx provides ships of the U.S. Navy with a "last-ditch" defense against anti-ship missiles and littoral warfare threats that have penetrated other fleet defenses. Phalanx automatically detects, tracks and engages air threats such as anti-ship missiles and aircraft, while the Block 1B's man-in-the-loop system

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counters the emerging littoral warfare threat. This new threat includes small, high-speed surface craft, small terrorist aircraft, helicopters and surface mines. Phalanx accomplishes these engagements via an advanced search and track radar system integrated with a stabilized, forward looking infrared (FLIR) detector. This integrated FLIR provides Phalanx with a unique multi-spectral detect and track capability for littoral warfare threats and dramatically improves the existing anti-air warfare capability. Phalanx is the only deployed close-in weapon system capable of autonomously performing its own search, detect, evaluation, track, engage, and kill assessment functions. Phalanx also can be integrated into existing Combat Systems to provide additional sensor and fire-control capability. The CIWS is capable of firing up to 4,500 20 millimeter, armor piercing, depleted uranium rounds per minute.

2.6. Mark 38 ~ 25 MM Machine Gun System. The MK-38 is a 25-mm (one inch diameter) heavy machine gun, effective to 2,700 yards (2,457 meters). The MK 38 machine gun system (MGS) was employed aboard various combatant and auxiliary ships in the Mid-East Force escort operations and during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The weapons are permanently installed on certain amphibious and auxiliary ships, patrol craft and Coast Guard cutters. The Mk38 is capable of firing at single shot on semi automatic, or 175 rounds per minute automatic

3. Crew Served Infantry Weapons Systems. Crew served infantry weapons are usually craft, vehicle or helicopter mounted. They provide heavy, mobile fire support to infantry units at the beachhead and inshore.

3.1. M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun (Ma Deuce): The Browning M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun, Heavy barrel is an automatic, recoil operated, air-cooled machine gun with adjustable headspace and is crew transportable with limited amounts of ammunition over short distances. By repositioning some of the component parts, ammunition may be fed from either the left or right side. A disintegrating metallic link-belt is used to feed the ammunition into the weapon. This gun has a back plate with spade grips, trigger, and bolt latch release. This gun may be mounted on ground mounts and most vehicles as an anti-personnel and anti-aircraft weapon. The gun, which was originally designed by John Browning, has changed little since it was used World War I, The total gun system weighs 128 pounds. The M2 is capable of firing 550 one half inch rounds per minute. The maximum effective range is 2000 meters.

3.2. M-240G Medium Machine Gun. The M240G Machine Gun is the ground version of the original M240/M240E1, 7.62mm medium class weapon designed as a coaxial/pintle mounted machine gun for tanks and light armored vehicles. The rate of fire may be controlled by three different regulator settings. The M240G is modified for ground use by the installation of an "infantry modification kit," comprised of a flash suppressor, front sight, carrying handle for the barrel, a buttstock, infantry length pistol grip, bipod, and rear sight assembly. While possessing many of the same basic characteristics as the M60 series medium class machine guns, the durability of the M240 system results in superior reliability and maintainability when compared to the M60. The Marine Corps is replacing the M60E3 with the M240G. The ground version of the M240 allows for a common medium machine gun throughout the Marine Corps. The M240G weighs 24.2 pounds and has a maximum effective range of 1.1 miles. It is capable of 200 rounds per minute in a rapid fire mode and a sustained rate of 100 rounds.

3.3. M60E3 7.62mm Machine Gun. The M60E3 7.62mm machine gun is a lightweight, air-cooled; disintegrating metallic link-belt fed, portable or tripod mounted machine gun designed for ground operations like its predecessor, the M60. It is gas operated with fixed headspace and timing which permits rapid changing of barrels. Slightly different from its "parent," the M60, the M60E3 has a receiver-attached bipod, which easily deploys for stability. It has an ambidextrous safety, universal sling attachments, a carrying handle on the barrel, and a simplified gas system that does not require safety wire to prevent loosening. The M60E3 (light weight version of the parent M60) was fielded with the intention to reduce the load carried by the gunner. This gun will be replaced by the M240G. The M60E3 weighs 18.75 pounds and has a maximum effective range of 3609.1 feet. It is capable of 100 rounds per minute in both rapid and sustained fire modes.

3.4. MK19 40mm Machine Gun, MOD 3. The MK19 40mm machine gun, MOD 3 is an air-cooled, disintegrating metallic link-belt fed, blowback operated and fully automatic weapon and is crew transportable over short distances with limited amounts of ammunition. It can fire a variety of 40mm grenades. The M430 HEDP 40mm grenade will pierce armor up to 2 inches thick, and will produce fragments to kill personnel within 5 meters and wound personnel within 15 meters of the point of impact. Associated: components are: MK64 Cradle Mount, MOD 5; M3 Tripod Mount; and the AN/TVS-5 Night Vision Sight. The MK19 also mounts in the up-gunned weapons station of the LVTP7A1 model of the AAV and vehicle ring mounts. The MK19 was originally developed to provide the U.S. Navy with an effective reverie patrol

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weapon in Vietnam. The MK19 system weighs 137.5 pounds and has a maximum effective range of 1600 meters. It is capable of firing 60 rounds per minute in rapid fire mode and 40 rounds per minute in sustained fire mode.

3.5. Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW), M249 Light Machine Gun The SAW is a hand-held combat machine gun. The Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW), or 5.56mm M249 is an individually portable, gas operated, magazine or disintegrating metallic link-belt fed, light machine gun with fixed headspace and quick-change barrel feature. The M249 engages point targets out to 800 meters, firing the improved NATO standard 5.56mm cartridge. The SAW forms the basis of firepower for the fire team. The gunner has the option of using 30-round M16 magazines or linked ammunition from pre-loaded 200-round plastic magazines. The gunner's basic load is 600 rounds of linked ammunition. The M249 system, with bipod and tools weighs 15.16 pounds. A 200 round box magazine weighs 6.92 pounds, while a 30 round magazine weighs 1.07 pounds. The maximum effective range is 3281 feet and it can fire a sustained rate of 85 rounds per minute.

4. Individual Infantry Weapons Systems Individual infantry weapons systems are those weapons carried on the amphibious warrior’s person. They are operated by one person and used for offensive or defensive purposes.

4.1. M16A2 5.56mm Rifle. The M16A2 5.56mm rifle is a lightweight, air-cooled, gas-operated, magazine-fed, shoulder- or hip-fired weapon designed for either automatic fire (3-round bursts) or semiautomatic fire (single shot) through the use of a selector lever. The weapon has a fully adjustable rear sight. The bottom of the trigger guard opens to provide access to the trigger while wearing winter mittens. The upper receiver/barrel assembly has a fully adjustable rear sight and a compensator which helps keep the muzzle down during firing. The steel bolt group and barrel extension are designed with locking lugs which lock the bolt group to the barrel extension allowing the rifle to have a lightweight aluminum receiver. The M16A2 rifle is a product improvement of the M16A1 rifle. The M-16A2 weighs 8.79 pounds and has a maximum effective range of 1,804.5 feet on a point target. It can fire 45 rounds a minute in semi automatic and 90 rounds per minute in burst mode. The M-4 is the carbine version of the M-16 family. It is equipped with a collapsing stock, shortened barrel and a rail system allowing numerous accessories to be mounted on the weapon. The M-4 is replacing the MP-5 as the primary CQB weapon in the Navy Special Operations community.

4.2. M203 40m Grenade Launcher. The M203 40mm Grenade Launcher is used while attached to an M16A2 5.56mm rifle. It is a lightweight, compact, breech loading; pump action, single shot launcher. The launcher consists of a hand guard and sight assembly with an adjustable metallic folding, short-range blade sight assembly, and an aluminum receiver assembly which houses the barrel latch, barrel stop and firing mechanism. The launcher is capable of firing a variety of low velocity 40mm ammunition. The launcher also has a quadrant sight, which may be attached to the M16A2 carrying handle and is used when precision is required out to the maximum effective range of the weapon. The M203 was designed and procured as the replacement for the M79 grenade launcher of the Vietnam era. The launcher weighs 3 pounds and has a maximum effective range of 492.15 feet on a point target. The maximum safe range in training is 426.53 feet and in combat is 101.71 feet.

4.3. MP-5N Heckler and Koch 9mm Submachine Gun. The MP5-N fires from a closed and locked bolt in either the automatic or semiautomatic modes. This gun is recoil operated and has a unique delayed roller locked bolt system, a retractable butt stock, a removable suppressor, and illuminating flashlight integral to the forward handguard. The flashlight is operated by a pressure switch custom fitted to the pistol grip. This is the same basic weapon used by the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team and other world-class counter-terrorist organizations. The present inventory includes both suppressed and non-suppressed versions of the MP5. The basic configuration of this weapon makes for an ideal size, weight, and capable (accuracy, lethality, reliability, etc.) close quarters battle weapon system. This weapon is manufactured by Heckler and Koch and is presently fielded to Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance Companies and Marine Security Force Battalions. It is currently considered as one of the main weapons in the close quarters battle (CQB) environment. The MP-5 is equipped with a collapsible stock and weighs 7.44 pounds with a 30 round magazine inserted. It has a rate of fire of 800 rounds per minute and a maximum effective range of 328.1 feet.

4.4. M9 Pistol. The M9 is a lightweight; semiautomatic9 millimeter pistol manufactured by Beretta and designed to replace the M1911A1 .45 caliber pistol and .38 caliber revolvers. The M9 has redundant automatic safety features to help prevent unintentional discharges. It can be fired in either double or single action mode and can be unloaded without activating the trigger while the safety is in the "on" position. The M9 pistol has a 15-round magazine, and may be fired without a magazine inserted. This weapon can have the hammer lowered from the cocked, "ready to fire," position to the uncocked position without activating the trigger by placing the thumb safety on the "on" position. The M-9 weighs 2.55 pounds fully loaded and has a maximum effective range of 152.5 feet.

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4.5. MEU (SOC) Pistol. This weapon is a modified M1911A1 .45-caliber pistol sometimes referred to as "near match" or "combat accuratized." The MEU (SOC) Pistol is the designated "backup weapon" of Marines armed with the 9mm MP5-N Close Quarters Battle weapon. The M1911A1 was chosen for this role (and its modifications generated) because of its inherent reliability and lethality, and because the MEU (SOC) modifications make the M1911A1 design more "user friendly." The weapon modifications were designed in 1986 to meet the requirements of the MEU (SOC). Each pistol is hand-built by specially trained armorers at the Rifle Team Equipment (RTE) shop, Quantico, Virginia. The MEU (SOC) pistol weighs 3 pounds fully loaded, has a magazine capacity of 7 rounds and a maximum effective range of 164 feet.

Section 5.

Amphibious Force Orientation

1. General Information In order for the Landing Force to be transported, supported and supplied, an Amphibious Force is formed. This Task Force consists of the elements necessary to transport, defend and sustain the Ships, Aircraft and personnel of the Landing Force.

2. Amphibious Force Task Organization. The Amphibious Force is the task organization formed for the purpose of conducting an amphibious operation. It always includes navy forces and a landing force, each of which may have organic aviation. Other supporting forces which may be organized and included as required. An Amphibious Force consisting of Navy and Marine components of the fleet is a naval task force integral to the fleet. A Joint Amphibious Force includes Navy/Marine components of the Fleet plus Army and/or Air Force components. When Army forces are assigned to the Amphibious Force they will normally be organized as a part of the landing force. When Air Force forces are assigned to the Amphibious Force they will be organized as a separate force or component under the command of an Air Force officer.

The commanders of each of the subordinate elements of the Amphibious Force are designated in the initiating directive. The naval element, known collectively as the Amphibious Task Force (ATF), is commanded by a Navy officer designated as Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF). The commander of all troop components within the Amphibious Force is called the Commander Landing Force (CLF). He can be either Marine Corps or Army. Should Air Force forces be assigned, their commander, an Air Force officer, will exercise command similar to that exercised by the Landing Force Commander and the Amphibious Task Force Commander.

As a whole, the task organization of the Amphibious Force will vary at any given time to fit different operational requirements. These requirements (which correspond in time to the phasing of the operation) for an amphibious assault are:

Embarkation Movement to the amphibious objective area (AOA) Protection of shipping both moving to and while in the AOA Landing the landing force during the assault Employment and support of the landing force ashore

For an amphibious assault, the task organization of the Amphibious Force is based primarily on the requirements to land, employ, and support the landing force in order to establish it ashore during the assault phase. Flexibility of task grouping is essential because no standard organization is applicable to all situations. The task organization adopted at any time is tailored to fit the specific requirement concerned. Consequently, the Amphibious Force changes task organization periodically as the progress of the operation dictates.

Administrative designations are used for administrative purposes when the Amphibious Force is activated for operations. Task organization (or task force) designators are used for operational purposes when the Amphibious Force is activated for operations. For Fleet operations, the navy force, landing force, and other separate forces are assigned co-equal and separate numerical task force designators. The ATF and CATF use the numerical task force designator assigned to the navy force and

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its commander. (Even when OPCON to CATF for execution of an operation, the landing force and CLF always retain distinctive task force level status and designation - so do other separate task forces OPCON to CATF). Administrative designators are normally used during planning. Unless directed otherwise, task force designators are only used upon activation of task organizations for operation.

As discussed previously, internal task organizations of the navy force must meet all five requirements for amphibious task organization. They must also parallel, where appropriate, landing force task organizations:

Embarkation (Naval Force parallels Landing force) Movement (Navy Responsibility) Protection of shipping while moving to/in AOA (Primary Navy responsibility w/some Landing Force responsibility) Landing the landing force (Naval Force parallels Landing Force) Supporting the landing force ashore (Naval Force parallels Landing Force)

3. AMPHIBIOUS FORCE COMPOSITION AND SIZE. PHIBGRU-2 and its PHIBRON's provide the nucleus of the ATF. The Navy officer commanding this nucleus is normally designated as CATF. Size of the nucleus is related to the size of the landing force. A PHIBRON consists of 3-5 amphibious assault ships. It commanded by a Commodore, Captain - pay grade 06, for a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) sized landing force. A PHIBGRU is made up of about 20 amphibious assault ships. It is commanded by a Rear Admiral one/two stars for a MEF (FWD). The officer in charge of the JTF, which consists of the entire Amphibious Fleet and the MPF, called the CINC. This is a Vice Admiral for a MEF sized operation.

In order to conduct MEF size operations a "Swing" concept must be utilized. This requires movement of either east coast or west coast PHIBGRUs to one coast to provide lift for assault echelon of MEF. Assault Follow-On Echelon of MEF will move by turn around shipping, MSC black bottoms and AMC A/C. Other ships and units may also be included as required.

4. PRINCIPLES OF AMPHIBIOUS TASK ORGANIZATION . The considerations that govern task organization of forces for any combat operation apply to amphibious operations; nevertheless, the requirement to integrate ships, aircraft, and ground units for concerted action requires interface between subordinate elements of components to accomplish mutual tasks. This interface requires special emphasis of three principles.

Task grouping is the first principle. Units within each component are organized into subordinate task organizations to accomplish specific tasks. Parallel task organizations are established by components to accomplish mutual, interrelated tasks. The second principle is economy of force. Embark only those units, supplies, and equipment required for the operation. The third principle is parallel chains of command. These are established at all levels between commanders within the navy force, landing force and other forces in order to effect coordination for planning and execution of mutual tasks. The CATF, CLF, and other separate force commanders are at the same corresponding command level. All of these officers are co-equal for planning purposes; the CATF acts as coordinator.

The designated Amphibious Force Commander exercises OPCON over the Amphibious Force unit commanders and other separate force commanders for execution. Corresponding task organization commanders are established at each subordinate level within components to coordinate planning and execution of mutual tasks. Finally, collocation of parallel chains of command is essential to facilitate coordination of mutual efforts between subordinate task organizations of components, but command authority is exercised through the normal chain of command within each component.

5. TASK GROUPING OF AN AMPHIBIOUS FORCE. Some typical task groups common to most operations are outlined below. Remember that this is only a typical breakdown and details will vary from Amphibious Force to Amphibious Force depending on the number of ships and size of navy forces involved. For simplicity, two or more or these groups could be combined and their function be accomplished by a subordinate task unit of the group concerned. Some groups may be deleted entirely and others may be added according to the forces assigned and the situation.

5.1. Command/Special Operations Group. The Command/Special Operations Group contains the Flagship for CATF and CLF. A Tactical Air Control Unit, provided by TACGRU-2 to operate necessary ship borne agencies for CATF to exercise overall control of Amphibious Force air operations is part of this group. There is a Special Warfare Unit, provided by SPECWARGRU-2. It may include SDV teams for amphibious reconnaissance/ underwater demolition, SEALS for unconventional warfare, and patrol gunboats from SPECBOATRON-2 (Could be formed as separate Task Group). A Naval Beach Party Unit is provided by NAVBEACHGRU-2. It includes BMU-2 and NAVCHAPGRU elements; elements of PHIBCB-2. Both the Special Warfare Unit and the Naval Beach Party Groups can be included or formed as separate Task Group.

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5.2. Transport/Assault Group . For Amphibious Force's with MEU-sized landing forces, normally only one transport/assault group is formed, though more may be organized for special situations and for MEF-sized landing forces. The amphibious assault ships, which embark and land units, supplies, and equipment of the landing force, are included in this group. This group also includes assault landing craft from ACU-2 and ACU-4, such as LCU's, LCM-8's and LCAC's. This group may be subdivided into surface transport/assault unit(s), helicopter transport/assault unit(s), and reserve/demonstration unit to parallel landing force task organization if separate task groups not formed for these functions.

5.3. Attack Group . An attack group is a subordinate task organization of the navy force. It is composed of assault shipping and supporting naval units designated to transport, protect, land, and support a landing group.

5.4. Landing Group . A landing group is a subordinate task organization of the landing force. It is composed of specially organized, trained, and equipped troops, including aviation units when assigned, capable of conducting amphibious operations.

5.5. Ship-to-Shore Control Group . This group is activated only for conducting the assault landing, and contains two subordinate units. The Surface Assault Control Unit consists of designated ships, craft, and personnel to control surface assault landing over particular landing beaches. Helicopter Assault Control Unit is made up of designated ships, craft, and personnel to control helicopter borne assault landing.

5.6. Screening/Protection Group. This group is made up of cruisers, destroyers, and frigates assigned by the CINC to protect the Amphibious Force enroute to and while operating in the amphibious objective area. (AOA) Other forces, such as Maritime Patrol Aircraft and submarines, maybe assigned by the CINC and maybe included in the screening/protection group.

5.7. Naval Surface Fire Support Group . The Naval Fire Support Group is activated to support assault landing and operations ashore; ships provided by/rotated with those of the screening/protection group. (It is common to organize a combined screening/naval gunfire support group. New terminology calls this a surface fire support group due to the inclusion of Harpoon and Tomahawk missiles). If sufficient ships are available, they may be task organized into general support and direct support naval surface fire support units.

5.8. Mine Warfare Group . Mine Counter Measure platforms from mine squadrons provide support in conjunction with or independent of allied countermine assets. Staff may embark in a suitably configured amphibious ship designated for this purpose.

5.9. Movement Group(s). The movement group is activated if main body of a large Amphibious Force is to move in two or more subdivisions to the objective area. Movement groups are dissolved when the Amphibious Force effects a rendezvous and moves/operates as a single force. At that time ships/units will CHOP to other task groups. It is common to organize fast and slow movement groups. Each movement group is relatively self-contained, to include capabilities for protection. A typical movement group might be organized into one or more transport task units (amphibious assault ships) and one or more screening task units (cruisers, destroyers and/or frigates).

5.10. Tactical Deception Group. A Tactical Deception Group may be formed to conduct demonstration or other deception operations. When dissolved, ships and units CHOP to other task groups.

5.11. Advance Force. A task group formed to conduct Advance Force operations. It is dissolved upon arrival of the main body of the Amphibious Force in the objective area and its ships/units CHOP to other task groups.

5.12. The following task groups are found normally in large Amphibious Forces only. These capabilities are usually provided by external forces as supporting operations for smaller Amphibious Forces:

5.12.1. Support Carrier Group. Cruisers, destroyers, and/or frigates act as escorts for the carrier(s). Air-wing provides increased supporting arms capability and decreases the defensive requirements of the Amphibious Force. The carrier group may include submarine(s) for subsurface escort.

5.12.2. Replenishment Group. The replenishment group supports the carrier group may provide fleet auxiliary ships. Underway replenishment capability is critical to force sustainment. Amphibious forces are able to conduct unlimited presence operations because of the logistic support from the replenishment group.

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6. AMPHIBIOUS FORCE STAFF ORGANIZATION. The Amphibious Force staff is organized to provide the best leadership, management and command and control possible. The staff is divided into two structures: The Naval staff structure and the MAGTF staff structure. This section will define responsibilities of members of both staffs.

6.1. CATF . The Commander Amphibious Task Force is the senior naval officer in the organization. The commander not only acts as the Commander Amphibious Task Force, but also commands the Naval Force.

6.2. CHIEF OF STAFF/CHIEF STAFF OFFICER . The Chief of staff directs the staff in production of all planning directives and memoranda emanating from the Amphibious Force staff. Also supervises the preparation, promulgation and execution of operational plans and orders.

6.3. ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER (N-1) . The N-1 handles all official correspondence and runs the staff administrative office. The N-1 also maintains personnel records.

6.4. INTELLIGENCE OFFICER (N-2) . The N-2 collects, evaluates, and disseminates pertinent military intelligence. Also, serves as a liaison with other intelligence sources/ agencies. Has responsibility for hydrographic and terrain studies and prepares Intelligence Annex/OPTASK INTEL. The N-2 also coordinates staff Intel briefings

6.5. OPERATIONS OFFICER (N-3) The N-3 prepares staff planning directives and memorandum for basic operational orders task organization. Also keeps the staff informed of standard fleet operating procedures current tactical doctrine, rules of engagement and changes in operational control. The N-3 has responsibility for preparing op plans and orders and acts as liaison with supporting commanders. An additional duty of the N-3 is to act as the Staff C2W officer

6.6. CURRENT OPERATIONS/SHIP-TO-SHORE MOVEMENT OFFICER (N-32). The N-32 supervises operational employment of assigned units and prepares operational plans such as the OPTASK AMPHIB and other plans dealing with AAW, ASUW and ASW support and related areas within the amphibious operation and in the AOA.

6.7. SUPPORTING ARMS COORDINATOR (N-33) The N-33 is the CATF's NGFS, air support, and artillery assistant. Acts as staff gunnery officer and maintains combat charts and NGFS pubs and coordinates supporting arms in the AOA and maintains the Amphibious Force target list.

6.8. COMBAT CARGO OFFICER (N-36) (N-8 on PHIBRON) The Combat Cargo Officer acts as the liaison with troop and cargo officers in other commands, keeps abreast of new developments in cargo handling procedures and keeps account of long-range operational load commitments by maintaining up to date Ship’s Loading Characteristics Pamphlets (SLCP's) on all assigned units. The Combat Cargo Officer also assists ship combat cargo officers with preparation of loading plans.

6.9. SPECIAL WARFARE OFFICER. The Special Warfare Officer is a SEAL officer TAD from COMNAVSPECWARGRU 2 providing CATF with special operations expertise. The Special Warfare Officer assumes staff cognizance for all SPECWAR TASK UNIT detachment matters, coordinates with fleet and other external staffs to explore opportunities for SEAL detachments to support fleet operations across the spectrum of warfare specialties. The Special Warfare Officer also prepares and/or reviews plans for SEAL participation in operations and exercises, effects liaison with associated UW/SPECWAR units and assists the operations and plans officer in any area of specific expertise.

6.10. COMBAT LOGISTICS/MATERIAL OFFICER (N-4). The N-4 reviews shipyard overhaul lists of assigned units, reviews emergency work requests for assigned units (CASREPs). The N-4 also reviews engineering and damage control training of assigned units, arranges for necessary logistics support within the squadron (consolidated LOGREQ) and supervises logistics, material, engineering sections of plans, orders and directives

6.11. PLANS/POLICIES/EXERCISES OFFICER (N-5). The N-5 assists commander in long range/future planning, prepares operational plans and orders for the employment of CBR weapons and promulgates ship-to-shore portion of op orders/OPTASK AMPHIB. The N-5 also maintains complete war plans and current contingency plans.

6.12. COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER (N-6). The N-6 prepares comm plans and directives (OPTASK COMMS) in conjunction with the G/S-6 and directs flagship and squadron communications. The N-6 is also responsible for preparing the comm annex and tracks the material status of C4I equipment on all assigned units

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6.13. TACTICAL AIR OFFICER (CPG2) Provided by N-8, the Tactical Air Officer prepares Air Operations Appendix to OPORDER and assists in preparation of the anti-air warfare appendix and assists in helo ship-to-shore movement appendix. The CPG2 also briefs air units and other commands in air matters, assists in collection and preparation of aviation intelligence and acts as tactical air officer and/or tactical air control center director. Finally the CPG2 is responsible for execution of air operation plan, including coordination or control of all aircraft entering or passing through the Amphibious Objective Area (AOA).

6.14. NAVAL BEACH GROUP (COMNAVBEACHGRU 2). COMNAVBEACHGRU2 acts as the liaison with staff of Assault Craft Unit, Beachmaster, and PHIBCB detachments assigned to the squadron and directs and coordinates training and administration of naval beach group activities. COMNAVBEACHGRU2 also ensures waterborne craft and causeways are effectively used; provides BMU, PHIBCB and ACU tactical components as elements of the Landing Force Shore Party/Beach Party Team in landing one BLT over one numbered beach and assists the N-31 in preparation of ship-to-shore movement section of the OPTASK AMPHIB.

6.15. CATF SURGEON. The CATF Surgeon directs and coordinates the Fleet Surgical Team (FST) training and administration and advises CATF on all medical matters. The CATF Surgeon also develops the mass casualty plan and recommends selection of Primary Casualty Receiving and Treatment Ship (PCRTS)

7. MAGTF Staff Structure/Responsibilities

COMMANDER (CLF) – Known as the Commander Landing Force, the CLF commands all troop components in the MAGTF.

CHIEF OF STAFF/EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Chief of Staff or XO is responsible for the direction, coordination and supervision of the staff and reviews and approves all planning directives and memoranda emanating from the staff. Also responsible for supervising preparation, promulgation and execution of OPLANS and orders.

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER (G/S-1). The G/S-1 maintains personnel records, arranges for combat replacements and runs the Graves registration section. Also responsible for the processing of Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW's). Finally, the G/S-1 section is responsible for the morale, discipline, law and order of the troops in the MAGTF.

INTELLIGENCE OFFICER (G/S-2). The G/S-2 is responsible for the collection, evaluation, production and dissemination of pertinent military intelligence, including: special Intelligence and SIGINT collection and terrain and weather studies. The G/S-2 prepares Intelligence Annex and conducts Counterintelligence and Enemy studies

OPERATIONS OFFICER (G/S-3). The G/S-3 prepares staff planning directives and memorandum for tactical employment of units, task organization, and NBC warfare employment sections of operational plans and orders. Also allocates forces among task organization to accomplish mission, directs Fire Support and Electronic Warfare planning and acts as the Force C2W officer.

LOGISTICS OFFICER (G/S-4). The G/S-4 coordinates the logistic and combat service support functions of Supply, Maintenance Transportation Medical/Dental, Passenger and freight transport, Engineer and landing support Material handling and food services.

COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OFFICER (G/S-6). The G/S-6 advises and assists the commander in areas concerning communications, prepares comm. plans and directives in conjunction with the N-6, and directs communications and information systems. The G-6 is also responsible for command and control systems.

SPECIAL STAFF . These officers augment the core staff to fulfill many responsibilities such as: Fire Support Coordinator, Air Officer, Electronic Warfare Officer, Embarkation Officer, Communications Electronics Officer and Motor Transportation Officer

8. ATF Chain of Command The ATF is commanded by a Navy officer designated as Commander Amphibious Task Force (CATF); he normally also commands the navy force of the ATF. The commander of all troop components within the amphibious task force is called the Commander Landing Force (CLF). He can be either Marine Corps or Army.

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9. Task Force Composition The nucleus of the task force is made up of (in this case) PHIBGRUTWO and its PHIBRONS. As discussed earlier, the size of the nucleus is determined by the size of the landing force. A PHIBRON, which is a squadron consisting of 3-5 amphibious assault ships is commanded by a Commodore (Captain pay grade 06) for an ATF with a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) sized landing force. A PHIBGRU is made up of about 20 amphibious assault ships. It is commanded by a Rear Admiral Lower Half/Rear Admiral (one/two stars) for a MEF (FWD). The JTF, which consists of the entire Amphib Fleet plus the MPF, is commanded by a Vice Admiral for a MEF sized operation. In order to conduct MEF size operations a "Swing" concept must be utilized. This requires movement of either east coast or west coast PHIBGRUs to one coast to provide lift for assault echelon of MEF.

10. Task Groups Within the task force, there are smaller groups of ships that work toward a specified purpose. These groups are called Task Groups. Some typical task groups common to most operations are outlined below. Remember, this is only a typical breakdown and details will vary from ATF to ATF depending on the number of ships and size of navy forces involved.

10.1. Command/Special Operations Group(s) Elements of the Command/Special Operations Group may include the Flagship for CATF and CLF. The Tactical Air Control Unit, which is provided by TACGRU-2 to operate necessary ship borne agencies for CATF to exercise overall control of ATF air operations, may also be included.

10.2. Special Warfare Unit . Provided by SPECWARGRU-2 and may include SDV teams for amphibious reconnaissance/ underwater demolition, SEALS for unconventional warfare, and patrol gunboats from SPECBOATRON-2 (Could be formed as separate Task Group).

10.3. Naval Beach Party Unit . Provided by NAVBEACHGRU-2 and includes BMU-2 and NAVCHAPGRU elements; elements of PHIBCB-2 could be included or formed as separate Task Group.

10.4. Transport/Assault Group(s). For ATF's with MEU-sized landing forces, normally only one transport/assault group is formed; more may be organized for special situations and for MEF-sized landing forces. Elements of the Transport/Assault Group may include amphibious assault ships which embark and land units, supplies, and equipment of the landing force. This includes assault landing craft from ACU-2 and ACU-4, such as LCU's, LCM-8's and LCAC's. The transport/assault groups may be subdivided into surface transport/assault unit(s), helicopter transport/assault unit(s), and reserve/demonstration unit to parallel landing force task organization if separate task groups not formed for these functions.

10.5. Attack Group . An attack group is a subordinate task organization of the navy force. It is composed of assault shipping and supporting naval units designated to transport, protect, land, and support a landing group.

10.6. Landing Group. A landing group is a subordinate task organization of the landing force. It is composed of specially organized, trained, and equipped troops, including aviation units when assigned, capable of conducting amphibious operations.

10.7. Ship-to-Shore Control Group. Activated only for conducting the assault landing. Elements of the Ship-to Shore Group include the Surface Assault Control Unit and the Helicopter Assault Control Unit. Each of these units are designated ships, craft, and personnel to control surface assault landing over particular landing beaches, or to control helicopter borne assault landings.

10.8. Screening/Protection Group. Cruisers, destroyers, and frigates assigned by the CINC to protect ATF enroute to and while operating in the amphibious objective area. (AOA). Other forces, such as Maritime Patrol Aircraft and submarines, maybe assigned by the CINC and maybe included in the screening/protection group.

10.9. Naval Gunfire Support Group. The Naval Gunfire Support Group is activated to support assault landings and operations ashore; ships provided by/rotated with those of the screening/protection group. (It is common to organize a combined screening/naval gunfire support group. New terminology calls this a surface fire support group due to the inclusion of Harpoon and Tomahawk missiles). If sufficient ships are available, they may be task organized into general support and direct support naval gunfire support units.

10.10. Mine Warfare Group . Mine Counter Measure platforms from mine squadrons provide support in conjunction with or independent of allied countermine assets. Staff may embark in a suitably configured amphibious ship designated for this purpose if USS INCHON is unavailable.

10.11. Secondary Group(s) In addition to these primary groups that may participate in the operations of an ATF; there are secondary groups that may also be called upon. These groups include:

10.12. Movement Group(s). The Movement Group is activated if the main body of a large ATF is to move in two or more subdivisions to the objective area. Movement groups are dissolved when the ATF reaches a rendezvous point and moves/operates as a single force. At that time ships/units will CHOP to other task groups. It is common to organize into fast and slow movement groups, in order to have ships of similar speed travel together. Each movement group is relatively self-contained, to include capabilities for protection. A typical movement group might be organized into one

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or more transport task units (amphibious assault ships) and one or more screening task units (cruisers, destroyers and/or frigates).

10.13. Tactical Deception Group. The Tactical Deception Group may be formed to conduct demonstration or other deception operations. When dissolved, ships and units CHOP to other task groups.

10.14. Advance Force . The Advance Force is a task group formed to conduct pre-assault operations. It is dissolved upon arrival of the main body of the ATF in the objective area and its ships/units CHOP to other task groups.

10.15. Support Groups The following task groups are found normally in large ATFs only. For smaller ATF’s, these capabilities are usually provided by external forces acting as support.

10.16. Support Carrier Group . The Support Carrier Group is made up of cruisers, destroyers, and/or frigates that act as escorts for the carrier(s). Air-wing provides increased supporting arms capability and decreases the defensive requirements of ATF. The carrier group may include submarine(s) for subsurface escort.

10.17. Replenishment Group . The fleet auxiliary ships of the replenishment group may be provided by the support carrier group. Underway replenishment capability is critical to force sustainment. Without logistic support from the replenishment group, amphibious forces are unable to conduct unlimited presence operations.

11. ATF Staff Organization The AFT staff is organized much like the typical line unit. There are officers and departments in

charge of all phases of the operation. The staff is organized into two sections. The Naval Staff structure handles all of the activities from the Naval side and the MAGTF Staff structure handles the Landing Team and USMC responsibilities. Both of these staffs MUST cooperate and coordinate in order to have a successful operation. The responsibilities for each “major” billet and department head are listed below.

12. Naval Staff Structure/Responsibilities . The structure and responsibilities of each member of the Naval staff of the ATF are explained in the following section.

12.1. Commander, Amphibious Task Force (ATF). The Commander, Amphibious Task Force is the senior naval officer attached to the task force. As such, this officer carries the dual responsibilities of commanding the ATF and the Naval Force.

12.2. Chief of Staff/Chief Staff Officer . The Chief of Staff or Chief Staff Officer directs the staff in production of all planning directives and memoranda emanating from the ATF headquarters. The Chief of Staff/Chief Staff Officer also supervises the preparation, promulgation and execution of operational plans and orders.

12.3. Administrative Officer (N-1). The Administrative Officer handles official correspondence and runs the staff administrative offices. Also responsible for maintenance of personnel records.

12.4. Intelligence Officer (N-2). The job of the Intelligence Officer is to collect, evaluate and disseminate pertinent military intelligence. In performing this job, the Intelligence officer may work with other intelligence sources or agencies, as well as conduct hydrographic and terrain studies. The intelligence officer also prepares the Intelligence Annex/. OPTASKINTEL and coordinates staff Intel briefings.

12.5. Operations Officer (N-3). The Operations Officer prepares staff planning directives and memorandum for basic operational task organization. The Operations Officer also keeps the staff informed of standard fleet operating procedures, current tactical doctrine, rules of engagement and changes in operational control. The Operations Officer also prepares op plans and orders and acts as liaison with supporting commanders. The Operations Officer serves as the Staff C2W officer.

12.6. Current Operations/Ship-to-Shore Movement Officer (N-32). The Current Operations /Ship to Shore Movement Officer supervises operational employment of assigned units. Also prepares operational plans such as the OPTASK AMOHIB and other plans dealing with AAW, ASUW, and ASW support related areas within the amphibious operation and AOA.

12.7. Supporting Arms Coordinator (N-33). The Supporting Arms Coordinator acts as the assistant to the CATF for matters concerning NGFS, air support, and artillery support. This officer acts as staff gunnery officer and maintains combat charts and NGFS publications, and coordinates supporting arms in the AOA and maintains the ATF target list.

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12.8. Combat Cargo Officer (N-35) (N-8 on PHIBRON) . The Combat Cargo Officer acts as the liaison with troop and cargo officers in other commands. In performing their assigned duties, they must keep abreast of new developments in cargo handling procedures. They must also keep account of long-range operational load commitments. This is done by maintaining up to date Ship’s Loading Characteristics Pamphlets (SLCPs) on all assigned units. The Combat Cargo Officer also assists ship combat cargo officers with preparation of loading plans.

12.9. Special Warfare Officer. The Special Warfare Officer is a SEAL officer TAD from COMNAVSPECWARGRU 2. This officer provides the CATF with special operations expertise, and assumes staff cognizance for all SPECWAR TASK UNIT detachment matters. The Special Warfare Officer coordinates with fleet and other external staffs to explore opportunities for SEAL detachments to support fleet actions across the spectrum of warfare specialties. Preparation and/or review of plans for SEAL participation in operations and exercises and liaison with associated UW/SPECWAR units are also part of the Special Warfare Officer’s job, as is providing assistance to the operations and plans officer in any area of specific expertise.

12.10. Combat Logistics/Material Officer (N-4). The Combat Logistics/Material Officer reviews shipyard overhaul lists of assigned units, reviews emergency work requests for assigned units, and reviews engineering and damage control training of assigned units. Also arranges for necessary logistics support within the squadron (consolidated LOGREQ) and supervises logistics, material, and engineering sections of plans, orders and directives.

12.11. Plans/Policies/Exercises Officer (N-5). The Plans/Policies/Exercises Officer assists the commander in long range and future planning. Also prepares operational plans and orders for the employment of CBR weapons. Promulgates ship-to-shore portion of op orders/OPTASK AMPHIB, and maintains complete war plans and current contingency plans.

12.12. Communications Officer (N-6). The Communications Officer prepares communications plans and directives (OPTASK COMMS) in conjunction with the G/S-6. Also directs flagship and squadron communications, prepares comm. annex and tracks material status of C4I equipment on all assigned units.

12.13. Tactical Air Officer. The Tactical Air Officer prepares Air Operations Appendix to OPORDER and assists in preparation of the anti-air warfare appendix, assists in helo ship-to-shore movement appendix and briefs air units and other commands in air matters. Other duties include assisting in collection and preparation of aviation intelligence and acting as tactical air officer and/or tactical air control center director. Is responsible for execution of air operation plan, including coordination or control of all aircraft entering or passing through the Amphibious Objective Area (AOA).

12.14. Naval Beach Group (COMNAVBEACHGRU2). The commander, Naval Beach Group is responsible for liaison with the Assault Craft Unit, Beachmaster, and PHIBCB detachments assigned to the squadron. They direct and coordinate training and administration of naval beach group activities and ensure waterborne craft and causeways are effectively used. Provides BMU, PHIBCB and ACU tactical components as elements of the Landing Force Shore Party/Beach Party Team in landing one BLT over one numbered beach and assists the N-31 in preparation of ship-to-shore movement section of the OPTASK AMPHIB.

12.15. CATF Surgeon. The CATF Surgeon directs and coordinates the Fleet Surgical Team (FST) training and administration and advises CATF on all medical matters. Develops mass casualty plan and recommends selection of Primary Casualty Receiving and Treatment Ship (PCRTS).

13. MAFTF Staff Structure/Responsibilities . The structure and responsibilities of each member of the Naval staff of the ATF are explained in the following section.

13.1. Commander Landing Force. The Commander Landing Force (CLF) commands all troop components of the Landing Force.

13.2. Chief of Staff/Executive Officer. The Chief of Staff/Executive Officer is responsible for the direction, coordination and supervision of the staff. Also reviews and approves all planning of Landing Force operations.

13.3. Assistant Chiefs of Staff. There are five Assistant Chiefs of Staff that help the Chief of Staff and CLF carry out their daily duties.

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13.4. ADMINISTRATIVE (G/S-1). The Administrative Officer maintains personnel records, arranges for combat replacements, is in charge of graves registration and has responsibility for the administration of Enemy Prisoners of War (EPW's). Also has responsibility for the morale, discipline, law and order among the troops.

13.5. INTELLIGENCE OFFICER (G/S-2). The Intelligence Officer’s responsibilities include collection, evaluation, production and dissemination of pertinent military intelligence; special intelligence and SIGINT collection, terrain and weather studies and preparation of intelligence Annex. Also conducts counterintelligence and enemy studies.

13.6. OPERATIONS OFFICER (G/S-3). The Operations Officer prepares staff planning directives and memorandum for tactical employment of units, task organization, and NBC warfare employment sections of operational plans and orders. Also responsible for the allocation of forces among task organization to accomplish mission. The Operations Officer directs fire support and electronic warfare planning and acts as the force C2W officer.

13.7. LOGISTICS OFFICER (G/S-4). The Logistics Officer coordinates the logistic and combat service support functions of supply, maintenance, transportation, medical/dental, passenger and freight transport, engineer and landing support and material handling and food services.

13.8. COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OFFICER (G/S-6). The Command, Control and Communications Systems Officer advises and assists the commander in areas concerning communications, prepares communications plans and directives in conjunction with the N-6, and directs communications and information systems. Also responsible for command and control systems.

13.9. SPECIAL STAFF. These officers augment the core staff to fulfill many responsibilities such as Fire Support Coordinator, Air Officer, Electronic Warfare Officer, Embarkation Officer, Communications Electronics Officer and Motor Transportation Officer.

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Section 6.

MAGTF Organization

1. Maritime Strategy The United States is a maritime nation with coastlines on two oceans. Throughout history the United States Marine Corps has been called upon to respond to crisis situations around the globe of varying degrees. The Marine Corps prides itself as being the nation's force in readiness. Our ability to respond to virtually any contingency is best manifested in the employment of our Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTFs) as landing forces (LF) of the United States Navy. The United States is a maritime nation and depends on sea lines of communications for economic trade and to exercise international policy. It is imperative these sea lines of communication remain open at all times to allow military and economic traffic. Strategic chokepoints are those areas along sea lines of communications, which restrict movement of surface vessels due to geographic features. Strategic chokepoints may be as narrow as the Straits of Gibraltar or the Panama Canal, or as wide as the GIUK Gap (an imaginary line drawn from Greenland, to Iceland, to the United Kingdom).

2. Marine Corps' Mission According to the National Security Act of 1947 (10 U.S.C. 5063), "The Marine Corps...shall be organized as to include not less than 3 combat divisions and 3 aircraft wings, and such other land combat, aviation, and other services as may be organic therein.... organized, trained, and equipped to provide Fleet Marine Forces of combined arms, together with a supporting air component, for service with the fleet in the seizure or defense of advance naval bases, and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign." In order to carry out this mission, the Marine Corps has developed the following strategic concept. “A versatile, expeditionary force in readiness", “...a balanced force for a naval campaign and a ground and air striking force...” ”...always at a high state of combat readiness", "ready to suppress or contain international disturbances short of war", "...to be the most ready when the nation generally is least ready." House Armed Services Committee, Congress of the United States, 1952

3. Marine Forces Marine Corps operating forces are drawn from a reservoir we call the Marine Force. From these reservoirs we can task organize our forces and create MAGTFs of any size or composition and tailor them to accomplish any mission.

3.1. Commands . Within the Marine Corps, different commands provide the operating forces with the equipment and personnel required to carry out the mission. Marine Forces Atlantic (MARFORLANT) provides Marines and equipment to the deploying Marine Force in the Atlantic, while Marine Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC) provides Marines and equipment to the deploying Marine Force in the Pacific. Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC) provides the administrative infrastructure and control for MARFORLANT and MARFORPAC. Marine Forces Reserves (MARRES) provides trained and qualified units and individuals to be available for active duty in time of war, national emergency, and at such times as the national security may require.

3.2. Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) MAGTFs are balanced, combined-arms forces with organic ground, aviation and sustainment elements. They are flexible task-organized forces that can respond rapidly to a contingency anywhere in the world and are able to conduct a variety of missions. MAGTF operations are built on a foundation of six special core competencies those competencies are: Expeditionary readiness; Expeditionary operations; Combined-arms; Forcible entry from the sea; Sea based operations and Reserve integration, using other MAGTFs or joint or coalition forces. Although sometimes employed independently, MAGTF operations of an independent nature would likely be limited in both scope and duration. In most cases, the MAGTF will function under the control of a unified, sub-unified, or joint task force command. MAGTFs range in size from the smallest (which can number from fewer than 100 to 3,000 Marines) to the largest (which can number from 40,000 to 100,000 Marines). There are four basic sizes/types of MAGTFs: Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) and Special Purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF).

Regardless of the size of the MAGTF, all have the same basic structure. There are four elements of a MAGTF: the command element (CE), the ground combat element, (GCE), the aviation combat element (ACE), and the combat service support element (CSSE).

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1. Command Element (CE). The command element is task organized to provide command and control capabilities (including intelligence and communications) necessary for effective planning, direction, and execution of all operations. The CE is composed of the MAGTF Commander, Deputy Commander, General Staff and Special Staff. Several key aspects of the CE are different from those of its major subordinate commands. The CE’s functions include driving operations, requesting and integrating joint capabilities, collecting intelligence, deep, close and rear operations, deception and psychological operations. The CE is also responsible for NBC weapons systems, command, control, communications and intelligence, MAGTF concept of operations and task organization of the MAGTF forces. Functional responsibilities are the same for each echelon of command within the MAGTF. These functional areas serve to establish the focus of effort of the MAGTF CE. Functional elements of the MAGTF CE are: Manpower and Administration (G-1), Intelligence (G-2), Operations (G-3) including current and future operations sections, Logistics/Combat Service Support (G-4), Command, and Control Warfare (C2W), Mobility/Countermobility/Survivability, Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC), Air Operations and Air Defense.

Ground Combat Element (GCE). The GCE is task-organized to conduct ground operations in support of the MAGTF mission. It is normally formed around an infantry organization reinforced with requisite artillery, reconnaissance, armor, and engineer forces and can vary in size and composition from a rifle platoon to one or more Marine divisions. It has some organic combat service support capability.

Aviation Combat Element (ACE). The ACE is task-organized to support the MAGTF mission by performing some or all of the six functions of Marine aviation. It is normally built around an aviation organization that is augmented with appropriate air command and control, combat, combat support, and CSS units. The ACE can operate effectively from ships, expeditionary airfields, or austere forward operating sites and can readily and routinely transition between sea bases and expeditionary airfields without loss of capability. The ACE can vary in size and composition from an aviation detachment with specific capabilities to one or more Marine Air Wings (MAW).

Combat Service Support Element (CSSE). Task organized to provide the full range of CSS functions and capabilities needed to support the continued readiness and sustainability of the MAGTF as a whole. It is formed around a CSS headquarters and may vary in size and composition from a support detachment to one or more Marine Force Service Support Group (FSSG).

Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) A MEF is the largest and most capable MAGTF. Because the MEF can deploy with a formidable fighting force that can sustain itself, it is the Marine Corps' "Force of Choice". It is normally composed of one or more Marine divisions, Marine air wings, and Force service support groups. A Lieutenant General normally commands a MEF. It comes with 60 days of sustainment and the CE is capable acting as a joint/combined headquarters. The Marine Corps maintains three permanent MEF Headquarters in order to carry out the Marine Corps’ mission. These headquarters are: I MEF located at Camp Pendleton, California; II MEF located at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and III MEF at Okinawa, Japan.

A MEF's typical composition provides for the following elements: Command Element (CE) (MEF HQ), Ground Combat Element (GCE) (MARINE DIVISION), Aviation Combat Element (ACE) (MARINE AIR WING), and Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) (FORCE SERVICE SUPPORT GROUP).

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Marine Division (MarDiv). The MarDiv is the largest permanent organization of ground combat power in the Fleet Marine Force. A MarDiv may be employed as the GCE of a large landing force or provide Regimental (RLT) and/or Battalion Landing Teams (BLT) for employment with smaller landing forces. Major subordinate elements of the MarDiv are: Infantry Regiment (X3), Artillery Regiment, Tank Battalion, Light Armor Reconnaissance Battalion, Assault Amphibian Battalion, Combat Engineer Battalion, and Headquarters Battalion

Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW). The MAW is the largest organization of aviation combat power in the FMF. There are three active duty MAWs and one reserve. A MAW, which is commanded by a Major General, may be employed as the ACE of a large landing force or provide composite Marine Aircraft Groups and/or squadrons to be employed with smaller landing forces. There are four major subordinate elements of the MAW. 1.) The Marine Air Group (MAG) is comprised of Fixed wing squadrons (VMFA, VMA, VMGR), Rotary wing squadrons (HMH, HMM, HML, HML/A), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle squadrons (VMU). 2.) The Marine Wing Support Group (MWSG) provides all essential ground support requirements to aid designated fixed-or-rotary wing components. 3.) The mission of the Marine Air Control Group (MACG) is to provide, operate, and maintain the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). It coordinates all aspects of air command and control and air defense within the MAW. This includes the Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron/Tactical Air Command Center (TACC), the Marine Air Control Squadron/Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC), the Marine Air Support Squadron/Direct Air Support Center (DASC, Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion/Battery (LAAD Bn/Btry – Stinger/60 Avengers) and Marine Wing Communications Squadron (MWCS). 4.) The Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron (MWHS) carries out the administrative functions of the Wing.

Force Service Support Group (FSSG). The Force Service Support Group is the largest composite grouping of combat service support units in the FMF. There are three active duty FSSGs and one reserve FSSG. Each FSSG, which is normally commanded by a Brigadier General, may be employed as the CSSE of a large landing force or provide a task organized CSSE for employment with smaller landing forces. Major subordinate units of the FSSG are Headquarters and Service Battalion, Engineer Support Battalion, Medical Battalion, Dental Battalion, Maintenance Battalion, Transportation Support Battalion and Supply Battalion

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Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) The Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) is the mid-sized MAGTF and is normally commanded by a brigadier general. The MEB bridges the gap between the MEU, at the tip of the spear, and the MEF, our principal war fighter. With 30 days of sufficient supplies for sustained operations, the MEB is capable of conducting amphibious assault operations and maritime prepositioning force (MPF) operations. During potential crisis situations, a MEB may be forward deployed afloat for an extended period in order to provide an immediate combat response. A MEB can operate independently or serve as the advance echelon of a MEF. The MEB CE is embedded in the MEF CE and identified by line number for training and rapid deployment. The MEB can provide supported CINC’s with a credible war fighting capability that is rapidly deployable and possesses the capability to impact all elements of the battlespace. If required, a MEB CE is capable of assuming the role of JTF Headquarters for small operations with additional MEF CE augmentation. As an expeditionary force, it is capable of rapid employment and employment via amphibious shipping, strategic air/sealift, geographical or maritime prepositioning force assets, or any combination thereof. There are three standing MEB command elements: 1st Marine Expeditionary Brigade, assigned within I Marine Expeditionary Force, and located at Camp Pendleton, CA; 2d Marine Expeditionary Brigade, assigned within II Marine Expeditionary Force, and located at Camp Lejeune, NC; and 3d Marine Expeditionary Brigade, assigned within III Marine Expeditionary Force, and located in Okinawa, Japan. 1st and 2d MEB CEs were activated in November 1999. 3d MEB CE was activated in January 2000.

Task Organization. The composition of a MEB varies according to the mission, forces assigned, and the area of operations. A MEB is typically organized four elements; the MEB Command Element, Regimental Landing Team (GCE) Marine Aircraft Group (ACE), and the Brigade Service Support Group (CSSE)

MEB Command Element. The MEB command element will provide command and control for the elements of the MEB. When missions are assigned, the notional MEB command element is tailored with required support to accomplish the mission. Detachments are assigned, as necessary, to support subordinate elements. The MEB CE is fully capable of executing all of the staff functions of a MAGTF (administration and personnel, intelligence, operations and training, logistics, plans, communications and information systems, PAO, SJA, Comptroller, and COMSEC).

Ground Combat Element (GCE). The ground combat element (GCE) is normally formed around a reinforced infantry regiment. The GCE can be composed of from two to five battalion sized maneuver elements (infantry, tanks, LAR) with a regimental headquarters, plus artillery, Assault Amphibian Bn, reconnaissance, TOWs and engineers.

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Aviation Combat Element (ACE). The aviation combat element (ACE) is a composite Marine aircraft group (MAG) task-organized for the assigned mission. It usually includes both helicopters and fixed wing aircraft, and elements from the Marine wing support group and the Marine air control group. The MAG has more varied aviation capabilities than those of the aviation element of a MEU. The most significant difference is the ability to command and control aviation with the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS). The MAG is the smallest aviation unit designed for independent operations with no outside assistance except access to a source of supply. Each MAG is task-organized for the assigned mission and facilities from which it will operate. The ACE headquarters will be an organization built upon an augmented MAG.

Combat Service Support Element (CSSE). The brigade service support group (BSSG) is task organized to provide CSS beyond the capability of the supported air and ground elements. It is structured from personnel and equipment of the force service support group (FSSG). The BSSG provides the nucleus of the landing force support party (LFSP) and, with appropriate attachments from the GCE and ACE, has responsibility for the landing force support function when the landing force shore party group is activated.

The MEB is deployed via a continuous flow of task-organized forces building on MAGTFs. As an expeditionary force, it is capable of rapid deployment and employment via amphibious shipping, strategic air/sealift, marriage with geographical or maritime prepositioning force assets, or any combination thereof. The MEB deploys with sufficient supplies to sustain operations for 30 days. The MEB may be comprised of elements from MPF, ACF, or the ATF. Early command and control forward is critical, therefore a MEB will be deployed with enabling communications into theater as quickly as possible. The MEB provides operational agility to the MEB Commander and supports all war fighting functions: maneuver, intelligence, logistics, force protection, fires, and command headquarters or provided from other MAW assets.

Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) – MEU (SOC) In 1983, the Secretary of Defense directed each military service and defense agency to review their existing special operations capabilities and develop a plan for achieving the level of special operations capability required to combat both current and future low intensity conflicts and terrorist threats. In response, the Marine Corps instituted an aggressive SOC training program to optimize the inherent capability of MEUs to conduct selected maritime special operations. Progressive improvement in individual and unit skills attained through enhanced training and the addition of specialized equipment allow a MEU to execute a full range of conventional and selected maritime special operations. This is accomplished by means of dedicated and intensive pre-deployment training program of about 26 weeks that emphasizes personnel stabilization coupled with focused, standardized, and integrated Amphibious Ready Group (ARG)/MEU training. MEUs that have undergone this enhanced training program have been provided special equipment, and have successfully completed a thorough evaluation/certification under the cognizance of the Force Commander, shall be designated as SOC. The primary goal for all MEUs shall be certification and designation as SOC prior to deployment. The primary objective of the MEU (SOC) is to provide the National Command Authorities and geographic combatant commanders with an effective means of dealing with the uncertainties of future threats, by providing forward-deployed units which offer unique opportunities for a variety of quick reaction, sea-based, crisis response options, in either a conventional amphibious role, or in the execution of selected maritime special operations. "From the Sea" articulates the vision of MAGTF's participating in naval expeditionary forces of combined arms, which are task-organized, equipped, and trained to conduct forward presence and crisis response missions while operating in littoral areas of the world.

Organization Of The Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable). The forward deployed MEU (SOC) is uniquely organized and equipped to provide the naval or joint force commander with rapidly deployable, sea-based capability with 15 days of sustainment optimized for forward presence and crisis response missions. The MEU (SOC) may also serve as an enabling force for follow-on MAGTFs (or possibly joint/combined forces) in the event the situation or mission requires additional capabilities and resources. The MEU is comprised of a command element; a reinforced infantry battalion as the GCE; a composite helicopter squadron as the ACE; and a CSSE designated the MEU Service Support Group (MSSG). Currently there are 7 permanent MEUs. 11th, 13th, and 15th on the west coast at Camp Pendleton, CA., 22d, 24th and 26th on the east coast at Camp LeJeune and the 31st MEU in Okinawa, Japan. All MEUs have their own identical table of organization, table of equipment, and a separate monitor command code. Most importantly, there are always two deployed MEUs, two deploying MEUs and two MEUs doing the 26-week "work-up" to deployment. 31st MEU in Okinawa has recently begun participation in the regular 6-month deployment rotation.

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Command Element. The CE of the MEU (SOC) is a permanently established organization augmented to provide the command and control (C2) functions and the command, control, communications, computers and intelligence systems (C4I) necessary for effective planning and execution of all operations. In addition to permanently assigned Marines, the MEU CE is augmented with detachments from the MEF Headquarters Group (MHG) for deep reconnaissance, fire support, intelligence, electronic warfare, and communications. The MEU STAFF consists of Headquarters Section, Administration Section (S-1), including Staff Judge Advocate, Operations Section (S-3), Intelligence Section (S-2), Logistics Section (S-4), and Communications Section (S-6). ATTACHMENTS include the following units.

The MARINE LIAISON GROUP (MLG) DET is a supporting Arms Liaison Team. Normally assigned to the FSCC of a US Army or Allied battalion in joint or combined operations. This team normally consists of seven personnel. The Fire Control Team is task organized to perform universal spotter functions at the company level. This team normally consists of six personnel.

The FORCE RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY (FORECON) DET is a platoon sized unit used for preassault/deep post assault operations and performs as assault element of the Maritime Special Purpose Force. Specialized capabilities include parachute, SCUBA, and close quarter battle skills.

The RADIO BATTALION (RADBN) DET consists of a headquarters, processing and reporting element, sensitive information communication element, collection element, and an electronic countermeasures element. Provides tactical signal intelligence and electronic warfare support to include limited direction finding, intercept and jamming to the MEU commander.

The COMMUNICATIONS BATTALION (COMMBN) DET provides command and control communications for all operations.

The INTELLIGENCE BATTALION DET provides intelligence support for all operations. Included in this support are: an Interrogator Translator Team, which provides enhanced human intelligence through interrogation, debriefing, and screening; a Force Imagery Interpreter Unit Detachment, providing limited imagery interpretation support; Counterintelligence Team provides counterintelligence and human intelligence support; and a Topographic Platoon Detachment, which provides limited cartographic and terrain model building capability.

Maritime Special Purpose Force (MSPF). The MSPF is a unique task organization drawn from the MEU major subordinate elements. The MSPF is not designed to duplicate existing capabilities of Special Operation Forces, but is intended to focus on operations in a maritime environment. The MSPF provides the enhanced operational capability to complement or enable conventional operations or to execute special maritime operations. The MSPF cannot operate independently of its parent MEU. It relies on the MEU for logistics, intelligence, communications, transportation and supporting fires. Accordingly, command of the MSPF must remain under the control of the MEU commander. The MSPF is organized and trained to be rapidly tailored to meet a specific mission.

The MSPF is notionally comprised of five elements. The Command Element consists of the Commander, Comm. Det, Marine Liaison Group Det, Medical Section, Interrogator/Translator Team (ITT) Det and Counterintelligence (CI) Det.

The Covering Element is structured around rifle platoon provided by the Battalion Landing Team and may be augmented by the Naval Special Warfare Task Unit (NSWTU). The covering element will act as a reinforcing unit, a support unit, a diversionary unit, or an extraction unit.

The Strike Element is the focus of effort of the MSPF and is organized to perform assault, explosive breaching, internal security, and sniper functions. It can also have a FORECON Det, Security Teams, EOD Det, Combat Photo Team and possibly a NSWTU.

The ACE provides the Aviation Support Element. Specific structure will vary, but will have the capabilities of precise night flying and navigation, plus various insertion/extraction means and forward area refueling point (FARP) operations.

The Reconnaissance and Surveillance Element normally composed of assets from the Battalion Landing Team (BLT) STA platoon (sniper support) coupled with elements of the RADBN Det, COMM Det, MLG Det, and CI/ITT assets from the MEU CE.

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GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT (GCE). The GCE is normally structured around a reinforced infantry battalion that forms a BATTALION LANDING TEAM (BLT). Specific reinforcements will vary, but generally include artillery, reconnaissance, light armor (maybe tanks), anti-armor, amphibious assault vehicles, and combat engineer attachments. The battalion consists of an H&S company, three letter companies, and a weapons company. There are two important things to note about the BLT, first, unlike a standard infantry battalion, the BLT (when formed) comes to full strength in personnel and equipment (T/O & T/E). Secondly, the companies within the BLT have become specialized. One company in the BLT specializes in Mechanized operations, one company specializes in Helo Operations, while the third company specializes in small boat operations.

Attachments to the GCE include the following units:

ARTILLERY BATTERY configured with six 155mm howitzers. The artillery battery includes its own truck platoon with a mix of 1-ton and 5-ton trucks for carrying ammunition and other supplies, and for towing artillery pieces.

LIGHT ARMORED RECONNNAISSANCE (LAR) detachment configured with seven to sixteen Light Armored Vehicles (LAV). This detachment provides mobile reconnaissance screening and strike capability with its LAVs and organic infantry/scouts.

ASSAULT AMPHIBIAN VEHICLE PLT: (AAV) platoon configured with fifteen AAVs: provides amphibious-assault, ship-to-shore movement and ground mobility.

TANK PLT provides (4) M1A1 Tanks for heavy anti-armor capability and a TOW SECTION provides a heavy anti-armor capability. A COMBAT ENGINEER PLT provides mobility enhancement, survivability, Countermobility, and general engineer support.

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SURVEILLANCE AND TARGET ACQUISITION (STA) PLT provides sniper and ground surveillance support.

SHORE FIRE CONTROL PARTY (SFCP) provides naval gunfire support.

RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON provides distant ground reconnaissance and surveillance, and intelligence collection and reporting within the MEU (SOC) Commander's area of influence.

AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENT (ACE). The ACE is a reinforced helicopter squadron that includes AV-8B Harrier attack aircraft, and two CONUS based KC-130 aircraft. The ACE is task organized to provide assault support; fixed wing and rotary wing close air support, airborne command and control, and low-level, close-in air defense. The ACE is structured as follows:

HMM SQUADRON, Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron configured with twelve CH-6E helicopters: provides medium-lift assault support. A MH DET: Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron detachment configured with CH-53E helicopters: provides extended- range, heavy-lift assault.

HML/A DET: Marine Light Attack Squadron detachment configured with four AH-1W attack helicopters, and three UN-1N utility helicopters: provides close air support, airborne command and control, and escort, and a VMA DET, Marine Attack Squadron detachment, configured with six AV-8B Harrier aircraft: provides organic close air support. When appropriate shipping (i.e., LHA, LHD) is not available, the detachment trains with the MEU throughout predeployment training, and then is placed on CONUS standby and prepared to deploy within 96 hours.

VMGR DET, Marine Aerial Refueler/Transport Squadron detachment, configured with two KC-130 aircraft: provides refueling services for embarked helicopters and AV-8B aircraft, and performs other tasks (i.e., parachute operations, flare drops, cargo transportation, etc.) as required. The detachment trains with the MEU throughout predeployment training, and then is placed on CONUS standby and prepared to deploy within 96 hours.

MARINE AIR CONTROL GROUP DET consists of a LOW ALTITUDE AIR DEFENSE (LAAD) BATTALION DET, which provides low level, close-in air defense utilizing MANPAD and the Avenger Stinger Missile Systems.

MARINE AIR SUPPORT SQUADRON DET Provides a limited Direct Air Support Center (DASC) capability for enhanced integration of air support into the MEU (SOC) scheme of maneuver.

MARINE WING SUPPORT SQUADRON DET: Provides aviation bulk fuel and limited foodservice support.

MARINE AVIATION LOGISTICS SQUADRON DET: Provides intermediate maintenance and aviation supply support.

Combat Service Support Element (CSSE). The CSSE is a MEU Service Support Group (MSSG) which provides the full range of combat service support including supply, maintenance, transportation, deliberate engineering, medical and dental, automated information processing, utilities, landing support (port/airfield support operations), disbursing, legal, and postal services and 15 days of sustainability (Class I, II, III (B), IV, V, VIII, IX) necessary to support MEU (SOC) assigned missions.

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Missions Of A MEU (SOC) The MEU (SOC) is a self-sustained, amphibious, combined arms air-ground task force capable of conventional and selected maritime special operations of limited duration in support of a Combatant commander. The following is the mission statement from MCO 3120.9A: To provide the geographic combatant commander a forward-deployed, rapid crisis response capability by conducting conventional amphibious and selected maritime special operations under the following conditions: at night; under adverse weather conditions; from over the horizon; under emissions control; from the sea, by surface and/or by air; commence execution within 6 hours of receipt of the warning order. To act as an enabling force for a follow-on MAGTF or joint and/or combined forces in support in support of various contingency requirements.

CAPABILITIES. The inherent capabilities of a forward-deployed MEU (SOC) are divided into four broad categories: Amphibious Operations, Direct Action Operations, Military Operations other Than War (MOOTW) and Supporting Operations.

Amphibious Operations consist of the different amphibious operations the MEU(SOC) may be called upon to carry out. These are the Amphibious Assault, Amphibious Raid, Amphibious Demonstration and Amphibious Withdrawal.

Direct Action Operations include In-Extremis Hostage Recovery (IHR), Seizure/Recovery of Offshore Energy Facilities, Visit, Board, Search and Seizure Operations (VBSS), Specialized Demolition Operations, Tactical Recovery of Aircraft and Personnel (TRAP), Seizure/Recovery of Selected Personnel or Material and Counterproliferation (CP) of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) are categorized as one of four types. 1.) Peace Operations, which include peacekeeping and peace enforcement missions. 2.) Security Operations, which include Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO) and Reinforcement Operations, 3.) Joint/Combined Training/Instruction Team and 4.) Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster relief

Supporting Operations include: Tactical Deception Operations, Fire Support Planning, Coordination, and Control in a Joint/Combined Environment, Signal Intelligence (SIGINT)/Electronic Warfare (EW), Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT), Reconnaissance and Surveillance (R&S), Initial Terminal Guidance (ITG), Counterintelligence Operations (CI), Airfield/Port Seizure, Limited Expeditionary Airfield Operations, Show of Force Operations, JTF Enabling Operations, Sniping Operations

LIMITATIONS. The MEU (SOC) has a number of limitations. They have a limited defensive capability against armored/motorized units in open terrain. There is also a limit to their defensive capability against a sustained low-level air attack when operating independent of naval air support. The capability of the MEU(SOC) to replace combat losses and retrain if early introduction of follow-on forces is not contemplated. Capability to participate in special warfare tasks requiring mobile training teams or nation-building efforts. However, the MEU (SOC) can provide some entry level and/or reinforcement training. A final limitation would be the ability to establish a MEU Headquarters ashore, and operate independent of Naval Shipping. The MEU (SOC) is heavily reliant upon shipboard facilities for C4I and aviation maintenance support.

MEU (SOC) TRAINING PROGRAM AND CERTIFICATION PROCESS. The most significant difference between the current MEU (SOC) program and the old training for Marine Amphibious Units (MAU) in the 1970s/early 1980's is that an

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intense 26-week "work-up" exists. The training program is standardized and follows a progressive building-block approach to training. This training program integrates the Amphibious Squadron (PHIBRON) and the MEU as well as other designated forces (i.e. CVBG) to optimize coordination and use of capabilities. The 26-week “work-up" culminates in a Special Operations Capable Exercise (SOCEX) that realistically evaluates the Mau’s war fighting capabilities. Only MEUs which have demonstrated proficiency in the skills and capabilities listed above will be designated as "MEU (SOC)".

Special Purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF) A special-purpose MAGTF (SPMAGTF) is a non-standing MAGTF temporarily formed to conduct a specific mission. It is normally formed when a standing MAGTF is either inappropriate or unavailable. SPMAGTFs are organized, trained, and equipped to conduct a wide variety of missions ranging from crisis response, to regionally focused training exercises, to peacetime missions. Their SPMAGTF designation derives from the mission they are assigned, the location in which they will operate, or the name of the exercise in which they will participate (e.g., “SPMAGTF (X),” “SPMAGTF Somalia,” “ SPMAGTF UNITAS,” “SPMAGTF Andrew, “ etc.).

SUMMARY: The focus of this class was to give the student an understanding of the doctrinal organization and types of MAGTFs used by the Marine Corps. Each type of MAGTF, MEF, MEU, SPMAGTF, varies in size and capabilities yet each is composed of a Command Element (CE), Ground Combat Element (GCE), Aviation Combat Element (ACE), and a Combat Service Support Element (CSSE). Each separate element provides distinct functions, which contribute to the operations and sustainability of the unit as a whole. The use of MAGTFs worldwide has proven that the Marine Corps can respond rapidly to a contingency anywhere in the world and are able to conduct a variety of missions.

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Section 7.Radio Telephone Communications Skills

Introduction When operating a radiotelephone system, whether it is a hand held FRS system, or a shipboard VHF receiver, certain procedures need to be adhered to. These procedures have been put in place to ensure that communication is clear and concise. When used properly, the voice radio is an effective and convenient form of communication. It can be used to transmit a short distance, or when used with repeaters and satellite signal bouncing, can be used to communicate halfway around the world.

Forbidden by Law When using voice radios, especially those monitored and used by civilians, there are certain Do’s and Don’ts. The FCC mandates many of these rules, while others are common sense and common courtesy. The following practices are specifically forbidden.

(1). Violation of radio silence (with the exception of extreme emergencies)(2). Unofficial conversation between operators.(3). Transmitting in a directed net without permission.(4). Excessive tuning and testing or radio checking (mostly with base stations)(5). Unauthorized use of plain language.(6). Transmission of an operator’s name.(7). Use of unauthorized prowords.(8). Profane, indecent, or obscene language.

Microphone Operations In operating microphones, there are some important Do’s and Don’ts also.

(1). Listen before transmitting. Transmitting over another operator causes confusion and neither transmission may get through.

(2). Speak clearly and distinctly.(3). Avoid extremes of voice pitch.(4). Be natural, maintain a normal speaking rhythm.(5). Use standard pronunciation, Try to curb accents as much as possible.(6). Do NOT get too close to the microphone.(7). Do not mumble.(8). Shield your microphone. Keep your head and body between noise generating sources and the microphone while

transmitting.(9). Keep volume of speaker low, especially in the field. If there is one available, an earpiece is a good idea.(10). Adhere strictly to prescribed radio procedures.(11). Transmit your message and get off the air. If the message has been acknowledged, there is no reason to stay on.(12). Do not key the mic until ready to transmit.

Pronouncing numerals Care must be taken care to distinguish numbers from similarly pronounced words. In some instances, the proword “FIGURES” can be used preceding such numbers. Pronounce numerals as follows. The number “0” is always spoken as “Zero” and never as “oh”. When written, it has a slant bar through it so that it is not confused with the letter “O” (Oscar).

NUMERAL SPOKEN AS

NUMERAL SPOKEN AS

0 Zero 5 Fi-yiv1 Wun 6 Six2 Too 7 Seven3 Thuh-ree 8 Ate4 Fo-wer 9 Niner

Pronouncing Decimal Points. Decimal points are always spoken as “DAY-SEE-MAL” In the text, numbers are transmitted digit by digit, except for exact multiples of hundreds and thousands, and are spoken as follows:

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NUMBER SPOKEN AS44 Fo-wer fo-wer90 Niner zero136 Wun Thure-ree six500 Fi-yiv hun-dred1478 Wun fo-wer seven ate7000 Seven thow-zand16000 Wun six thow-zand164000 Wun six fo-wer thow-zand812681 Ate wun too six ate wun

Pronouncing Bearings. Bearings are always given in three digits and are transmitted digit by digit. True bearing s is always used unless otherwise stated. Examples are.

BEARING SPOKEN AS090 Zero niner zero189 One ate niner295 Too niner fi-yiv

`Phonetic Alphabet Using the standard phonetic equivalent identifies any letter of the alphabet that occurs in a radiotelephone transmission. The accent for pronunciation is shown by the underscores.

LETTER EQUIVALENT PRONOUNCIATIONA ALFA AL-fahB BRAVO BRAH-voC CHARLIE CHAR-leeD DELTA DELL-tahE ECHO ECK-ohF FOXTROT FOKS-trahtG GOLF GOLFH HOTEL hoh-TELLI INDIA IN-dee-ahJ JULIETT JEW-lee-ettK KILO KEY-lohL LIMA LEE-mahM MIKE MIKEN NOVEMBER no-VEM-berO OSCAR OSS-kerP PAPA pah-PAHQ QUEBEC kay-BECKR ROMEO ROW-me-ohS SIERRA see-AIR-rahT TANGO TANG-goU UNIFORM YOU-nee-formV VICTOR VIK-terW WHISKEY WISS-keyX XRAY ECKS-rayY YANKEE YANG-keyZ ZULU ZOO-loo

Phonetic spelling. Phonetic spelling is desirable in expressing lettered designations and in spelling prowords in radiotelephone operations. They are not to be used:

(1). When the actual word might be used; 26 degrees west instead of 26 degrees whiskey(2). When the abbreviation is readily recognizable and authorized; such as USN or USCG.

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Prowords. Procedure words (prowords) are words and phrases used to speed the transmission of radiotelephone messages. Listed below are common prowords with an explanation of each.

PROWORD MEANINGAFFIRMATIVE An answer in the positive. YesALL AFTER All afterALL BEFORE All beforeBREAK Separation of text from other portions of the messageCORRECTION ErrorI READ BACK The following is my response to the instructions to read backI SAY AGAIN I am repeating transmissions or portion indicatedI SPELL I shall spell the next word phoneticallyNEGATIVE An answer in the negative. NoOUT End of transmission: no receipt required (NOT used with OVER)OVER Go ahead, or this is the end of my transmission, a reply is expected (Not used

with OUT)READ BACK Repeat this entire transmission exactly as receivedROGER I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.SAY AGAIN RepeatTIME What follows is time or Date-Time Group of this message.WAIT I must pause a few secondsWAIT OUT I must pause longer than a few secondsWILCO I have received your message, I understand, and I will comply.

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Section 8.

Visual Signals

Signals, General Information Leaders of dismounted units use arm-and-hand signals to control the movement of individuals, teams, and squads. These signals are used by infantry and also by combat support and combat service support elements organized for infantry missions. Larger formations require hand signals to ensure that the units are traveling in the correct formation as well as to keep unit discipline. There are also signals for prearranged drills that all infantry personnel should be familiar with. These are basic signals, and do not by any means encompass the entire spectrum of visual signals used by infantry units.

Individual, team and Squad Signals When moving as part of a very small unit, especially where silence is essential to the survival of the team. These are the types of signals that are used by the point man when on patrol or by an OP when sitting in ambush. The figures below illustrate some of the individual, team and squad signals.

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Patrolling Many different types of units conduct patrolling. Infantry units patrol in order to conduct combat operations. Other units patrol for reconnaissance and security. Successful patrols require clearly understood communication signals among members of a patrol. In addition to the signals discussed in the previous section, units on patrol use commands to change the type of formation that they move in. The figures below illustrate the hand signals for particular formations used by units on patrol.

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Drills Drills are a rapid, reflexive response executed by a small unit. Drills can either be in response to an ambush, to initiate an ambush, or in the event of unexpected contact. Units must practice drills on a regular basis to ensure that they will be able to conduct them properly in combat. These signals are used to initiate drills. The hand signals shown here are just a few of the drill hand signals.

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Section 9.

Marlinspike Seamanship

Marlinspike seamanship is the art of handling and working with all kinds of line or rope. It includes knotting, splicing, and fancy decorative work. Much practice is required to become proficient this skill. Knowledge of line handling terminology, and phrases as well as how to tie knots is a basic requirement of all sailors.

Marlinspike Seamanship Terminology In basic marlinspike seamanship, you must know the name for the parts of a line and the basic turns employed. Lines are made of natural or synthetic fibers twisted into yarns. The yarns are grouped together in such a way to form strands. The strands finally are twisted, plaited or braided in various patterns, to form line. The bitter end is the running or free end of a line. It is the end of the line that is worked with. The standing part is the long unused or belayed end. The remaining part of the line including the end that is not worked. An overhand loop is made in a line by crossing the bitter end over the standing part. Crossing the bitter end under the standing part makes an underhand loop. A bight is a half a loop formed by turning the line back on itself. A turn is a single wind or bight of a rope laid around a belaying pin, post, bollard, or the like. A round turn is a complete turn or encircling of a line about an object, as opposed to a single turn.

Knots, Bends and Hitches The term “knot” is often used as an all-inclusive term, but experienced seamen distinguish between knots, bends, and hitches. Knots are used to form eyes or secure a cord or line around an object such as a package. Generally they are intended to be permanent, so they are hard to untie. Hitches are used to bend a line to or around an object, such as a ring or stanchion (metal or wooden pole), another piece of line, or to form a loop or a noose in a line. Bends are used to secure lines together.

Standard Knots There are 6 “knots” that are considered the standard knots. These are the basic knots that anyone working with lines should know. This is especially true for any crewmember of a small boat. The standard knots are the square knot, bowline, becket bend, clove hitch, overhand knot, and figure eight knot. Most also know the clove hitch. These knots are explained and illustrated in this text in order to give you some guidelines to go by in your own seamanship practice.

Square Knot. The square knot, also called the reef knot, is the best-known knot for bending two lines together. It can also be made to secure small stuff around a package. It will not slip, but it can jam under heavy staring. Pulling first on one end and then the other end can loosen it. Many times a person trying to tie a square knot comes out with a granny knot. For a square knot, both parts of the line must be under the same bight. Here is the proper way to tie a square knot. Take the end in your right hand and pass it over and under the part in your left hand. With your right hand, take the part that was in your left and pass it under and over the part in your left hand.

Square Knot

Bowline. The bowline is one of the most useful knots. There are many variations of the knot. The chief use of the bowline is to form an eye, but it can also be used to secure a line to a padeye or other ring, around a stanchion or other object, or bent two lines together. The bowline neither slips nor jams, but it ties and unties easily. It is the best knot to use for bending a heaving line or messenger to a hawser, because it is quick to tie and easy to get off. The easiest and most seamanlike method of making a bowline is as follows: Form a bight and grasp a single part of the line with the left hand, and both parts of the line with the right hand, as shown in the figure. Turn the right hand down, pushing the bitter end through the bight, and then rotate the right hand palm up. With the left hand, form a small loop around the bitter end and grasp both parts of the line

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where the loop crosses the standing part. Pass the bitter end around behind the standing part and down through the small loop. Tighten the knot by pulling on the standing end and the bitter end.

BowlineBecket Bends. The chief value of the becket bend is to bend together two lines of different sizes. If there is a great difference in sizes, or the strain on the line is to be great, a double becket bend is as good as a square knot, and much easier to untie after strain. To fashion a single becket bend, make a bight on one line and run the bitter end of the other line up through it. Pass the end around behind both parts of the bight and back under itself. The third step, to make a double becket, is made by taking another turn around the bight.

Becket Bend

Clove Hitch. The best all-around knot for bending to a ring, spar, or anything else that is round or nearly round is the clove hitch. A clove hitch will not jam, and will rarely pullout. A slack clove hitch can work itself out, though. For that reason it is a good idea to put a half hitch on the end of it. The clove hitch can be easily tied and it will hold as long as there is a strain on it. Once the strain is taken off, however, the hitch must be checked and tightened to prevent the bitter end from pulling out when the strain is reapplied. Again, a good reason to add a half hitch to the clove hitch.

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Clove HitchStopper Knots Overhand and figure eight knots are both stopper knots. They prevent the end of a line from feeding through a block or fairlead when heavy loads are involved. To tie an overhand knot, make an overhand loop in the line. Pass the bitter end up through the eye, and pull on the bitter end in one hand and the standing end in the other hand. A figure eight knot is an overhand knot with an extra twist before the bitter end is passed through the standing end.

Overhand Knot Figure Eight Knot

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Section 10.Glossary

Listed below are some of the terms that you will see and use while attending PhibOps. Study them because when someone throws an Acronym at you, you want to ensure that you know what it means.

AA Assembly AreaAAV Amphibious Assault VehicleAAAV Advanced Amphibious Assault VehicleAAW Anti-Air WarfareABGC Assistant Boat Group CommanderACB Amphibious Construction BattalionAD Air DefenseADA Air Defense AuthorityAO Area of OperationsARG Amphibious Ready GroupASUW Anti-Surface WarfareASW Anti-Submarine WarfareATF Amphibious Task Force consists of the naval forces, landing forces and aviation forces required to

perform an amphibious operation.ATON Aids to NavigationAW Antiair WarfareBGC Boat Group CommanderBLS Beach Landing SiteBLT Battalion Landing TeamBMU Beach Master UnitBN BattalionBOG Beach Operations GroupBPG Beach Party GroupBWC Battle Wave CommanderBZ Beach ZoneBZA Beach Zone ArrayC2 Command and ControlC3 Command, Control and CommunicationsC3I Command, Control, Communications, and IntelligenceC4I Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and IntelligenceCAAT Combined Anti-Armor TeamCAS Close Air SupportCATF Commander Amphibious Task ForceC2 Command and ControlC2W Command and Control WarfareC2WC Command and Control Warfare CommanderC3 Command, Control and CommunicationsC3CM Command, Control, and Communications CountermeasuresC3I Command, Control, Communications, and IntelligenceC4I Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and IntelligenceC4ISR Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and ReconnaissanceCCP LCAC Control PointCDP LCAC Departure PointCIC Combat Intelligence CenterCINC Commander in Chief

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CINCCFC CINC, Combined Forces CommandCINCLANTFLT Commander in Chief Atlantic FleetCINCUSSOCOM CINC, U.S. Special Operations CommandCIWS Close-in Weapons SystemCJCS Chairman, Joint Chiefs of StaffCJTF Commander Joint Task ForceCLA LCAC Launch AreaCLF Commander, Landing ForceCMC Commandant of the Marine CorpsCMD ELE Command ElementCO Commanding OfficerCo CompanyCOA Course of ActionCOMM CommunicationsCOMMARFOR Commander, U.S. Marine Corps ForcesCOMMARFORLANT Commander, U.S. Marine Corps Forces, AtlanticCOMNAVFOR Commander Naval ForcesCOMNAVSURFLANT Commander, Naval Surface Force AtlanticCOMPHIBGRU Commander, Amphibious GroupCOMPHIBRON Commander, Amphibious SquadronCOMPHIBSTRIKEFOR Commander, Amphibious Striking ForceCP Command PostCPG Commander, Amphibious GroupCQB Close Quarters BattleCRRC Combat Rigid Raiding CraftCS Combat SupportCSAR Combat Search and RescueCTF Commander Task ForceCU FT Cubic FeetCVBG Carrier Battle GroupDET DetachmentDirect Action Direct action missions include hostage recovery, seizure and recovery of offshore energy facilities,

visit board, search and seizure operations and specialized demolition operations.EWTG Expeditionary Warfare Training GroupEWTGLANT Expeditionary Warfare Training Group AtlanticEOD Explosive Ordnance DisposalFAC Forward Air ControllerFAST Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security TeamFEX Field ExerciseFF Flight FerryFMF Fleet Marine ForceFMFLANT Fleet Marine Force, AtlanticFMFPAC Fleet Marine Force, PacificFMFRP Fleet Marine Force Reference PublicationFORECON Force ReconnaissanceGPS Global Positioning SystemGQ General QuartersHF High FrequencyHMH Marine Heavy Helicopter SquadronHMLA Marine Light/Attack Helicopter SquadronHMM Marine Medium Helicopter SquadronHMMWV High Mobility Multi-Wheeled VehicleHQ HeadquartersHQMC Headquarters Marine Corps

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HUMINT Human IntelligenceIBU Inshore Boat UnitINF InfantryIR Infra-RedIUW Inshore Undersea WarfareJATF Joint Amphibious Task ForceJCS Joint Chiefs of StaffJCSE Joint Communications Support ElementLARC Light Amphibious Resupply CraftLAV Light Armored VehicleLCAC Landing Craft, Air CushionLCC Amphibious Command ShipLCM Landing Craft MechanizedLCPL Landing Craft, Personnel, LargeLCS LCAC Control ShipLCU Landing Craft, UtilityLCVP Landing Craft, Vehicle and PersonnelLF Landing ForceLHA Amphibious Assault Ship (General Purpose)LHD Amphibious Assault Ship (Multi-Purpose)LOD Line of DepartureLOGAS Logistics Automated Information SystemLPD Amphibious Transport DockLSD Dock Landing ShipLZ Landing ZoneMAG Marine Aircraft GroupMAGTF Marine Air-Ground Task Force. MAGTFs are balanced, combined-arms forces with organic

command, ground, aviation and sustainment elementsMARDIV Marine DivisionMAU Marine Amphibious UnitMAW Marine Air WingMCM Mine Counter-MeasuresMEB Marine Expeditionary BrigadeMECH MechanizedMEDEVAC Medical EvacuationMEDLOGS Medical Logistics SystemMEF Marine expeditionary force. Largest & most capable MAGTFMEU Marine Expeditionary UnitMEU (SOC) Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable) "to provide the geographic combatant

commanders a forward-deployed, rapid crisis response capability by conducting conventional amphibious & selected maritime special ops under the following conditions:

MHC Mine Hunter CoastalMIUW Mobile Inshore Undersea WarfareMIUWU Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare UnitMOOTW Military Operations Other Than War include Peacekeeping, Security Operations, Noncombatant

Evacuations and Humanitarian and Disaster Relief Operations.MOUT Military Operation in Urban TerrainNAB Naval Amphibious BaseNAVBEACHGRU Naval Beach GroupNAVBEACHGRU TWO Naval Beach Group TwoNAVMC Navy Marine CorpsNAVSPECWARGRU Naval Special Warfare GroupNBG Naval Beach GroupNBP Naval Beach Party

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NCF Naval Construction ForceNGF Naval GunfireNGFO Naval Gunfire OfficerNGFS Naval Gunfire SupportNGLO Naval Gunfire Liaison OfficerNIMA National Imagery and Mapping AgencyNM Nautical MileNMCB Naval Mobile Construction BattalionNS Naval StationNSW Naval Special WarfareNSWTU Naval Special Warfare Task UnitNSWU Naval Special Warfare UnitNVG Night Vision GoggleOIC Officer In ChargeOMFTS Operational Maneuver From The SeaOPLAN Operational PlanOPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval OperationsOPNAVINST Office of the Chief of Naval Operations InstructionOPORD Operations OrderOPORDER Operations OrderPHIBCB Amphibious Construction BattalionPHIBGRU Amphibious GroupPHIBOPS Amphibious OperationsPHIBRON Amphibious SquadronsPLT PlatoonPSU Port Security UnitRAM Rolling Airframe MissileREGT RegimentRFI Request For InformationRHIB Rigid Hull Inflatable BoatRLT Regimental Landing TeamROE Rules Of EngagementRRC Rigid Raiding CraftSAM Surface-to Air MissileSAR Search and RescueSAW Surface-to-Air WeaponSBU Special Boat UnitSDV Seal Delivery VehicleSDVT Seal Delivery Vehicle TeamSEAL Sea-Air-LandSOC Special Operations CapableSOCOM U.S. Special Operations CommandSOF Special Operations ForcesSPECBOATRON Special Boat SquadronSUBLANT Submarine Force AtlanticSURFLANT Surface Force AtlanticSZ Surf ZoneTPSB Transportable Port Security Boat – 25-foot armed Boston Whalers used by the Coast Guard PSU’s

to secure ports and harbors.USCG United States Coast GuardUSCGR United States Coast Guard ReservesUSMC United States Marine CorpsUSMCR United States Marine Corps ReserveUSN United States Navy

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USNR United States Naval ReserveUSNS United States Naval ShipUSS United States ShipUSSOCOM U.S. Special Operations CommandUSW Undersea WarfareUTL Utilities

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