Amputation Amputasi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas Jump to: navigation , search Langsung ke: navigasi , cari

A woodcut engraving in a 1537 surgery book, showing how to make the removal of a leg. Sebuah ukiran kayu ukiran dalam bedah buku 1537, menunjukkan bagaimana membuat penghapusan kaki.

In a 1786 James Gillray caricature, the plentiful money bags handed to King George III are contrasted with the beggar whose legs and arms were amputated, in the left corner Dalam 1786 James Gillray karikatur, kantong uang banyak diserahkan kepada Raja George III dikontraskan dengan pengemis yang kaki dan tangannya diamputasi, di sudut kiri

J. McKnight, who lost his limbs in a railway accident in 1865, was the second recorded survivor of a simultaneous triple amputation. J. McKnight, yang kehilangan anggota tubuhnya dalam kecelakaan kereta api pada tahun 1865, adalah selamat tercatat kedua dari tiga amputasi simultan.

John McFall , an above-knee leg amputee with a prosthetic leg, sprinter and winner of a gold medal at the 2007 Paralympic World Cup John McFall , sebuah lutut kaki diamputasi-atas dengan kaki prostetik, pelari cepat dan pemenang medali emas di tahun 2007 Piala Dunia Paralimpiade

. Amputasi adalah penghilangan sebuah ekstremitas tubuh oleh trauma atau pembedahan . As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene . Sebagai tindakan bedah, digunakan untuk mengontrol rasa sakit atau proses penyakit di anggota badan yang terkena dampak, seperti keganasan atau gangren . In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for such problems. Dalam beberapa kasus, dilakukan pada individu sebagai operasi pencegahan untuk masalah tersebut. A special case is the congenital amputation , a congenital disorder , where foetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. Suatu kasus khusus adalah amputasi kongenital , suatu kelainan bawaan , dimana janin kaki telah dipotong oleh band konstriktif. In some countries, amputation of the hands or feet is or was used as a form of punishment for people who committed crimes. Di beberapa negara, amputasi tangan atau kaki sedang atau digunakan sebagai bentuk hukuman untuk kejahatan yang dilakukan orang yang. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism. Amputasi juga telah digunakan sebagai taktik dalam peperangan dan tindak terorisme. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. Dalam beberapa budaya dan agama, amputasi minor atau mutilasi dianggap sebagai prestasi ritual. Unlike some non-mammalian animals (such as lizards that shed their tails), once removed, human extremities do not grow back. Tidak seperti beberapa hewan non-mamalia (seperti cecak yang melepaskan ekornya), setelah dihapus, kaki manusia tidak tumbuh kembali. A transplant or a prosthesis are the only options for recovering the loss. Sebuah transplantasi atau prosthesis adalah pilihan hanya untuk memulihkan kerugian.

In many developed countries, diabetes is the major cause of amputation [ citation needed ] . Di banyak negara maju, diabetes merupakan penyebab utama amputasi [ rujukan? ]. In the US, the risk of losing a foot or leg is 15-40X higher for diabetics. Di AS, risiko kehilangan kaki atau kaki adalah 15-40x lebih tinggi untuk penderita diabetes. And 80,000 lower limb amputations are performed in the US according to International Diabetes Federation. Dan 80.000 amputasi ekstremitas bawah dilakukan di AS menurut Federasi Diabetes Internasional. Diabetes leads to poor circulation which in turn leads to infection and gangrene. Diabetes menyebabkan sirkulasi yang buruk yang pada gilirannya menyebabkan infeksi dan gangren.

There are some treatments that try to prevent amputation. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been found to be an effective way of revascularizing poor performing circulation, killing the anaerobic bacteria in diabetic ulcers and preventing amputation. Ada beberapa perawatan yang mencoba untuk mencegah amputasi. Hyperbaric terapi oksigen (HBOT) telah ditemukan cara yang efektif untuk revascularizing sirkulasi yang berperforma buruk, membunuh bakteri anaerob di luka diabetes dan mencegah amputasi. The Circulator Boot is also effective in patients of diabetes and arteriosclerosis, [ 1 ] and in limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. [ 2 ] The Circulator Boot juga efektif pada pasien diabetes dan arteriosclerosis, [1] dan di borok anggota tubuh yang disebabkan oleh penyakit pembuluh darah perifer. [2]

Contents Isi

[hide]

1 History 1 Sejarah o 1.1 Origins of the word 1,1 Asal kata

2 Types 2 Jenis 3 Preventing amputation 3 Mencegah amputasi 4 Reasons for amputation 4 Alasan untuk amputasi

o 4.1 Circulatory disorders 4,1 gangguan peredaran darah o 4.2 Neoplasm 4,2 Neoplasma o 4.3 Trauma 4,3 Trauma o 4.4 Deformities 4,4 cacat o 4.5 Infection 4,5 Infeksi o 4.6 Other 4,6 Lainnya

5 Method 5 Metode 6 Self-amputation 6 Self-amputasi 7 After-effects 7 Setelah-efek 8 Notable amputees 8 terkenal diamputasi 9 See also 9 Lihat pula 10 References 10 Referensi

11 External links 11 Pranala luar

[ edit ] History [ sunting ] Sejarah

[ edit ] Origins of the word [ sunting Asal] kata

The word amputation is derived from the Latin amputare , "to cut away", from ambi- ("about", "around") and putare ("to prune"). Pemotongan kata berasal dari bahasa Latin amputare, "untuk memotong", dari ambi-("tentang", "sekitar") dan putare ("untuk memangkas"). The Latin word has never been recorded in a surgical context, being reserved to indicate punishment for criminals. Kata Latin belum pernah tercatat dalam konteks bedah, yang disediakan untuk menunjukkan hukuman bagi para penjahat. The English word "amputation" was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie (published in either 1597 or 1612); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words "extirpation" (16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " (from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal), or simply "cutting", but by the end of the 17th century "amputation" had come to dominate as the accepted medical term. Kata Inggris "amputasi" pertama kali digunakan untuk operasi di abad ke-17, mungkin pertama di A wacana Peter Lowe Seni Utuh dari Chirurgerie (diterbitkan dalam baik 1597 atau 1612); pekerjaannya berasal dari 16 teks Perancis abad dan awal Inggris penulis juga menggunakan kata-kata "pemusnahan" (abad ke-16 teks Prancis cenderung menggunakan extirper), " disarticulation ", dan" pemotongan "(dari desmembrer Prancis Lama dan istilah yang lebih umum sebelum abad ke-17 atas kehilangan anggota tubuh atau penghapusan), atau hanya "memotong", tapi pada akhir abad ke-17 "amputasi" datang untuk mendominasi sebagai istilah medis diterima.

[ edit ] Types [ sunting ] Jenis

Types of amputation include: Jenis amputasi meliputi:

leg kaki o amputation of digits amputasi digit o partial foot amputation (Chopart, Lisfranc , Ray) parsial amputasi kaki

(Chopart, Lisfranc , Ray) o ankle disarticulation (Syme, [ 3 ] Pyrogoff) pergelangan kaki

disarticulation (Syme, [3] Pyrogoff) o below-knee amputation (transtibial eg Burgess, Kingsley Robinson)

amputasi bawah lutut (misalnya transtibial Burgess, Kingsley Robinson)

o knee-bearing amputation (knee disarticulation, eg Gritti or Gritti-Stokes) bantalan lutut-amputasi (disarticulation lutut, misalnya Gritti atau Gritti-Stokes)

o above knee amputation (transfemoral) amputasi atas lutut (transfemoral)

o Van-ness rotation/ rotationplasty (Foot being turned around and reattached to allow the ankle joint to be used as a knee.) Van-ness rotasi / rotationplasty (Foot menjadi berbalik dan disambungkan untuk memungkinkan pergelangan kaki bersama untuk digunakan sebagai lutut.)

o hip disarticulation hip disarticulation o hemipelvectomy /hindquarter amputation hemipelvectomy amputasi

bagian kaki belakang dan pinggang / arm lengan

o amputation of digits amputasi digit o metacarpal amputation metakarpal amputasi o wrist disarticulation pergelangan disarticulation o forearm amputation (transradial) amputasi lengan (transradial) o elbow disarticulation siku disarticulation o above-elbow amputation (transhumeral) amputasi di atas siku

(transhumeral) o shoulder disarticulation and forequarter amputation bahu

disarticulation dan forequarter amputasi o Krukenberg procedure Krukenberg prosedur

teeth gigi o The avulsion of some teeth (mainly incisives) is or was practiced by

some cultures for ritual purposes (for instance in the Iberomaurusian culture of Neolithic North Africa ). The avulsi beberapa gigi (terutama incisives) adalah atau dipraktekkan oleh beberapa kebudayaan untuk tujuan ritual (misalnya dalam Iberomaurusian budaya neolitik Afrika Utara ).

Hemicorporectomy , or amputation at the waist, is the most radical amputation. Hemicorporectomy , atau amputasi di pinggang, adalah yang paling radikal amputasi.

Genital modification and mutilation may involve amputating tissue, although not necessarily as a result of injury or disease. Genital modifikasi dan mutilasi mungkin melibatkan mengamputasi jaringan, walaupun tidak selalu akibat cedera atau penyakit.

As a rule, partial amputations are preferred to preserve joint function, but in oncological surgery, disarticulation is favored. [ citation needed ] Sebagai aturan, amputasi parsial lebih diutamakan untuk mempertahankan fungsi sendi, tetapi dalam operasi oncological, disarticulation lebih disukai. [ rujukan? ]

[ edit ] Preventing amputation [ sunting Mencegah] amputasi

Chronic infections, often caused by diabetes or decubitus ulcers in bed ridden patients, are common causes of infections that lead to gangrene. infeksi kronis, sering disebabkan oleh diabetes atau ulkus dekubitus di tempat tidur pasien dikendarai, sering menyebabkan infeksi yang mengarah ke gangren. An amputation is a traumatic experience that reduces the quality of life for patients and is also expensive for the medical system and the family of the patient. amputasi adalah sebuah pengalaman traumatis yang mengurangi kualitas hidup pasien dan juga mahal untuk sistem medis dan keluarga pasien. A typical prosthetic limb costs in the range of $10,000-15,000 according to the American Diabetic Association. Sebuah biaya ekstremitas khas palsu dalam kisaran $ 10.000-15.000 menurut American Diabetes Association. Preventing amputations is, as a result, a critical task. Mencegah amputasi adalah, sebagai akibat, tugas kritis. There are two key challenges: first, many patients have impaired circulation in their extremities, and second, they have difficulty curing infections in limbs with poor vasculation (blood circulation). Ada dua tantangan utama: sirkulasi pertama, banyak pasien terganggu pada kaki mereka, dan kedua, mereka mengalami kesulitan mengobati infeksi di kaki dengan vasculation miskin (sirkulasi darah).

Various approaches have been attempted included hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) and low powered lasers. Berbagai pendekatan telah dicoba termasuk pengobatan hiperbarik oksigen (HBOT) dan laser bertenaga rendah. HBOT has proved to be particularly effective in revascularizing or rebuilding the smaller blood vessels in extremities and, as a result, preventing deterioration of the tissue and resulting infections. HBOT telah terbukti sangat efektif dalam revascularizing atau membangun kembali pembuluh darah yang lebih kecil di kaki dan, sebagai hasilnya, mencegah kerusakan jaringan dan mengakibatkan infeksi. At the same time, delivering oxygen under pressure in a hyperbaric chamber increases oxygenation by up to 400 times in the blood, speeding up healing processes and killing off anearobic bacteria (gas gangrene), the source of infections. Pada saat yang sama oksigen, memberikan di bawah tekanan dalam ruang hiperbarik oksigenasi meningkat hingga 400 kali di dalam darah, mempercepat proses penyembuhan dan membunuh bakteri off anearobic (gangren gas), sumber infeksi. The general research conclusion is that around 80% of resistant diabetic infections can be cured with HBOT. Kesimpulan umum penelitian ini adalah bahwa sekitar 80% dari infeksi tahan diabetes dapat disembuhkan dengan HBOT.

Crush injuries where there is extensive tissue damage and poor circulation also benefit from HBOT. cedera Crush dimana ada kerusakan jaringan luas dan sirkulasi yang buruk juga mendapat manfaat dari HBOT. The high level of oxygenation and revascularization speeds up recovery times and prevents infections. Tingkat tinggi oksigenasi dan kecepatan up kali revaskularisasi pemulihan dan mencegah infeksi.

A study found that the a patented method called Circulator Boot got significant results in prevention of amputation in patients of diabetes and arterioscleorosis. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Another study found it also effective for healing limb ulcers caused by peripheral vascular disease. [ 2 ] The boot checks the heart rhythm and compresses the limb between heartbeats; the compression helps cure the wounds in the walls of veins and arteries, and helps to push the blood back to the heart. [ 5 ] Sebuah studi menemukan bahwa metode dipatenkan yang disebut Circulator Boot mendapat hasil yang signifikan dalam pencegahan amputasi pada pasien diabetes dan arterioscleorosis. [1] [4]

studi lain ditemukan juga efektif untuk penyembuhan luka anggota tubuh yang disebabkan oleh penyakit pembuluh darah perifer. [2] boot memeriksa irama jantung dan kompres bagian tubuh antara detak jantung; kompresi membantu menyembuhkan luka pada dinding pembuluh darah dan pembuluh darah, dan membantu mendorong darah kembali ke jantung. [5]

[ edit ] Reasons for amputation [ sunting Alasan] untuk amputasi

[ edit ] Circulatory disorders [ sunting ] gangguan peredaran darah

Diabetic foot infection or gangrene (the most common reason for non-traumatic amputation) Diabetes infeksi kaki atau gangren (alasan yang paling umum untuk amputasi non-traumatik)

Sepsis with peripheral necrosis Sepsis dengan nekrosis perifer

[ edit ] Neoplasm [ sunting ] Neoplasma

Cancerous bone or soft tissue tumors (eg osteosarcoma , osteochondroma , fibrosarcoma , epithelioid sarcoma , ewing's sarcoma , synovial sarcoma , sacrococcygeal teratoma ) kanker tulang atau tumor jaringan lunak (misalnya osteosarcoma , osteochondroma , fibrosarcoma , sarkoma epithelioid , Ewing's sarcoma , sarkoma sinovial , teratoma sacrococcygeal )

Melanoma Melanoma

[ edit ] Trauma [ sunting ] Trauma

Amputation Amputasi

Classification and external resources Klasifikasi & sumber

eksternal

ICD - 10 ICD - 10 T14.7 T14.7

MeSH MESH D000673 D000673 Severe limb injuries in which the limb cannot be spared or attempts to spare

the limb have failed anggota tubuh yang parah cedera di mana anggota tubuh tidak dapat terhindar atau upaya untuk cadangan dahan gagal

Traumatic amputation (Amputation occurs usually at scene of accident, where the limb is partially or wholly severed). Trauma amputasi (Amputasi biasanya terjadi di lokasi kecelakaan, di mana dahan sebagian atau seluruhnya terputus). This would be the case of a trapped limb with no other way to extract without

harm to other parts of the body. Ini akan menjadi kasus dahan terjebak dengan ada cara lain untuk ekstrak tanpa membahayakan bagian lain dari tubuh.

Amputation in utero ( Amniotic band ) Amputasi di dalam rahim ( ketuban band )

Punishment / Torture (eg in some countries theft is prevented by the threat of amputation of a hand, although the practice is highly controversial and some Islamic authorities are calling for a moratorium upon it, [ 6 ] pending developments in Islamic law. [ 7 ] ) Hukuman / Penyiksaan (misalnya di beberapa negara pencurian dicegah oleh ancaman amputasi tangan, meskipun praktik ini sangat kontroversial dan beberapa otoritas Islam yang menyerukan moratorium atasnya, [6] menunggu perkembangan dalam hukum Islam. [7] )

[ edit ] Deformities [ sunting ] deformities

Deformities of digits and/or limbs Deformitas digit dan / atau anggota badan Extra digits and/or limbs (eg polydactyly ) Extra digit dan / atau anggota

badan (misalnya polydactyly )

[ edit ] Infection [ sunting ] Infeksi

Bone infection ( osteomyelitis ) Infeksi tulang ( osteomyelitis )

[ edit ] Other [ sunting ] Lainnya

Sometimes professional athletes may choose to have a non-essential digit amputated to relieve chronic pain and impaired performance. Kadang-kadang profesional atlet dapat memilih untuk memiliki non-esensial diamputasi digit untuk meredakan nyeri kronik dan kinerja terganggu. Australian Rules footballer Daniel Chick elected to have his left ring finger amputated as chronic pain and injury was limiting his performance. [ 8 ] Rugby union player Jone Tawake also had a finger removed. [ 9 ] NFL safety Ronnie Lott had the tip of his little finger removed after it was damaged in the 1985 NFL season . Australian Rules pemain bola Daniel Chick terpilih untuk memiliki kirinya cincin jari diamputasi karena sakit kronis dan cedera adalah membatasi kinerjanya. [8] Rugby serikat pemain Jone Tawake juga memiliki jari dihapus. [9] NFL keselamatan Ronnie Lott memiliki ujung yang kecil jari dihapus setelah rusak di musim NFL 1985 .

[ edit ] Method [ sunting ] Metode

Curved knives such as this one were used, in the past, for some kinds of amputations. Pisau melengkung seperti ini digunakan, di masa lalu, untuk beberapa jenis amputasi.

The first step is ligating the supplying artery and vein , to prevent hemorrhage . Langkah pertama adalah ligating yang memasok arteri dan vena , untuk mencegah perdarahan . The muscles are transected , and finally the bone is sawed through with an oscillating saw . Otot-otot yang transected , dan akhirnya tulang yang digergaji melalui dengan osilasi melihat . Sharp and rough edges of the bone(s) are filed down, skin and muscle flaps are then transposed over the stump, occasionally with the insertion of elements to attach a prosthesis . Tajam dan kasar tulang (s) disampaikan ke bawah, kulit dan penutup otot kemudian ditransposisikan atas tunggul, terkadang dengan memasukkan unsur-unsur untuk melampirkan prostesis . Transtibial Amputation with Extended Flap and Bone Bridging Transtibial Amputasi dengan Bone Extended Flap dan Bridging

[ edit ] Self-amputation [ sunting ] Self-amputasi

See also: Autotomy Lihat juga: autotomy

In some rare cases when a person has become trapped in a deserted place, with no means of communication or hope of rescue, the victim has amputated his own limb: Dalam beberapa kasus yang jarang terjadi ketika seseorang telah menjadi terperangkap di tempat sepi, tanpa alat komunikasi atau harapan penyelamatan, korban telah diamputasi anggota badan sendiri:

In 2007, 66-year-old Al Hill amputated his leg below the knee using his pocketknife after the leg got stuck beneath a fallen tree he was cutting in California . [ 10 ] Pada tahun 2007, 66 tahun Al Hill diamputasi kakinya di bawah lutut dengan menggunakan pisau lipat setelah kaki terjebak di bawah pohon tumbang dia memotong di California . [10]

In 2003, 27-year-old Aron Ralston amputated his forearm using his pocketknife and breaking and tearing the two bones , after the arm got stuck under a boulder when hiking in Utah . [ 11 ] Pada tahun 2003, 27 tahun Aron Ralston nya diamputasi lengan menggunakan nya pisau lipat dan pecah dan merobek dua tulang , setelah lengan terjebak di bawah batu besar ketika hiking di Utah . [11]

Also in 2003, an Australian coal miner amputated his own arm with a Stanley knife after it became trapped when the front-end loader he was driving overturned three kilometers underground. [ 12 ] Juga pada tahun 2003, seorang penambang batu bara Australia diamputasi lengan sendiri dengan pisau Stanley setelah menjadi terperangkap ketika akhir loader depan ia mengemudi terbalik tiga kilometer di bawah tanah. [12]

In the 1990s, a crab fisherman got his arm caught in the winch during a storm and had to amputate it at the shoulder, as reported in The New Englander . [

citation needed ] Pada 1990-an, seorang nelayan kepiting mendapat tangannya terjebak dalam winch selama badai dan harus mengamputasi itu di bahu, sebagaimana dilaporkan dalam The New Englander . [ rujukan? ]

Even rarer are cases where self-amputation is performed for criminal or political purposes: Bahkan beberapa kasus yang jarang diri amputasi dilakukan untuk tujuan kriminal atau politik:

About 50 people in Vernon, Florida , collected insurance claims for loss-of-limb accidents in the late 1950s and early 1960s; this was more than two-thirds of all such claims in the United States during that time. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Sekitar 50 orang di Vernon, Florida , dikumpulkan klaim asuransi untuk-of-anggota tubuh kecelakaan rugi pada akhir 1950-an dan awal 1960-an, ini lebih dari dua pertiga dari semua klaim tersebut di Amerika Serikat selama waktu itu. [13] [14 ]

On March 7, 1998, Daniel Rudolph, the elder brother of the 1996 Olympics bomber Eric Robert Rudolph , videotaped himself cutting off one of his own hands with an electric saw in order to "send a message to the FBI and the media." [ 15 ] Pada tanggal 7 Maret 1998,, Daniel Rudolph, kakak dari pembom Olimpiade 1996 Eric Robert Rudolph , merekam dirinya memotong salah satu tangannya sendiri dengan melihat listrik untuk "mengirim pesan kepada FBI dan media". [ 15]

Body Integrity Identity Disorder is a psychological condition in which an individual feels compelled to remove one or more of their body parts, usually a limb. Integritas Badan Identity Disorder adalah kondisi psikologis di mana individu merasa harus menghapus satu atau lebih dari bagian-bagian tubuh mereka, biasanya anggota badan. In some cases, that individual may take drastic measures to remove the offending appendages, either by causing irreparable damage to the limb so that medical intervention cannot save the limb, or by causing the limb to be severed. Dalam beberapa kasus, individu yang mungkin mengambil tindakan drastis untuk menghapus pelengkap bersalah, baik dengan menyebabkan kerusakan tak bisa diperbaiki pada tungkai sehingga intervensi medis tidak dapat menyelamatkan anggota badan, atau dengan menyebabkan dahan yang akan dipotong.

[ edit ] After-effects [ sunting ] Setelah-efek

The individual may experience psychological trauma as well as emotional discomfort. Individu mungkin mengalami trauma psikologis serta ketidaknyamanan emosional. The stump will remain an area of reduced mechanical stability. tunggul akan tetap seluas stabilitas mekanik berkurang. Limb loss can present significant or even drastic practical limitations. Gerak kerugian dapat hadir keterbatasan praktis yang signifikan atau bahkan drastis.

A large proportion of amputees (50-80%) experience the phenomenon of phantom limbs ; [ 16 ] they feel body parts that are no longer there. Sebagian besar diamputasi (50-80%) mengalami fenomena anggota tubuh hantu ; [16] mereka merasa bagian tubuh yang tidak lagi ada. These limbs can itch, ache, burn, feel tense, dry or wet, locked in or trapped or they can feel as if they are moving. Anggota badan ini dapat terasa gatal, sakit, membakar, merasa tegang, kering atau basah, terkunci atau terjebak atau mereka dapat merasa seolah-olah mereka bergerak. Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence. Beberapa ilmuwan percaya ada hubungannya dengan jenis peta yang saraf otak memiliki tubuh, yang mengirimkan informasi ke seluruh otak tentang anggota badan terlepas dari keberadaan mereka. Phantom sensations and phantom pain may also occur after the removal of body parts other than the limbs, eg after amputation of the breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye ( phantom eye syndrome ). sensasi nyeri phantom Phantom dan juga mungkin terjadi setelah

pemindahan bagian tubuh selain kaki, misalnya amputasi setelah payudara, ekstraksi gigi (sakit gigi phantom) atau penghapusan mata ( sindrom mata hantu ).

A similar phenomenon is unexplained sensation in a body part unrelated to the amputated limb. Fenomena serupa sensasi dijelaskan di bagian tubuh yang tidak terkait dengan anggota tubuh diamputasi. It has been hypothesized that the portion of the brain responsible for processing stimulation from amputated limbs, being deprived of input, expands into the surrounding brain, such that an individual who has had an arm amputated will experience unexplained pressure or movement on his face or head [ citation needed ] . Telah hipotesis bahwa bagian dari otak bertanggung jawab untuk memproses rangsangan dari kaki diamputasi, karena kehilangan masukan, memperluas ke otak sekitarnya, seperti bahwa individu yang telah memiliki lengan diamputasi akan mengalami tekanan dijelaskan atau gerakan di wajahnya atau kepala [

rujukan? ].

In many cases, the phantom limb aids in adaptation to a prosthesis, as it permits the person to experience proprioception of the prosthetic limb. Dalam banyak kasus, bantuan anggota tubuh hantu di adaptasi terhadap prosthesis, karena memungkinkan orang untuk mengalami proprioception ekstremitas palsu. To support improved resistance or usability, comfort or healing, some type of stump socks may be worn instead of or as part of wearing a prosthesis. Untuk mendukung peningkatan daya tahan atau kegunaan, kenyamanan atau penyembuhan, beberapa jenis kaus kaki buntung dapat dipakai sebagai pengganti atau sebagai bagian dari memakai prosthesis.

Another side effect can be heterotopic ossification , especially when a bone injury is combined with a head injury. Efek samping lain dapat osifikasi heterotopic , terutama ketika cedera tulang dikombinasikan dengan cedera kepala. The brain signals the bone to grow instead of scar tissue to form, and nodules and other growth can interfere with prosthetics and sometimes require further operations. Otak sinyal tulang tumbuh bukan untuk membentuk jaringan bekas luka, dan nodul dan pertumbuhan lainnya dapat mengganggu prosthetics dan kadang-kadang memerlukan operasi lanjutan. This type of injury has been especially common among soldiers wounded by improvised explosive devices in the Iraq war . [ 17 ] Jenis cedera telah umum bagi tentara yang terluka oleh improvisasi alat peledak dalam perang Irak . [17]

[ edit ] Notable amputees [ sunting ] diamputasi terkenal

See also: Category:Amputees Lihat pula: Kategori: diamputasi Rick Allen —drummer for the band Def Leppard ; lost his left arm in a car

accident. Rick Allen -drummer band Def Leppard ; kehilangan lengan kirinya dalam sebuah kecelakaan mobil.

Walid bin 'Attash —member of Al-Qaeda ; lost his right leg fighting the Northern Alliance in 1997. bin Walid Attash -anggota Al-Qaeda ; kehilangan kaki kanannya melawan Aliansi Utara pada tahun 1997.

Douglas Bader —Royal Air Force fighter pilot during World War II ; lost both legs performing low-flying aerobatics, but continued to fly and even engaged in escape attempts as a POW of the Germans . Douglas Bader -Royal Air

Force pilot pesawat tempur selama Perang Dunia II ; kehilangan kedua kaki melakukan aerobatics terbang rendah, tapi terus terbang dan bahkan terlibat dalam upaya melarikan diri sebagai POW dari Jerman .

Alexey Maresyev — Russian fighter pilot during World War II ; lost both legs after being shot down in a dog fight ; returned to the front a year later and continued flying completing 86 combat missions; awarded Hero of the Soviet Union Gold Star. Alexey Maresyev - Rusia pilot pesawat tempur selama Perang Dunia II ; kehilangan kedua kakinya setelah ditembak jatuh dalam melawan anjing ; kembali ke depan setahun kemudian dan terus terbang menyelesaikan 86 misi tempur; diberikan Pahlawan Uni Soviet Gold Star.

Lucien Bouchard — Canadian politician and Quebec nationalist ; lost a leg to necrotizing fasciitis . Lucien Bouchard - Kanada politikus dan nasionalis Quebec ; kehilangan kaki untuk necrotizing fasciitis .

Mariana Bridi da Costa —Brazilian model and beauty queen ; suffered several amputations in a failed attempt to save her life. Bridi Mariana da Costa -Brasil model dan ratu kecantikan ; mengalami amputasi beberapa usaha yang gagal untuk menyelamatkan nyawanya. Died at age 20 on January 24, 2009 of septicemia resulting from Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection that quickly spread throughout her body. Meninggal pada usia 20 tahun pada tanggal 24 Januari 2009 dari keracunan darah akibat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infeksi yang cepat menyebar ke seluruh tubuhnya.

Jim Byrnes — American actor ; lost both legs above the knee in a vehicle accident. Jim Byrnes - Amerika aktor ; kehilangan kedua kaki di atas lutut dalam kecelakaan kendaraan.

Roberto Carlos — Brazilian singer ; had the lower half of his left leg slashed off by a train wheel in his teenage years. Roberto Carlos - Brazil penyanyi ; memiliki bagian bawah kaki kirinya menurunkan off dengan roda kereta api di masa remajanya.

Ronald D. Castille —Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania State Supreme Court and former Philadelphia District Attorney ; lost his leg in the Vietnam War . Ronald D. Castille -Ketua Mahkamah Agung Pennsylvania State dan mantan Philadelphia Jaksa ; kehilangan kakinya dalam Perang Vietnam .

Lars Grael — Brazilian windsurfing champion; his right leg was sliced off by a private boat's chopper engine in a sea accident . Lars Grael - Brasil windsurfing juara; kaki kanannya dipotong dengan perahu mesin helikopter swasta di laut kecelakaan .

Wagner Montes — Brazilian journalist and politician ; his motorbike crushed the lower half of his right leg against a lamppost . Wagner Montes - Brasil wartawan dan politisi ; sepeda motornya hancur bagian bawah kaki kanannya melawan tiang lampu .

Max Cleland —former US Senator ; lost both legs and right forearm following injuries inflicted by a fellow soldier's grenade in the Vietnam War. Max Cleland -mantan Senator AS ; kehilangan kedua kaki dan lengan kanan berikut cidera oleh seorang tentara orang itu granat dalam Perang Vietnam.

Richard Collier — American Football Player ; lost left leg after a shooting incident in Jacksonville, Florida. Richard Collier - American Football Player ; kehilangan kaki kiri setelah insiden penembakan di Jacksonville, Florida.

Denzil Connick the co-founder and secretary of the South Atlantic Medal Association formed in 1997. Denzil Connick co-founder dan sekretaris Asosiasi Medali Atlantik Selatan dibentuk pada tahun 1997. He served with 3

PARA during the 1982 Falklands War and lost a leg during the Battle of Mount Longdon . Ia menjabat dengan 3 PARA selama 1982 Perang Falklands dan kehilangan kaki selama Pertempuran Gunung Longdon .

Dadullah — Taliban military commander; lost a leg fighting against Soviet occupation in the 1980s . Dadullah - Taliban komandan militer; kehilangan kaki berperang melawan pendudukan Soviet di tahun 1980-an .

James Doohan — Canadian actor best known as Montgomery Scott on Star Trek ; lost right middle finger in friendly fire incident on Juno Beach during the Normandy landings . James Doohan - Kanada dikenal sebagai aktor terbaik Montgomery Scott dalam Star Trek ; kehilangan jari tengah tepat di tembak insiden di Pantai Juno selama pendaratan Normandia .

Dave Dravecky — Major League Baseball pitcher with the San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants ; lost left arm to cancer complications. Dave Dravecky - Major League Baseball pitcher dengan San Diego Padres dan San Francisco Giants ; kehilangan lengan kiri untuk komplikasi kanker.

Tammy Duckworth — American politician; lost both legs in the Iraq War . Tammy Duckworth - Amerika politikus; kehilangan kedua kaki dalam Perang Irak .

Graham Edwards — Australian politician; lost both legs in the Vietnam War. Graham Edwards - Australia politikus; kehilangan kedua kaki dalam Perang Vietnam.

Rahm Emanuel — White House Chief of Staff ; lost part of his finger to a meat slicer while an employee at Arby's as a teenager. Rahm Emanuel - Gedung Putih Kepala Staf ; bagian yang hilang dari jarinya ke alat pengiris daging, sementara seorang karyawan di Arby's sebagai remaja.

George Eyser American gymnast, he competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics, earning six medals in one day, including three gold and two silver medals. George Eyser pesenam Amerika, dia berkompetisi di Olimpiade 1904, produktif enam medali dalam satu hari, termasuk tiga emas dan dua medali perak. Eyser competed with a wooden prosthesis for a left leg. Eyser bersaing dengan prosthesis kayu untuk kaki kiri.

Lindsay Ess — quadruple amputee and teacher at Virginia Commonwealth University Lindsay ESS - diamputasi empat kali lipat dan guru di Virginia Commonwealth University

Ella Fitzgerald —American jazz musician; lost leg to diabetes Ella Fitzgerald -musisi jazz Amerika; kaki hilang untuk diabetes

Terry Fox — Canadian athlete and cancer treatment activist; lost a leg to cancer. Terry Fox - Kanada atlet dan kanker aktivis pengobatan; kehilangan kaki untuk kanker.

Khujo Goodie —rapper, member of the hip hop group Goodie Mob , lost bottom right leg in a car accident Khujo Goodie -rapper, anggota kelompok hip hop Goodie Mob , kehilangan kaki kanan bawah dalam kecelakaan mobil

Zach Gowen — American professional wrestler ; lost a leg to cancer as a child. Zach Gowen - Amerika pegulat profesional ; kehilangan kaki untuk kanker sebagai seorang anak.

Bethany Hamilton — American surfer ; lost an arm to a shark attack . Bethany Hamilton - Amerika surfer ; kehilangan lengan ke serangan hiu .

Robert David Hall — American actor , lost both legs due to a vehicle accident with a semi . Robert David Hall - Amerika aktor , kehilangan kedua kaki akibat kecelakaan kendaraan dengan semi .

Burkhard Heim — German theoretical physicist ; lost both hands in a laboratory explosion. Burkhard Heim - Jerman teori fisika ; kehilangan kedua tangannya dalam sebuah ledakan laboratorium.

Lord Uxbridge — British ; lost his leg during the Battle of Waterloo Tuhan Uxbridge - Inggris ; kehilangan kakinya selama Pertempuran Waterloo

Daniel Ken Inouye — Medal of Honor recipient, US Senator ; World War II war hero; lost his right arm due to battle wounds. Daniel Ken Inouye - Medal of Honor penerima, Senator AS ; Perang Dunia II pahlawan perang; kehilangan lengan kanannya karena luka pertempuran.

Stonewall Jackson —Confederate general during the American Civil War ; had his left arm amputated by Dr. Hunter McGuire on May 2, 1863 only to die eight days later on May 10, 1863. Stonewall Jackson Konfederasi umum selama Perang Saudara Amerika ; memiliki lengan kirinya diamputasi oleh Dr Hunter McGuire pada 2 Mei 1863 hanya untuk mati delapan hari kemudian pada tanggal 10 Mei 1863.

Peter Lalor —Australian politician and leader of the Eureka Stockade rebellion, a battle often characterised as the "birth of democracy" in Australia . Peter Lalor -Australia politisi dan pemimpin Stockade Eureka pemberontakan, pertempuran sering ditandai sebagai kelahiran "demokrasi" di Australia . Had his left arm amputated due to injuries sustained during the uprising. Apakah lengan kirinya diamputasi akibat luka yang diderita selama pemberontakan.

Matthias Lanzinger — Austrian Alpine skier; lost leg after fracturing his shin and fibula during a World Cup Super-G run at Kvitfjell , Norway . Matthias Lanzinger - Austria Alpine pemain ski; kaki hilang setelah rekah tulang kering dan tulang betis selama Piala Super-G berjalan di Dunia Kvitfjell , Norwegia .

Harold Lloyd —American film actor and producer, most famous for his silent comedies. Harold Lloyd -Amerika aktor dan produser film, paling terkenal untuk komedi diam-diam. Lost his right thumb and index finger during an accident on the set of Haunted Spooks . Kehilangan ibu jari kanan dan jari telunjuk selama kecelakaan di set mata-mata Haunted .

Bruce Marshall —Scottish novelist and author; lost leg as a result of wounds suffered in World War I . Bruce Marshall -Skotlandia novelis dan penulis; kaki hilang akibat menderita luka dalam Perang Dunia I .

Kyle Maynard , an American motivational speaker and athlete. Kyle Maynard , seorang pembicara motivasi Amerika dan atlet.

Heather Mills —ex-wife of former Beatle Paul McCartney as well as an activist and former model; lost left leg six inches below the kneecap in an accident where she was hit by a police motorcycle. Heather Mills -mantan-istri mantan Beatle, Paul McCartney juga sebagai seorang aktivis dan mantan model; kehilangan kaki kiri enam inci di bawah tempurung lutut dalam kecelakaan di mana dia ditabrak sepeda motor polisi.

Aimee Mullins — American model and athlete; lost both legs due to congenital disease. Aimee Mullins - Amerika model dan atlet; kehilangan kedua kakinya karena penyakit bawaan.

Horatio Nelson —(England) British Naval commander during Napoleonic war . Horatio Nelson - (Inggris) Komandan Angkatan Laut Inggris selama perang Napoleon . Lost right arm and eye during various sea battles. Kehilangan lengan kanan dan mata selama berbagai pertempuran laut. Defeated Villeneuve during the Battle of Trafalgar . Mengalahkan Villeneuve selama Pertempuran Trafalgar .

Oscar Pistorius — South African sprinter ; lost both legs due to a congenital disorder . Oscar Pistorius - Afrika Selatan pelari ; kehilangan kedua kakinya akibat kelainan bawaan .

Hans-Ulrich_Rudel — German ; WWII pilot, leg amputated below the knee. Hans-Ulrich_Rudel - Jerman ; WWII pilot, kaki diamputasi di bawah lutut.

Daniel Scioli —former Vicepresident of Argentina ; lost right arm during a boat race. Daniel Scioli mantan Vicepresident-of Argentina ; kehilangan lengan kanan selama perlombaan perahu.

Eric Shinseki —Incumbent Secretary of Veterans Affairs , retired US Army four-star general, and Army Chief of Staff during early stages of the War on Terrorism and Iraq War ; lost part of foot in a land mine explosion during Vietnam War . Eric Shinseki -Masa Menteri Veteran , pensiunan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat-bintang umum empat, dan Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat pada tahap awal Perang terhadap Terorisme dan Perang Irak ; bagian kehilangan kaki dalam ranjau darat ledakan selama Perang Vietnam .

Darío Silva — Uruguayan footballer; lost his right leg after a car accident. Darío Silva - Uruguay pemain sepak bola; kehilangan kaki kanannya setelah kecelakaan mobil.

Deke Slayton — Mercury Seven astronaut ; lost a finger as a child in a farming accident. Deke Slayton - Mercury Tujuh astronot ; kehilangan jari sebagai anak dalam sebuah kecelakaan pertanian.

Claus von Stauffenberg — German Colonel who lost his right hand during World War II; mastermind behind a failed attempt to assassinate Hitler ; Claus von Stauffenberg - Jerman Kolonel yang kehilangan tangan kanannya selama Perang Dunia II; dalang di balik upaya gagal untuk membunuh Hitler ;

Edward Teller — Physicist ; lost his leg from the knee down after he jumped from a train station platform trying to catch a train. Edward Teller - fisikawan ; kehilangan kakinya dari lutut ke bawah setelah ia melompat dari peron stasiun kereta mencoba naik kereta.

John Tester — US Senator ; as a child, lost the middle, index, and ring finger on his left hand in an accident while working with a meat grinder. John Tester - US Senator , sebagai seorang anak, kehilangan menengah, indeks, dan jari manis di tangan kirinya dalam kecelakaan saat bekerja dengan penggiling daging.

Fred Titmus , former English Test cricketer and professional footballer, who lost four toes while swimming, when his foot got caught up with a boat propeller. Fred Titmus , mantan pemain kriket Tes Bahasa Inggris dan pemain sepak bola profesional, yang kehilangan empat jari kaki saat berenang, ketika kakinya terjebak dengan baling-baling kapal.

Lee Van Cleef — American actor ; lost the tip of his middle finger on his right hand while building a playhouse for his daughter. Lee Van Cleef - aktor Amerika ; kehilangan ujung jari tengah pada tangan kanannya sementara membangun taman bermain anak-anak untuk putrinya.

Kerry Von Erich American wrestler "The Texas Tornado", lost right foot in motorcycle accident but continued his wrestling career with a prosthetic foot. Kerry Von Erich pegulat Amerika "The Texas Tornado", kehilangan kaki kanan dalam kecelakaan sepeda motor tapi karir yang terus-menerus bergulat dengan kaki palsu.

Pyotr Nikolayevich Vlasov — Russian photographer; lost his left thumb, index finger, and middle finger, as well as an inch of his right index finger,

when dynamite exploded in his hands in the coal mine where he worked as a teenager during World War II . Pyotr Nikolayevich Vlasov - Rusia fotografer; kehilangan ibu jari kiri, jari telunjuk, dan jari tengah, serta inci telunjuk kanannya, ketika dinamit meledak di tangannya di batubara tambang di mana ia bekerja sebagai remaja selama Perang Dunia II .

Paul Wittgenstein — Austrian-born pianist, brother of philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein ; lost right arm during World War I. Paul Wittgenstein - pianis kelahiran Austria, saudara filsuf Ludwig Wittgenstein ; kehilangan lengan kanan selama Perang Dunia I.

Alex Zanardi — Italian car racing driver ; lost both legs in a CART car accident at Lausitzring then returned to race in the World Touring Car Championship . Alex Zanardi - Italia mobil pembalap ; kehilangan kedua kakinya dalam CART kecelakaan mobil di Lausitzring kemudian kembali ke balapan di World Touring Car Championship .

Natalie Du Toit — South African swimmer, after George Eyser , [ 18 ] became the second amputee ever to qualify for the Olympics , where she placed 16th in the 10 km Marathon . [ 19 ] Natalie Du Toit - perenang Afrika Selatan, setelah George Eyser , [18] menjadi diamputasi kedua yang pernah memenuhi syarat untuk Olimpiade , di mana ia ditempatkan di 16 Km Marathon 10 . [19]

Patrick Watson — Canadian broadcaster, author, commentator and television writer, producer and director, lost his left leg above the knee in 1960 following an accident. Patrick Watson - penyiar Kanada, penulis, komentator dan penulis naskah televisi, produser dan sutradara, kehilangan kaki kirinya di atas lutut pada tahun 1960 setelah kecelakaan.

Amy Palmiero-Winters — American ultramarathon runner; first amputee to compete on a senior able-bodied nationals team in any sport, took 19th place at the 2010 World 24-Hour Championship after running 129 miles in 24 hours, winner of the 2010 Sullivan Award and a 2010 ESPY , first amputee to finish the Western States Endurance Race; missing one lower leg and foot due to a motorcycle accident. Amy Palmiero-Winters - pelari ultramarathon Amerika; diamputasi pertama untuk bersaing di tim-bertubuh warga senior bisa olahraga apa pun, terjadi 19 pada Jam 24 Kejuaraan Dunia 2010 setelah berjalan 129 mil dalam 24 jam, pemenang tahun 2010 Sullivan Award dan 2010 Espy pertama diamputasi, untuk menyelesaikan Amerika Barat Endurance Race: hilang satu kaki yang lebih rendah dan kaki akibat kecelakaan sepeda motor.

[ edit ] See also [ sunting ] Lihat pula

Tourniquet Turniket Autotomy Autotomy Amputee Soccer Championship, Central America Amputasi Soccer

Championship, Amerika Tengah Acrotomophilia Acrotomophilia Congenital amputation Amputasi kongenital Miracle of Calanda Keajaiban Calanda

[ edit ] References [ sunting ] Referensi

1. ^ a b Richard S. Dillon (May 1997). "Fifteen Years of Experience in Treating 2177 Episodes of Foot and Leg Lessions with the Circulator Boot" . Angiology 48 (5 (part 2)): S17–S34. doi : 10.1177/000331979704800503 . http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html . ^ a b Richard S. Dillon (Mei 1997). "Lima belas Tahun 2177 Pengalaman dalam Memperlakukan Episode Kaki dan Kaki Lessions dengan Circulator Boot" 48. Angiology (5 (bagian 2)): S17-S34. DOI : 10,1177 / 000331979704800503 . http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html .

2. ^ a b Vella A, Carlson LA, Blier B, Felty C, Kuiper JD, Rooke TW (2000). ^ a b Vella A, Carlson LA, Blier B, C Felty, Kuiper JD, TW Rooke (2000). "Circulator boot therapy alters the natural history of ischemic limb ulceration.". Vasc Med. 5 (1): 21–25. PMID 10737152 . "Terapi boot Circulator mengubah sejarah alam ulkus tungkai iskemik Med. Vasc".. 5 (1): 21-25. PMID 10737152 .

3. ̂ Pinzur, MS; Stuck, RM; Sage, R; Hunt, N; Rabinovich, Z (September 2003). ^ Pinzur, MS; Stuck, RM; Sage, R; Hunt, N; Rabinovich, Z (September 2003). "Syme ankle disarticulation in patients with diabetes". J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A (9): 1667–1672. PMID 12954823 . "Syme disarticulation kaki pada pasien dengan diabetes" 85. J Bone Joint Surg Am-A (9): 1667-1672. PMID 12954823 .

4. ̂ Richard S. Dillon; Yai, H; Maruhashi, J (May 1997). "FPatient Assesment and Examples of a Method of Treatment. Use of the Circulator Boot in Peripherical Vascular Disease" . Angiology 48 (5 (part 2)): S35–S58. doi : 10.1177/000331979704800504 . PMID 915838 . http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html . ^ Richard S. Dillon; Yai, H; Maruhashi, J (Mei 1997). "FPatient Penilaian dan Contoh Metoda Pengobatan. Penggunaan Circulator Boot di Peripherical Vascular Disease" 48. Angiology (5 (bagian 2)): S35-S58. DOI : 10.1177/000331979704800504 . PMID 915838 . http://www.circulatorboot.com/literature/angiology1.html .

5. ̂ Circulator Boot at Mayo Clinic 1:08-1:32 ^ Circulator Boot di Mayo Clinic 1:08-1:32

6. ̂ Islam Online- News Section ^ Islam Online-News Section 7. ̂ "Tariq Ramadan   : Do you trust this man?" . The Independent (London). ^

"Tariq Ramadan: Apakah Anda mempercayai orang ini"? . The Independent (London). March 11, 2007 . http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2342952.ece . 11 Maret 2007. http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2342952.ece . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . Diperoleh April 23, 2010.

8. ̂ RTE: Aussie Rules star has finger removed ^ RTE: bintang Aturan Australia memiliki jari dihapus

9. ̂ SportsAustralia.com: Tawake undergoes surgery to remove finger ^ SportsAustralia.com: Tawake mengalami pembedahan untuk menghapus jari

10. ̂ Man Pinned Under Tree Amputates His Leg ^ Man pinned Bawah Pohon Amputates Kaki Nya

11. ̂ "CMU grad describes cutting off his arm to save his life" . http://www.post-gazette.com/nation/20030509climbernat2.asp . ^ "lulusan CMU menggambarkan memotong tangannya untuk menyelamatkan nyawanya" . http://www.post-gazette.com/nation/20030509climbernat2.asp . Retrieved 2008-05-07 . Diperoleh 2008/05/07.

12. ̂ "Arm trapped, and fearing fire, tough miner knew what to do" . The Sydney Morning Herald . http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/06/29/1056825279321.html . ^ "Lengan terjebak, dan takut api, penambang sulit tahu apa yang harus dilakukan" . The Morning. Sydney Herald http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/06/29/1056825279321.html .

13. ̂ Life: Dismembered again ^ Life: Terpotong-potong lagi 14. ̂ Errol Morris: Profiles ^ Errol Morris: Profil 15. ̂ . http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/ . ^ .

http://www-cgi.cnn.com/US/9803/09/briefs.pm/rudolph.amputation/ . 16. ̂ Heidi Schultz (January 2005). "Phantom Input" ( [ dead link ] ). National

Geographic Magazine . http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html . ^ Heidi Schultz (Januari 2005). "Phantom Input" ([ link mati ]) Geografis. Majalah Nasional. http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0501/resources_who.html .

17. ̂ Ryan, Joan (March 25, 2006). "War without end / Damaged soldiers start their agonizing recoveries" . The San Francisco Chronicle . http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/03/26/MNSOLDIERS26.DTL . ^ Ryan, Joan (25 Maret, 2006). "Perang tanpa akhir / tentara Rusak memulai pemulihan menyiksa mereka" . The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/ c/a/2006/03/26/MNSOLDIERS26.DTL .

18. ̂ Natalie du Toit ready to make Olympic history . ^ Natalie du Toit siap untuk membuat sejarah Olimpiade . Retrieved November 5, 2009. Diperoleh November 5, 2009.

19. ̂ Hart, Simon (May 4, 2008). "Dreams carry Natalie Du Toit to Beijing" . The Daily Telegraph (London) . http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2008/05/04/sbswim104.xml . ^ Hart, Simon (4 Mei 2008). "Impian membawa Natalie Du Toit ke Beijing" .. Harian The Telegraph (London) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport / 2008/05/04/sbswim104.xml . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . Diperoleh April 23, 2010.

[ edit ] External links [ sunting ] Pranala luar

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amputations Wikimedia Commons memiliki galeri mengenai: amputasi

Amputation from Cooper's 1835 "Practice of Surgery" Amputasi dari Cooper 1835 "Praktek Bedah"

Imaging of Lower Extremities Amputations Imaging dari bawah kaki amputasi

[hide]v • d • e v • d • e

Orthopedic surgery , operations/ surgeries and other procedures on muscle/soft tissue ( ICD-9-CM V3 82-84) Bedah ortopedi , operasi / bedah dan prosedur lainnya pada otot / jaringan lunak ( ICD-9-CM V3 82-84)

Muscle , tendon , fascia , and bursa Otot , tendon , fasia , dan bursa

muscle: Myotomy ( Heller myotomy ) · Muscle biopsy otot: Myotomy ( Heller myotomy ) · otot biopsi

tendon: Tenotomy tendon: Tenotomy

fascia: Fasciotomy fasia: Fasciotomy

bursa: Bursectomy bursa: Bursectomy

Other Lain

Amputation ( Hemipelvectomy , Hemicorporectomy ) • Limb salvage • Replantation Amputasi ( Hemipelvectomy , Hemicorporectomy ) • Gerak menyelamatkan • replantation

M : MUS , DF + DRCT M : Mus , DF

+ DRCT

anat ( h / n , u , t / d , a / p , l )/ phys / hist anat ( h / n , u , t / d ,

a / p , l ) / Phys / versi

noco( m , s , c )/ cong ( d )/ tumr , sysi / epon , injr noco ( m , s , c ) / Cong ( d ) / tumr , sysi / Epon ,

injr

proc , drug ( M1A / 3 ) proc , obat ( M1A /

3 )

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