amrit kaurcomputer generation.doc

8/10/2019 amrit kaurcomputer generation.doc

1/7

RAYAT COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, RAILMAJRA

Subject :- ICT.

Topic :- Generations of Computers.

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Mrs. Rekha Amrit Kaur

B.e !e"#DR$%% N$#&''


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First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often

enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great

deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language

understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input

was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

The UI!"# and $I"#computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UI!"#

was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.%. #ensus &ureau in '()'.

First Generation

(vacuum tube circuits)

First Ge(erati$( "$m)uters are "hara"terise *+ the use $ -a"uum tu*es. These -a"uum tu*es ere use$r "a%"u%ati$( as e%% as st$ra/e a( "$(tr$%. Later, ma/(eti" ta)es a( ma/(eti" rums ere im)%eme(te

as st$ra/e meia. The irst -a"uum tu*e "$m)uter, ENIAC, as e-e%$)e *+ U! arm+ $ri(a("e t$

"a%"u%ate *a%%isti" iri(/ ta*%es i( 00II. It ha a*$ut &1 ''' -a"uum tu*es. The ma"hi(e ei/he 2' t$(s,

"$-ere a*$ut &''' s3uare eet $ %$$r, a( "$(sume &2' $r &4' ki%$atts $ e%e"tri"it+. The ENIAC5s

"%$"k s)ee as a*$ut &'' k67. I( aiti$( t$ *a%%isti"s, the ENIAC5s ie% $ a))%i"ati$( i("%ue eather

)rei"ti$(, at$mi"#e(er/+ "a%"u%ati$(s, "$smi"#ra+ stuies, therma% i/(iti$(, ra($m#(um*er stuies, i(#

tu((e% esi/(, a( $ther s"ie(tii" uses. N$ e%e"tr$(i" "$m)uters ere *ei(/ a))%ie t$ "$mmer"ia%

)r$*%ems u(ti% a*$ut &89&.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/machine_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ENIAC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/magnetic_drum.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/memory.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/machine_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/ENIAC.html


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Vacuum tube circuit

This is a( e:am)%e $ a -a"uum tu*e *ase "ir"uit use i( a irst /e(erati$( "$m)uter ;a Burr$u/hs'


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Second Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistorsreplaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was

invented in '(*+ but did not see widespread use in computers until the late '()s. The transistor was far superior to

the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable

than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subected the

computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. %econd-generation computers still relied onpunched cards for input and printouts for output.

%econd-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly,languages

which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. igh-level programming languageswere also being

developed at this time, such as early versions of #/&/0and F/1T1". These were also the first computers that

stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.

Transistor computerAtransistor computeris acomputer hi"h uses is"retetransistorsi(stea $vacuum tubes. The irs/e(erati$( $ e%e"tr$(i" "$m)uters use -a"uum tu*es, hi"h /e(erate %ar/e am$u(ts $ heat, ere *u%k+, a(

ere u(re%ia*%e. A se"$( /e(erati$( $ "$m)uters, thr$u/h the %ate &89's a( &8='s eature *$ars i%%e

ith i(i-iua% tra(sist$rs a(magnetic memory cores. These ma"hi(es remai(e the mai(stream esi/( i(t$

the %ate &8='s, he(integrated circuitsstarte a))eari(/ a( %e t$ the thir /e(erati$( ma"hi(es.

The first transistor computerThe University of 2anchester3s experimental Transistor #omputer was first operational in ovember '()4 and it is widely believed to be the firs

transistor computer to come into operation anywhere in the world. There were two versions of the Transistor #omputer, the prototype,

operational in '()4, and the full-si5e version, commissioned in "pril '()). The '()4 machine had (6 point-contact transistorsand ))diodes

manufactured by%T#.It had a *7-bitmachine word.8'9The '()) machine had a total of 6 point-contact transistors and '4 point diodes

8'9which resulted in a power consumption of ') watts. There were considerable reliability problems with the early batches of transistors and the

average error free run in '()) was only '.) hours. The #omputer also used a small number of tubes in its clock generator, so it was not the

first fully transistori5ed machine.869

The design of a full-si5e Transistor #omputer was subse:uently adopted by the 2anchesterfirm of 2etropolitan-!ickers,who changed all the

circuits to more reliable types ofunction transistors.8'9The production version was known as the 2etrovick () and was built from '(); to the

extent of six8'9or seven machines,849which were


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Third Generation (1964-1971) nte!rated "ircuitsThe development of the integrated circuitwas the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were

miniaturi5ed and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and

efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers

throughkeyboardsandmonitorsand interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many

different applicationsat one time with a central program that monitored the memory. #omputers for the first time

became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Integrated CircuitA( i(te/rate "ir"uit, $r IC, is sma%% "hi) that "a( u("ti$( as a( am)%iier, $s"i%%at$r, timer, mi"r$)r$"ess$r,$r

e-e( "$m)uter mem$r+. A( IC is a sma%% aer, usua%%+ mae $ si%i"$(, that "a( h$% a(+here r$m hu(rest$ mi%%i$(s $ tra(sist$rs, resist$rs, a( "a)a"it$rs. These e:treme%+ sma%% e%e"tr$(i"s "a( )er$rm "a%"u%ati$(s

a( st$re ata usi(/ either i/ita%$ra(a%$/te"h($%$/+.

Di/ita% ICs use%$/i" /ates,hi"h $rk $(%+ ith -a%ues $ $(es a( 7er$s. A %$ si/(a% se(t t$ t$ a "$m)$(e(t

$( a i/ita% IC i%% resu%t i( a -a%ue $ ', hi%e a hi/h si/(a% "reates a -a%ue $ &. Di/ita% ICs are the ki( +$ui%% usua%%+ i( i( "$m)uters, (et$rki(/ e3ui)me(t, a( m$st "$(sumer e%e"tr$(i"s.

A(a%$/, $r %i(ear ICs $rk ith "$(ti(u$us -a%ues. This mea(s a "$m)$(e(t $( a %i(ear IC "a( take a -a%ue $

a(+ ki( a( $ut)ut a($ther -a%ue. The term %i(ear is use si("e the $ut)ut -a%ue is a %i(ear u("ti$( $ thei()ut. F$r e:am)%e, a "$m)$(e(t $( a %i(ear IC ma+ mu%ti)%e a( i("$mi(/ -a%ue *+ a a"t$r $ >.9 a( $ut)ut

the resu%t. Li(ear ICs are t+)i"a%%+ use i( aui$ a( rai$ re3ue("+ am)%ii"ati$(.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/silicon.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/C/chip.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/S/semiconductor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/K/keyboard.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/monitor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/interface.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/operating_system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/application.htmlhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/processorhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/digitalhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/analoghttp://www.techterms.com/definition/logicgatehttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/silicon.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/C/chip.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/S/semiconductor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/K/keyboard.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/monitor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/interface.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/operating_system.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/application.htmlhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/processorhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/digitalhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/analoghttp://www.techterms.com/definition/logicgate


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Fourth Generation (1971-#resent) $icro%rocessorsThe microprocessorbrought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a

single silicon chip. =hat in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel

** chip, developed in '(+', located all the components of the computer>from the central processing unitand

memory to input?output controls>on a single chip.

In '(7' I&2introduced its first computer for the home user, and in '(7*"ppleintroduced the 2acintosh2icroprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more

everyday products began to use microprocessors.

"s these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually

led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of@UIs

themouseandhandhelddevices.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/microprocessor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IBM.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/A/Apple_Computer.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/G/GUI.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/H/hand_held_computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/microprocessor.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IBM.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/A/Apple_Computer.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/G/GUI.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/H/hand_held_computer.html


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Fi&th Generation (#resent and 'eond) rti&icia* nte**i!enceFifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some

applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processingand

superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Auantum computationand molecula

andnanotechnologywill radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation

computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organi5ation.++ ,. /222

"n integrated circuit BI#Cis a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated

circuit was developed in the '()s by Dack Eilby of Texas Instruments and 1obert oyce of Fairchild

%emiconductor.
http://webopedia.com/TERM/A/artificial_intelligence.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/V/voice_recognition.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/P/parallel_processing.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/Q/quantum_computing.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/N/nanotechnology.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/N/natural_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/A/artificial_intelligence.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/V/voice_recognition.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/P/parallel_processing.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/Q/quantum_computing.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/N/nanotechnology.htmlhttp://webopedia.com/TERM/N/natural_language.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.html

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amrit kaurcomputer generation.doc