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AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF JAKARTA – ROTTERDAM SISTER CITY
PROGRAM (2008 – 2014)
By
Najla
016201100032
A Thesis presented to the
Faculty of Humanities President University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Bachelor Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy
2015
i
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis entitled ― An Analysis of the Effectiveness and
Efficiency of the Implementation Jakarta - Rotterdam Sister City Program
(2008 – 2014) is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of
work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university
to obtain a degree.
Jakarta, April 10 2015
Najla
ii
THESIS ADVISER
RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This thesis entitled “An Analysis of the Effectiveness And Efficiency of the
Implementation of Jakarta - Rotterdam Sister City Program (2008 – 2014)”
prepared and submitted by Najla in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor‟s degree in the Faculty of
Humanities President University has been reviewed and found to have
satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore
recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.
Cikarang, Indonesia, April, 10 2015
Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D
Thesis Adviser
iii
PANEL OF EXAMINER
APPROVAL SHEET
The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “An Analyses of the
Effectiveness and Efficiency of the Implementation of Jakarta – Rotterdam
Sister City Program” that was submitted by Najla majoring in International
Relations from the Faculty of Humanity was assessed and approved to have
passed the Oral Examinations on April, 2015.
Hendra Manurung S.IP., M.A
Chair Panel Examiner
Isyana Adriani, M.Si
Examiner
Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D
Thesis Adviser
iv
ABSTRAK Judul: “Analisa Efektivitas dan Efisisensi Jakarta – Rotterdam Sister City
Program (2008 – 2014)”
Kerjasama luar negeri dalam bentuk city diplomacy telah berkembang pesat di
belahan dunia, demikian juga di Indonesia. S ister City Program istilah yang
digunakan untuk suatu hubungan kerjasama luar negeri antar kota oleh
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta, menjadi satu fenomena yang mengesankan bagi
berkembang nya hubungan luar negeri hingga menyentuh lapisan Pemerintah
Daerah. Sister City Program memiliki sifat saling membantu dalam hal ini, kedua
kota bersama – sama menyusun suatu program yang bermanfaat pada
pembangunan kota, atau dapat dikatakan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dari masing –
masing perencana. Pada kesempatanh ini, skripsi ini akan menganalisa seberapa
efektif dan efisien Sister City Program yang dilaksanakan Jakarta – Rotterdam
pada tahun 2008 – 2014. Rotterdam sebagai kota yang terbilang sukses dalam
pengembangan kota nya, menjadi pilihan Jakarta untuk dapat bekerja sama
dengan baik dalam membantu percepatan pembangunan. Skripsi ini akan
menggunakan analisa terpadu yang mencakup prinsip; Consistency, Mutually
Benefiting, Incidental,Evaluation, dan Innovation. Berdasarkan data primer yang
ada, skripsi ini akan membuahkan hasil analisa yang mendeskripsikan efektivitas
dan efisiensi dari kerjasama Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam.
Keywords: Jakarta, Rotterdam, Sister City Program, City Diplomac
v
ABSTRACT Title: “An Analysis of the Effectiveness And Efficiency Jakarta – Rotterdam Sister
City Program (2008 – 2014)”
Foreign cooperation in the form of City Diplomacy has been growing rapidly in
the world, as well as in Indonesia. Sister City program is the term used for foreign
cooperative relationships between cities by Jakarta Capital City Government
which became a phenomenon that is impressive for foreign cooperation
development that able to touch Local Governments layer. Sister City Program has
an objective to assist each other. The cities together compiling the programs that
are beneficial to the development of the city, or it can be said according to the
needs of each city. Furthermore, this thesis will analyze how effective and
efficient the Sister City Program implemented by Jakarta - Rotterdam in 2008 –
2014. Rotterdam as a city which was successful in its urban development has
pulled Jakarta to be able to work well together in helping Jakarta to accelerate the
development of city. This thesis will use an integrated analysis that includes
principles; Consistency, Mutually benefiting, Incidental Evaluation, and
Innovation. Based on the existing primary data, this thesis will produce results
that describe the analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of Sister City
Program that held by Jakarta - Rotterdam.
Keywords: Jakarta, Rotterdam, Sister City Program, City Diplomacy
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thesis is a long piece of research, consultation, reading, discussion and
hard work. It is full of tensions, pressure, emotions, struggles and happiness. One
cannot easily ignore all of it. However, it is not the journey that I am really
grateful for, but the companion offered by people around me.
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT for what I am now is
nothing without His blessings and guidance. Secondly, I am really thankful for
my family who supported me unconditionally. Thank you for all the opportunities,
advices, and your love.
To my thesis advisor, Teuku Rezasyah, Ph.D, thank you so much for your
kind advices and passionate guidance for us. Thank you very much for listening to
my problems. You are very lenient towards my mistakes all this time.To my
wonderful lecturers Mr. Eric Hendra thank you for everything, your kind advices
and encouragement for me. It boosts my confidence and gives me courage. Thank
you very much sir.
To my fellow thesis fighters from IR, thank you for everything we shared
this past few years. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my
eternally malformed and twisted friends, who have such a bizarre sense of humor
and way of life. You are all always there for me, through thick and thin, mostly
thick though, but you will never leave me behind.
The last but not least, thank you so much for the knowledge and
experience from Jakarta Capital City Government. Thank you for Mr. Basuki
Tjahaja Purnama, Mr. Sakti Boediono, Ms. Sarwo Handayani, Mr. Yudi
Hermawan, and Mr. Robert Silalahi for all the knowledge and information in
completing my thesis. I hope Allah SWT repay all your kindness.
Jakarta, 10 April, 2015
Najla
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Logical Flow of Theoretical Framework
Figure 1.2 Decentralized Cooperation meets peace building
Figure 1.3The Sister City Program Effectiveness and
Efficiency Factor
Figure 3.1 Research Framework
Figure 4.1 Term of Reference (Jakarta – Rotterdam)
Figure 4.2 The Sister City Program Effectivenes Factors
Figure 4.3 Consistencies of Programs
Figure 4.4 Term of Reference (2008 – 2015)
Figure 4.5 Incidentals in Period
Figure 4.6 Evaluation of Sister City Program Jakarta
Rotterdam (2008 – 2010)
Figure 4.7 Operation and Maintenance, Evaluation of Sister
City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2008 – 2010)
Figure 4.8 Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on
Operation and Maintenance, Institutional
Knowledge /Capacity Building, Evaluation of
Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2011
– 2012)
Figure 4.9 Development of a Coastal Defense, Strategy
Evaluation of Sister City Program Jakarta –
Rotterdam (2011 – 2012)
Figure 5.0 Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water
Management, Evaluation of Sister City Program
Jakarta – Rotterdam (2013& 2014)
Figure 5.1 National Capital Integrated Coastal
Development (NCICD) Programme, Evaluation
of Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam
(2013 & 2014)
viii
Figure 5.2 the Improvement of Relevant Programs
on Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam
Figure 5.3 Conclusion of Analysis
LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The List of Sister Cities until 2012
LIST OF PICTURES Picture 4.1 Enjoy Jakarta
Picture 4.2 The City of Rotterdam
LIST OF ACRONYMS
DKI : Daerah Khuus Ibukota
JCDS : Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy
MIS : Management Information System
MOU : Minutes of Understanding
MOA : Minutes of Agreement
NCICD : National Capital Integrated Coastal Defense
Strategy
SCP : Sister City Program
TOR : Term of Reference
ix
TABLE OF CONTENS DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ i
THESIS ADVISER ............................................................................................... ii
RECOMMENDATION LETTER ....................................................................... ii
PANEL OF EXAMINER .................................................................................... iii
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ vii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. viii
LIST OF PICTURES ......................................................................................... viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem Identified ................................................................................ 12
1.3 Statement of the Problem .................................................................... 13
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................. 13
1.5 Significance of the Study ...................................................................... 14
1.6 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 14
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................................... 18
1.8 Definitions of Terms .............................................................................. 18
CHAPTER II ....................................................................................................... 19
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 19
2.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 19
2.2. Alexandra Sizoo (2008), City Diplomacy: The Role of Local............ 20
Governments In Conflict Prevention, Peace-Building And .............. 20
Post-Conflict Reconstruction. .............................................................. 20
2.3 Rogier Van Der Pluijm (2007), City Diplomacy: The ........................ 21
Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics. ............................ 21
2.4 Cecile Barbeito Thonon (2006), City Diplomacy Practices, .............. 22
The Peace Building Tools and Initiatives of European ..................... 22
Cities. ...................................................................................................... 22
x
2.5 Fons Van Overbeek (2009), City Diplomacy: The Roles and ........... 23
Challenges of the Peace Building Equivalent of Decentralized ........ 23
Cooperation. .......................................................................................... 23
2.8 Jakarta Capita City Government (2003), Regional........................... 27
Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta ........................................... 27
2.9 Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................. 28
CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................... 29
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................................... 29
3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 29
3.2 Research Method .................................................................................. 29
3.3 Research Framework ........................................................................... 30
3.4 Research Time and Place ..................................................................... 35
3.5 Research Instrument ............................................................................ 35
3.6. Research Design ................................................................................... 37
3.7. Chapter Conclusion .............................................................................. 38
CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................... 39
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
SISTER CITY PROGRAM JAKARTA - ROTTERDAM ............................. 39
4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 39
4.2. The Profile of Jakarta and Rotterdam ........................................... 39
4.2.1. Profile of Jakarta ........................................................................... 39
4.2.2 Profile of Rotterdam ....................................................................... 41
4.3. Sister City Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam ..................... 43
4.3.1 Historical Background ................................................................... 43
4.3.2 Term of References of Sister City Program between .................... 44
Jakarta and Rotterdam .................................................................. 44
4.4. Analysis of the Implementation Sister City Programs ...................... 49
Jakarta – Rotterdam ............................................................................. 49
4.4.1 Consistency ..................................................................................... 49
4.4.2 Mutually Benefiting ....................................................................... 54
4.4.3 Incidental ........................................................................................ 56
4.4.4 Evaluation ...................................................................................... 58
4.4.5 Innovation ...................................................................................... 66
4.5 Chapter Conclusion .............................................................................. 67
CHAPTER V ....................................................................................................... 70
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 70
xi
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 72
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 76
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
After the end of the Cold War, the traditional diplomacy does not longer
apply in the world of global politics and international relations. World has
increasingly demanding the diplomacy changed to be more evolved. The issue of
social, cultural, economic, environmental, human rights has become more
important than the traditional issues such as political issues and security. The
pattern of international relations and global politics were also changed through the
era.
Diplomacy has expanded not only through the multiplication of national
and interstate entities; there has also been a great increase of functions. The
themes of diplomacy used to be politics, strategy, military balances and territorial
issues. The horizons have now been broadened to include preoccupation with
economic development, financial relations, oil prices and availabilities,
environmental dilemmas and other matters once defined as “low politics”.1
The pattern of international relations and global politics has changed to
make diplomacy as a major element for a state in the international arena.
Diplomacy is an essentially political activity and, well resourced, and skillful, a
major ingredient of power. Its chief purpose is to enable states to secure the
objectives of their foreign policies without resort to force, propaganda, or law.2
Along with globalization, the world no longer has to fight and take up arms to
1 Eban, A. (1983). New The Diplomacy: International Affairs In The Modern Age. New York:
Random House. 2 Berridge, G. (2005). Diplomacy Theory And Practice Third Edition. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
2
achieve his goal. Diplomacy can be exerted in many forms; through peace talks,
written constitutions, field experiences, etc.3
Globalization has made the communication style and all diplomacy
approaches towards more friendly. It is becoming the reason and the main factor
for many countries in the world to cooperate with each other based on
interdependent of each State to another State, both natural resources, energy,
information, technology, and trade. As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to
the ever-changing international community, diplomats, politicians, and
representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the needs and wants of
nations.4
Furthermore, diplomacy in this globalization era has brings patterns of
interaction in international relations that led to the effort to make the world
become integrated with one another. Because it essentially globalization can be
conceptualized as a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of
human social organization that links distant communities and expand the reach of
power relations across regions and continents.5 In this term, the development of
science and technology are also supporting the globalization process by offering
the opportunity to help regions and continents in having better diplomacy
relationship.
In this terrific condition, the entire state is continuing to move forward and
demanding in rapidly improvement of segmentation in various elements. Not only
applies to a State, the globalization also has given chance for every city to
improve their diplomacy activity that are significant and unlimited. In addition,
the revolution of communications, privatizations, decentralization and increased
democratization, among other aspects, has led to the formation of relationships at
the local level.6
That is what makes City Diplomacy becoming the new
phenomena in the middle of globalizations‟ today
3 Matthes, D. (2010). International Symposium On Cultural Diplomacy . Culture, Globalization,
And International Relations , 2. 4 Ibid
5 Baylis, J., & Smith, S. (2006). The Globalization Of World Politics An Introduction To
International Relaton. Third Edition Edited. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Univeristy Press. 6 Franco, Mario and Elsa Marmelo. (2011)"Sister City Relationship As A Form Of Inter-
Organizational Cooperation." Exploratory Case Studies In The Portuguese Context: 75 -89.
3
The presence of local government is automatically becoming the one of
new actors in the international arena. The actor of international relations is not
merely state as the main actor but it can be sub-national actors such as province
and city.7 As we know that every country consists with many provinces, as well as
the potential owned by every region are also different.
The dynamics of development has demanding local government to
implement any efforts to use the potential of State assets and resources to support
it. In addition, participation in the implementation of cooperation with foreign
parties also became the main weapon for City Diplomacy. It is marked by
numerous international agreements that have been made between local
governments in various cities in the world which are interconnected with each
other.
Foreign cooperation is increasingly being developed by the actor of City
Diplomacy in the world is often called as Sister City. In these circumstances,
sister-city relationships refer to a long-term partnership between communities in
different cities or towns based on mutuality and equity.8 Sister city relationships
have evolved from their beginnings as a facilitating instrument of international
friendship and cultural exchange at the local level, to a powerful tool for capacity
building, learning, and economic and social development in developing
countries.9
Basically, this cooperation is about link between the city governments.
The partnership has been widely agreed on measures aimed to realize fraternity,
peace, understanding, togetherness, and also encourage development in various
sectors in each city. Nevertheless, more than 70% of the world‟s cities have been
engaged in some form of international cooperation with others, be it a sister-city
7 Purnama, B. T. (2014, 11 3). Local Government in International Relation. (Najla,
Interviewer) 8 Ringrose, N. (2000). The Challenges of Linking: City-to-City Cooperation as a Development
Modality for the 21st Century. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 9Villiers, J.C. (2009) . Success Factors And The City-To-City Partnership Management Process –
From
Strategy To Alliance Capability. Habitat Internasional, Vol. 33. 149-156.
4
or friendship city relationship. Indeed, more than 11,000 pairs of cities in some
159 countries have entered into sister-city relationships.10
The phenomenon of international relations between cities has been
growing rapidly in many countries, as well as in Indonesia. Until now there is a
lot of agreement and cooperation between major cities in Indonesia with major
cities abroad. Various policies and advice has been issued by the Government to
the Government of the city that can take an advantage of this relationship to
accelerate the growth of cities. One of this growing relationship also developed by
Jakarta Capital City Government with major cities in the world.
Until this year, Jakarta has Sister City as many as 21 cities, ie: Seoul,
Beijing, Tokyo, Bangkok, Berlin, Moscow, Rotterdam, Budapest, Al - Qud's As
Shareef, Istanbul, Kyev, New South Wales, Los Angles, Casablanca, Hanoi
Pyongyang, Paris, Jeddah, Islamabad, Arkansas, and Maputo.11
Forms of co-
operation are quite diverse ranging from training, official visits, projects,
seminars, sports tournaments, exhibitions, agreement, anniversary celebrations of
the city, sanitation and hygiene programs to handle the environment, arts and
cultural performances, to program a comparative study of local government.12
NO CITY MANUSCRIPT
SIGNED
ACTIVITY
LEVEL
PROGRAMS
1 Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
Joint Declaration – 10
March 1979
Inactive 1.Dispatch of personal
expert
2.Arrange technical
guidance and work
training on city
arrangement and
construction
3.City reforesting
4. Land scaping and
administration
10
Tjandradewi, B.I. (2009). City-to-City Networks: Asian Perspectives on Key Elements and
Areas for
Success. Habitat International, Vol. 33. 165-172. 11
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer) 12
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City oF Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer)
5
2 Seoul, South
Korea
Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) –
25 July 1984
Active 1. General System
Administration and
Population
2. Management and
Urban Planning
3. Organize on Traffic
and Transportation
4. Supervise and
Organize on
environment
5. Development of
society
6. Art and Cultural
program
7. Raising of labour
resources
3 Islamabad,
Pakistan
Joint Declaration – 25
October 1984
Inactive 1. Raising on Good
relations and
understanding others
2. Improvement on
knowledge of District
Government sector
3. Cultural Exchange
4. Founding of Young
Generation
5. Commerce and
Tourism
4 Rotterdam,
Netherland
MoU – 1 Agustus 1986 Active 1. Information
Management System
2. Technology of
Solid Rubbish and
Demolition
4. City Cargo
Terminal
5. Waste and River
Management
6. Revitalization of
6
Sunda Kelapa Port
7. Museum
Management
8. Water Management
9. Exchange Program
10. National Capital
Integrated Coastal
Development
5 Tokyo, Japan Joint Declaration – 23
October 1989
Inactive 1. City management
2. Cultural
3. Arts
4. Sports and other
sectors that approved
by both city's
government
6 Los Angeles,
USA
MoU – 27 January 1991 Less Active 1. Commerce and
economy development
2. Trip and Tourism
3. Environment
sanitary and city
planning
4. Cultural and Art
5. Youth, Education
and Technology of
Science
7 Casablanca,
Morocco
MoU – 27 Mei 1991 Less Active 1. Exchange of expert
in order to Developing
City Management
2. Commerce and
Tourism
3. Administration and
Information
4. Cultural and arts
5. Youth and Sports
7
8 Beijing, PRC MoU – 4 Agustus 1992 Active 1. City administration
2. Society sanitary
3. City development
4. Tourism
Management
5. Small industries
and Handicraft
9 Berlin,
Germany
MoU – 13 April 1994 Active 1. Urban Planning
2. City Public
Transportation
3. Drinking Water and
Waste Management
4. Economy
5. Cultural
10 Arkansas,
USA
MoU – 17 November
1993
Inactive 1. Commerce and
Economy
development
2. Investment
3. Arts and cultural
4. Cancer hospital and
Child Medical
Surgery
11 New South
Wales,
Australia
MoU – 30 May 1994 Inactive 1. Investment
2. Development of
Economy and City
3. Geography
information system
4. Education and
Training
5. Tourism and Zoo
12 Paris, France Mou – 8 September 1995 Inactive 1. City arrangement,
Traffic and Public
Transportation
2. Protection of living
8
Environment
3. Organization of city
administration
4. Education for
Technical and Staff
administration
5. Development of
Cultural, Education,
and Sports
13 Bangkok,
Thailand
MoU – 21 Januari 2002 Active 1. Commerce and
investment
2. Tourism promotion
and management
3. Traffic control
4. Urban planning
5. Human resource
6. Administration of
District's Government
14 Hanoi,
Vietnam
MoU – 23 November
2004
Less Active 1. Urban planning and
Management
2. Economy and
Commerce
3. Training
4. Tourism, cultural
and Sports
5. Cooperation on
other sectors that
being Approved
together
15 Istanbul,
Turkey
MoU – 30 Oktober 1998 Less Active 1. Urban planning and
Management
2. Economy and
Commerce
3. Training
4. Tourism, cultural
and Sports
5. Cooperation on
9
other sectors that
being Approved
together
16 Kyiv, Ukraine MoU – 30 May 2005 Inactive 1. City transportation
2. City Park and
Recreation Areas
3. Commerce
4. Cultural Activity
5. Tourism
6. Sports and Arts
7. Urban
Development
8. Approved sectors
17 Maputo,
Mozambique
MoU – 28 November
2005
Active 1. Commerce and
Small Medium
EnterpriseCompany
2. Tourism promotion
3. City planning and
infrastructure
4. Reforesting and
city park
Rehabilitation
5. Street
Constructions and
Maintenance
6. Sports, culture, and
Social Activity
7. Cooperation
between Districts'
House of
Representativeq
18 Moscow,
Russia
MoU – 3 January 1998 Active 1. City management
2. Cultural
3. Arts
4. Sports and other
10
sectors that approved
by both city's
government
19 Budapest MoU - 2 February 2009 Active 1. City management
2. Cultural
3. Arts
4. Sports and other
sectors that approved
by both city's
government
20 Al Qud‟s Al
Shareef
MoU - 22 October 2002 Inactive 1. City transportation
2. City Park and
Recreation Areas
3. Commerce
21 Pyongyang,
North Korea
MoU - 10 May 2012 Active 1. City management
2. Cultural
3. Arts
4. Sports and other
sectors that approved
by both city's
government
Table 1.1 The List of Sister Cities until 201213
From the figure above, we can see that there are three categorizes of
activity level which are; Inactive, Less Active and Active.
“Inactive could be seen from the activity that never running after the
agreement, there is no consistency to continue the programs until it is
done. For Less Active, it is describing the activity where the program is
already agreed into Term of Reference, but there is no significance
movement starting from where the Term of Reference was made. Active
as what is name is has a role to produce a significance movement and
relevant activity to the Term of References that has been made. “14
As seen from the figure above, there are 8 cities for inactive cooperation, 9
cities for active cooperation and 4 cities for less active cooperation. There are
13 Government, Jakarta Capital City. The List of Sister Cities. Jakarta: Bureau of Gubernatorial
Affairs and International Cooperation of DKI Jakarta,2012 14 Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
11
some different kinds of the programs as well as adapted of city needs and partner
cities capacity. Warm relationship and active cooperation that is implemented in
the form of co-operation sister city has the principle of consistency, reciprocity,
mutual benefit, and refers to the objectives that have been agreed.
In this opportunity, the cooperation that will be discussed is the Sister City
Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta and Rotterdam is the one of an
active Sister City Program looking from the category of level activity and the
programs that figured out from the list. As Governor of Jakarta stated that Jakarta
have the similarities from Rotterdam as the gate and center of international
economy. Governor of Jakarta stated, Jakarta has much to learn from Rotterdam,
many things can be learned from Rotterdam, because in terms of the urban life,
Jakarta has a lot of similarities to Rotterdam.15
Jakarta and Rotterdam has run a Sister City Program from the date of
August 8, 1986 through the signing of Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in
Jakarta.16
Cooperative relationship between Rotterdam is one of the most active
sister city, especially for the cities in Europe and America. This can be shown
from the continuity of sister city program that held by both cities, which is
conducted every year in the form of Term of Reference (ToR).
Sister city program between Jakarta and Rotterdam has given rise to
success that helped Jakarta to increase the quality of urban life.
“We can say that the sister city cooperation between Jakarta and
Rotterdam has spawned many success; Waste And River Management,
Management Information Systems, Management Museum, which has
provided significant results for the development of the city. (1) Waste and
River Management has been able to push the performance of the
Department of Cleanliness to improve the economic, efficiency and
effectiveness of waste management performance. (2) Management
Information System has successfully made entire service data management
and information system integrated across all sectors in Government. (3)
Museum Management has improves management museums in Jakarta to
be more professional and increasing the readiness for tourism from all
15
Purnama, Basuki Tjahaja. Local Government in International Relation Najla. 3 11 2014. 16 Government, Jakarta Capital City. Evaluasi, Pelaporan & Dokumentasi, Kerjasama Sister City/
Sister Province, Jakarta: Bureau of Gubernatorial Affairs and International Cooperation of DKI
Jakarta, 2005
12
states. That is how we can see, this relation has brought a thousand of
advantages that Jakarta could earn, not material but from the changing.17
Until now the cooperation between the two sides continued to thrive in the
Jakarta government's efforts to optimize the urban services. Jakarta and Rotterdam
Sister City Relation has taken place in many programs. That is why all other
programs will be analyzed in Chapter IV later in this paper, in order to find the
effectiveness and efficiency of Sister City Program between Jakarta and
Rotterdam.
1.2 Problem Identified
The phenomenon of international relations between cities has been
growing rapidly in many countries, as well as in Jakarta. Various policies and
advice has been issued by the Government so that the City Government can take
advantage of this relationship to accelerate the growth of the city. But on the other
hand, partnerships unknown the city and widely understood, even it is only
limited on most levels of government.
This thesis will bring more information about the partnership with the city
to review the background of the development of sister city as well as a variety of
benefits that can be obtained through a concrete cooperation programs and
managed well. The focus of this thesis study is one aspect of the effectiveness and
efficiency of Sister City Program (SCP) Jakarta – Rotterdam..
This thesis also analyzes the program through the guideline that will
elaborate further in next section. So it can be used as consideration for the
Government of Jakarta in managing similar programs in the future. Within the
implementation we will find the results of Sister City Program Jakarta –
Rotterdam, problems, chance and challenges.
Sister City Program Jakarta - Rotterdam has also helped, especially for the
Jakarta. Jakarta Capital City Government to learn a lot in terms of the
17
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
13
development of the city. In this case, the existence of this cooperation program
has provided a lot of benefits for Jakarta, ie in addition to the benefits of acquiring
knowledge and mastery of high technology for the Government of Jakarta, also
benefits in terms of cost efficiency required for the implementation of the
program.
Thus it can be said that through the program of cooperation in the
framework of cooperation of sister city managed well, can have a positive effect
in the urban social development. Therefore, the thesis will analyze about
effectiveness and efficiency of Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam, with any
activity expected really useful in an effort to accelerate the development of the
city.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
As have been elaborated above, the topic and question for this research are
defined as follow:
Topic: An Analysis of The Effectiveness And Efficiency Jakarta
Rotterdam Sister City Program (2008 – 2014)
Question: How Effective and Efficient the Implementation of Sister
City Program that Held By Jakarta - Rotterdam?
1.4 Research Objectives
The objectives of this research are:
To identify and understand the historical background of the sister
city program between Jakarta - Rotterdam.
To analyze and elaborate the effectiveness and efficiency of the
programs implemented by Jakarta and Rotterdam.
14
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study are:
Provide information about the history of Sister City cooperation
between Jakarta – Rotterdam
Provide information about Sister City program implemented by
Jakarta – Rotterdam
Provide analyses about the effectiveness and efficiency of the
implementation of Sister City program between Jakarta -
Rotterdam
1.6 Theoretical Framework
Figure 1.1 Logical Flow of Theoretical Framework18
To better understand the Sister City Program, between Jakarta and Rotterdam,
the writer used the explanation from Neo-Liberalism theory and narrowed to
some other concepts of international relation.
What is Neo – Liberalism? Well since it includes the word Neo it should be
something New, and we are talking about liberalism, which means here that we
18 Processed by the writer
15
are talking about a new kind of liberalism. Liberalism itself is the need of liberty
and equity in all aspects of life. But when we are talking about Neo – Liberalism,
we are going into a new concept of Liberalism, which emphasizes the economic
factors of a state and its citizens. According to David Harvey, Neoliberalism is in
the first instance a theory of political economic practices that proposes that human
well-being can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms
and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private
property rights, free markets and free trade. The role of the state is to create and
preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practice.19
In here, states
are trying to reconfigure its institutional framework to fit the new kind of
Liberalism adopted by them because Neo – Liberalism doesn‟t need the
intervention of the state inside the market and whatsoever and giving full
autonomy to private sectors.
Hence, it is inevitable for Diplomacy to step in and gather all of those interest
into a cooperation among parties of interests to ensure that the points of Neo –
Liberalism is safeguarded and the interest of the corporat is also fulfilled. The
local governments in here is depicted as corporates that is going global or simply
a local governments in the realm of international relations and they are conducting
diplomacy without the interventiom of their central government.
Diplomacy has many forms or ways in conducting it, either by states or by
non – state actors. But in this case, the form of regional autonomy that comes into
view from development of cooperation is the city diplomacy where cities are
conducting diplomatic relationship with other cities as a direct form of regional
autonomy.
City Diplomacy has become more abundant in the world as the central
government has given more local autonomy to the cities or a further
decentralization, it is also an effect of globalization according to the research done
by Gerrit January Scape stated that City Diplomacy is a process by which cities
engage in relations with actors on an international political stage with the aim of
19
Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16
representing themselves and their interests to one another, it is a measure to
achieve a social cohesion and to resolve many kinds of conflicts.20
From his perspective we can see that the cities are going into the global stage
in reaching the city interest or resolving their internal issues by conducting
diplomatic relationship with others cities, not by being reliant to their central
government. When relating conflict resolves with Neo – Liberalism, we can see
that this City Diplomacy concept is a form of Peacebuilding measures conducted
by the cities.
Figure 1.2 Decentralized Cooperation meets peace building.21
This figure shows that City diplomacy is a part of merging by three core
fields, coming from the parental fields of development cooperation and local
governments‟ international relation which also combined with decentralized
cooperation. From this figure also, peace building activities converge with
development cooperation and local governments‟ international relation.
Therefore, city diplomacy plays a role. Whenever peace building activities are
20
Schep, G. J. (1995). Local Challenge to The Global Change. The Hague: SGBO-VNG. 21 Ibid. P. 18
17
involved with actions of decentralized cooperation it can be seen as City
Diplomacy.22
One of the programs of the City Diplomacy is in the form of Sister City
Program (SCP). It is quite a new phenomenon to be studied or observed in the
study of International Relations. Sister City program is a program or an agreement
between two cities or of the same level with a very notable distinction between
both of them, as a measure of Development Cooperation related to the City
Diplomacy concept.23
As time goes by, the number of Sister City Program has increasing around the
world. The academician have formulated a guideline to analyze how effective and
efficient the conduct of Sister City Program. There are five parameters that can be
used as a guideline in measuring the conduct of Sister City according to the
research by the Laboraturium FISIP UI.
Figure 1.3. The Sister City Program Effectiveness and Efficiency
Parameters24
These five parameters have precise indicators to analyze the effectiveness
and efficiency of Sister City Program. Consistency, Mutually Benefiting,
Incidental, Evaluation, Innovation, are strong parameters that can generated a
22 Ibid. P. 17 23
Ringrose, N. (2000). The Challenges of Linking: City-to-City Cooperation as a Development
Modality for the 21st Century. New York: United Nations Development Programme. 24 Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Sister City Program Effectiveness and Efficiency
Parameters. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
18
good analyses result. The reliability of these five parameters will be further
elaborate on Chapter III Research Methodology, as the guideline of the research.
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
This research will analyze how effective and efficient SCP that
held by Jakarta and Rotterdam. Here, the scope of this research is only about the
implementation of Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam, which is t to be
achieved by Jakarta City to develop the city to be greater. Since the cooperation
between these two cities has been linking for long time, writer will take from
2008 until 2014 as the period of the research.
1.8 Definitions of Terms
Effectiveness and Efficiency
Effectiveness is about doing the right task, completing activities and
achieving goals. 25
Meanwhile, Efficiency is about doing things in an optimal way,
for example doing it the fastest or in the least expensive way. 26
Sister City
Sister city is a concept of coupling two different cities with different
political administration by making cooperation agreement to establish cultural
relations, economic development or cooperation in other fields.27
25
McDonough, W. (2014). Effectiveness Vs. Efficiency. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Diffen,
Compare Anything 26
Ibid 27
Government, J. C. (1992). Compilation of The Need for Overseas Comparative Studies of Sister
Cities of Jakarta. Jakarta.
19
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction In this literature review, the researcher will provide an overview,
description and a summary of the sources that includes scholarly articles, journals,
books and others that are relevant to the topic, which the researcher have used as a
guidance and reference during the writing of this thesis. Here are the lists of the
sources that the researcher has reviewed:
Books:
1. City Diplomacy: The Role of Local Governments In Conflict
Prevention, Peace-Building And Post-Conflict Reconstruction.
2. City Diplomacy: The Expanding Role of Cities in International
Politics.
3. Compilation of The Need for Overseas Comparative Studies of
Sister Cities of Jakarta.
4. Regional Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta
Scholarly Articles:
1. City Diplomacy Practices, The Peace Building Tools and
Initiatives of European Cities
2. City Diplomacy: The Roles and Challenges of The Peace
Building Equivalent of Decentralized Cooperation
3. City Diplomacy: A Case Study of Velsen‟s Activities in Galle,
Sri Lanka.
20
2.2. Alexandra Sizoo (2008), City Diplomacy: The Role of Local
Governments In Conflict Prevention, Peace-Building And
Post-Conflict Reconstruction.28
The term city diplomacy has been applied to many types of international
action by local governments. Nevertheless, it has increasingly come to mean the
involvement of local governments in peace building (Musch, 2008).
This book have the purpose to analyze the running state of affairs in the world
of city diplomacy and is an inspiring aspect to local governments and
international organizations alike. This book is trying to identify and distinguish
between the conflict prevention, peace – building and post conflict resolution
made by local governments in the domestic scope and beyond the conflicted areas
and highlights the weaknesses of those efforts made by the local governments
The book presents the writer a very deep understanding about the theories of
city diplomacy and its conceptual framework. This book also highlights the legal
foundations of city diplomacy and states its justification in the practice of
conducting city diplomacy. It is also emphasizing the prominent actor of local
government in conducting diplomacies between cities that already became an
international issue and phenomenon.
However, this book is describing the term city diplomacy in a way that it will
only be conducted to prevent conflict and to reconstruct a city after a conflict,
even it clearly emphasize the role of local government in conducting city
diplomacy. This book fails to comprehend the broad aspect of city diplomacy and
thus only talks about city diplomacy in the perspective of conflict prevention and
reconstruction rather than cooperation between cities to develop a better
infrastructure and so on and so forth.
The correlation of this book with the thesis is that this book gives the writer a
comprehensive understanding of city diplomacy and and the role of local
governments in conducting the city diplomacy practice.
28Sizoo, A. (2008). The Role of Local Governments in Conflict Prevention, Peace-Building and Post-conflict Reconstruction. In A. Sizoo, City Diplomacy (pp. 18-24).
21
2.3 Rogier Van Der Pluijm (2007), City Diplomacy: The
Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics.29
After the Treaties of Westphalia, cities like Venice were not able to prolong
their monopoly over foreign policy and diplomacy became the the domain of the
newly established European states. The standardization of diplomacy after the of
diplomacy after the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the co – evolvement of
diplomacy and states in the time thereafter further intensified state – centredness
in both the theory and practice of international relations in general of diplomacy
more specifically. Although ut could be argued that, at the beginning of the 21st
century, foreign affairs is still primarily a task of national governments and their
ministries of foreign affairs, the state is no longer the only actor on the diplomatic
stage
This book have a very good explanation about the diplomacy and its history in
the field of international relations. It shows the history of the conducting of city
states in the Renaissance age Italy unto the Treaty of Westphalia where the states
are the centre of diplomatic relations until the trend where there are more actors in
the diplomatic field such as the NGO and Supranational bodies into its conduct of
politics.
This book gave the writer a very good history in conducting diplomacy until it
evolves into the form of city diplomacy with its conceptualization in practice.
This book argues that the cities in doing diplomacy are a form of decentralization
of international relations management, choosing the cities as the key actors of the
diplomatic practices. It also gave the writer a very deep understanding about the 6
dimensions of city diplomacy where the cities are actively involved and
participate in the stage of international politics to achieve and fulfill the 6
dimensions of city diplomacy.
In that sense, this book is undeniably a good source to write with in explaining
the theory of city diplomacy to further increase the scope in the conduct of politics
29 Pluijm, Rogier Van Der. City Diplomacy: The Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics. The Hauge,:
Netherland Instritute of International Relations, 2007. Clingdael.
22
between cities. Hence, this book lacks the illustration needed to better understand
the good theories it brought to begin with, it only focuses on the conceptualization
of multi – layered diplomacy between cities.
All in all, this book helps the writer to have an in – depth knowledge about the
concept of city diplomacy in writing this thesis. The statement of the 6
dimensions of city diplomacy provided the writer a very bold basis in further
developing the idea of city diplomacy in this thesis and the history of diplomatic
practices in this book gave the writer a picture of how finally other actors such as
Cities, NGOs and Supranational Bodies are actively participating in the conduct
of politics.
2.4 Cecile Barbeito Thonon (2006), City Diplomacy Practices,
The Peace Building Tools and Initiatives of European
Cities.30
City diplomacy is defined as the tool of local governments and their
associations to help local governments in conflict and war by means of concrete
and practical city – to –city cooperation with the aim of creating a stable
environment in which the citizens can live together in peace, democracy and
prosperity.31
This journal emphasize that the cities or municipalities can and possible to do
infinite numbers of commitment to conduct city diplomacy on the immediate local
level or even at the global level. In this book they distinguished 2 different
condition on where city diplomacy are conducted, which are at peacetime where
they collect initiatives between the cooperating municipalities and at wartime
where they propose exterior actions of direct cooperation with the city or
municipality that are currently under armed aggression or violence.
30 Thonon, Cecile Barbeito. City Diplomacy Practices, The Peace Building Tools and Initiatives of European Citie.
Barcelona: Diputacio Barcelona , 2006. 31 Proceedings of the Conference on City Diplomacy held in Perugia, Italy on October 6 – 7, 2006.
23
In the sense of conducting cooperation between cities, this book gave the
writer a very good example in practicing city diplomacy during peacetime or
wartime. This book states that during peacetime or wartime, cities are subject to
different types of violence such as criminality that are targeting civilian
populations. Therefore, this book clearly demonstrate the cooperation between
cities in order to maintain peace and prevention of the violence in their cities by
sharing experiences since municipalities are the closest authority to the civilian
and the most appropriate for managing conflict within them. It demonstrates and
explains the full dimensions of know how in preventing violence with a rather less
theory and more study cases to further boost the understanding in conducting city
diplomacy as a tool for violence prevention.
However, this book covers only the cooperation between municipalities in the
European continent despite the in – depth of know how to conduct cooperation in
order to prevent conflicts within the city. We simply just can‟t apply the practices
that are done in Europe to Asia since the social environment and the city
development level are in contrast one another.
But this book gave a bridge for the writer to understand the practice of city
diplomacy in the sense municipal authority as the key actors in providing security
to the people within the city. It is a very good source for this thesis as it gave the
full dimension of cooperation between the cities led by the municipal authorities
and the know how knowledge in applying the cooperation of cities.
2.5 Fons Van Overbeek (2009), City Diplomacy: The Roles and
Challenges of the Peace Building Equivalent of Decentralized
Cooperation.32
Decentralization itself is generally considered as a response to the failure of
the state and the need to reform to counter economic inefficiencies ,
macroeconomic instability, and ineffective governance. These characteristics can
32 Overbeek, Fons Van. "City Diplomacy ." The Roles and Challenges of The Peace Building Equivalent of Decentralized
Cooperation (2008): 15 - 20.
24
also be seen in contemporary conflicts. Therefore it is not quire unreasonable to
think that there can be task for Decentralized Cooperations in the field of peace
building cooperation as well.
City Diplomacy seems to show a great potential in playing the role of an
efficient actor in a broad response in the post – conflict areas and regions. It often
happens in conflicted areas that foreign aid agencies and international NGOs
overwhelm indigenous coping mechanisms and displace local human, financial
and material capacities. This research paper emphasize the importance of
decentralization in conducting city diplomacy and the trend of city to city
cooperation as a form of decentralized cooperation. The cooperation between the
cities is not limited on projects alone because city diplomacy is an ever evolving
process as the history tells. It could be in the form of cultural exchanges to know
each other better.
This research paper is gave the writer a detailed explanation about the
Decentralized Cooperation as the byproduct of the City Diplomacy practices
between cities and gave a hands on case study with the Netherlands cities where
they apply all the indicators of the City Diplomacy theory with the conduct of
politics of cities in the Netherland with other cities and NGOs.
However, this research paper only focuses on the importance of Decentralized
Cooperation in the City Diplomacy theory, it only mentions a bit about the
correlations of Decentralized Cooperation and the Sister City concept that the
author would like to know more about.
As for the book itself, it helpss the writer to write this thesis with giving a
better understanding about the theory of city diplomacy itself with a very good
explanations and the adding of decentralization cooperation as the key of city
diplomacy theory itself in order to make up for what the central government
couldn‟t provide them as there will be ineffciencies in economy, macroeconomic
instability and ineffective governance. Therefore, the city authorities would seek
cooperation with other parties such as other cities and NGOs to develop its city
and its people.
25
2.6 Emmy Wijnen (2010), City Diplomacy: A Case Study of
Velsen’s Activities in Galle, Sri Lanka.33
City Diplomacy is all activities undertaken by local governments for their
counterparts in other regions in the world aimed at creating peace and
development. It started with city to city programs aimed at reconciliation after the
Second World War. Around the 1970s it developed into a practice of influencing
public opinion and national policy on international political matters.
This research paper of Emily Wijnen explains what is city diplomacy, its
development, motives for conducting city diplomacy, its weaknesses and its forms
of diplomacy. It relates the city diplomacy concept to the feeling of solidarity
between the citizens of a city toward a post conflict city‟s citizens. It mentions
that the societal relevance that conflicts disrupt societies, demolished
infrastructure, the lack of governance and societal ties are cut. Emmy Wijnen took
the cooperation between the Galle and Velsen municipalities in the field of
development cooperation.
This research paper is also researching about the cooperation between to cities
in order to compare the theory of City Diplomacy between the city of Velsen and
Galle. Therefore this research paper gave the writer a further insight on what to
analyze deeply to understand the practice of sister cities in the realm of City
Diplomacy. It also mentions the definition of what is city diplomacy and its
relevance in conducting city diplomacy between cities as a measure to relief post
– conflict condition.
But what is missing from this paper, is that the theory of City Diplomacy is
not properly explained and only in a brief instance. It didn‟t mentioned much
about the Decentralized Cooperation as it is an important aspect in explaining the
concept of City Diplomacy.
Hence, this research paper gave an insight to the writer on what is to look
further in writing this thesis as this research paper also investigating the
33 Wijnen, Emmy. "City Diplomac." A Case Study of Velsen's Activity in Galle, Sri Lanka (2010): 12-19.
26
cooperation between 2 cities and relate it with the theory of City Diplomacy in the
sense of solidarity with a conflicted area which in this research paper is Galle.
2.7 Jakarta Capital City Government (1992), Compilation of The
Need for Overseas Comparative Studies of Sister Cities of
Jakarta.34
In line with the globalisation era, the frequency of interactions and
communication between states are increasing steadily. This increase of frequency
is not only limited to the formal states, but are also involving the participation of
cities and its communities. Cities are become more increasingly cooperating each
other and form the sister city relationships in various states.
This book reveals the form of City Diplomacy of Jakarta with many other
cities in the world in the form of Sister City relationships as Jakarta realizes that it
still need many experiences to have a better understanding in city planning by
learning from the more advanced cities in terms of technology and
professionalism. It also emphasizes that comparative studies must be done
primarily in the Sister Cities of Jakarta to give an advantage for Jakarta itself and
its sister cities.
In this compilation of comparative studies gave a very detailed statistics of
what are the forms of cooperations between the government of Jakarta and its
Sister Cities as a part of their development program in enhancing the capability of
the city by exchanging experiences and technical efficiency advantages. It also
demonstrates that City Diplomacy is not limited on peacebuilding only but also in
developing the city itself as the main concern in the conduct of City Diplomacy.
However, in this book lacks the theories that the writer uses as the main theory
which is the theory of city diplomacy. This book only talks about the practicality
and the product of City Diplomacy in the form of Sister Cities such as between
Jakarta and Rotterdam which the writer would like to analyze.
34 Government, J. C. (1992). Compilation of The Need for Overseas Comparative Studies of Sister
Cities of Jakarta. Jakarta.
27
This book is really related with the thesis as it talks about the conduct of City
Diplomacy in the form of Sister City which the author is trying to analyze. This
book also talks about the cooperation between the local authorities of Rotterdam
that worked together with the authorities of Jakarta. It gave the writed a full detail
upon what are the cooperation that has been done between the 2 sister cities as an
embodiment of their Sister City relationship.
2.8 Jakarta Capita City Government (2003), Regional
Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta35
With the activation of Regulation number 22 from 1999 about Regional
Authorities, hence the Regional Autonomy is officially started. The main purpose
in the regulation was to give a broader sense of authority and freedom to the
Regional Authorities while still in the principle of democracy, the increase of
participation, local encouragement and to look out for regional potentials and
capabilities.
This book was made by the government of the City of Jakarta Authorities to
answer the problem of Regional Autonomy in Jakarta compared with its 10 Sister
Cities in all over the world. It tries to present the history of both cities and how
the Sister City program took place between the 2 cities. It is also a measure for the
City of Jakarta Authorities to know better what is missing in the chain of
Autonomies or what are the things that they haven‟t done in conducting the
Regional Autonomy practices from their Sister Cities.
Comparison studies from this book is a very good reference for the writer as it
presents the ups and downs from both Sister Cities and how they cope with those
ups and downs by exchanging experience program between the 2 cities. Also, this
book is focusing on the Regional Autonomy in the Sister City program
comparison, which is also part of a Decentralized Cooperation concept from the
theory of City Diplomacy. This book also gave a very good understanding about
35 Government, J. C. (2003). Regional Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta. Jakarta.
28
the structure of the Regional Autonomy authorities on the 2 cities especially in
this thesis is Rotterdam and Jakarta.
The focused materials in this book proves also to be a negativity for the writer
as it poses only the points of Regional Autonomy. Meaning that this book only
explains the application of Regional Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta with
Jakarta itself. It doesn‟t came to surface what kind of cooperation that might
happen between the 2 in the matter of improving their Regional Autonomy
practice.
In the end, this book is a very useful reference for the writer in writing this
thesis. Why? Because it goes straight in the element of Regional Autonomy in the
Sister Cities of Jakarta, and it includes Rotterdam, where in this thesis the writer
would like to analyze its cooperation with Jakarta. Knowing the structure of the
city would give a better perspective in understanding their policies between the
cities.
2.9 Chapter Conclusion
When came to the conclusion, the writer would like to conclude that the
practice of City Diplomacy is supported by many aspects and dimensions and also
by the structure of the local authority itself. The Regional Autonomy also played a
role in the theory City Diplomacy itself as the central government gave the local
authority to have the freedom to conduct diplomacies with sister city to cope with
the economic inefficiencies and unequal wealth distribution and infrastructure in
the cities. Therefore, it is the duty of the local authority to fulfill what is missing
from their people and to enhance the capabilities of its city by working together
with more advanced cities in this case Jakarta works together with Rotterdam.
29
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
In order to get the best result, there is a need for a clear preparation and
this chapter will discuss about the method used in conducting this research.
3.2 Research Method
Qualitative research method is being used in this research to give
assessment of attitude, opinions and behavior of an issue.36
The writer decided to
use the collaboration between descriptive and analytical type of research to
explain the phenomenon discussed in this research. According to Kothari (2004),
descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries to explain the
state of affairs as it exists at present. This method often called in social science
and business research as ex post facto research. The characteristic of descriptive
research is that the researcher has no control over the variables presented and he
can only report what has happening or what is happening while he tries to
discover causes. The researcher used survey methods including comparative and
correlation methods in their research. On the other hand, analytical research
required the researcher to use facts or data available to make a critical evaluation
of the material.37
Those two methods are a perfect fit for this research, in order to analyze the
effectiveness and efficiency of SCP Jakarta and Rotterdam. The writer used lots
of books, reports, journals, interviews and other data presented by both
governments and experts in this field. While all the data is there, the writer has no
control about the variable portrayed by the books, reports and journals about the
36 Kothari. op. cit. P. 5. 37 ibid. P. 2-3.
30
all backgrounds so far. The writer will only be able to analyze the factors and the
programs of SCP Jakarta Rotterdam
In conducting the research, the writer mainly use library research to answer
questions in this research. Analysis of historical records and other documents are
essential in the process of making this research. The techniques of library research
are recording or notes, content analysis, tape or film listening and analysis,
statistical compilations and manipulations, reference and abstract guides and
contents analysis.38
The provincial government of DKI Jakarta published many
reports and journal regarding their sister city program activities. There are also
many other books and journals assessing the city diplomacy and reveal significant
information that are not available in governments report.
3.3 Research Framework
Figure 3.1 Research Framework39
In recent decades, international relations theorists have started to
acknowledge the existing link between domestic and international politics. For a
long time, such a focus on domestic politics and political structure was lacking in
theories of diplomacy as well. Indeed, long since the coming of modern
diplomacy age, academics continued their focus on the states and central
government. That is why city diplomacy appeared among the era. City diplomacy
could be defined in many forms; one of them is Sister City Program.
Sister City Program has delivered beneficial corporations for the city. As
the program that conducted between Jakarta and Rotterdam. That is why this
38 ibid. P. 7 39 Processed by the writer
31
research will analyze further about the effectiveness and efficiency in the
implementation of Jakarta – Rotterdam Sister City Program.
Along with the development of Sister City in the world, the
academicians are striving to create the guideline in order to complete the
activities assessment. As well as in Indonesia, Sister City has growing rapidly
with various activities that made the players searching for the right
assessment. The academicians were trying to find out what are the right
indicators that will complete the effectiveness and efficiency in the
implementation of Sister City Program.
Effectiveness and efficiency itself is a venturing issue for international
relation, because it is hard to elaborate the persistence answer for the
effectiveness and efficiency. However, the academicians are working for the
year to year, in order to find the right parameters.40 Laboratory University of
Indonesia, Faculty of Social Science as one of the best International Relations
(IR) in Indonesia is trusted to formulate the parameters for some IR issues.
One of that are the five parameters to measure the effectiveness and
efficiency in the implementation of Sister City Program. There are;
Figure 3.2 The Sister City Program Effectiveness and Efficiency
Parameters41
With these five parameters, researcher usually doing the analyses
combined with fact and data available, in order to measure the effectiveness and
40 Silalahi, R. P. (2014, 12 4). Sister City Program Implementation. (Najla, Interviewer) 41 Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Sister City Program Effectiveness and Efficiency
Parameters. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
32
efficiency to the implementation of Sister City Program. These five parameters
are used by some institutions and researcher to complete the analyses of their
research, or it can be used as well as the measure guideline for report or
evaluation. There are;
No Year Institutions Name Title
1. 1996 University of
Indonesia
Roy V. Salomo Keberhasilan dan
Kendala Sister City:
Studi Kasus Jakarta -
Jeddah
2. 1997 University of
Indonesia
Robert P. Silalahi Dampak Hubungan
Internasional antara
Kota Jakarta -
Rotterdam
3. 2000 Jakarta Capital City
Government
Bureau of
Gubernatorial and
Foreign Cooperation
Evaluation, Report
and Documentation of
Sister City
4. 2005 Jakarta Capital City
Government
Bureau of
Gubernatorial and
Foreign Cooperation
Evaluation Report and
Documentation of
Sister City Program
5. 2007 Netherland Institute of
International Relations
Robert Van Der
Pluijm
City Diplomacy: The
Expanding Role of
Cities in International
Politics
6. 2011 Jakarta Capital City
Government
Bureau of
Gubernatorial and
Foreign Cooperation
Evaluation, Report
and Documentation of
Sister City Program
Figure 3.3 the List of Parameter Users42
From the research, report and evaluation above, the analyses are combined
with five parameters in order to find the precise answer for the descriptive and
analytical research. Mostly it is indicated with the study case of one city to another.
However, five parameters from time to time becoming an option for the researcher
as a guideline in measuring the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation
of Sister City Program with the sample of the case by City A and City B.43
42
Silalahi, R. P. (2014, 12 4). Sister City Program Implementation. (Najla, Interviewer) 43
Ibid
33
As consideration of using these five parameters as a guideline to measure
the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Sister City Program,
writer conducting the perception index about the strengths and weaknesses of
these five parameters.
The resources of perception index are people who ever used these five
parameters and people who is not conducting the analyses but more assessing the
continuity of Sister City Program in Jakarta.
No Name Occupation Perceptions Outline Conclusion
1. Drs. Jackson D.
Sitorus, S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
It might not be
precisely but it is a
right guideline,
because each
parameters are
completed the stage of
analyses.
Strong
2. Syafrudin
Chandra, S.AP.
M.PA.
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Quite helpful. The
weakness is the
parameters should add
one indicators in order
to make perfect
analyses
Strong
3. Drs. Rinald Fitri Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
A bit absurd.
However, these five
parameters are created
from Laboratorium
Fisip UI which there
is no doubt for the
reliability
Weak
4. Yudi
Hermawan A,
S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Smart parameters to
maintain the analyses
in having better
findings. There is no
weakness founded.
Strong
5. Sumartono,
S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Resulting good
analyses for the report,
but it is only about the
implementation not for
the impact of the
program.
Weak
6. Dra. Indrayani, Researcher It was made by Strong
34
MAP Laboratorium Fisip UI
which very interested
for researchers are in
using the parameters.
7. H. Muhamad
Mawardi, SH
Researcher Supportive
parameters, but it
could be so fragile for
the results
Weak
8. Drs. Amir
Hamzah
Researcher Horizontal parameters
to conserve the
analyses in having
better findings. There
is no weakness
founded.
Strong
9. Heru Budi
Hartono, SE.
MM.
Researcher It would not be always
precisely but it is a
right guideline
Strong
10. Drs. Irmansyah,
M.Sc
Researcher Resulting good
analyses for the report,
because each
parameters are
completed the stage of
analyses.
Strong
11. Drs. Orrada
Sinurat, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta
Capital City
Government
Subsequent worthy
analyses for the report,
but it is only about the
implementation not for
the impact of the
program.
Weak
12. Puspla Dirdjaja,
SH. MH.
Staff of Jakarta
Capital City
Government
It would not be always
exact but it is a correct
guideline
Weak
13. Sonti
Pangaribuan, S.
Ip, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta
Capital City
Government
It might be not so
good parameters. these
five parameters are
created from
Laboratorium Fisip UI
which there is no
doubt for the
reliability
Strong
14. Sis Supadmi,
SH . MM
Staff of Jakarta
Capital City
Government
Helpful parameters,
but it could be so
vague for the results
Weak
15. Yudi Saherdi,
S.E, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta
Capital City
Government
It was made by
Laboratorium Fisip UI
which very attentive
for researcher to use it.
Strong
35
Figure 3.4 Perception Index44
From the perception index above, the writer could conclude that there are
9 (nine) resources who agree with the strengths of those parameters and 6 (six)
resources who perceive the weaknesses as well. However, they possessed a
reliable perception for writer in having the consideration for using the parameters
further in this analysis.
3.4 Research Time and Place
President University Adam Kurniawan Library
Jl. Ki Hajar Dewantara, Jababeka Education Park, Cikarang, West
Java 17550.
Jakarta Capital City Government
Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No 8-9, Jakarta Pusat, Daerah Khusus
Ibukota Jakarta 10250
Department of International Relations Library, University of
Indonesia Gedung Komunikasi Lt. 2 FISIP UI, Kampus UI, Kota
Depok, Jawa Barat 16424.
Freedom Institute Public Library
Jl. Proklamasi No. 41, Kecamatan Menteng, Kota Jakarta Pusat,
Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 10320.
3.5 Research Instrument
Internet
In the era of globalization, internet providing tons of reliable
sources that can be easily accessed from everywhere. It plays a significant
role for today„s researchers all over the world in conducting their research.
44 Processed by Writer
36
It contributes so much and gives a variety to research as it can enrich the
outcomes of the research. Some of the examples of websites used by the
writer are; jakarta-tourism.go.id, tradeexpoindonesia.com,
en.rotterdam.info, and statistic.nl.com
Books/ Scholarly Article
Old reliable sources that cannot be forgotten are books and scholarly
article. The writer got a better understanding about city diplomacy; the
characteristics, types and process of its practice. Some of the examples are
City Diplomacy: The Role of Local Governments in Conflict Prevention,
Peace-Building and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, Compilation of The
Need for Overseas Comparative Studies of Sister Cities of Jakarta and
Regional Autonomy in the Sister Cities of Jakarta
Reports
Reports from governmental institutions are the most dependable
resource for every research, more importantly in international relations
studies. This is a primary data that has to be used in every research to
support their argumentations and hypothesis. All the reports are obtained
from Jakarta Capital City Government, specifically from Bureau
Gubernatorial and Foreign Cooperation.
Interviews
Interviewing is a way to collect data as well as to gain knowledge
from the people selected. The writer got a better understanding about the
sister city program between Jakarta and Rotterdam through some of
interviews with the experts in Jakarta Provincial Government. Such as
Governor of DKI Jakarta, the Head of Governors Team to Accelerate
and Development and the Head of
37
3.6. Research Design
This research consists of five chapters started by three background
chapters: Introduction chapter, Literature Review, Research Methodology;
followed by an analyses chapter; the effectiveness and efficiency in the
implementation of Jakarta - Rotterdam Sister City Program then closed by
Conclusion chapter.
Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter is discussing about the background of the study followed by
problem identification, statement of problem and significance of the problem in
order to give better understanding to the reader about the research conducted. This
chapter also talking about the research objectives, theoretical framework, scope
and limitation to the study and definition or terms that used in this research.
Chapter II: Literature Review
Literature review is a part in this research where the writer discussing
about the books, journals or reports that are relevance to this study and being used
throughout this research.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
Research methodology is a part of research where the writer informs the
reader about how the research was conducted. This part consists of Research
Method, Research Framework, Research Time and Place, Research Instrument
and Research Design.
Chapter IV: The effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Sister
City Program Jakarta - Rotterdam
This chapter is the main part of this research. This chapter starts the profile of
Jakarta and the Rotterdam, and then followed by the sister city program between
both countries. The next part of this chapter is talking about the analyses of the
implementation sister city program between Jakarta and Rotterdam.
38
Chapter V: Conclusion
The last chapter in this research is consists of the conclusion of The Impact of
Sister City Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam to the Urban Planning of
Jakarta City
3.7. Chapter Conclusion
This research used qualitative research method with descriptive and analytical
type method with library research as the main source. It took about 5 months to
finish this research and the writer used many books, reports, publications,
interviews and internet; most of them are the primary data. Lastly, this research
consists of five chapters: introduction, literature review, research methodology,
the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of Jakarta – Rotterdam
Sister City Program.
39
CHAPTER IV
EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF SISTER CITY PROGRAM
JAKARTA - ROTTERDAM
4.1. Introduction Jakarta and Rotterdam has a relatively active cooperation relationship.
From year to year the collaboration has produced many programs that have been
agreed together. In this thesis, the research question is "How effective and
efficient Sister City Program that held by Jakarta and Rotterdam?" which will be
further analyzed briefly.
In this chapter, the authors will describe the profile of Jakarta and
Rotterdam, historical background of cooperation between the two cities, programs
- programs that have been agreed and the last is an analysis of Sister City Program
between Jakarta and Rotterdam (2008 – 2014). At the end, this chapter will find
the answers of this research.
4.2. The Profile of Jakarta and Rotterdam To better understand about Sister City Program between Jakarta and
Rotterdam, writer provides the short profile about both cities in order to give a
view about the cities condition.
4.2.1. Profile of Jakarta
Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia. Jakarta is the seat
of the National Government and Parliament as well as the seat of Jakarta‟s
Provincial Government. Jakarta is the heart of finance and trade, education,
culture and also as the melting pot where culturally diverse nation gathered in one
city.45
45
Purnama, B. T. (2014, 11 3). Local Government in International Relation. (Najla, Interviewer)
40
Home to over 10 million people, spanning an area of 661 square
kilometers (255 sq mi) Jakarta is one of the world's largest cities.46
Jakarta is an
autonomous province consisting of five Administration City, namely; Central
Jakarta, North, West, East and South Jakarta and the District of Pulau Seribu or as
known as the Thousand Islands.
Picture 4.1 Enjoy Jakarta47
The economy activity depends on financial service, trading, and
manufacturing. The manufacturing industry is well-diversified with significant
electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical
sciences manufacturing sectors. Jakarta is the most luxurious and busiest city in
Indonesia. In 2014, GDP per capita is US$ 2,307 and Monthly Minimum Wage
US$ 87.48
Jakarta developed into a metropolitan city, skyscrapers increasingly
scattered throughout Jakarta. The rapid development of infrastructure makes
Jakarta is getting out of control. As same as other major cities in the world,
46
Government, J. C. (2014). Enjoy Jakarta. Retrieved January 5, 2015, from Greater Jakarta:
http://www.jakarta-tourism.go.id 47
Ibid 48
Jakarta Facts. (2010). Retrieved January 2007, 2015, from Trade Expo Indonesia:
http://www.tradexpoindonesia.com/jakarta-facts
41
Jakarta also save various issues that become an obstacle to the running of capital
city life such as traffic, flooding, and other basic problems of other big cities.
Climate issues the biggest challenge in Jakarta, seems to be a particular
concern of the government. Jakarta has a tropical monsoonal climate with a dry
season and heavy monsoon on the rest of the year.49
When rainfall is very high,
that's what triggers the emergence of flooding in Jakarta, in addition Jakarta has a
low ground surface that forcing Jakarta to make a change in Water Management
to prevent flooding on the next season.50
This is becoming the one of the problems
that eventually triggers Jakarta to have cooperation with Rotterdam on Water
Management that has been agreed since 2008.
4.2.2 Profile of Rotterdam
Picture 4.2 The City of Rotterdam51
The city of Rotterdam is the 2nd largest city in the Netherlands, it also
houses one of the biggest ports in the world. According to Statistics Netherlands,
Rotterdam has the population of around 618.357inhabitants estimated in 2014.
49
Climate and Temperature. (2014). Retrieved January 5, 2015, from Jakarta, Java:
http://www.jakarta.climatetems.com 50
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City of Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer) 51
The City of Rotterdam. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Landscape Picture:
http://en.rotterdam.info
42
52Rotterdam city is considered as the gateway to Europe because it is located in
the Southern Netherland and facing the port of Rotterdam is facing the North Sea
directly, the city of Rotterdam is also located in the Rhine – Meuse – Scheldt river
delta area and it served as waterways for goods and services to be transported
from and to the inside of Europe from those rivers via waterboats in the river.
Those rivers connected the Rotterdam to the centre of the European continent,
including the Ruhr industrial region.
The location of Rotterdam, is beneficial in some ways. Those ways are
connecting Rotterdam to the area of Randstad and hinterland by road, rail and
inland waterway. In addition, the weather condition in Rotterdam is a
temperate oceanic climate, similar to almost all of the Netherlands.53
Rotterdam the largest port city in the Europe, has served the Rotterdam to
become the most diverse culture that was brought by the immigrants from many
nations. These diverse culture has made Rotterdam become rich in culture and
also rich in art and architecture. The existence of the magnificent Rotterdam port
has stimulated the city to become the business centre for the Netherlands.
Excellent infrastructures made Rotterdam as the most important centre of
commerce activities of the Netherlands by providing the necessary channels to
reach the European market.54
Rotterdam has a good international reputation in the field of management
system of urban services. The ambition is to further improve this position in the
coming years. As a result, Government of Rotterdam for the coming years will be
mainly on strengthening relations with other Delta Cities inside and outside
Europe.55
This is why the author wants to analyze the cooperation of Rotterdam
and Jakarta in the issue of Water Management because the city of Rotterdam has
made many major developments and progresses in the field of Urban Water
Management.
52
Statistics Netherlands . (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Rotterdam Stastistics:
http://www.rotterdam.nl 53 The City of Rotterdam. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Landscape Picture:
http://en.rotterdam.info 54
Ibid
43
4.3. Sister City Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam
4.3.1 Historical Background
In Indonesia, the relationship of city diplomacy has been carried out by the
city as the popular Sister City. As the capital city Jakarta should be the pioneer of
having a cooperative relationships between cities in the word. The corporative
relationships as well, must observe the principle of equality and the principle of
mutual benefit of the national interest relating to public order, peace, and the
public interest, foreign political stability, national unity and national identity.56
In its capacity as the capital country's capital Jakarta cannot escape from
the demands of the state to foster partnerships with cities abroad. The underlying
consideration in addition to the importance of a relationship of friendship and
mutual understanding with a big city and the capital of neighboring countries is
also beneficial partnerships improve the performance of city government in
various aspects of urban services.
Based on these considerations in 1973 the Government of DKI Jakarta was
initiate partnerships with cities abroad. In accordance with government policy, in
implementing the partnership town / area of the Jakarta administration put the
Sister City relationship management as the affairs of Local Government and
managed by Bureau of Gubernatorial Affairs and International Cooperation of
DKI Jakarta.57
The Relations of cooperation between the city of Jakarta - Rotterdam has
existed since the date of August 8, 1986 through the signing of a Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) in Jakarta.58 Cooperation in Jakarta - Rotterdam is initially
more grant aid in the framework agreement with the Government of Indonesia and
the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands concerning technical
cooperation. But since 1992, when the Indonesian government refused any kind of
assistance from the Dutch government work, both cities agreed to continue
56
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City of Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer) 57
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer) 58 Government, Jakarta Capital City. Evaluasi, Pelaporan & Dokumentasi, Kerjasama Sister City/
Sister Province, Jakarta: Bureau of Gubernatorial Affairs and International Cooperation of DKI
Jakarta, 2005
44
cooperation on the cost of each city.59
Moreover until now the cooperation still
continue better with the terms of development assistance.
4.3.2 Term of References of Sister City Program between
Jakarta and Rotterdam
Since 1992 various cooperation agreements set forth in the Minutes of
Agreement, while the implementation of program activities showcased in the
Term of Reference (ToR) for a period annual 2-4 (multiyear), the cooperation
program on each ToR varies in accordance with the agreement of both the city
needs.
Term of Reference (Jakarta – Rotterdam)
Year Program
1992 – 1995 Management Information System
Solid Waste and Garbage Disposal
City Terminal Cargo
Rehabilitation of Sunda Kelapa Port
1997 – 2000 Waste and River Management
Management Information System
Transportation of Goods/Distributions Centres
Transportations Planning and Management
Sunda Kelapa Revitalizations and Jakarta Kota
Redevelopment
2001 – 2004 Waste and River Management
Management Information System
Sunda Kelapa Revitalizations and Jakarta
Redevelopment
2005 – 2007 Museum Management
59 Ibid
45
Long Term Display of The Original Collection of
Wayang Museum of Jakarta
Management Information System
2008 – 2010 Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Operation and Maintenance
2011 – 2012 Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on
Operation and Maintenance, Institutional
Knowledge / Capacity Building
Development of a Coastal Defence Strategy for
DKI Jakarta
2013 - 2015 Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water
Management with focus on Trainee and Exposure
Programme
National Capital Integrated Coastal Development
(NCICD) Programme
Figure 4.1 Term of Reference (Jakarta – Rotterdam)60
To better understand about the programs, here are some backgrounds of
the program from sister-city cooperation section at the Gubernatorial and Foreign
Affairs Bureau;61
- Management of Information System
Management Information System (MIS) is a partnership that has
long been planned since 1992. However, in the execution of the year
above 2000 can only too well visible step forward in setting targets and
objectives in the realization of its integrated MIS according to the pattern
of cooperation Jakarta - Rotterdam. Cooperation engaged in knowledge
60
DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government. 61 Ibid
46
and experience transferred from the Government of Rotterdam in the
management of electronic data management and information systems in
the Government of Jakarta.
- Solid Waste and Garbage Disposal
Solid waste and garbage disposal is a program that helps Jakarta to
have better system in managing the waste and garbage disposal.
Technology improvement and development assistance is one of this
programs mission. However, exchange programs with sharing knowledge
also becoming the main activity in this program.
- City Terminal Cargo
City terminal cargo is a program that helps Jakarta in managing the
terminal cargo system. Rotterdam helps Jakarta in making the master plan
of this program. But, through the time, this program has not found the
relevancies of terminal cargo systems in Jakarta.
- Waste and River Management
Waste and River Management is a program that is already held
Jakarta provincial government, with the Rotterdam since 1997. This
cooperation includes assistance expert knowledge Rotterdam to Jakarta
Provincial Cleanliness Office in Waste management and River
Management in Jakarta.
- Transportation of Goods/Distributions Centers.
Transportation of goods and distribution centers is the program
related to the warehouse project. The warehouse is the part of the
distributions centers. Rotterdam in this part was helped to make the
masterplan of how the goods could be distributed to the centers or
warehouse with systematic management.
- Transportations Planning and Management
47
Rotterdam also has a concern in transportations issue in Jakarta.
That is why this program was made to help Jakarta in having a better
transportations management. But, through the time, this program has not
found the relevancies of transportations system s in Jakarta.
- Sunda Kelapa Revitalizations/ Rehabilitation and Jakarta Kota
Redevelopment
Cooperation in this program has a goal in the development of a
region which in this case in the area designated for Sunda Kelapa and
Jakarta Kota.
Museum management is the supported program from Rotterdam to
Jakarta Government in sharing knowledge, experience, qualities and
abilities of Jakarta Museum People.
- Long Term Display of The Original Collection of Wayang Museum of
Jakarta
In this program Rotterdam gave the original collection of Wayang
in the Wayang Museum of Jakarta from Rotterdam WereldMuseum to the
Jakarta Capital City Government.
- Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Institutional knowledge / capacity building in this case engaged in
the field of water management in Rotterdam on flood prevention process
and application of coastal defense in its implementation.
- Operation and Maintenance
In this program the government Rotterdam conducts training for
Jakarta Provincial Government regarding the operation of the dredger and
management / maintenance of canals.
48
- Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on Operation and Maintenance,
Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Experts of Rotterdam conduct training to employees of Jakarta
Public Works Department regarding the operation of the dredger. Within
this program Rotterdam also gave Jakarta the dredgers as a gift in this
program.
- Development of a Coastal Defense Strategy for DKI Jakarta
Jakarta has asked by the central government to design a strategy
for sea defense or the defense strategy of sea water on the north coast of
Jakarta. Of the studies that have been done consortium Jakarta Coastal
Defence Strategy (JCDS), aid agencies of the Government of the
Netherlands is helpful Jakarta in the planning and development of this
program.
- Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water Management with focus on
Trainee and Exposure Programme
This program is about sharing knowledge related to Urban Water
Management with exchange programs activity. Rotterdam has trained
staffs of Jakarta Capital City Government to improve their knowledge
capacity in Urban Water Management.
- National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Programme
NCICD program is a multi-functional program that integrates with
urban flood control infrastructure development. In terms of protection
against the threat of flooding, the program provides water storage Pond
River that can be used as raw water to be processed into clean water and
drinking water.
Furthermore, the programs will be analyzed in the next section.
Starting from the year of 2008 – 2014, the programs will be elaborated
more in terms of consistency, results achieved, problems obtained, and
many more. Term of Reference (ToR) will be one of references in the
49
analysis of this thesis to measure how effective and efficient programs that
have been agreed by Jakarta and Rotterdam. This thesis will only be
analyzed in 2008 - 2014. ToR 2015 could not be included in this analysis,
because 2015 is still ongoing process to be reviewed in terms of the annual
evaluation.
4.4. Analysis of the Implementation Sister City Programs
Jakarta – Rotterdam
To analyze how effective and efficient the implementation of Sister City
Program that held by Jakarta and Rotterdam, according to Laboratorium FISIP UI
that are five parameters that can be used as a tool in measuring the
implementation of sister city program. As wrote in theoretical framework those
five parameters are;
Figure 4.2 The Sister City Program Effectivenes Factors62
. As the guidelines, those five parameters will be fulfilling with facts and data
available from Jakarta Capital City Government to produce a critical evaluation.
4.4.1 Consistency
62
Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Sister City Program Effectiveness and Efficiency
Parameters. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia
50
This principle is stating that the relationship between Sister City can be
called as an active one, when the two parties are consistent to the agreements that
has already been signed by both parties such as programs, fundings and the
timetable of.63
Consistency upon the agreements that is included in Term of
Reference is one of a way to find out how consistent the cities in maintaining their
programs.
As we can see from Term of Reference between Jakarta and Rotterdam,
the cooperation is well-run from time to time.
Timetable Consistency
Term of Reference (Jakarta – Rotterdam)
Year Program
1992 – 1995 Management Information System
Solid Waste and Garbage Disposal
City Terminal Cargo
Rehabilitation of Sunda Kelapa Port
1997 – 2000 Waste and River Management
Management Information System
Transportation of Goods/Distributions
Centres
Transportations Planning and Management
Sunda Kelapa Revitalizations and Jakarta
Kota Redevelopment
2001 – 2004 Waste and River Management
Management Information System
Sunda Kelapa Revitalizations and Jakarta
Redevelopment
2005 – 2007 Museum Management
Long Term Display of The Original
Collection of Wayang Museum of Jakarta
63 Ibid. P. 20
51
Management Information System
2008 – 2010 Institutional Knowledge / Capacity
Building
Operation and Maintenance
2011 – 2012 Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on
Operation and Maintenance, Institutional
Knowledge / Capacity Building
Development of a Coastal Defence
Strategy for DKI Jakarta
2013 – 2015* Capacity Building in Integrated Urban
Water Management with focus on Trainee
and Exposure Programme
National Capital Integrated Coastal
Development (NCICD) Programme
Information:
* 2015 does not included in analyses
= a sign for consistency of the programs that well-run from year to year
Figure 4.3 Consistencies of Programs64
According to Yudi Hermawan, consistency can also be seen from how the
two cities agreed to measure what programs will be developed. Looking from the
time-table, there are many programs that repeated in another year. It means there
is continuality and consistency to continue in the next year. If we see from 1992,
Jakarta and Rotterdam planned a mega programs namely Management
Information System and Waste and River Management, the programs are
evidence of the consistency of Jakarta and Rotterdam to continue to work
64 Processed by the writer
52
together, until the program is completed in 2001 and 2005. Evidence that
indicated on Term of Reference (ToR) are keys to see that cooperation between
Jakarta and Rotterdam have a good thing called consistency.65
As the meaning of consistency itself, consistency can be measured by
looking on the time-table. Here are the programs according to the year of research
(2008 – 2014);
Term of Reference (Jakarta – Rotterdam)
2008 – 2010 Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Operation and Maintenance
2011 – 2012 Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on
Operation and Maintenance, Institutional
Knowledge / Capacity Building
Development of a Coastal Defense Strategy for
DKI Jakarta
2013 – 2015 Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water
Management with focus on Trainee and
Exposure Programme
National Capital Integrated Coastal
Development (NCICD) Programme
Figure 4.4 Term of Reference (2008 – 2015)66
As what have shown from the time table, we can say that Jakarta and
Rotterdam are consistent in maintaining the flow of program from time to time.
Whereby, there are many sister cities of Jakarta that inactive on Term of
Reference. As explained in Chapter 1, which is Figure 1.1 the List of Sister Cities
of Jakarta, not all the programs are running well and active. Most of that are not
consistent in maintaining the programs well.
65
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer) 66 DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City Government.
53
It can be seen that there is an ongoing consistency in program last between
ToR (2008-2010), ToR (2011-2012), and ToR (2013-2015).
a. ToR (2008 – 2010)
In the ToR (2008 - 2010) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Insititutional Knowledge/Capacity Building and Operation Maintenance.
Two programs can be said as consistency programs because Jakarta and
Rotterdam are committed before to have a relationship in terms of Urban Water
Management. In this era, Mr. Fauzi Bowo, Former Governor of Jakarta has a big
concern in Urban Water Management. He is the one of originator of making the
cooperation with Rotterdam in terms of Urban Water Management and flooding
system.67
That is why capacity building of staffs DKI Jakarta, and sharing
knowledge about operation and maintenance is a result of his commitment to
continue the cooperation as well.
b. ToR (2011 – 2012)
In the ToR (2011 - 2012) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on Operation and Maintenance,
Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building and Development of a Coastal
Defense Strategy for DKI Jakarta From this ToR we can see that now Jakarta is
having better programs in continuing what have done in previous ToR. The
consistency has brought to programs that more focus on goal, which is developing
the Urban Water Management. They are more specific in framing the programs,
which is a good view because consistency is crystal clear, happened in this
cooperation. Without Consistency there will be no improvement to continue the
programs on the next ToR.
c. ToR (2013 – 2015)
In the ToR (2013 - 2015) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water Management with focus on
67
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City oF Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer)
54
Trainee and Exposure Programme and National Capital Integrated Coastal
Development (NCICD) Programme
In this ToR, the co-operation is much more focused on the NCICD‟s master
plan and exchange the Civil Servants of Jakarta to study in Rotterdam. The
consistency of the previous program which is Development of a Coastal Defense
Strategy for DKI Jakarta has upgraded into NCICD Program. The methods of
consistency are always shown by how the programs could be upgraded from ToR
to ToR. It is not only about how the programs could be exist in the next Tor, but it
is how they could maintain the consistency and produce the improvement in
framing the programs. As we know that the focus of Jakarta Capital City
Government today is to be able to overcome the problems of flooding in Jakarta.
At the end we can conclude that Sister City Program between Jakarta and
Rotterdam is fairly consistent, from time to time. Rotterdam has consistently
assist Jakarta in the water management with various programs that have been
agreed. 68
However, consistency is only one out of five parameters. To analyze
further, we still need to take a look at the second parameter which is mutually
benefiting.
4.4.2 Mutually Benefiting
The succeed of the Sister City Program can also be seen from the benefits that
is gained by the cooperating parties or is it mutually beneficial or not, the benefits
is not only in the same sector and not always in the quantitative form.69
As well as the relations between Jakarta and Rotterdam plant the principle of
mutual benefit. Sister City Program is about giving, as far as this cooperation in
the wake of Jakarta and Rotterdam are mutually beneficial.70
Further review of the mutually benefiting cooperation that implemented in the
period 2008 - 2014, the authors will describe each ToR and ongoing programs. To
get an accurate analysis results, the authors interviewed informants that very
68
Purnama, B. T. (2014, 11 3). Local Government in International Relation. (Najla, Interviewer) 69
Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Keberhasilan dan Kendala Sister City: Studi Kasus
Jakarta - Rotterdam dan Jakarta - Jeddah. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia. 70
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
55
precise, Mr. Yudi Hermawan as The head of the sister-city cooperation section at
the Gubernatorial and Foreign Affairs Bureau.
a. ToR (2008 – 2010)
In the ToR (2008 - 2010) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Insititutional Knowledge/Capacity Building and Operation Maintenance
Two programs such cooperation can be said to be mutually beneficial for
Rotterdam in this case act as a development assistant. No one feel disadvantaged,
as both sides take advantage of equal value. Rotterdam contributes to the sharing
of information about Urban Water Management which can also be interpreted as
the Delta Cities Management and Maintenance Operation which on this occasion
were used for the use of the dredger. Jakarta also has made a right budget on
target, because the knowledge can be very useful for the development of the
city.71
b. ToR (2011 – 2012)
In the ToR (2011 - 2012) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on Operation and Maintenance,
Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building and Development of a Coastal
Defense Strategy for DKI Jakarta
Program agreed at the previous ToR is now more in focus. Exchange
program of civil servants of Jakarta to Rotterdam for sharing knowledge has
gained for more quotas. Rotterdam which serves as the development assistance
provides a very useful knowledge for the civil servants Jakarta, obviously it can
be said that their knowledge increases. In addition, Rotterdam has donated two
dredgers for Jakarta, and given the knowledge of its operation and maintenance.72
From that prove it can be seen that cooperation between Jakarta and Rotterdam
71 Ibid 72
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
56
has significance role for both sides. Rotterdam pleased to help Jakarta, as well as
Jakarta, which benefited greatly from this cooperation.
c. ToR (2013 – 2015)
In the ToR (2013 - 2015) there are two programs that have been agreed,
namely; Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water Management with focus on
Trainee and Exposure Programme and National Capital Integrated Coastal
Development (NCICD) Programme
In the ToR (2013 - 2015), the co-operation is much more focused on the
NCICD‟s master plan and exchange the Civil Servants of Jakarta to study in
Rotterdam. Civil Servants who departed also entered the stage of selection in
order to get the best candidate to study in Rotterdam. According to Yudi
Hermawan, in this period Civil Servants that sent were much better, because they
get results that match and integrated with NCICD‟s program.73
Further review, it has become a very profitable partnership for both parties
because Government of Rotterdam also play a role in this project. Dutch partners
to the project include the Partners for Water Programme, of the Ministry of
Infrastructure and the Environment, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.74
In this term Rotterdam also could gain their
industry into international level. Dutch consultants also involved in this project
such as Royal Haskoning DHV, Witteveen & Bos, Grontmij, Rebel Group,
Kuiper Compagnons and Deltares.75
4.4.3 Incidental
This aspect explains that the Sister City program must also accommodate
the will of one party to conduct incidental or non – formal activities such as
personal contact between participating officials, delegation visit, all the activities
that was not in the program but is conducted to strengthen the friendship ties
73
Ibid 74 Partners. (2014). Retrieved January 27, 2015, from NCICD: http://en.ncicd.com/ncicd/partners/ 75 Ibid
57
between the parties.76
These non – formal aspects is considered very important
because externalities could lead to a more sincere relationship while bolster the
birth of new ideas that is actual and concrete.
Periods Incidental
ToR (2008 – 2010) - Accommodation for Jakarta‟s delegations
to Rotterdam
- Accommodation for Exchange Program
in Institutional Knowledge and Capacity
Building
ToR (2011 – 2012) - Two Dredgers with technical assistances
to show the Operation and Maintenances.
ToR (2013 – 2015) - Masterplan of National Capital Integrated
Coastal Development (NCICD)
Programme
Figure 4.5 Incidentals in Period77
From the figure above, we can see that Rotterdam has sincerity in helping
Jakarta. The incidental is not merely just to give, but rather than has a meaning inside.
Incidental is very important to become one of aspects in measuring the effectiveness and
efficiency. However, Jakarta and Rotterdam is standing for horizontal frame, where in
this case Rotterdam as the hero for Jakarta which has more things to be given. As the
analyses on mutually benefiting, it seems like it is the hallmark of how the Sister City
Program conducted, without feeling unilateral. That is also what is happened in
incidental, Rotterdam plays its role as the development assistant of Jakarta and it must
76
Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Keberhasilan dan Kendala Sister City: Studi Kasus
Jakarta - Rotterdam dan Jakarta - Jeddah. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia. 77 Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
58
be unspoken benefit for Rotterdam from this cooperation when Rotterdam does not
expect any material. Because, that is how city diplomacy work on.
4.4.4 Evaluation
The rate of success of the Sister City activities is also depicted by yearly
evaluation towards the program activities that was conducted. Evaluation is
needed to grade the rate of achievement and obstacles that were encountered in
the programs and agree mutually to enhance the programs by performing better in
the programs.78
Mechanisms of the evaluation must also be agreed mutually by
both city partners, either internal evaluation or external evaluation. Jakarta Capital
City Government possessing yearly evaluations for every ToR.
a. ToR (2011 – 2012)
Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
- Increased the insight,
knowledge, and experience.
- Budgeting and execution
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The good relationship that will
further continues
- Global challenge that is
increasingly growing
Figure 4.6 Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building , Evaluation of Sister
City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2008 – 2010)79
78 Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Keberhasilan dan Kendala Sister City: Studi Kasus
Jakarta - Rotterdam dan Jakarta - Jeddah. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia. 79
DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government.
59
Institutional Knowledge/ Capacity Building are a starter of cooperation in
terms of Urban Water Management. In this program the results is quite good
when the government of Rotterdam has increased insight, knowledge, and
experience of the staffs DKI Jakarta and relevant agencies much influenced and
encouraged by this partnership program. Meanwhile, in evaluation we also will
find out the weaknesses in the cooperation. Problems encountered are related to
the budgeting of Jakarta Capital City Government that cannot fully meet the
requirements of this program. That matters somehow becoming the reason why
any programs in the Jakarta Capital City Government could not be well-run.
The opportunity in front of which can be seen in this case is a good
relationship that continues to exist between Jakarta Provincial Government and
the Government of Rotterdam. The Rotterdam showed his interest to be able to
continue to help the problems in Jakarta, especially in the field of Urban Water
Management.80
That is why, when Jakarta facing the problems in this program
related to the budgeting, Rotterdam helping out through the accommodation fee,
as explained in incidentals section before. That kind of activity has brought them
to the effective and efficient cooperation.
Besides the opportunity inside the cooperation, it also has the challenges
further, and it is related to global challenge that is increasingly growing. Global
challenge is making Jakarta Capital City Government should continue to improve
the quality of urban service, especially in the field of water management.
The second program of this ToR is regarding to Operation and
Maintenance, in this program the government Rotterdam conducts training for
Jakarta Provincial Government regarding the operation of the dredger and
management or maintenance of canals.
Operation and Maintenance
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
80
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City oF Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer)
60
- Increased insight, knowledge,
and experience
- Budgeting and execution
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The Rotterdam showed his
interest to be able to continue
the program.
- Effects of climate change in
Jakarta.
Figure 4.7 Operation and Maintenance, Evaluation of Sister City Program
Jakarta – Rotterdam (2008 – 2010)81
In Operation and Maintenance the results achieved and problems obtained
have similarities with Institutional Knowledge/ Capacity Building. Before
preparing to make something bigger, Jakarta Capital City Government wants to
make sure the readiness of the staffs. Insight and knowledge from Rotterdam are
becoming the main capital that Jakarta has obtained to accelerate the development
of city.82
In this case, the future challenge for Jakarta which cannot be resisted is
the effects of climate change. It will be resulted in a decrease in the height, limit
groundwater and seawater intrusion. Hence the need for anticipation by Jakarta in
water management is very important.
Meanwhile, there is contradict through the evaluation from senior of civil
servants of DKI Jakarta, Robert Silalahi that is There is no a real action that could
give the significance effect to the Flood System Management.83
However, what
writer noticed in this ToR that the concrete steps from program to program only
end up with the passive action. There is no a real action that could give the
significance effect to the Flood System Management. However, the good news is
Rotterdam will always be continued to help the problems in Jakarta, especially in
81
DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government. 82
Purnama, B. T. (2014, 11 3). Local Government in International Relation. (Najla, Interviewer) 83
Silalahi, R. P. (2014, 12 4). Sister City Program Implementation. (Najla, Interviewer)
61
the field of Urban Water Management. That is what raising the optimistic of
government to see the effectiveness and efficiency further on the next ToR.
Besides, society also should participate to face the future challenges.
b. ToR (2011 – 2012)
Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on Operation and Maintenance,
Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
- Exchange knowledge about
Dredging Plan
- Two dredgers gave by the
Government of Rotterdam
- Floods are still happening in
Jakarta
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The Rotterdam showed his
interest to be able to continue
the program.
- Effects of climate change in
Jakarta.
Figure 4.8 Long Term Dredging Plan with focus on Operation and
Maintenance, Institutional Knowledge / Capacity Building , Evaluation of
Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2011 – 2012)84
In this program the experts of Rotterdam conduct training to employees of
Jakarta Public Works Department regarding the operation of the dredger. The
materials that exchange have an objective to increase the capacity of the Jakarta‟s
84 DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government.
62
civil servants. They have been providing intelligent and innovative solutions to
reduce the floodwaters.85
In the year 2011 – 2012, Jakarta still faced the main problem which is the
heavy floods. Rotterdam as the development assistance of Jakarta granted two
dredgers as a gift to profound the knowledge in Dredging Plan, that is for the
Jakarta could accelerate in finding the floods solution
The opportunity in front of which can be seen in this case is a good
relationship that continues, in order to achieve the effectiveness and efficiency of
the cooperation.
Until now, the city administration has been working hard to anticipate
problems by building flood control system. However, flood control system built
assessed not to be optimal if it is not supported by other measures such as keeping
rivers clean and intensive coordination with other areas around the city. In this
case not a lot of people and the environment take pleasure to participate in
supporting the Government.
The second program of this ToR is regarding to Development of a coastal
Defense Strategy. Jakarta has asked by the central government to design a strategy
for sea defense or the defense strategy of sea water on the north coast of Jakarta.
Of the studies that have been done as consortium Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy
(JCDS), Jakarta acquired aid agencies from Rotterdam in the planning and
development of this program.
Development of a Coastal Defence Strategy
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
- Completed the studies of JCDS
- The process will be very time-
consuming
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The Rotterdam showed his
- Effects of climate change in
85
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
63
interest to be able to continue
this program
Jakarta.
Figure 4.9 Development of a Coastal Defense, Strategy Evaluation of Sister
City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2011 – 2012)86
In this program the result is completed the studies of JCDS which is helped
by Rotterdam that implemented forward to the development of the program.
Nevertheless, the problem is subsisted on the process that will be time-consuming.
But, as usual the opportunity in front of which can be seen in this case is a good
relationship that continues to exist between Jakarta Provincial Government and the
Government of Rotterdam.
Based on the projections made, natural phenomena and their impact will
be more severe. To overcome the natural phenomenon comprehensively, a
consortium of Jakarta Coastal Defense Strategy (JCDS) which is a relief from
Rotterdam‟s recommends the construction of a giant sea dike on the north coast of
Jakarta.87
This is good for the development of programs, because to see the good
achievement of cooperation is could be seen through the improvement of the
programs.
c. ToR (2013 – 2015)*
As the primary data of Bureau Gubernatorial and Foreign Cooperation
has, here are the evaluations of ToR SCP Jakarta – Rotterdam until the year of
2014.
2013 & 2014
Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water Management with focus on
Trainee and Exposure Programme
86 DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government. 87
Sarwo Handayani, H. o. (2014, 10 28). Sister City of Jakarta. (Najla, Interviewer)
64
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
- The exchange of information and
knowledge
- Sending 12 of civil servants to
Rotterdam
- Budgeting and execution
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The Rotterdam showed his interest
to be able to continue this program
- Global challenge that is
increasingly growing
Figure 5.0 Capacity Building in Integrated Urban Water Management with
focus on Trainee and Exposure Programme, Evaluation of Sister City
Program Jakarta – Rotterdam (2013 & 2014)88
If we can see that the result of this program is exchange of information and
knowledge about the challenges and strategic issues faced by the delta city.
Rotterdam has increase the capacity of human resources in the Urban Water
Management through training programs. The best part is when Jakarta could sent
12 of civil servants to Rotterdam in order to learn about Urban Water
Management.89
This program has achieved the objective which is to increase the
capacity of human resources in the Urban Water Management through training
programs
Problems encountered are related to the budgeting of Jakarta Capital City
Government that cannot fully meet the requirements of this program. However,
Rotterdam showed his interest to be able to continue to help the problems in
Jakarta, especially in the field of Urban Water Management. Besides, Global
88
DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government. 89
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (N. Hilabi, Interviewer)
65
challenge that is increasingly growing, making Jakarta Capital City Government
should continue to improve the quality of human resources.
The second program is regarding to mega project of National Capital
Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Programme.
2013 & 2014
National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) Programme
Results Achieved Problems Obtained
- Master plan NCICD
- The construction of type A
- The exemption of land and
execution
Future Chances Future Challenges
- The Rotterdam showed his interest
to be able to continue this program
- Global challenge that is
increasingly growing
- Internal threats
Figure 5.1 National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD)
Programme, Evaluation of Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam
(2013)90
In this ToR there is something new. One of goal has been achieved, which is
National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD) or as know as Giant
Sea wall. If the previous programs is focusing on the capacity building and
dredging plan, this ToR could be a bit different. Rotterdam has recommended
Jakarta to build this program. That is why in this ToR this program came into
view. This time Jakarta Capital City Government is more focus on how to act fast
in order to get closer for the results. Even though, NCICD really takes a long time
to build, but better start now than never.
90 DKI, B. o. (2014). Sister City Program, Jakarta and Rotterdam. Jakarta: Jakarta Capital City
Government.
66
Until now, the city administration has been working hard to anticipate
problems by building NCICD. However, NCICD built assessed not to be optimal
if it is not supported by other measures such as keeping rivers clean and intensive
coordination with other areas around the city. In this case not a lot of people and
the environment to participate in supporting the Government.
Furthermore, there are many challenges that could be faced in the next day,
because making a mega- project was not an easy job, there will be an internal
threat related to the self-interest of some parties.91
However, in this program
Jakarta Capital City Government should be watchful in maintaining the program
well-run. Good Governance and transparency are totally needed in making
NCICD programs accomplished.
4.4.5 Innovation
Sister City Programs (SCP) must accomodate developments and
breakthroughs that was deemed necessary. Innovation is not in discordance with
the first principle which is consistency, because changes done after the conduct of
evaluation.92
Innovation is related to what have been improved from program to
program.
91
Silalahi, R. P. (2005, January 31). Sister City Program Implementation. (Najla, Interviewer) 92
Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Keberhasilan dan Kendala Sister City: Studi Kasus
Jakarta - Rotterdam dan Jakarta - Jeddah. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
67
Figure 5.2 The Improvement of Relevant Programs on Sister City Program
Jakarta – Rotterdam.93
The figure shows that there is an improvement on every program to be
more relevant in every year. As shows in evaluation before, that every ToR has
the innovation to make program to program became more relevant. For example,
from TorR (2008 – 2010) to ToR (2011 – 2012) there is an innovation of the
programs which is Long Term Dredging Plan and Coastal Defense Strategy.
Coming to Tor (2013 – 2015) the master plan of innovation has made, which is
National Capital Integrated Coastal Development (NCICD). To be continuing all
programs will always have an improvement and innovation to make a better
cooperation and to accelerate in achieving the goals.
4.5 Chapter Conclusion In this chapter, the research question has answered. To measure how
effective and efficient Sister City Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam is
through the five parameters from Laboratorium FISIP UI , namely; Consistency,
93
Yudi Hermawan, H. o. (2013, 12 17). Story of Sister City Program Between Jakarta and
Rotterdam. (Najla, Interviewer)
68
Mutually Benefiting, Incidental, Evaluation, and Innovation. Jakarta and
Rotterdam has done a good job so far along the periods.
PARAMETERS TOR (2008 – 2010) TOR (2011 –
2012)
TOR (2013 –
2015)
Consistency
The programs are
consistency because
Jakarta and
Rotterdam are
committed from
previous time to
have a relationship in
terms of Urban
Water Management
and they completed
it
The consistency has
brought to
programs that more
focus on goal,
which is developing
the Urban Water
Management.
The consistency of
the previous
program which is
Development of a
Coastal Defense
Strategy for DKI
Jakarta has
upgraded and
improved into
NCICD Program
Mutually
Benefiting
Two programs such
cooperation can be
said to be mutually
beneficial for
Rotterdam in this
case act as a
development
assistant.
Rotterdam has
donated two
dredgers for
Jakarta, and given
the knowledge of
its operation and
maintenance.
Rotterdam pleased
to help Jakarta
Profitable
partnership for
both parties
because
Government of
Rotterdam also
play a role in this
project. In this
term Rotterdam
also could gain
their industry into
international level.
Incidental
Accommodation for
Jakarta‟s delegations
to Rotterdam and
Exchange Program
in Institutional
Knowledge and
Capacity Building.
Two Dredgers with technical
assistances to show
the Operation and
Maintenances.
Master plan of
National Capital
Integrated Coastal
Development
(NCICD)
Programme
Evaluation
Increased the
insight, knowledge,
and experience.
Besides the problem
is budgeting and
execution. The
chance is good
relationship that
will further
continues. The
challenges is Global
challenge and effect
of climate change
that is increasingly
growing
Exchange
knowledge about
Dredging Plan.
Completed the
studies of JCDS.
Floods are still
happening in
Jakarta. The
process will be very
time-consuming.
The Rotterdam
showed his interest
to be able to
continue the
program. Effects of
Exchange
knowledge.
Sending 12 of civil
servants to
Rotterdam. Master
plan NCICD. The
construction of
type A. The
problems are the
exemption of land
and execution.
The challenges are
global challenge that is increasingly
growing and the
69
climate change in
Jakarta internal threats.
Innovation
There is an
improvement on
every program to be
more relevant in
every year.
There is an
innovation of the
programs which is
Long Term
Dredging Plan and
Coastal Defense
Strategy
the master plan of
innovation has
made, which is
National Capital
Integrated Coastal
Development
(NCICD)
Figure 5.3 Conclusion of Analysis94
Starting from ToR 2008 – 2015 Jakarta and Rotterdam are focusing on Urban
Water Management and put it in some programs like Capacity Building, Dredging
Plan, and NCICD. It is a good thing even though we haven‟t seen the effect
directly because the programs will be running in a long period, but we can see the
optimistic of how all programs will be run so well. As we can see the results from
each parameter shows that all analyses are completed into a good result. At the
end we can conclude that Sister City Program between Jakarta and Rotterdam is
effective and efficient.
94 Processed by the Writer
70
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The phenomenon of international relations between cities has been
growing rapidly in many countries, as well as in Indonesia. Until now there is a
lot of agreement and cooperation between major cities in Indonesia with major
cities abroad. Various policies and advice has been issued by the Government to
the Government of the city that can take an advantage of this relationship to
accelerate the growth of cities. One of this growing relationship also developed by
Jakarta Capital City Government with major cities in the world.
Forms of co-operation are quite diverse ranging from training, official
visits, projects, seminars, sports tournaments, exhibitions, agreement, anniversary
celebrations of the city, sanitation and hygiene programs to handle the
environment, arts and cultural performances, to program a comparative study of
local government.
This research is about an analysis of effectiveness and efficiency in the
implementation of Sister City Program, using qualitative research method with
descriptive and analytical type method with library research as the main source. It
took about 5 months to finish this research and the writer used many books,
reports, publications, interviews and internet; most of them are the primary data.
Lastly, this research consists of five chapters: introduction, literature review,
research methodology, the effectiveness and efficiency in the implementation of
Jakarta – Rotterdam Sister City Program.
Sister City Program Jakarta – Rotterdam which has been created since
1986 is one of an active cooperation, comparing to the other Sister Cities of
Jakarta. This phenomenon could see from the relevancies and consistency of the
yearly programs that have been agreed from both cities as called as Term of
Reference (ToR).
Government of Rotterdam really gives the special attention to the issues of
the city development that Jakarta has obtained. This things are reflected to the
loyalty of Rotterdam in assisting Jakarta, even though problems likely to be
71
found. From the cooperation, Jakarta has earned many benefits, in terms of
knowledge, accommodations, assistances, and many things, in order to accelerate
the development of city.
From ToR 2008 – 2015 Jakarta and Rotterdam are concentrating on
Urban Water Management and put it in some programs like Capacity Building,
Dredging Plan, and NCICD. It is a good sign even though we haven‟t seen the
effect directly because the programs will be consecutively in a long period, but we
can see the optimistic of how all programs will be run so well.
Besides, the result of analyses shows that Sister City Program Jakarta –
Rotterdam is effective and efficient regarding through the five parameters from
Laboratorium FISIP UI , namely; Consistency, Mutually Benefiting, Incidental,
Evaluation, and Innovation. Jakarta and Rotterdam has done a good job so far
along the periods. As we can see the results from each parameter shows that all
analyses are completed into a good result.
Even though, Jakarta Capital City Government really need the
participation of society to always support all the programs that have been agreed.
From the analyses, we also can be optimistic to see that further both cities will
always be innovative in making those programs more relevant from year to year.
72
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76
APPENDICES
PERCEPTION
________________________________________________
4/16/2014
RESOURCES:
5 (five) Staff of Sister City Program Section of Foreign Affairs, DKI Jakarta
5 (five) Researcher
5 (five) Staff of Jakarta Capital City Government
QUESTION:
What is the strengths and weaknesses from the parameters above in measuring
the effectiveness and efficiency of Jakarta Sister City Program;
Source: Laboratorium Ilmu Politik, F. U. (1996). Sister City Program
Effectiveness and Efficiency Parameters. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia
No Name Occupation Answers
1. Drs. Jackson D.
Sitorus, S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
It might not be precisely but it
is a right guideline, because
each parameters are completed
the stage of analyses.
77
2. Syafrudin
Chandra, S.AP.
M.PA.
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Quite helpful. The weakness is
the parameters should add one
indicators in order to make
perfect analyses
3. Drs. Rinald Fitri Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
A bit absurd. However, these
five parameters are created
from Laboratorium Fisip UI
which there is no doubt for the
reliability
4. Yudi
Hermawan A,
S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Smart parameters to maintain
the analyses in having better
findings. There is no weakness
founded.
5. Sumartono,
S.Sos
Staff of Sister City
Program Section of
Foreign Affairs, DKI
Jakarta
Resulting good analyses for
the report, but it is only about
the implementation not for the
impact of the program.
6. Dra. Indrayani,
MAP
Researcher It was made by Laboratorium
Fisip UI which very interested
for researchers are in using the
parameters.
7. H. Muhamad
Mawardi, SH
Researcher Supportive parameters, but it
could be so fragile for the
results
78
8. Drs. Amir
Hamzah
Researcher Horizontal parameters to
conserve the analyses in
having better findings. There is
no weakness founded.
9. Heru Budi
Hartono, SE.
MM.
Researcher It would not be always
precisely but it is a right
guideline
10. Drs. Irmansyah,
M.Sc
Researcher Resulting good analyses for
the report, because each
parameters are completed the
stage of analyses.
11. Drs. Orrada
Sinurat, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta Capital
City Government
Subsequent worthy analyses
for the report, but it is only
about the implementation not
for the impact of the program.
12. Puspla Dirdjaja,
SH. MH.
Staff of Jakarta Capital
City Government
It would not be always exact
but it is a correct guideline
13. Sonti
Pangaribuan, S.
Ip, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta Capital
City Government
It might be not so good
parameters. these five
parameters are created from
Laboratorium Fisip UI which
there is no doubt for the
reliability
14. Sis Supadmi, Staff of Jakarta Capital Helpful parameters, but it
79
SH . MM City Government could be so vague for the
results
15. Yudi Saherdi,
S.E, M. Si
Staff of Jakarta Capital
City Government
It was made by Laboratorium
Fisip UI which very attentive
for researcher to use it.
Results:
Strong = 9
Weak = 6
