An Empire Emerges

Republic to EmpireRepublic to Empire

Marius = A general who recruited soldiers Marius = A general who recruited soldiers from the poor and promised them land if from the poor and promised them land if they swore allegiance to himthey swore allegiance to him

Before Marius, farming soldiers were loyal Before Marius, farming soldiers were loyal to Rome but became loyal to individuals to Rome but became loyal to individuals and the general….became more politicaland the general….became more political

Civil War broke outCivil War broke out

Marius: Created

A Loyal,

Professional

Army

Slow Collapse of RepublicSlow Collapse of Republic From 82-31 B.C.E civil wars dominated From 82-31 B.C.E civil wars dominated

RomeRome Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar

(generals) emerged victorious(generals) emerged victorious Crassus was killed, Senate gave power to Crassus was killed, Senate gave power to

Pompey and ordered Caesar to give up Pompey and ordered Caesar to give up army.army.

Caesar kept his army and defeated Caesar kept his army and defeated Pompey in 44 B.C.EPompey in 44 B.C.E He came, saw and conquered- He came, saw and conquered-

”Veni,vidi,vici””Veni,vidi,vici” Demand to be the sole dictator Demand to be the sole dictator

Julius Caesar-Dictator to Julius Caesar-Dictator to EmperorEmperor

Gave land to the poor and expanded the Gave land to the poor and expanded the senate to 3x its sizesenate to 3x its size

Filled the senate with his supporter which Filled the senate with his supporter which ultimately weakened itultimately weakened it

Implemented many reform plansImplemented many reform plans Public worksPublic works New CalendarNew Calendar More help for poorMore help for poor

Senators assassinated Caesar after he Senators assassinated Caesar after he declared himself dictator for life-emperordeclared himself dictator for life-emperor

Major Rivals

Ides of March

March 15

22ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate After Caesar’s death….Octavian, Antony, After Caesar’s death….Octavian, Antony,

Lepidus = formed 2Lepidus = formed 2ndnd Triumvirate Triumvirate (3 leaders)(3 leaders)

Octavian took the Western and Antony Octavian took the Western and Antony took the Eastern 1/2 of the Empire took the Eastern 1/2 of the Empire (Lepidus to N. Africa)(Lepidus to N. Africa)

Antony allied with Cleopatra VII of Egypt Antony allied with Cleopatra VII of Egypt which caused conflict within Romewhich caused conflict within Rome

Octavian defeated Antony at the battle of Octavian defeated Antony at the battle of ActiumActium

Cleopatra and Antony both committed Cleopatra and Antony both committed suicide one year latersuicide one year later

Rivals of the Second Triumvirate

The Legendary

Cleopatra VII

The Decline and Fall of The Decline and Fall of RomeRome

Problems in Roman Daily LifeProblems in Roman Daily Life Rome was overcrowded, noisy, & Rome was overcrowded, noisy, &

dangerousdangerous Rent for the poor was high-Rent for the poor was high- entire families entire families

to live in one roomto live in one room Due to conditions, Poor Romans spent Due to conditions, Poor Romans spent

most of their time in the streetmost of their time in the street

Rich Rich Entertainment = gladiator contests-Entertainment = gladiator contests-

animals, slaves, & chariot races at Circus animals, slaves, & chariot races at Circus MaximusMaximus

Magnificent buildings = baths, temples, Magnificent buildings = baths, temples, theaters, marketstheaters, markets

Circus Maximus

Rise of Christianity contributed Rise of Christianity contributed to downfall of Empireto downfall of Empire

Jesus taught Golden Rule,taught humility, Jesus taught Golden Rule,taught humility, charity, and love for otherscharity, and love for others

Jesus turned over to the RomansJesus turned over to the Romans Pontius Pilate ordered his crucifixionPontius Pilate ordered his crucifixion Followers of Jesus believed that he Followers of Jesus believed that he

overcame death and was the Messiahovercame death and was the Messiah

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity After word spread that Jesus had After word spread that Jesus had

overcome death, there were many overcome death, there were many converts/ Only 60 days after crucifixion converts/ Only 60 days after crucifixion Jerusalem had 10,000 convertsJerusalem had 10,000 converts

Romans paid little attention to Romans paid little attention to Christianity at first, then began to see it Christianity at first, then began to see it as a threat to societyas a threat to society

Persecution of Christians began with forcePersecution of Christians began with force

Rise of ChristianityRise of Christianity Persecution strengthened Persecution strengthened

Christianity,become more organizedChristianity,become more organized Christianity appealed to the poor because Christianity appealed to the poor because

it viewed everyone as equalit viewed everyone as equal Diocletian-last major emperor to enforce Diocletian-last major emperor to enforce

persecution of Christians/ he realized that persecution of Christians/ he realized that Christianity was too powerful to be Christianity was too powerful to be destroyed by forcedestroyed by force

Constantine =first Christian emperorConstantine =first Christian emperor

Diocletian and Constantine

BroughtTemporary

Reforms

Decline of RomeDecline of Rome ANOTHER FACTORANOTHER FACTOR

Long period of unrest followed the end of Long period of unrest followed the end of the Pax Ramonathe Pax Ramona

Reasons: Reasons: 22 emperors over a 50 year period, 20 22 emperors over a 50 year period, 20

died violentlydied violently Rome was invaded by Persians and Rome was invaded by Persians and

GermansGermans Civil war and plague almost caused Civil war and plague almost caused

empire to collapseempire to collapse

Decline of RomeDecline of Rome More ProblemsMore Problems

Trade and industry declinedTrade and industry declined

labor shortage due to the plaguelabor shortage due to the plague

farm production declined due to war torn farm production declined due to war torn

fieldsfields

Money became short and soldiers were Money became short and soldiers were

scarce/ Had to hire Germanic soldiers = who scarce/ Had to hire Germanic soldiers = who

had no loyalty to Rome (mercenaries)had no loyalty to Rome (mercenaries)

Fall of RomeFall of Rome Still MORE PROBLEMStill MORE PROBLEM Under Constantine, Roman empire Under Constantine, Roman empire

divided into two regions = west and eastdivided into two regions = west and east Rome = capital of west, Constantinople = Rome = capital of west, Constantinople =

capital of eastcapital of east The Huns (from Asia) invaded eastern The Huns (from Asia) invaded eastern

Europe and forced the German Visigoths Europe and forced the German Visigoths into Roman territory to become Roman into Roman territory to become Roman alliesallies

Eventually Visigoths destroyed Rome and Eventually Visigoths destroyed Rome and took controltook control

                                                                               

              

Fall of RomeFall of Rome In 476 CE the Western emperor In 476 CE the Western emperor

was killedwas killed

Many Germanic kingdoms over the Many Germanic kingdoms over the years replaced the Western Empireyears replaced the Western Empire

Eastern Roman empire became Eastern Roman empire became known as the Byzantine Empire known as the Byzantine Empire and thrived around Constantinopleand thrived around Constantinople