An Introduction to Choosing Higher QualityGraphics

with Demonstrations in R

JoAnn Alvarez, Pengcheng Lu, and Li Wang

Department of BiostatisticsVanderbilt University School of Medicine

August 14, 2009

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Outline

Graphics Principles

Common graphics and how to improve them

Where to learn more

Demonstration in R

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Graphics Principles

High information to ink ratio

Avoid superfluityMake the data stand out

Easy to read

Does not oversimplify the data

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Graphics Principles

High information to ink ratio

Avoid superfluityMake the data stand out

Easy to read

Does not oversimplify the data

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Graphics Principles

High information to ink ratio

Avoid superfluityMake the data stand out

Easy to read

Does not oversimplify the data

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Graphics Principles

High information to ink ratio

Avoid superfluityMake the data stand out

Easy to read

Does not oversimplify the data

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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ComedyDramaActionHistoryHorrorScience FictionRomanceForeignother

Hard to match whichgenre goes with whichpiece of the pie.

Even in color, requires alegend.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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The human eye canperceive the differences inquantities easily becauseeach length begins at thesame reference point.

Having the genres sortedin order of the frequencieslets the viewer quicklyperceive information likethe most and leastfrequent categories.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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ComedyDramaActionHistoryHorrorScience FictionRomanceForeignother

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−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

−6

−4

−2

02

46

Scatter Plot

A

M

A simple scatter plot.

Usually a great way toshow data, but cannotindicate where more thanone observation lies on onthe same point.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

A

M

Scatter Plot with Density

124466992

114137159182205227250272295318340363

Counts

A density plot showswhere there are highfrequencies ofobservations.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

−6

−4

−2

02

46

Scatter Plot

A

M

−6 −4 −2 0 2 4

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

AM

Scatter Plot with Density

124466992

114137159182205227250272295318340363

Counts

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

group1 group2 group3 group4

Val

ue

010

2030

4050 Shows mean scores with

error bars representing95% confidence intervalfor the mean.

The mean may not be anappropriate summarymeasure.

The 95% confidenceintervals are calculatedbased on the assumptionof normality.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

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group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4

1020

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Out

com

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Shows all data points.

Can easily comparemedians.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

group1 group2 group3 group4

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Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Table: Odds Ratio

Group OR Lower Upper p-valA 1 0.42 0.19 0.93 0.030A 2 0.16 0.05 0.52 0.002A 3 0.31 0.16 0.62 0.001B 1 1.01 0.44 2.31 0.900B 2 0.12 0.02 0.92 0.040B 3 0.62 0.29 1.33 0.200

Table with twenty-fournumbers is hard toprocess quickly.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

●

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group3

group2

group1

group3

group2

group1 0.42 (0.19−0.93)

0.16 (0.05−0.52)

0.31 (0.16−0.62)

1.01 (0.44−2.31)

0.12 (0.02−0.92)

0.62 (0.29−1.33)

Disease B

Disease A

Odds ratio for developing disease

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Graphical representationof the confidence intervalsare much easier to processthan a table of numbers.

The reference line at onelets the reader easily seewhich odds ratios aresignificant.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Table: Odds Ratio

Group OR Lower Upper p-valA 1 0.42 0.19 0.93 0.030A 2 0.16 0.05 0.52 0.002A 3 0.31 0.16 0.62 0.001B 1 1.01 0.44 2.31 0.900B 2 0.12 0.02 0.92 0.040B 3 0.62 0.29 1.33 0.200

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group3

group2

group1

group3

group2

group1 0.42 (0.19−0.93)

0.16 (0.05−0.52)

0.31 (0.16−0.62)

1.01 (0.44−2.31)

0.12 (0.02−0.92)

0.62 (0.29−1.33)

Disease B

Disease A

Odds ratio for developing disease

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Shows mean scores witherror bars.

The mean may not be anappropriate summarymeasure.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Speech Understanding Scores, by Type of Hearing Loss

Filter Cuttoff Frequency (Hz)

Spe

ech

Und

erst

andi

ng S

core

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Shows all data points,giving more informationabout their distribution.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Speech Understanding Scores, by Type of Hearing Loss

Filter Cuttoff Frequency (Hz)

Spe

ech

Und

erst

andi

ng S

core

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Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

0-21.9

22-27.9

28-39.9

40-80

0

0.1

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Gender, Age, and Survival on the Titanic

MalesFemales

Age

Pro

po

rtio

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ha

t S

urv

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d

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

0-21.9

22-27.9

28-39.9

40-80

0

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Gender, Age, and Survival on the Titanic

MalesFemales

Age

Pro

po

rtio

n t

ha

t S

urv

ive

d

Categorizes age,discarding information.

The 3-D perspectivemakes it difficult toaccurately judge therelationships between thebar heights.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Age,, Year

Sur

vive

d

female

male

Does not force a linearrelationship between ageand probability of survival.

The tick marks on thecurves represent datapoints, so the viewer cantell which parts of thecurve were estimatedusing sparse data.

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

0-21.9

22-27.9

28-39.9

40-80

0

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Gender, Age, and Survival on the Titanic

MalesFemales

Age

Pro

po

rtio

n t

ha

t S

urv

ive

d

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

0.2

0.4

0.6

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Age,, Year

Sur

vive

d

female

male

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Where to learn more

http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/StatGraphCourse

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

R Demonstration

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics

Summary of R Functions Used

plot()

lattice package

xyplot()

Alvarez, Lu, and Wang Choosing Higher Quality Graphics