AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HEAT REJECTION TO THE

ENGINE OIL IN AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

by

Lester Simon

and

William A. Jack

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

from the

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1944

Acceptance:

Instructor in Charge of Thesis,_

t'

414 Beacon Street

Boston 15, Massachusetts

February 10, 1944

Professor G. W. Swett

Secretary of the Faculty

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Dear Sir:

In accordance with the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science, we herewith respectfully

submit a thesis entitled "An Investigation of the. Heat

Rejection to the Engine Oil in an Internal Combustion

Engine".

Sincerely yours,

Lester Stimon

William A. JarkB

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to express their appreciation

to Professor A. R. Rogowski for his advice and interest

in conducting this investigation and also to the Sloan

Laboratory personnel for their valuable assistance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Introduction 1

Previous Investigations 2

Body of Thesis

Summary of Results 3

Apparatus 5

Method of Testing 10

Direct Heat Losses 14

Frietion Heat 18

Total Heat Rejection 24

Future Investigatgations 27

Appendix

Bibliography 29

Schematic Diagram 30

Photographs 31

Calculations 33

Graphs 36

Data 51

LIST OF GRAPHS

Fig. 7 Effect of Varying Oil Pressure on Total HeatReJection

Fig. 8 Effect of Varying Water Jacket Temperature onTotal Heat Rejection

Fig. 9 Effect of Varying Oil Temperature on TotalHeat Rejected

Fig. 10 Logarithmic Plot of Heat Rejection vs. Indi-cated Horsepower for Different Speeds

Fig. 11 Logarithmic Plot of Heat Rejection vs. Indi-cated Horsepower for Different Speeds

Fig. 12 Friction Horsepower vs. Engine Speed

Fig. 13 Friction Heat Rejected vs. Friction Horsepower

Fig. 14 Logarithmic Plot of Heat Rejection vs. Fric-tion Horsepower

Fig. 15 Total Heat Rejected vs. Indicated Mean Ef-fective Pressure

Fig. 16 Total Heat Rejected vs. Indicated Horsepower

Fig. 17 Total Heat Rejected vs. Brake Horsepower

Fig. 18 Total Heat Rejected vs. Brake Mean EffectivePressure

Fig. 19 Total Heat Rejection vs. Engine Speed

Fig. 20 Total Heat Rejected vs. Engine Speed

INTRODU)TJION

- -

INTRODUCTI ON

The purpose of this investigation was to deter-

mine and analyze the nature of the heat rejection to the

engine oil under various operating conditions. This in-

cluded a verification of previous workl* and-a separation

of the components of total heat rejected. By analyzing

the contributing effects of each component the general

nature of the total heat rejection was determined to be a

function of only two variables, the friction and the in-

dicated horsepower.

* References are to bibliography, page 29.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

An investigation of the literature available

showed there has been little work done on the problem of

heat rejection to the engine oil and the closely related

question of engine friction. Kaneb and Hoeyl found

that the total heat rejection to the oil showed an in-

crease which was linear with speed at constant IMEP. In-

creasing load at a constant speed showed a slight increase

in heat transfer at low loads while at higher loads the

transfer was much greater. Over the operating range

the heat transfer increased slightly less than fifty per

cent as the load was quadrupled. As these tests were

run at only two speeds, 1800 and 2000 RPM, definite con-

clusions could not be drawn although trends were estab-

li shed.The object of an investigation by McLeod2 was

to determine the degree of error in the motoring test

and to establish a correlation between it and the true

engine friction. This aspect will be discussed later

in conjunction with the motoring tests made in this inves-

tigation (see page 20 ).

3

SUTMIARY OF RESULTS

It was found that the heat rejected to the

engine oil was some function of the indicated and the

friction horsepower. Empirical equations were developed

for the heat rejected due to friction and heat rejected

from the cylinder gases. These separate relationships

were combined to obtain an empirical relationship for

the total heat rejected to the engine oil. All are given

below: first in general form, then with the constants

evaluated for the particular engine tested. All rela-

tionships for heat transfer are in Btu/minute.

General:nl

Qf = EK(FHP) (friction heat rejected to oil)

O = K(IRHP) (heat rejected to il fromcylinder gases)

Qt -K8( FHP) + K5 (I )n2

(total heat rejected to oil)

Plymouth Engine Tested:

Q = 1.4(FHP)1 5

Qr = 0.82( IP)

t l4(FP)1.5 + O.2(IHP) 1.1

The observed data showed that the engine speed

exerts much influence on the heat rejected to the oil.

-4-

The heat rejected to the oil increased threefold over the

range of speed tested (1200 to 2400 RPM). It would,

therefore, be necessary to use large oil coolers with

large high-speed engines.

The change in heat rejected over the range of

output tested (3 to 46 BHP) at constant speed was small

compared to the variation found for the speed range, and

it remained approximately the same at all speeds. At

high engine speeds, load or output had comparatively

little effect on the heat rejected to the oil. At low

speeds, load became more influential because of the small

heat transfer involved.

It was also made clear that the oil is an im-

portant factor in absorbing the heat rejected from the en-

gine. The oil system absorbed nearly a quarter the total

heat rejected from the engine -- the remainder was ab-

sorbed by the cooling water system or cooling air surfaces.

APPAIRATUS

The tests represented were performed on a six-

cylinder 1936 Plymouth engine having the following speci-

fications:

Bore - - - - - - - - - - 3-1/8 inchesStroke - - - - - - - - - 4-.3/8 inchesPiston Displacement - - 201.3 cubic inchesCompression Ratio - - - 6.70Rated Output - - - - - 82 brake horsepower

at 3600 RPM

Load for firing and power for motoring was sup-

plied by a dynamometer having the following specifica-

tions:

Current - - - - - - - - 117 amperesVoltage - - - - - - - - 250 voltsOutput - - - - - - - - - 100 horsepower

The engine was of standard manufacture, but

necessary alterations were made to facilitate testing.

A description of the engine set-up previously used for

similar tests on this engine is given below.1

Old Set-up

The crankcase pan was lagged with asbestos to

prevent appreciable.heat transfer from the oil to the at-

mo sphere.

The engine oil pump was disconnected and re-

placed by an external electric motor-driven gear pump.

The oil was pumped from an external reservoir to the en-

- 6 -

gine through the port which originally contained the pres-

sure relief valve in the lubricating system of the engine.

The oil circulated through the engine and returned to the

external reservoir by gravity. A long pipe was hinged

to a stand beneath the engine. This pipe could be swung

so that it bypassed the gravity oil flow from the engine

and emptied it into a weighing pan placed on a platform

balance. By means of this weighing system, the rate of

oil flow could be determined.

Several heat exchangers using steam as the heat-

ing element were installed in the external oil feed line.

Cooling water was also piped to these heat exchangers in

order to effect a more sensitive regulation of the oil in-

let temperature. Thermometers were placed at the inlet

and the outlet oil ports. These thermometers were located

as near the ports as possible in order to obtain accurate

readings of the inlet and outlet temperatures.

An oil pressure gage connected to the inlet oil

port was used for the purpose of determining the relative

rate of oil flow through the engine. To keep the flow

nearly constant, a gate valve was installed in the extern-

al oil line before the engine inlet port.

The engine exhaust line was attached to the lab-

oratory trench pump system, and the air intake system was

left unchanged from the original engine.

- 7

Cooling water was pumped to the engine Jacket

and to a cooler surrounding the exhaust pipe. A thermo-

couple was inserted in the Jacket cooling system, and a

gate valve was used to regulate cooling water flow and the

resultant Jacket temperature. A surge tank was added to

this cooling system to maintain a fairly constant rate of

flow and at the same time to keep the cooling water tem-

perature more stable.

New Set-up

To carry out the test routine decided upon, it

was found necessary to make several changes and additions

to the original arrangement as described above. The new

set-up used is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 4, page 0 ,

and in Figs. 5 and 6, pages 3 and 32 , respectively.

First, the original asbestos layer was removed

from the crankcase and replaced by a fresh and slightly

thicker application of asbestos. Chicken wire, served to

bind the asbestos coating to the pan. These precautions

were taken to prevent damage to the insulation from exces-

sive vibration.Next, the oil-weighing system was found to be

unsatisfactory. The bypass pipe to the weighing pan was

a source of some error in determining rate of oil flow.

This rate of flow was measured from the end of the bypass

giving not the true rate of flow through the engine, but

the rate of flow through the engine as modified by the

- 8 -

time lag produced by the friction in the long pipe. More-

over, the process of emptying the contents of the weighing

pan into the reservoir after each run was an unnecessary

difficulty.

These disadvantages in measuring the rate of oil

flow were eliminated by rearranging the weighing system so

that oil from the engine outlet port flowed by gravity

directly into a five-gallon tank. From this intermediate

tank the oil flowed by gravity through a short pipe to

another five-gallon tank placed on a platform balance.

A two-way valve was attached to the end of this short pipe

so that flow to the weighing tank could be stopped quickly.

The suction side of the external oil pump and its bypass

line also were led from this weighing tank.

Now, the oil flow to the engine could be meas-

ured accurately by determining the time necessary for a

given weight of oil to be pumped out of the weighing tank

and into the engine. Once equilibrium had been estab-

lished, the rate of flow measured represented the rate of

flow of oil to the engine itself. The oil flowed contin-

uously; no time had to be taken to remove the contents of

one tank and replace the contents of the other.

During the trial runs, it was found that the oil

pressure in the engine became very low at high engine

speeds. To compensate for this drop in pressure (which

also meant a corresponding drop in the rate of oil flow),

9

a gate valve was inserted in the pump bypass. Shutting

this valve raised the flow and pressure from the discharge

end of the pump.

To maintain approximately constant back pressure,

the exhaust was disconnected from the laboratory line.

This prevented a change in exhaust conditions in case the

laboratory line was being evacuated.

A steam line was connected to the water jacket

cooling system so that jacket temperatures similar to

those during firing could be maintained for the motoring

runs .An exhaust gas analyzer was used to determine

the fuel-air ratio supplied to the engine. A strobotac

was used to check the accuracy of the cable-driven tacho-

meter. Both of these instruments were soon abandoned in

view of the slight effect produced by a change in fuel-air

ratio and the difficulties encountered from use of the

strobotac as compared to the accuracy possible with the

other measurements in the tests.

The rest of the original set-up was left intact.

It was considered adequate for the accuracy desired and

proved to be so in the ensuing tests.

_ 10 -

METHOD OF TESTING

Preliminary Tests

In this research there was a considerable num-

ber of variables to deal with. The dependent variable

in all tests was some portion of the heat rejected tothe oil, i.e., total heat rejected, friction heat, or that

portion rejected from the hot engine parts. The independ-

ent variables were oil pressure, water Jacket temperature,

oil inlet and outlet temperatures, spark advance, fuel-

air ratio. speed, and load. All other factors were con-

sidered to be constant. For best results only one inde-

pendent variable should be varied, with all others remain-

ing constant; but, to accomplish the purpose of this in-

vestigation in the limited time available, it was decided

to determine the relative importance of each variable on

the heat rejection to the oil. Runs were taken to find

the allowable operating range for each variable without

impairing the accuracy of the heat transfer measurements.

Greater accuracy than that of the temperature readings

was unwarranted. In each of the following tests, all

other variables were held rigidly constant.

Over the total pressure range, 40 to O80 psig.,

it was found that the greatest change in heat rejected

amounted to about ten per cent from the mean value, 65 psig.

which had been selected for use in the testing. It was

- 11

therefore decided that a variation between 60 and 70 psig.

would be permissable as this allows a percentage error of

not more than five per cent. (See Fig. 7)

Water jacket temperature changes have some ef-

fect on heat rejection. Fig. shows the maximum change

over the range tested to be 14%. With reference to this

curve, it was considered adequate to operate within a tem-

perature range of 155 degrees to 170 degrees, Fahrenheit.

The maximum possible variation in total heat rejected over

this range then becomes about three per cent.

The oil inlet and outlet temperature have a

marked effect on the total heat transfer. Fig. 9b indi-

cates that as much as 74% change in heat rejected occurs

for the small outlet temperature range of 185 to 195 de-

grees Fahrenheit. Heat rejected is almost as sensitive

to inlet temperature changes. Fig. 9a shows the quan-

titative changes in heat rejection with respect to tem-

perature while Fig. 9b gives the percentage variation.

From this preliminary test, it was decided to keep the

mean temperature of the oil at a relatively constant value.

These readings of temperature introduced the controlling

error of all the results. With the range selected the

maximum error introduced was under fifteen per cent.

The change in the heat rejection with change in

spark advance was never more than three per cent over a

wide range. (See data sheet Number 1, test Number 5.)

- 12 -

For the first tests, a check on the fuel-air

ratio indicated no appreciable change during operation.

The fuel-air ratio was then assumed to be constant at

0 .0785.

A strobotac was used during the first few tests

but it was found tna1 for the accuracy desired, speed

could be maintained within the limiting range by merely

using the RPM dial indicator.

Main Tests

With limitations necessary for sufficient ac-

curacy in view, the actual testing was begun. A series

of constant speed tests was-performed with the brake

horsepower varying. Allowing twenty to thirty minutes

for the establishment of equilibrium for each run, meas-

urements of brake load, Jacket temperature, oil pressure,

oil inlet and outlet temperature, speed, and rate of oil

flow were then taken. To reduce the number of tests,

constant brake horsepower settings were taken during the

speed runs by calculating the correct brake load in ad-

vance. The speed range was 1200 to 2400 RPM with incre-

ments of 200 RPM. The brake horsepower range was from

3.2 to 46.Motoring runs were obtained separately from the

corresponding firing runs. Methods of maintaining similar

operating characteristics will be explained below. For

- 13 -

the motoring runs, measurement of speed, friction (brake)

load, jacket temperature, oil pressure, oil inlet and out-

let temperature, and rate of oil flow were taken as before.

The speed and load ranges were limited by the

characteristics of the cradle dynamometer.

Measurement s

Engine speed was read on a tachometer. Brake

and friction loads were read from the balance of the dyn-

amometer. Jacket temperatures were obtained from a dial

gage connected to a thermocouple in the cooling system.

Oil pressure readings were taken from a dial gage connec-

ted to the inlet side of the oil system at the engine in-

let port. The oil inlet temperature was measured by a

mercury thermometer placed in a well at the engine inlet

port and the oil outlet temperature was measured by a

mercury thermometer at the exit passage from the engine.

A running balance was taken or the rate of oil flow.

First, the weighing tank was allowed to fill up. Then

the two-way valve in the line leading from the intermed-

iate tank was closed. The usual weight of oil used dur-

ing the running balance was ten pounds.

All measurements were an average of at least

three runs after equilibrium had been established. Par-

ticular attention was paid to the reading of the oil tem-

peratures as they were the major source of error.

- 14 -

DIRECT HEAT LOSSES

General Theory

Heat transfer within the internal.combustion

engine may be divided into two processes. One is the

heat given off to the engine parts by the working fluid,

and the other is the heat produced by friction of the

moving parts.

It has been found by dimensional analysis4 of

the variables involved that the heat transfer from the

working fluid may be represented by

S. = ATAC(e s)n(n - (1)

where AT = mean temperature difference betweenthe gas and the cylinder walls

A = exposed area

Cp = mean specific heat of the gas

e = mean gas density

S = mean piston speed

B= mean gas viscosity

n = exponent determined by experiment

Hence, for a given engine operating with approx-

imately the same outside cylinder temperature (AT is con-

stant), the heat transfer from the working fluid is seen

to be some function of piston speed (or RPM) and gas

density.

- 15 -

r( e s)n or Qra( e x RPM)n (2)

Now, the indicated mean effective pressure of an

engine may be represented by

IMEP =- Je (F x Ex 1 t) x 14 4 (3)

where J = mechanical equivalent of heat(a constant)

e = density of gases in cylinder

F = fuel-air ratio

E heating value of fuel

It = indicated thermal efficiency

The heating value of the fuel, fuel-air ratio,

and the indicated thermal efficiency were essentially

constant for the tests performed. Therefore IEP depends

only on the cylinder density of the working fluid.

IMEPaL x

From which equation (2) becomes

Qr = K1 (INMEP x RPM)na (4)

Since indicated horsepower is directly propor-

tional to IEP at constant speed, equation (4) may be

written

Qr = 2 (IBP) n (5)

Either equation (4) or (5) is suitable for de-

termining the heat rejection from the working fluid.

Equation (1) was developed by first obtaining

an expression for the heat transferred from an air-cooled

cylinder to the air and then by making suitable assump-

tions4 JL relationship was obtained for the flow of

- 16 -

heat from the hot gases to the cylinder walls. As the

flow of the gases in the cylinder is turbulent, the ex-

ponent n should be about 0.8.

Discussion of Results:

Part of the heat dissipated in an internal com-

bustion engine goes to the cooling water, while the rest

of it is removed by the oil and crankcase. Judge3 showed

that of the total heat dissipated by an engine, approxi-

mately fifty-five per cent was given up to the cooling

waster and approximately forty-five per cent to the engine

oil and crankcase. The results obtained in this investi-

gation were much lower. Lubricating oil vaporizing from

the underside of the piston and the cylinder walls counted

for some of this transfer. Direct conduction to the

crankcase from which the heat is transferred to both

the oil inside and the air outside4 accounted for the

remainder. Since the crankcase was lagged with insula-

tion, all the heat transferred from it was assumed to go

to the lubricating oil, none to the atmosphere.

It was shown earlier that the total heat re-

Jection is an exponential function of IHP and speed (equa-

tion 5) and that in all probability the value of the ex-

ponent should be less than unity. By reference to the

data obtained during this investigation, the general veri-

fication of the theory developed above was found.

- 17 -

By taking the test data for all runs made and plot-

ting the heat rejected from the hot engine parts Qr -- deter-

mined by subtracting the motoring heat rejection Qf from the

total rejection QT -- as a function of indicated horsepower

for the range of speed used on log-log graph paper, Fig. 10 was

obtained. Except for deviations at low loads all the curves had

approximately the same slope. By replotting the same points

for Fig. 11 and weighing the scatter of the data, the general

slope, n2, was obtained. K5 was then determined (see Appendix).

ri2 had a value of approximately one. With the development of

Eq.(5) it was stated that the usual value of n2would be around

0.8. The reason for the higher value that was found in this

investigation may be due to the change in the direction or pro-

portion of heat transfer in cylinders as conditions change.

The oil splashed onto the cylinder walls and the change in pis-

ton ring action may be the chief influence. The piston may

transfer less heat through the rings and more to the oil at

higher speeds. As the speed increases, there is probably a

change in the type of lubrication with a corresponding change

in resistance to heat transfer in the cylinders. As a result

of this the piston may ride up on the oil film and a larger per-

centage of heat will be rejected to the oil.

The resulting empirical formula developed for the

heat rejected to the oil due to cylinder gases became for this

particular engine

Qr = . 82 (IP) Btu/minute (5a)

Sample calculations in the Appendix show that this

equation is within the accuracy of the observed data.

- 18-

FRICTION HEAT

General Theory

So far, only a portion of the heat rejected

to the oil has been discussed. The remaining portion

due to friction also can be explained in a manner sim-

ilar to that of rejection from the hot gases. First, it

is necessary to separate the friction into two types --

coulomb and viscous friction.

Coulomb friction is independent of the rela-

tive velocity of the sliding surfaces, but viscous fric-

tion will increase as some function of the speed. The

coefficient of viscous friction is a function of RPM.

f=0 (i)where 0 = some function

= viscosity of lubricant

N= RPM

P = unit bearing pressure

Professors E. S. Taylor and C. F Taylor6 assume that

the coefficient of friction is nearly proportional to 6 .

Friction = fPa# N

and Qf = K3(Friction x N)

or Qf = 4(LCN x N)

For a given lubricating oil at a given condi-

tion is a constant, and

Qf = K5N2 (For viscous friction) (6)

-19 -

Adding the effect of constant coulomb friction

to that of the varying viscous friction should give the

heat rejected to the oil due to friction. However, no

method of testing has yet been devised to separate coulomb

and viscous friction. In addition there exist regions of

partial lubrication which do not obey either of the above

laws. Consequently the results of this research contain

only heat losses due to total friction. Unfortunately,

the theoretical formulae developed for determining the

coulomb and viscous friction separately cannot be used,

but they do give an insight into the nature of the result-

ing combined friction. There should be some intermed-

iate formulation for total friction heat rejected to the

oil lying between those for coulomb and viscous friction,

but closer to viscous which is the determining factor

since it increases with the square of the speed.

This relationship for friction heat rejected

should depend on speed (as is obvious from equation (6)

for viscous friction). The exponent which the speed is

to should be less than 2, the value for viscous friction

alone.

Discussion of Results

The friction heat rejected to the oil and to

the cooling water should be the friction horsepower of

the engine. It is impossible to separate the amount of

friction heat loss to the oil from that to the water

Jackets. The proportion to each varies under different

conditions. Since coulomb friction (mostly piston fric-

tion) varies linearly with speed, and viscous friction

(bearings) varies with the square of the speed, it fol-

lows that a greater proportion of the heat will be re-

jected to the oil at higher speeds. The part of the

friction heat rejected to the oil may be expressed by

Qf = X(FP )n

where X is some function of speed and design.

From a comparison with the heat rejected due

to cylinder gases, the following equation for heat re-

Jected due to friction will be assumed.

Qf = Kg(Fp)na (for combined friction) (8)

For the purpose of finding the constants in

this relationship, the results of the motoring test were

used. The plot of FP vs. RPM (Fig. 12) indicates a

linear proportionality between the two variables. This

corroborates the analogy between equations for heat re-Jected due to friction and that due to the cylinder gases.This also ustifies the assumption that total friction

heat rejected is some function of FHP.

The plot of the friction heat rejected as a

function of friction horsepower (Fig. 13) shows that the

function is an exponential. This may be explained by

the fact that at higher FHP's there is a greater per cent

of the heat rejected to the oil than to the cooling water.

. 21 -

Heat rejected to the oil comes mostly from the bearings,

and bearing friction power loss increases with the square

of the engine speed. Heat rejected to the cooling water

comes mostly from the cylinders where friction power loss

increases linearly with the speed (because of partial lub-

rication of the cylinder walls). It follows that the

curve rises slowly at low friction horsepower and more

rapidly at higher values of FHP. Thus, the exponential

shape of the curve is Justified.

From the logarithmic plot of friction heat re-

jected vs. FHP (Fig. 14), the exponential, n , is found

to be 1.5. By dividing values for Qf by corresponding

values for FHP raised to the exponent, 1.5, an average

value for K8 was determined. (See Appendix, page 3+ ).

Thus the empirical formula developed for the heat rejected

to the oil due to friction becomes for this particular

engine

Q - 1.4( FHP)1 ,5 (ga)

Sample calculations in the Appendix show that

this equation is within reasonable accuracy when compared

with the observed- data.

The errors resulting from the usual method of

measuring friction are explained in a paper by McLeod2 .

From his experiments it was found that there are many

errors tending to make the friction measured by the motor-

ing method deviate from the true firing friction. McLeod

further stated that these errors were not all in the same

direction, but tended to compensate each other making the

final deviation small as is shown below.2

4002

30Pa0

X 20

14

rk4 0

Firing--- Motoring

900 1200 1500

RPM

Fig. 1

Performing the motoring tests all together

under controlled conditions similar to those present dur-

ing the firing tests obviated the fime effect on the

friction measurements. This time effect arises from

the change in conditions which takes place during the

delay when a motoring test is taken following each fir-

ing test without the operating conditions being controlled.

It is presented by McLeod2 and reproduced below.

The close correlation between the observed data

and the calculations obtained by use of the formula de-

rived indicates that the friction measurements were satis-

factory for the accuracy desired and that the relationship

0

co

0

I

P,0

;E

33

32- --

31

30 -

29

28-

27

45 75 105 136 165

Time in Seconds

Fig. 2

between heat rejected to the oil and friction horsepoweris valid.

TOTAL EAT REJECTION

In the preceding sections empirical relation-

ships have been developed separately for the two compon-

ents of the heat rejected to the engine oil. By a com-

bination of the two results the total heat rejection may

be found for any speed and load as long as the Water

Jacket and oil temperatures are within the prescribed

limits, which cover the normal operating range.

Qt = Qf + r Btu/minute (9)

Qt = $(FHP)n; + K5 (IiP)n (10)

t = 1.(FHP)' 5 + O.2(IHP)' l l " (11)Equation (11) checks the experimental data ob-

tained during the tests within the limitations of the

accuracy of about ten per cent.

An inspection of Figs. 15 to 20 shows the gen-

eral nature of the total heat rejection over varying

ranges of speed and load. The following comments on

these curves are offered in explanation:

Increased IIEP, Fig. 15, at constant speeds a

slight increase in total heat rejection to the oil. Ex-

cept for the run at 1200 RPM all the curves have approx-

imately the same slope. The run at 1200 RPM will not

be discussed as it obviously contains errors. Previously

it was stated that at constant speed, the mechanical fric-

tion would be constant but this may not be the case and

-25 -

in all probability the increase in heat rejection was due

to the increased piston friction. Under normal operating

conditions, the friction of the Journal bearings is inde-

pendent of the bearing pressure and therefore does not

vary with varying cylinder pressures. A very large part

of the mechanical losses of an engine arise from friction

of the pistons and rings. This is due to the poor lubri-

cation conditions combined with high relative velocities

and large surfaces in contact. From research done by

M.P.Taylor6 , the effect of cylinder pressure on mechanical

friction was determined. The nature of the relationship

is shown in Fig. 3 below.

28

4 4;g 24o(

40 12fL

8

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Gas Pressure on Pistons in Lbs. Per Sq. In.

Fig. 3

-26-

One of the chief causes for the shape of the above curve

is that the cylinder pressure is communicated to the

spaces behind the piston rings, thereby increasing the

pressure of the rings against the cylinder walls. This

relationship is in all probability the main cause of the

increase in total heat rejection with increasing load.

The effect of increasing engine speed at con-

stant IMEP's on total heat rejection, Fig. 19, is practi-

cally linear. This checks the result obtained by

Kaneb and Hoey1 and has been discussed previously.

Fig. 20 is of more practical value in determin-

ing the size of the oil cooling system needed. The rela-

tionship between heat rejection and engine speed at con-

stant BHP is in the form of an exponential which follows

from the reasoning on pages 14 and 15.

When running at low loads at speeds above 1600

RPM, the total heat transfer to the oil began to decrease

to a minimum and then increased as more load was applied.

The explanation for this has not been ascertained.

From comparison of the plotted results it is

obvious that speed exerts a major influence on heat re-

Jected to the engine oil. Load is relatively unimport-

ant.

- 27 -

FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS

If further investigation is to be done along

this line, more accurate temperature control is an abso-

lute necessity. As was shown earlier, the most serious

error in all runs was in the temperature reading of the

oil. A one-degree error in reading amounted to approx-

imately a ten-per cent error in the heat rejection cal-

culations. Also, time should be allowed for stable oper-

ation.

The limitations of load and speed were set by

the cradle dynamometer, so if higlher speeds are to be in-

vestigated this will necessitate a change in the set-up.

For further confirmation of the nature of the

heat rejection, it would be necessary to operate the en-

gine under different water acket and oil temperatures.

A more complete investigation of heat rejected

at low loads should be made to determine the reason for

the minimum in the power curves at constant speeds.

Until more research is done upon piston and

ring friction, it will be impossible to determine more

exact relationships.

The empirical formulae for determining the heat

transfer to the oil should be checked on other engines

before being accepted. Also, these formulae should be

modified so that some relationship for geometrically sim-

- 28 -

ilar engines may be obtained. It would then be possible

to predict the heat rejected to the oil for various sizes

of similarly designed engines. This would be advantageous

in design work.

4

APPENDIX

- 29 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. A Study of the Heat Transfer to the Engine Oil, J.F.Hoey Jr. and W. aneb, M.I.T. Thesis for S.B., CourseII, 1943

2. The Measurement of Engine Friction, M.K.McLeod, papergiven before S.A.E. Annual Meeting, January, 1937

3. Aircraft Engines, A. W. Judge, D. van Nostrand Co.,Inc., 19 40

4. The Internal Combustion Engine, C. F. Taylor andE. S. Taylor, International Textbook Company, 1938

5. Heat Transmission, W. H. McAdams, McGraw-Hill, 1942

6. The Effect of Gas Pressure on Piston Friction,M. P. Taylor, S.A.E. Journal, Volume 38, No. 5, May1936

0 O 0 XOe Q .0 0--~ Et.,"4 o · ~D e eO

f- 4 r-4 r 0 o o

oO 0 E

- 30

o*

* -.i-cr

0

0ocS

H*

'4H--

£, L-

C)at

4-0C,

oe

r40

I

I

I

I

ln&.

- 31 -

e - ---. . - - - -. r - - ---- ... -I __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Fig. 5.

View of Engine Showing Control Panel,

Asbestos Insulated Crankcase, External

Oil System ( Pump, Entrance Thermo-

meter, Heaters, Pressure Valve )

I

i

--- ----- _ -_. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

- 32 -

Fig. 6.

View of Engine Showing Flow Measuring

System, Oil Pump Suction Line And By-

Pasts, Exit Thermometer

·· 1·=-·- .

- 33

CALCULAT ION S

Heat Transfer, ,~~~a

Q_ w GpBT

_ (10) (o.5) (10)

= 50 BTTU/min.

where p specific heat ofoil at constantpres sure

W= rate of oil flowin lbs./min.

6T oil temperaturedifference, OF,

Brake Horsepower

Bhp- Brake load x RPM4000

where Dynamometer Constant=4000

= (87.5)(1800)

= 39.4

Friction Horsepower

Fhp= Fricticm load x RPM4000 -...

- 26.6)(1800)

= 12.0'

Indicated Horsepower

Ihp= Fhp Bhp

= 12 + 39.4

= 51.4

Mean Effective Pressure Constant.... ~ _ __, ....

Hp Brake loado00

x RPM

.

-

- 34 -

Hp= MEP x Piston Displacement x RPM-33000 x

MEP= 0.971 x Brake load

Piston Displacement- 201 in3.

Equationn2

Qur K5 (Ihp)

(from Fig.

Ihp

20.523.430.935.337.439.343.6

11)

1.1(Ihp)

27.732.044.050.054.057.064.0

1.1K5 3 Qr(Ihp)

0.770.780.780.800,830.870.89

( K5)ave 0.82

= 1.1%= 0.82(Ihp)

Equation (8a)

Q = K8 (pP)l

nl =1.5 (from Fig.

1.5Speed ,Qf Fhp (Fhp)

1200140016001800200022002400

30;5-35.244.057.577.091.0

120

6.98.510.212.013.916,218.4

1.5K8 Q (P)

18.0 1.725.5 1.432.5 1.441.6 1,4520 1.565.0 1.478.5 1.6

(K)ave= 1.4

(5a)

n - 1.1

21.225.034.040.045.050.057.0

14)

1.5Qf 1.4(Fhp)

Equation (11)1.5 1.1

t= l.4(Fhp) 4- 0.82(Ihp)

Tabulation of total heat rejection as calculated fromequation (11) and test results with percentage error.

Formula TestSpeed Ihp Fhp t error

1200 23.9 6.9 52.0 51.0 +1.96

1400 34.0 8.6 75.5 84.1 -10.2

1400 21.1 8.7 59.2 57.8 +2,4

1600 31.6 10.2 82.0 85.6 -3.5

1800 21.5 12.0 82.1 81.5 +0.74

2000 17.1 13.9 91.5 103.5 -11.6

2000 35.3 13.9 114.3 117.0 -2.3

2200 41,6 16.2 148 150 -1.3

2400 64.,3 18.4 191.4 191 +0,2

2400 43.8 18.4 163.5 170 -3.8

-3IG.FIG. 7

i

.. 160

41

420-

- -------- -10,_&z

J......... -O-

: ;.

·

2o i _..

WIG

EFCT oF: ARYKG oilPR~8Uflf 7.....~~~~~~~~- -- --- -'4' L·· ·....~ _ ___ . .... ; .. -.- l...L ......... i,';

ON TOTAL EAT: tJECTiONi :

-~~~-~ ........ : ...OE~gT-AI~~rnA-A-AtD--:gI~PFB ....------ ·-T ~~~~ ....... ....:- " .--

.... .T-AWT----L4A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--'' P'LY- UTH :'O'; ......_...,~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ : 'i_ -- .... i"- .,.. -.- . - -I ·-- ---, .. -~·--- I----- -I-I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . .- - 7-

40 . 50: .- ', B '1'0 : 8(40.i -i. -ii-- ... -78

' .; 0IL P~ESSUR~ ' .!.~-o ,irf ·~ra~: i, . .--

- ._. J -·-r

-- --.. -

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

;-~~~ r

40 ... 79.

'I..L...': ..... ... . ..PS .. .7 ..,- - .- U.kE.. - " - -....- -iG,*'-

OIL PRBSSUB :Ib. /i'i : ~t i z '..

.; . . . - --- ' -·---' · -- -- : - - I...i- . --

SLOAN LgBORAT OAY"v1_ T r

____1_1 II_ _�II� 1

I-j I._.._,

i · i

-i· · · --- -- ·--- ----- ·- ·---i ------- ·---- ------ ·- --- · --- "------------------ ---- -·

I

----- ; · -- · I ·- �·----r---· ·--- -·� --- ·- t·--·-r-·--

r----- ·-;i�---- ·----C-------· ·- �·CE- -C---+---

if I - · · ·!

i.... � ......... ;�. --- I----- .- -/---.;- -: -"-----.·-

-.-.... ......... :..-.���, -r· i-- :

--·- -- i- ---- ·

I--·- ------ · 1-· ·-: --- · -- -- +-·-----

t - - - ' · ·- · - -- '-·-·---·-? ----- :--· - -· f: · ·- i-: · ·

· ; · . I i ·- ·- · �t··-·-i

� - - -- .- ------ - - -17 - -- - - -- ". -~ -

-- -- 9--

·- ·- J i....·-'~ ~ ~ ~ -uiO -lA-- MUT

' ' i ~ ~~~~~~ .WWN..i :4..

-· - - ...... , ,...--..:i .-r-

i'~~~~~~ '

r~~~~~~~~~~ .

r-~- ' ~ i ~ , ; ~ ~ : ~ : . - ' I i ' ' " I ! ' --- r-

' .....

... 4...--~~ .... f-~ -t ~·- .. ...- ~.......~ ... -- ...; ...-....... ~.....~ -'...J .........---:. ~..-I.: : : _.--"--: ...- ~ -- .."--- ,--....----r-,'...-...'

.... A -'"i . U '..' ' 7-.

. - I . . ! .ri !. -L - I ._

- .I--- I I

I -_

I I � . . .

i - -

T:t ' -:?"·-t t · - ·

i

i--

[

_-._L-l__�_i ,-~dlW I ·

i*-r 1-�-·�-- -- ·---- ( --- �_ -____C__--

__�L- -·· -L -.- -_ IT

. . -.-. I - I.. I ; 1

;--- - -:-, .7

I

- - z ] _ - ___ IV

__w . _"

FIG 8

-_: i :t ....'; ..I-_: ,: :: I ,

l!

77:7 .:

i .

f E5 --C-·-- i-

[ . [ i . 1 I [ I / . . . ~. ..

' , / ' --. '. .: 'I.. . .. . . ...

...........WA...'-....4... -__~ .....k.:J__ ......i

i

i .i i

i . i i I

SLOAN LABORATORY

JAURY 944

FIG. 9a

f·- - - .

~fX~CT .1 FY VARYITci OIZ RITMPURATPU$W_

-. - .--- .O -2 OTALH~4.T JFaJXCTBD

PLYM0UTH 714---GEN

I

i-ra;

i ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~ T

(IonStant Load - 18~3 lbs.Con r tant Obl reissu:re- 60 psig

I'ttsi-ltlp ·-Rt~iB- 1,- i'.AA .. % - :-; -- i

I '

10 io .130 140 '10 160 1U0 180 190 20

-. ~'O EXPEiAtURE OF.I~~~~Efi~R ,:DP~~~

1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

SLOAN LAM.I1

JANUAW

l0 i

B ORAT ORY:.T.{Y 1944

!

i-Ii 1-- -- Ii

:i

7 -- i-

·---i

.... .....-

-I . A : .. , ; 1 '

-4c

----- t---··--

i

; - - - ' ' -- ' 1 ' -I . : i.. I I � I !I � , A -

- - -- -- -;'L - -~i --- ' f --- -)

- - ' --- ·-

· !

)-4, _--

-I- -- ",- -- r-- ·''. I E-4 I

-·· -- --- i-----·----i

ii i; I I i

I . i.--- --J7 .I

.1 1 2 '

I , ; r i · ·I . I

I

i ii iI I- -1 ------ -- --- - - -- -- - - I

. I i- ... .......

FIG. 9b

OF - I

I. -~F- - -T MT L H A u -

.;: . :. i......i..j..................." "

I~ ~~ '! !~ A~ iEA iR-4ET"[I ':i ....... ..t~~~~'

C i - ... ......:' r..' '~ ... ~'; ..i . '-~~~S: ~ L ',r~r Rt~s I-K.. "' -'5 1 10'-2 .....0 i~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~" :~~~~~~~~~D ....... ~f. H~dP 'EF61CiP ......

..L.r :--- . . ...'.1 -1; i - IA A Y 4... I' ' ..I ~~~~~~~~~~--- -i.._.. 1. . ._.l... . ......- ........................ ..... i ........v------w10- 2 -

r i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I:.' ~ ~ ~ i. ..;....;. ..~t~,O_:~ . IL eo ' '~.- II.1 i

- Ir-L ~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. :i ::.i. f.-..a I

I.. .I..... : :"

K, . , -; ......E-1j~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~- 5; i. .... ~., SLOAN LABORATORY

JANUARY 1944

FIG. 10

~~~~. . .. Q$B:1WZ _Lf .. IHB , ~ ~~ , --T1M 1I0TO; AT. ~ iDIOATEI~ UOR8E~V~R . .

....

-: :DICATE', HOR3SSp0WR FOR.o . ... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . .. .. . . . .. ...

SPEEDS

PLYMOUTH ENGINE

K.~~E~XCTT4~lN YB.,~ .i

i N /~VI t s ·--- -- .- _-_f _ _ _ / ~ ~ ~~~~I ;,D PV - , tH4C

* j - ------ -- s·t*· ------- - _~ -- ,_;__ ___ ,c

a~~~~~~~~~- - /r·· j- -t -- -- --- -'' l~B

j i :... i·-t-- ------------ --------·- c-I

i-'( --·-

i - i -1

1- ^·--.·-

t

.,.a-: 4 1 -m~

- _7

. 7 -: .. f!'

* !1200A 1400+ 1600Q 11800O 2000X. :2200V 2400

i .....'i~~~~~~~

R.*.M. .,1-- 4

I . I . ,~~~~·

I 06 i

~ A ~ ~ ~ ~~ - 'l *au'INDICATED HORSEPOWER

SLOAN LABORATORYM.I.T.

JANUARY 1944

10

8

7

,e'4C

4

3

12

i

4

IF.

1,

.I

i!

i

It -111^ - - -- - -- - ---. - ----- ------ - -- - - - ------- -- --- - -- -- ---

!

-60--- - -- -

I

II�----··- - -- --�- --- -·-·----------- ·�---··--·t

..-, i�-·1

II---� L

I

4

iI t iI

4 1 i- ; . I

I

i .I I

i

iI � � i

j

t -I � I

iiII

. I .i

4A) ou ov 7 v ou VW Lvrn

FIG. 11

? t OF HiF- FO·BO 101 Vs- :' ..... ..._.. .. : · ~. . I ..i : , i~ ...... ~ ~ -...... / . . ,. : -L· ·-

I~~fICATD EIORSE?0WT~II FOR t-IPF1CL............................- .----.--.--- I-r - A.~H~ -- PLO jTl--Q~---HE& -C t( .- :-- -~:-----~r~ ......... , : '--C~ .....:, ...:-- .--~

a~~~~~~~" ~~~: ...i_' ......J. .,......:..- ..:.... ............. 0 .... SF~~iEDS i.. . .:~~~~~~. . ' Y i ·": j':'

A ~~~~~~~~I I

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .- --.. T-.4...~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:] '7 '""7 '

H~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .' : ...., ' , , ,J .. ... i- ,~~~~· . ' .' ' . ' ,: '-t !' ... ..,, ' 'i~ ~ ~ .~i- . __. L...-.r --··

4' E-4

: o I+.i

0 + i " ,

4

I9

;1) · t ?··�·r

i- ·1·- i..�·: · ·f F : i · j

':··· t:ii··.---. �.-i-- ; �----�-··-·

i- 1· ;· i--· ·-- 1 · ·� ·· I 1. i�l· i .i.. L

,

: ·1··1 :-iL i 1

i.. . . .I

2 3

I'~ i t ·,:- k..~ ~

ej m80 i

I~~QI. I ~ ·

:i 40 0

<$ '7 9 0

INDICAITED HORSEPOWER -- 10SLOAN LABORATORY

M.I.TJANUARY 1944

I I I I I Ill...

I1Cq

i

I

I

I I!

.- i

i

C--

I

i

V .

i_ _.

. . . . 7

I "

I I I I "I I I . 1� , i

t'

t

FIG. 12

~~C·,---;.-.-. 4-.-.-.~I i~ _. ~.: . ~ . . . i ' " ~ -'..4 .,- I { <7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-,

I .. i.. · -: -

. -- --

: : ' - ,:-': : I..~?u::::i: : e- :! ~ : -· _ , *I ~:: i, : -: : :

;',* , .' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~-' ~ : *: ' , , . . . . . . ' :iL*:/*

[~:-¥.--:--~-=------ :-; ...._-.:_:_L.:...,......Li _: : i :,: 1_ · 1 .IT:'..;'-:: ...?...~i . ..:i.'- ' .· ... .",.'.- '.' . -: : ,.-.

F2 ..... .

'~~~~~~--t$7.f- 4.-C·-r- -- AL ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~!~ L i..... ..

J ~ rI - ·:-.i~-i:~ :, : -'? 7:: ..... ....... ' . . .....

·t~" ..-.. .,..- F .:':: . t::: I... . : : : /;; ..

~~-' · · ! ' · ' · ' · -., i~~~:~ : :-:-:' :~ i : _ I---;-:--·--I:.--.? .... ·-·i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. ..------ t--,i--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ta: -~~~---'--- ......

:; ~ ~ ~____ ______ : - .__ _':._ _: '__________ 4_ : '~~~~~~~~~~~~'

4 1 4 t -;-~~~~~~~~-?~---:. .-F --I=:--4-=__ ....J .... t ' i, j ' I.c " : --.- ..

:: -L _ . .. ~

F

:;-':% i. . ·~~~~~-.---+- -~__.u.z.:. ·- : : ~ · :~,f~h- ',L--: .... ? : .. ... .....~:---~ .... '~i :]_:~~~~~~~i

i~~~~~~ t . ..... . , ........ . ....................... .

.4.... ........... I .-- ----LcT~~~~~~~~~~~tII~~~~~~ ~ f..-_!..._1. -- ~ ~* ....["! : : : ;-' " --~"::~ ....:. · : ~ . "' ' ~ .i ..... ~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;--

'1 ' j t ~~~~~~~~~~~~e. :::~_ :. .:__ :::~-·Jt ................. : : :':':: lii: !: -

i~~ :L- :...r' ....1 ....·:' --* ..... ..... i ' .....V . 7 7 < 7.:; ' j - :!' :

___r~.. .,:-:---

'-: i- - :~ i: : ,-- ---- .--- ....--t---- _.-.. _.-:_-_

... ] . ... _ _ _ * , ..- ·- . .!:!::j:: : ! . .- -:-:!...::....-:I-: ....;...:- .

SLOAN LABORATORY

IJANUAJANUAR:kTI1944

i

i

I

*

i

I-

FIG. 3

~I ·· -1·~ · it i~ i. 1--1 ~~~t 1 7 H Y . ~ ~ ~ 1 t-

·--.- j:-·--t-l- i- i ~' ' i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ij--- i ---;-- -------- ·-·t--t-·-- · ·-

!: _2' .; : F rc'

/ ~ ~ .....ti i ; '.

': : =.: '. . ... .. .

i~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~-.:.', ... .

~1'~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..~!.. ...-_~-u-:~--,-~- --i .... ~ ~ -:. ~'-. ~ .. .:- ... .. rt

1 - .----- ..1-:."...4 .....:-L-' .......

~~~~~~~~ ~ .. :7 ...-7 - .........1 .1

______- .t- - -...:'~~~~~~~~~~:-' ;~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~. ,, _.-. f.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......,

,.,____, ... .. _... !....... ....._,i~~~~~~~~~~

I ~ . .i- , p.

·. -i,:~::':--C.I;~,. , : .. . ,·-~_C !--)- .-i... ....

-Irii-- .. ':t~ i..~ . :: -:-:. ' -". ..·-- 4.,. , ... =--.~~~.---' : . :- , *..' ; 't * ' , . ~ .- -~ ..

.. -'. .I---.^. : -,---:- ~.-.x-- . _,~ Lt ~ - " ;-- "!-"N ~· r~~~ t ........ ~~~~~----·-- ..... `...... . .... .... ' t . . ..... :'--'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. -. ,.. -. :. I- .......... ~....

~ ~ ~ ~ ....f. -- ~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. .-' :... . .. ; . .: ...

... ~... .t-..m:· . --r..... I .......'

:

i~~~~_~..-- . . . . r..,..,..··-~~~~.. 1.

; ~ ~ ~ ~ · _....:. .... ` .... ,· ..i~~~~~~. :. -- . . .-~· .I C .--J

!~~~~~~~~~~~~~..... ... -

t

L.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I .~. ... ' ;'' ~ . '' ''.~.'.:%..I ::2:

* ,..--. I ' ' ' "-"

:.:-.;'-r- ·-- i--i t . .i~ ~~~I.... .. . : ' . ,:~ v :

I-- I ·-ii

-- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~;' -- :;F' 7 ;--'--- ;..

.1 ___ 1

r. ' '/ ; ........ .

ii:~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i

' r' ...-..

$ '--. ..... . . ..

.i.

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'!;:~i .-- ::'~: t----r".~~~~.".I"!. ','-'.:~::..:

[~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ........._~-.~~~i I rSi i i I ii1 I

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'i~~~ I, I· I· Ii--.~ I'.I- ·i ·~~~~~ : '· I ' ;; ... C . . ....,-.-I ·!· ·

-- ----- ·-·- ·,-- ----- · · -··----------- -·--···---- ·- ;·--·-- - ·- -- ---- ·- ·- · -- -- ·----�---- -- -- ---~-------- ; --- -- ·--- -+-- --�

1 ·-1i

-' ·--- i. .. .i.__.�_.-_l

..._____ i-ii -�-. --- �-- ��.--.I-�....--- _.__._ __...�

1

a:~ *Ž-I

o -

02'SrCc

03

~i~ i----( !--- · -- i i -c!!!!

I-

f .- , -.K

t4- .+-.'~~... - :· :-,1 271 - 2··· · ·- ·- -

JANUARY 1944

FIG. 14

i'

FIG. 16

I:,'': ~ -.. ' :'. :i.: ....1 == = =======' .. -- -~': ':': :--:. :':. '-::.t-: :i- ---:.-----:: '.:: . . i" :- -: "11 . . . . . ,/----.~'---::, -':. .- .... '',-"'~"

'J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..... i- -i .. ' - t...j_ t ~~~: ....1 · · · ·.:L:.-_'.. :.:-' :'"__, ::~~~~~~~~~~~' : ::::Ji '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

--:-:-:-- :--,-l===================== ' i--;----L--I-L1 T-tTT -t- rl'-.:L-:: ..l..':

. ... >: . ':~~ ..... .·

~~~~~~~~::q: --,. ' ' :': "T:' ti:-',:.--

1'_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:~~~..::i·Ii -·I ···. -·-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .......,. . ~it,..:. -- h~-- -- c ....... : ... ~ -~ ,. :- , _ :1 :L , .. '!. ,....· ' i~

J : -- ~-+·- '1· ;:'~ -:'J -:....., .- A%....---- ,: .-. :. .. ..; ... _c ' --i' -... ......... ~ 4 -s.C -- I!- -- - : -;.......7'i:':'-...-',....-.. ....... .......- .... ,... : ... .... .. ..

":': -:-:/-.-;.--'-· ' ..F':--: i-- .' ~ 4 ': ,;. ...-- ':"~ -. "-:L:-.I".-.L:

i 4 .

,_ - ;

I . i _

I : -

--'t.~~~~~~~~~~~ :i... " :. i~ ~ ~ ~~t...., ... . .. J)~~~~~~~~~~~ . , :-I: .. . . .....

· 1 -- . ...... ii lI. . ' .........- ...... . -.'�I"-� -- t~'_-'c"--i ^ �--- -- 4- -·---·-----i- · i

-- 1: ,. I;.i..?_li--- ' ,

i·- ct r.-.- ·· -- r-- --. .. I ':�f�I�. ?ff-;l�tki-

i- -j_ ·--·--I I:

---- ·---- -··---·--· --------- t---.i--.__ . _J, __,.__,..__._ __�,,___���_ _, __- 1·-- 1--·-·-.�______�7 t .

t1

c t1 ·------ · e-

i· ·-·$·--·- ·· �'___ ; i..:____ ___ i ;.�_... I

�-- ------ �-·- --------------- L- - �.-_ _.i__. _I_�_: 1 ' '�'-'... � --. -! -·'-- -- -- 1

0,

HHiQ 0 ".

A 11

g !Pla

F I-t_ .....'-... ~ -·T ;: · , ! - -1 -

r-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: i , __.]

· ~ t -

..;~~ ~ ~ ' ._.,.... .. ....-·; 1 h--- ........... '-i--t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~.--.UT ... 1 ..... · r·----'T:!:-'I ':c- ::_ i-~ . . . . . .il · · i-

:: ff_:f i~"F- -T t- -'- ......::'.-~....:-F--- --F~:-.-- V~i--~,'m---.-h i-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ----- ~

rtx~':-:-7vt :' ..... qr i -:-?-- .,..: -· ... ..~,-, , .- '-t .. . . .. nI,~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ,!1

--- r. ............... . ......: ... :: :';'7....

~_,.-r..:~~~! . i -.-...

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~ ... 1i/a

_t: : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 , ,·· - ..-jf:;. , ........

:T~'~ ~ -'-7 .~ ....;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'"~;-"'" .... 1-., .~: :.'_'~~~~~~~ '"T ..... -·: ' .......... . . .....; · I ........Ql'%,-:"?77~__'- ---'7 -'----"-- ~;: .- T---u ,.T%.'--...-f;-~-- -.---- ----~-~------~--- .'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~':;:. ' .~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~' : " : .....--~:'"' 4'~ ~~~·-~~~~~~-··~~~~~~~~..'7u -: -; ': - '- ' !'. '.71

i...i.i;.- T '~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tr -Ie ............................- .~.'~ ~~- -77,.-7 F:F ' ' ....

FIG 16

:-- ~ ; :~- - I,:-- , -, -... . , ~: I- - !--': . ...i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ... , ... ..... . t- -~ -, -:' --- z~. :-~ .4'.- i ... -1 ' ---, -m.,'-'t

-,-I .... I . t . r ' .. 1 -- l- I . . . . .-

t - II -A ~l-· iI :i I

i. ... 1

i

1i

1i

�----�-- : �iT:::-:

r·- · i

~TOT L U I LI

t. - .... i. ~. ;..~ .. , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ --- -- e---t---I_~~~~~ ~~ . ---t-:.... '--:~_-T--- -"-.'- .__:!:_~''- I: ::: ' : X::~.:i:- ' :·-- -: :- ...., " 'i -' :-.;:

I i --- · --CI-- -

, o t:_:

I__._~~~..- .__. 4 - . _ P ,--· I-.

. i - I : - -1 .~~~~~ - - i . - I i~ .. , . "I;-'-i'T- i;------ ,---- -- , -- ·- · ----- -- t·-c----e i·------r--- i-------- ·-i -.- �..i... �1...._.� !~ ._I

- - 4 . _

I -· I j _ _

__--.-' -- ,-:.

1

: ..i. C.: :i--· �· r;�� · · I

-�----. I ......

r

I---- T ....--

-----^ rj .i_... . I i : I[ . .... .I ' __ jrf . _7 _¥ '1- "L

i" i '' ;. t . .'.:.- - . .6 .: 6 - i r i I - I _ . . I .. I IF. i :

- p , : I I i; -------~�-·i -r:t-���:� :-t-----~i----+----- -- �----·-----·-- ---

r ·-r

I 3 _. i - - 1-

I .i' i ,: ':'~--!":c I - rr- -f . . II . V. - rfT .A r- I . - - - ., _...... '. .. _:_:_ _. -'· ~~Jrt II:.Trn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- W-L--;

F~ ~::::t : 'r C:Or-:.;'C:------T-- .l-re.:~ . ...i· Of~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-t: --l. -.r .'!: :: ' ::.....i- -: : I ... ~ ....~ .... ~-.---- LL - --- _ ....'-~ " ~ ._:..'"t'; ...._.. ...:..~'"

i-: :i~ i 1i 'aa~iw : :u ! ~ '' ' : .- :'· '": .!.'.i.. ;:: ! .' , ..-T-~ !. - .. t. .... :.1'.. .T.,'';':.-, :' ...,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

t I 7 7. .t T I.. . ..... I .. I. , - , - ,-, .. I... .- , ',LL: . . I ...L A , - ___ -1--' _.~ l_ - _

1_i

i- · · � ; -· ::.I : "` · · I 1.I i· , ,, . �..

I _ili IT ·-t- · · 1.. �.i .. : ;.1 · t · �

,.... � 1--·--i-: :t

i·-.r

·-

.. ,.. ·. .. :. . i--- t ----- i-·----

'L:.--i ... · - . ..... 1

1

··i

- ·--.-- �-.J.·.r

·--

··-- ·- I --- �--:·· ·- :--·

-�

-t·-

·------

:--i

-�E)t

·iFi LBi�ll�.

i__�

FL:.: ....:-i-- · i--

� �.i ... i i.

---~~~~~;1. - I ·- ·

, . :.",_

I

i

A I I.~LiLi- �T

ts

I -

4

-iJi:1

; I -----

, '

! ........

-- - -I --__,�

V;:

·09�

----�----- ·------

: ·----_: -£......

--- :t 1 j L

.. .

FIG. 17

'IO

OC-

i,

.1 ,

r------�I

:

i1

·--

--- ·-- ·-i r .;

i

!------· -- :----

r .---- ··----- -- ·I- ·- ·

I I ·i

I--·--- ------ ;-·-··

i · ·i

I ~-i

":- -·-4_. - , ' . ' :J^I -. I I-- --- :--

Fig. 18

i rI~~~~~~~~~~~~n~~~~~~F9~~~~~~~ t IfE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i, .~~~4 1ii.r i-~~~~f:-;'~-:t~' --'{------ ... ........--~--:"-!' i-;~r:::' . . . ,-:-t:/';- ~ --·- --' - . . ......: x .-. ~ ., i I X- - 1Ivan,:~~--

_.i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -i '~; ... ..'; ..· - .? . . . i-. .! ......,- ' ..........e .i-E-~-.

................. ....................~,. ............... ................... ;.r~...;

'.'_.._ _ ~~~r..-..2_' . : _L- ...........I- ....:.; -......L-.L. .?..... '

'7 '~~~t", , i~~: .....:~~~~~~~~~~:. i;.-: . . . :_ :-- 2_i_:;":_: ...iL~clcirn~~~~i~cop , .,. , .- i

,;.~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ...~~Pr - i _ ~_ -'i-'k. = ....- -- '' '-?- ....---

i-- i ~-· 1' ·........

i j +~~~~~~~, , .i:::~ ~ ~ _ ·-- ·-..:.......:-·-·-~~~~~ ~~~~~ ...,...

' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ '.. . ..... '-- :4..''i----- ~ ; I '~ . .'.:~ .\.;- L. - t ' - ~ I.1~~~~~ t :7:! :p::j

f---~~~~~ . . . . ~--

~~~-r )--- --- .r- .4- -·------- - -

' --!.... .. . . .. i..!...

'(i~~~~~ ~--:-:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' :' m....~....... ., .~ ...... .·~ ..-~'I ..~-... ....~........:.... ""'( . . . . . . . . . . . . i'" '!"~~~~~~~L'-" f'" 't :-- -. ' .... i.7~i :~''Li_':i:

.... ~-~... -" 7. 7"' '~_:~ ....T:; '--, ... '.~ ..- " '. --~..,"x. ..'-- 7-i7.L-,F -- i"~:z~ , · ~

.... : . . . , - - ;...~ :.....:.. : '-i ;' '-·- :-, .:"i''-'

- -_ - - - - .. --- ---- _ . ____

FIG. 19

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ · ·- · I· - ' -- · - 1. ,.... ' K OtAt 1 ON

I'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ i,:'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oCOXS AfT BRAHORSEP.--------i i - M a

-X EL E-. ..

i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.4·- i~~~~~' ·' i i ic~·-- - 0~~4---I .-

___ _ _ _

it .. . I.\\ \ \ ,'I . \ \ :'7'':' ..... ..

:- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ............~----:-::-- ~-: i-- ........ .

I ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ... ,... . . . . .-4 -/.'-:'-Y.....r....

- ' ':O .. . .. . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::l~" it: ~'13 i t'

0~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0

.. A..;

0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I: (~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:i -_ " ,: -- ', ':i; ", ' i~. --'~

1 i~~~~~~~~~~ 4~ ~ 0 ',3~0. 1

' Ita '--. Z--·- : .b.-t tE..7 ..C... '':'D'' -.i .-...,. : '"'1' ' : '' 't l , Jrt ·~ --,- ~ ......-·-- ·- ' ' : · ,:

r·--------'F-i~ ~ t---t F-Wt-,,d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 'r~~t .' "' 1,,~Lc..... ( ..-.-.-. , ...-. __.j.,;. -Q~~~~~~~~~~ i~~~~ .... i-':-~ ~ ~ _ ....':..!~' ' ._. '__;._. -'_' !. ... _. .,i .

' . I

- ... .. .. . .I .~- i - .', - , -. .: i-·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ; i ~ ~~~~~~~ !..'I--· :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

j

Fig 20

'r p ¶iA IA ·J~ '~~ V 4 .E 4 I

K{! -'_ ''t -..I~~~~~- I..........-_ . -- ; .... I - ' . . ..

.... t ! ~ ra- m *·t 6 .... .....,... ...' - ..

?*--- '·-·~--- '-~.~-`- -1 1: Z N-E.:,..K . · - {-,t ' ' · {~~~~~~~-i ..._.......

I I.Ii

' ' ; i 4~~... ...~............~...

-I . .

/....?--'Y"--~ --f'... ,.. . .. ...

-t-~~~~~~~~r --- -,---T: ....i.. !··" ...i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

{: ! t' ,

I : i rq- 1- -.!--: '::t . .i ...

.. ... .. , -

-*·- x -R Ax , AiA I - IX - I-- i

x -X__, - l-, - _U luC -'t2uu { =- .: 1, ;:. 1: iT-9 -- -M P. C04 la I \\\) , V - , -, -- -- .4- -- N N \\\i\- -T\

,I . -1 X Nl

_ _ . ... - . . .-

-- i-: - -

t'", .j..... -o.I-~~~~~~~~~~-

.... I . . .I . .. .. .I~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , ,43 ·-- - · ·--- '--·- · 1- ·- r.. 1.-..{

C'z

00!',0~!

I

I-H

041

ID~3

t - I01.'4-BCP:.-

0.

H-;Q-.... :' .. t i

" ' ' : -...- _. !~

4. -4--·· -- - - -- - -'1 -- -"O -

I . .4. . .u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i tiI , . 41..~~~~~~~ _ _~~

q*'Ie

r)Jm%o r 3

Ei;I

I

~~`T-1 ~

0-- i

i i: , I'

I . I . I ------- , -· -.- ·------------�

'----�-- '- '--1-U - ' I- -- '-I--- '----�Y--� -- '--`-' -:-I-- il--l-ll. --- · j --.-- l·_---L---

, _ _ I , . , i : I I I - I _, I I

� :V" , : : , i , I ~ . -: , · . ~t f . , , - . i - -

.. . i : . i

- 1. iV I -W ; - Il-. . - -r"- - . �.- I . I - ll�_'! ,-------- ; -�--- ·--

t - - i - f ·

I ... . .

I - j � - - -

- :-1 -

'' '' ' ' ?

:,/ : iI' 'I · I:;--··-PCi-

11 _F ~Ik 4

~ 3a~-~; . .. ~- -. 7., ,A , ., . ., , ': , t"STROKE -- 'COMPRESSION RATTt` -J`- lp~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Mk S RUNRPM- .L: FL m O4 :I-t~ OIL14AC MKS ...

- I | ; 1 |J24t 24D^). 2 J ~ | -7aj-tw e

- -

17 -F-·: ~~~~- ~~- aF = si` i ' 'IF -gijti suc f>;,?ae le! .i _~~ .. -·: : . -k R.-. _ $, , ti, _|. --. ,,_-,,:,

!' P.; , z .d______.F_.._+__: . o ;. / .,...i . -: ~,3 ,-- , t>-

-- x IS4/-4 ItvL | O o 'C~ 9 o Z;$/- t ?. Zc~ j- ,t

I., j , j 0 o =, --

6 i+ -~- ~iZz tzc>.t tS9>/ io ;hS-LS'IJD J-. i 7

.... .. _ I_-= -· __.I '6 . . l :t I . A2 2 1 _; 4t 76 .

r =:<= ~~~~~~~1 i & Ii 49 - zl-i-I ·

?·. ., .- , 1' 045 7 ^ &- gz,: I, ,'4 tC , ; [ '<* ES - ; I IJD 8 I I =- i -| S 4 | -I r-. -

>44E -'S-- w I | ti i ~~~~~170' 1 |-/-1 4 'SC -^ , _t; ! ·p . __ i Lo2 !~" 1 :s . ,;,;i i-l ,N

;'- 'r 1- f. iY .I 1-t 1 7;Z 14 , ,K4

Ae 7it .;t · T j I , t 1- WfE'~~ i = x , =t- 1 ·. --I -

. .:. .:F- .../' ~ _ _ ~ '' i' .- ,.. T, . '~-, '~ |. i~o/ ~ 1~ ;

' ~,

~ ~,~~.

4:- -a .i~rL~ o .'..~~ ': '.~ __ ~ ,__z.... _~,,, I/.~._._ti-_: .......... ~__F,+ 1t l}w'i+vs': --.., . '-~"~ ! :a :----- ----'- ----:- ~- /Cti -:SQ ' li -4-' - l,+-i', 1 I S W | 4 11C D 4 V . L,::~_ . i I --- , I ------ ---- _-.r. ~ i/? . - t /1 , ,,ki .Z.4 t~r ~ -

I. i ... i . . .- --- - -- -- -

! i-. -, .=I I I s 7 1 a 5 -" 'i ' -- __4 /'4? ..--..

- ' ~, .- Di . ..........;, . .i. .o . 'i..,,-; _j z ,/Vr7 t } w 0 , ;i <,L1 - S;d .'-a sigc~iX~~~~~~~ '- ,- ttiPcv;11t sie e f As

P -I- 5! s e:~ .i ,^ t ................................. 4 -I fe~7iX4I .................... LS D-·· i 8-2S! i - ,a t.f E s. /kZ sef, '5D14Gg

7r77,

':e: :,,, : f ,

..,, ., ,., .... !. ,2F T.` ' i'.; ,. f-, - !

717- T< t~ , ,,-

I1'·� -iw�c-c�c��r�· ,,

L... .···�� "'" r: 7r:. 4: .. ..' -'..B ''ANTS '- -' BMEP .B.L. X ,? /.,

i '93;1:r:r7r:�b�i�51 t j�-�jj

.' d=p�--*--�-U--FLjl�

iLli_�+ -- scl�_ · �·..a·. rs- --- ·I------------ -. L�i; -li-"-".� I-i··i

I' ' : :.--. .ir.._.f ii F··,II i.n-�::��l, i··ii -· ,·lrl�

X o+-'-C.--- f +- f I-. .t. -.

!J- · · ~ . , 7 j I o I15 ,-:si T AT' I aj . - I .4'.r-1 Tk- #'Ta ,.mk .f'l~ I e

': , 1 !/'/ ..-

STRKE-AO COMPR E SSION RA10 0

-EMARKS * RUN R-PNI| B;L. IF.L TEMP. OEI | rE I Ts'_ j I It ' - .'° ';1 , .PR:E

., . .':=== __T=

-. : - fi ___ I + g ;:,-V--!__ | c i 1 <d. it 1 W < j [

,

I _M .7' 1 W' 1- , ..-SA Ts I T'|d isIr w1~~tztl; I I I I~ 01 -r--i- I 7-;-' r eLLLC~is~~i-8F=<S- !·IC- 1

_; , , , · -- - ---- _ . . -, 7

_ t t ~~~- ---w , 5+z *,rr -.:i I- ; , I -

_ , (, ., I z - : g I .. : i Ss I S F v i i 127 ii +i is ,,: --i- t- .- i- ,. i: - i, ; -. ~/_,~

~~~~- - 1 1 i .X- [: .~' : . _,

- .7

G t i Xr, '2Lf X~~~~~~t jV |-"Y' __ t i: i

s~~~~~~r _= ! i i i i | |$ |

-:-f-h- I-T.I_ 1 1 0 I i ' n .7Alti'5E i i 7 i 1 :X3 i S i· j I i· ->ii~> s - ~-- -!:-- i r- i. i ftiS i' t---,.,,,. · .. _ _ j I47 -lz s j t~~~i , r -4] ?i '_ ftIII,; UK !--..

4~~~~~~: ;., F __i~.,:l~ _ S g9P|E 1 t0I

w-

7

T -. I f--* 4 1 -s g I x

1 1 t W z ̂ -� 1 -o Ir - i '- 1 - t - !, - , 7t/.- 1 X~ f ~

.,:, r- t-

.. j , i

_ . f-- t

r I ' i t-- I .-

!_'-_ ._

''I-: ';--�;P�T;i,51?4L-- �--�-iEL�C-i---t-��C

· r I----- _----�Lt__;

i i

j, i ·:· �· ·.· · · ··--

'r·3 i C7.�15�3: ;, s··l

�� �-----~P r

---- I�-<10 t i -ti 1I a-5z 1v f *:=!-4 . * ' t>s ' ~ I ~ r~ _ v :iw 'i .'r; -~f ''~ - ----,. --i-' ..-,-..-<

' 1:51 //s-t' ,' }' trjs, '.-/,J;'g£', 5 41 -7~'/i' 'i ._ ^

S~~~~~~~~~~~--,----.--_, , !'-' ii s ( X/ + IXtL tw. t: [--,: E S ~ ' , -~ r-. i-":t ..."~j~~~1 -~` ;.~~ ,~ -- :.-r-- ~ *t--=r..--'-- :-.:==Lq i- -~~ . i-~.L ,r '7 , .:: ~ ~-:,._: L:?.-..t f F- -.- 4 .- l: i '' -' '.': -'-

- I / ,

.:

. , -

!- .'' . -I-;j , . . . f.-i i

t _ f ' - f- ~-- I

.i - -- j , .

- F. t - -- 'e---- i i .... l_�

., - ' C w I

Ep X, .... d . . .. M. .

tfS\.} .-

* . z . :,_'- :-

, , ,,'' -, . :"- , ' .

- VW M- i K t t,, -7 ' - ': ,, ..

- I . I .

CGONS-tANTS.., BMFP = B.L Xi P~7 ? "; -t

_?'rE-fX .T oi i S e.: #fi ?I f -

_'

I 7 [ ts I,! ._2:z%.~' , ! i, 23 !Z . zx_

I It

I f7.~!- i & K[_, X, ,.C.., I ;

7 | '= .7, /' / " ' ' ./ ':I... i i/ ; I ,

, Ij-

Mazda-·,·

L17i

i- --P I L I , t./gw ! / 7 , -

['._i:s i 7J / i I ,tI- -I /i;?51.: '! ? "- 13 g ; )r f '- 9A-v -~ r f

9Lr=.!

Iit IJf,-

I t + -d

-c- ki? 1 , -t - , , , ,t~X,8 ., '-1 / '¢- 'Z. ii...i _ .I_ .. s, .517 . .,, . . -111 ..

ir aT-�-�TT i · · · Yh�L�-�il�-�i·LLC · iil7

� [qc0;ar,,:i�'� 'f tSLY, 3� !u,

!i --. !'/¢-t-.;_

- : , I,- .t :1 , , , .i - "t b zr_ '., ,,II

. - - - ., __ : -I ,-,- .:j, -- .I ... . ,".- -:!' ;' ' - "': :' ~.: -; -' .-: t . '2,,s*; 7; - .r~~ > . t --;,! lH 0 4~

-. E~~z..b; :-k ~ z. t ;.4 t ,.- .

:;l-. - c-i1; L t : -

I -iQ - --. ' i, ..I ..t- -T i --i,- :-.',,. .- . " 1 -~ . .t, :' , , .. . L- .- t

--T: ;': I,~~ i ~

-

l~~~~~~~~~~~i~*:F~~K~~:~~r , ,_ 2 ~ 7. '"''5' '- -'; t t' ·,:;' 8z^- + 0 > )IF <' 8

::~ ~~c

it r W F . 1Z - t -t|ft | ' ::t M l l ? | > i tF j 1<ffit ............ 1 4 Lf

-i:~: ,·· ; . i d. & 1 s ,. .- i, t

. -- ! 1|r Xe; 1}!i ! z 1t j t i - t )W~i~lL~i~i~t !_:·lrso~i~b3- ~:~j~Z~ 4 ti tlo, Y74t I K p loIl~ft5 C|. I ;-i =f ·; i - $ _t t - 1-. i -. 3- ) f

- -7tt-Wi Z...l8' ,if sit, II 1 47YS IF-1I'~, iio; ~ 3 4I-j

=i3·- -SP i.7h-.I Xf, 4 Lk"· s- ( = F xe.:.- ! i i l, 47|,1_4 ! I i 1 S ; ~ ~_aX. I= F1 jS<, kttUP .3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ·;~~;~: · :

r-W '. e_ ____ I f L.24 _ !z I ' Irz i ri ~4 4i

fg,5',',- .. --- f '- 'i s '--|Sf er i , . , ,h,_"a/E' t; I t

LS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~31 ,.,.L i Z ca~u '.z4 o4i~77 3 j ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IC~~~7T

ii j · 7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

;· Lr i L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ j·~~~7~ 7

7i' ':"_4,

''E II3 / / I ~ E ~ & ~ R .g,·i ;REŽL STROKE .!2'~I COM~rPRESSIONT RTIO________ AOVEERAT CR.

RA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--A-...CONSTNTS BMEP= =S. X 7/ BHP -REMARKS RunRPM B.L. f.L' TRP. OIL

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:. ....... - c~-.~--! t"JA PRES. .'j ~~5;-t· $A~~~~~ .% .~ ~7~5 5-' ', -_____ jest ~Z 3Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~d~~~~ iiri "i sS~1:f if •7 ~ ~ Y7 7) __:~~~~~~ ~~~~ '~1· s• 4'3 d/3

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i ·i I'- - ~; ~ ----- iS _~i_ _ - - -

I-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

_iI~I-IIL

V * .e·i-fi; BM .. -- -F*) ---- W" -4-.f...'.. .. ' ......r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ........, i - f~jcr cni , I I I i- I we i -

f'_.' - Llt^~~/-}

�ili----------------

---------

"^" ," l~ "I f ~

1>,

I .1z.2 ii1

F _ -T---o

of-4-b~, I --

BA~

. \

4;--------------sX· ;' 1 77 t�i-------------------f�I· t ! , * it--

E -- __ -- i 1 , !-r'j- ' -- _ ---4 -i- 1--' '---- - , .

_-

, \:. ~. . _ _ ........... ___ - - . I4 _ i

t., . - ----t - e-

· i ......

- - .

717 , . _ _------

__i -

ll

-

t: . -P _ _ ___ --_ --4 i-

¢OU;RSE

'A;MES.. . . . _ _ _ _

_F_ _ _

i' tt __

-T I- - ---

. _.

_-I

-: t

t - !�------------ i _ I

, I _ _._ t-

. __ __

f _____

-F LL PRE& fT

F.L u, !3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f-sli

4

,->t ~ 'I--S -t , it r- _ a L ~~, *, f..:t.- :. .? ?-| --::; t ! t _'I.:e_/

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i:_ 4 < ;; _ ' · · If g i- - g g 1 1: i ' t

'- |1 1 ' !- - _m----;--- ------ t ---- '--- - 1t_ '9

i -b�i i i -T--l---�i- -------- c---i__i_

I --- 1�---- t�----------�--.-L �._..i---------:-----i -

�-"-i------�-l- 'i .1; r--r--t----t------t---i-- -

i ---�---i- --- L_1.__,____--_i __ I I .:: _ 1 .: ~'"SP§ _,i >*t

'? - �?-" i r ---- r----- i_,__,__

�---Lt*-�--c -i----�----L------- -i--

i--i ii__�_i: �L�tT_-��--* _� �C____ i I · i

: r�-lri -----i---- i-- --------- ·----- ·.----- --i

.... �__�_,__�__ i: ;' ii �---r ?----�- �--- .�.l__i_

�· i

� --- �-_i- -�---i�-�;.-....�: .�,_i

-- r--j_ --1· 1 - I------inL7C--t-

i i· ; F�i�":;

b c- -- _ _ _ _-~--

|! - ' -- __ -___-

b-�------

i[ ---! .

m - -----

-Ci

I

,^ i 173

f { f

i I -

t:- I I

_ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

iL -- !_ I / _ - _ _._- 7__I r _

.- -- __ __, ~ i

we ---- _ _yl:,- '-__r s _ __

-,", I; ;r_ - .r -,- , _-E - _r- I

,way - -.. ., I

COMPRESSION RAt: :

MER WB.LX- SUx 77 -

1FMARKS - IRAERI 1RP 8.L. | F. L. V'oP R

E:S-

4~~8~1JACI 1 '! EV -t ;$L 0

'Fl~- -i_ .A _

3.,

r.~~~~~ 5>2t3; i, r - ;R -?¢- 4 r-/2, ~l 7,i ·

_-- ~ ~~ f $ 1w,ol rtE |?SC| 1e 3 t'-_ _ __ __ 2 4 7 i, _2 -

-______-_ _____ -._ .- $--. 1- i-diL~.:

__________ -___ __

ill 1 -- i-L2 ~2I'' I'a.~ jaa67i

~~~~~t-----~

-. _____ 1 1 .

~~OIJ~~~~SE __~~ ~ ~ I '.- I~LAMES---~-----i--,~_ 1. _ ---n---:-:_r__,_ # 'I t t .; , . T i t -..EL i- i - t7?2 1s! · 4>; ci : ,1 Il!At f j 5{ " F - , ,. .I ... r t ,~' |; :' .:' ,, i - ::': >.i s | I - " .,::

t?~ ~ ~ ~ - n.. 'z/ 2iqr 4._ _ _ _ _ S IX/ o Z7 2 " 2 i 1 A L I -- ""'" ' 'r---'-~- - --- -----_ _ _ _ 6 ' _ r _ i .-j - t' - 5i

iiS - - i L_ ? ! ~.s a, tIi - Jd i; 5

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'t~~~~~~~~~~~~'__________ _ _ _ _ -0 .-! I ii I, I 1 1 -___________ _ ,__ 4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___-----ML -_ _: ___ i | I v v ! },grr ; 9y . | , v. > X 1 · -·I jg )#t /4n!2 se t/ n Y i t i

;9<-~ ~ ~ - I t-

St- ~ ~ ~ .- -::: A*.: rR ..:: L -=: t :oR- X ..

'/", ---.:. ... .... ....<. .: · . ::::::::::a:::~~~~~~~~~~~. - .·i

{S.A Oi T'I-/T | t i7~e4 w r |____i-,- t3 XX',6T 4 1V

14.1;;y 4 4 t_ _

~~~s r tzo 21r ·3:t- 7r )i*::7 3t+, >

t.t t

L:'-1 _ t.1~~~~ i~~ .,~l 5 3; i i L _ _ =

-/! 1 yi t it' / v __ q j 2 '. c. A />>e 'V3-rA" ,4 </ ! . ,! 4s XS_i-' i-··- t ·.. k?/ 3z/S. &/ < 3r

_____-'--- il I4L i 4- i

4:. T I I !, / _ i. I-7 i] I5 -- /I,3 " 7L,., ~ ,-,; ' i /7'-.--4L7 | 7 - --- ----- -/-1 - _ i r--

.I t : - -- - 7 I -I r

--C ! ffi -=

* _ _ --- ..... t- i .... -

r - _. ; . I __:

. 4

i

"~~~ y_,_ . _=Ir·

IKSStfuLl - --

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :>0 > CGNSTAkt5 - BMEP S B. - `) W . E B H P' : - i :S -REMRKS . RUN RPM 8.L. F.L PRES |9 t Pe i

*., · _, ** ' s;t- rf *a - 8 c5|/1<;g0J1lt}|i ~ #-i~~. . | 1 v~~ 3 .i | i j : ¥ i 2 , : , /|cE.. t : 6'3:,~ ! / · r. 7:P' E_ t7

'---~-- - -~ .~-: 4---

-~~- ', ~F;~7j4~~ ~- ,4 '--T>----S. ; J [ , i 2! ! x t|Z i BE N * It ? A 4 . .i ,i; _ 9 ?; . T J7 w 4 <vi 1 a f;s s T~w- i|i S- !- A I43, I | ML

: .. !' ' ' 7 : :.Z , i

~, I I I I I = I ...........l: ' ............ II I I , - I IIIjII.L. .~ .? I )$ i i ilE 1 R ,7 ! - ,::Ii I ;|~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ =___ . .,.

_ _____- i I -> t /v/S (135y~, 2.; j: /tI* .o ; 't' 7 YV' E'| 2. "' a :, --- 9-i, 2:4 <; !

f t z i i w =' !2 ?, -7 | r 7 k . , ;; ' . -t ' , -. r r7 ' i '.' r j , 7, -3 q |2 t d ,7

OURSE _ .Y ,,S S;e ttf. 7 .,'. Il o" - h , 4- a l : o 1-@ t -- - k L4* o

-i / i if l. i - 1 - 7;- - - -

-: .,... i..

7_r r ir s , # :I '4t _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~it~ - i/i~j~ 7/~ j ?C(CI ·f /!/i· 'bi;I/·~~7~'i4ioi 3Fioir j/0rjAL~I- . iuj/E1/17·%3 1·j jd9 ~F-

:1 ct~V4~sm g, p~-L M ,g'- :,qg le

s7RnK~il:~j-~ .z=~tPRFS~tC~n~: #~-'1~101 c ,

RATTLE ... :R

rt:::-'STROE ;-: CO:MPRESSION R... .' -:::At r " iM r :":-- T ... ;.iCoNSTANTS BMEP = BL. X / E . HP:'- ,..

~I, 1TMP Of L A,-r i· a~- T~ !t REMARKS RURPM| L; F.RK LMM W Or. r ~ ~~~~~~ ........ .... :

2= ---- ~~i~TT7~~t- t- : i-;-T

,~~~~7·_ :7~T jlI ~ · I_jC ,-Z-F--'j ·~- T~i_ _,:'+ £ 1 i -AL 3i ~,~:~,~: kf Ls ' l, l .a, | - | -t

CL r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- :

-- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j

7,~~~~~~~~" 7 I .' .aje; - -! 1li,-------- --- t,Or; sE-j X--i ' ii__ 1,.~_ ___ _ 7 k ^-- j r i-- -,if -t i-- T t- - t- t-~---- t-----i_._; .__./ _, _3 *i, 4,:~: " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~_~_-:: i1'?I·~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ' '/,': :' '~. ?i _t- . ..--t-- -,: '¥:~-

..-- __.__ j. '/9 -~~ ,,'f:. : ;i{ - .".',:':.... ':. r ' ...... ~......../-3~i .- *4* 2j 3 i, ; . (_ j4;l j ' i i i, . ,,, !//) } ,f , ,/,l N rt, ..-'- 3 | Xg.2 w Ti 'f, - Ij ,; -c'ji i

,RU IfAMS t =7 :<__tt£4ti___3 : :7 5~ jd L.qi,

=OWRSE az~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ol=~~~~~~~ai~~~~~j·71 ·~~~~~~~~~~~~i ;s i'-~~~~~~~~71D-2, ____ up i T -

b-.4 l T ~f, -5S _ t- t ·`X - 7i griti77,>1

l. y, , . .i 6 i : ; , ? i a ) · · 3 a/ ; i ·, . t. .: |,~ j,{; .(t , . _ . ^ t t $ } / * t _ . i /'

e. .K 7 t 2$r | S.i |iMACAW;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

L.. : + . ~-''t,' ' : ,:,

s r -z . ' ' A , --: . ;.

__, _ ,! csR-5 ?g 1 i/fsi~a= j< F 7Z 3 57 , *_'___ "_ "

--- ' .----- . " i i-

. 5 '-T- -:}I--ty' j..... -

| A- _____i t 9 i - -:;. ,A i -r- -- F | - +----- I ~~~~~~~~- t- 1 r~~

I .. I - I'~~ - j - - ':1 --I ,I ,,,' i a I -

411 I ^X2 .^i-?r5t e-r. I,,,; a.v> 1. ;,-f-, .

TANTS

MARKS 4iMTERUNi RPM

BMEP = B.' X .4

-7tf : -.: BHP:

| BL.I|RKL.|

STROKE.. to:CMFESBOS RTO

1_

;Ay r 4 4rk:; 9.i 7 kcr e

r3?l~Lrl/ 7 i 7 ~r IIWJl12j1" 77W ilf'7 .0 'T 1

. '' I . ! i ! . - ,

I i ' i I I : I Il ... _ I, ._, I 1 : .j .. t

- ·ri, . I; ·r 1_ -| - 1 I - j . -, ;

. t- - -· -r I i

eir�E��

I _

�I:·IYY�.;··,·;

;; ""·�5��t��

" ; li·

/70,iI- f 43 iZ.2 m r.i/.

, -- . .

,

+ ._