An Overview of Tutorial on Trends and Challenges in Remote

4/1/2016

1

An Overview of Tutorial on Trends and Challenges in Remote Sensing

and Geoinformatics (Part-1)and

Trends and challenges in Applications of Geospatial Technology (Part-2)

www.isro.gov.in

SPIE APRS Conference Tutorial, April 2, 2016

Presented by:Dr. S.K. Srivastav([email protected])

Part-1

An Overview of Tutorial

Coordinator: Dr. A. Senthil Kumar

Joint Coordinator: Dr. S.K. Srivastav

Speakers/ Resource Persons: Dr. S.K. Srivastav, Dr. Sameer Saran, Dr. Harish Chandra Karnatak, Mr. Vinay Kumar, Mr. Shashi Kumar, Mr. K. Shiva Reddy

mailto:[email protected]

4/1/2016

2

Tutorial Overview

Purpose of the Tutorial

To make the participants aware about the latest trends andchallenges in Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics and theirapplications.

• Forenoon session focuses on topics related to advances in Remote Sensing viz., Microwave and Hyperspectral remote sensing.

• Afternoon session focuses on topics related to Geoinformatics viz., 3D GIS and Geo-Web services.

Contents

Tutorial Overview contd..

Trends and challenges in applications of

geospatial technology (GST): an overview

‐ Indian & Global EO scenario

‐ Applications of GST – A few examples,

Challenges & Research Opportunities

Dr. S.K. [email protected]

Microwave Remote Sensing

‐ Advances in microwave remote sensing

‐ SAR Polarimetry

‐ Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR)

Shashi [email protected]

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

‐ Advances in hyperspectral remote sensing

‐ Platform and sensors

‐ Data processing

Vinay [email protected]

4/1/2016

3


3D GIS and Applications

‐ 3D data acquisition

‐ 3D data storage and processing

‐ 3D analysis and visualization

Dr. Sameer [email protected]

Geo-Web services based framework for

development of Mashup applications in GIS

‐ Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)

‐ Concept of Participatory GIS & Crowdsourcing

‐ Consuming different map services in single

platform

Dr. Harish [email protected]


Demonstration and hands-on exercise on

Geo-Web services and Mashup applications

‐ Accessing open geodata from multiple

sources and its integration with Web

services

‐ Spatial data creation and downloading

from Openstreet Map and other sources

‐ Real data collection using Mobile devices

and Open Data Kit (ODK)

Dr. Harish [email protected]

K. Shiva [email protected]

Summary and Discussion

4/1/2016

4

Part-2

Trends and challenges in Applications of

Geospatial Technology

8

• Earth Observation (EO) Systems

(space-borne & airborne)

–Sensors with various SPATIAL,

TEMPORAL resolutions, EM

regions

• GIS

– VISUALISE & ANALYSE all

geo-linked data

− Integrate Ground Data (Non-

spatial Databases, Ground

sensors, Crowdsourced data, etc.

• GNSS

– Locations, Mobile Mapping

•APPLICATION

– Decision Making with Knowledge

Geospatial Technologies – Building Knowledge

4/1/2016

5

MEGHA-

TROPIQUES

INSAT-3AOCEANSAT-2

SARAL

RISAT-1

RESOURCESAT-2

RISAT-2

CARTOSAT-2; 2A; 2B

CARTOSAT-1

KALPANA

INSAT-3D

LAND & WATER HIGH RESOLUTION OCEAN WEATHER; CLIMATE

1 km <1 mIMAGING CAPABILITY

Indian Earth Observation Programme

Strong Ground Mechanisms

Diversity of Applications

Vibrant Space Segment

Source: Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) Satellite Database

(http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear-weapons/space-weapons/satellite-

database#.Vv0g9VKLW-A)

~1400 satellites are currently in orbit

~66% of active satellites are are used for

communications.

• Over 30 EO based space agencies

• 268 missions carrying 785

instruments in next 15 years

• ~100 new missions will be launched

in next 5 years

• Global budget of space programme is

US $70 billion (EO 15%); Space

budget of India is US $1.2 billion

• EO satellites in LEO consist of 22%

of total missions

Global Earth Observation Scenario

Source:

http://eohandbook.com/eohb2014/images/EOHB_PDFs/CEOSEOHB

tablesDec2014web.pdf and ISRO HQ.

4/1/2016

6

Applications of Geospatial Technology (GST)

MappingDescriptive

ModelingPrescriptive

Where is What? Why and So What?

Potential Fisheries Zone (PFZ)

Forecast

• Fish catch doubled

• Reduced search time by 60%

& fuel cost by abut 30%

Fisheries

Area & Production estimation

for 8 major crops

• In-season multiple forecast

• Satellite data + Agro-

meteorology + Land based

observations

AgricultureGroundwater Prospects

Zones & Recharge Sites

• Improved success rate for

Bore wells

• Improved water level

Drinking Water

Watershed DevelopmentBetter productivity potential

& improved livelihood

• Soil & Water Conservation

• Enhanced crop yield

• Decrease in fallow lands

Monitoring Irrigation Infrastructure

Inventory & Mapping of

Irrigation Infrastructure

• Assessment of gaps in

irrigation potential created

and its utilization at the

ground level

Applications of GST: A Few Examples

NR Census

Periodic Inventory of Natural

Resources

Land use , Wetland, Soil, Snow &

Glaciers, Geomorphology,

Land degradation, Vegetation

4/1/2016

7

• Geospatial database

• Asset mapping & Activity

Planning

• Implementation & Monitoring

• Decision Making at local level

Multi-scale (10K, 2K)

Urban Geospatial database

• In support of Urban Planning,

Infrastructure development

National Urban Information System

Monitoring of Glaciers and

Snow cover area

• Glacier Retreat

• Snow-melt Runoff Forecasting

• Input to Climate Change

Snow & Glaciers

Forestry

Assessment of forest cover

on a two-year cycle

• Plan conservation measures

• Rapid Forest Mapping to

identify hot spot areas

• Space based Weather parameters

& Essential Climate Variables

• Assimilation into model for

improved weather prediction

• Ocean State forecast

• Sea Surface Temperature

• Sea Surface Heights

• Prediction of cyclone formation

predictions

Weather & Climate

Decentralized Planning at Panchayats

Applications of GST: A Few Examples contd..

• Hazard Zonation

• Flood Inundation Maps

• Damage Assessment

• Bank Erosion Studies

Floods

• Monthly Agril. Drought Report

• End-of-the-Season Agril.

Drought Report

• Carried out by MNCFC

Drought

• Intensity & track prediction


• Heavy Rainfall alerts

• Heat wave alerts

Weather & Cyclone


• Hazard zonation

• Rainfall induced

landslide forecast

• Damage

Assessment

Earthquake

Landslide

• Active Fire Detection


Forest Fire

Institutional MechanismDecision Support Centre (DSC)

In association with Nodal AgenciesMHA, MOA, NDMA, State Agencies

Em

erg

en

cy C

om

mu

nic

ation

Su

pp

ort

+

Applications of GST: Disaster Management Support

Source: NRSC

4/1/2016

8

Agriculture

Applications of GST: Challenges & Research Opportunities

• Automated target crop mapping

• Coupling of crop models and geospatial tools

for improved crop production forecast and

early drought warning

• Climate change impact on agriculture

• Carbon seq. potential of agriculture land-use

• Soil & crop health assessment and early

detection of crop diseases

• Retrieval of crop biophysical parameters

Water Resources• Develop. of real-time tracking and DSS to

provide hydrological outlook

• Assessment of Hydrological Drought

• Specific inputs for Inter-linking of rivers

• Glacial lake hazard zonation and GLOF

simulations

• Quantification of ground water recharge

• Effect of climate and land-use/ land-cover

change on hydrologic regime of river basins

• Assessment of Afforestation at Early-Growth

Stages

• Assessment of Carbon Source and Sinks

through Eddy Flux Towers and Upscaling to

Regional-Level using RS Data

• Forest Structure and Growth Modeling through

Microwave and LiDAR Sensors

• Forest Health Assessment using

Hyperspectral Sensors

• Inventory and Assessment of Non-Timber

Forest Produce

• Long-term Ecological Studies

Forest & Environment• Upgradation of geological database using

SAR data and high-resolution topographic

information

• Upgrad. & Operationalisation of Mineral &

Mining Information System for entire country

• Information extraction from multi-sensor

satellite data and geospatial modeling

• Innovative tools and approaches for discovery

of new mineral deposits

• Impacts of mining including land subsidence

measurement & modeling• Geodynamics of Himalaya & active tectonics

Geology & Mining

Ocean & Atmosphere

Applications of GST: Challenges & Research Opportunities

Developmental Planning

Disaster Management• Upgrad. of geological database using SAR

data and high-resolution topographic info.

• Upgrad. & Oper. of Mineral & Mining

Information System for entire country

• Information extraction from multi-sensor

satellite data and geospatial modeling

• Innovative tools and approaches for discovery

of new mineral deposits

• Impacts of mining including land subsidence

measurement & modeling• Geodynamics of Himalaya & active tectonics

Geology & Mining

• Water quality in coastal and inland lakes

• High-resolution coastal and ocean state

forecast

• Polar environment monitoring

• Prediction of high intensity rainfall events,

e.g. thunderstorms

• Aerosol and cloud interaction

• Urban growth prediction and LULC change

modeling

• 3-D city modeling to assess solar potential

• Effect of climate change on river basin and

urban hydrology

• Geotechnical investigations and sub-surface

utilities mapping using GPR

• Advanced terrain modeling (using high-

resolution stereo satellite/ LiDAR data) for

infrastructure projects

• Flood forecasting and spatial inundation

modeling

• Flood prone area assessment

• Urban Flood modeling

• Modeling of storm surge inundation

• Forest fire danger rating

• Early warning of disasters

• Establishment of National Disaster

Management Command Centre (NDMCC)

4/1/2016

9

Promoting Space Applications in

Central Ministries/ State Government

Prime Minister urged DOS to pro-actively engage with all stakeholders to

maximise the use of space technology in governance and development.

160 Space Applications across 58 Ministries / Departments

• Natural Resources Management

• Energy & Infrastructure

• Disaster & Early Warning

• Communication & Navigation

• Geo-spatial Governance

• Societal Services

• Majority of these projects (over 110) are

related to geospatial applications

• About 30 projects are related to

applications of satellite communication

and navigation

• About 20 projects require technology

development.

• About 55 projects have pan-India

coverage.

A geoportal showcasing Indian imaging capabilities and for GIS data creation, visualisation, analysis, GIS products & services in Participatory GIS environ. (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/)

A portal for comprehensive data & information on India’s water resources (http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/)

A portal for weather forecasting, cyclone prediction and continuous weather & ocean data availability (http://www.mosdac.gov.in/)

Portals for providing spatial and species data on biodiversity and bio-resources(http://iirs.gov.in/ and www.ibin.gov.in)

Geospatial Services through Web Portals

4/1/2016

10

• Improved Spatial Resolution – Very High Resolution Satellite Data

• Improved Spectral Resolution – Hyperspectral Data

• Improved Temporal Resolution – Higher Revisit / Agile Satellites

• Microwave Data – Multi Polarization, Multi-frequency

• Continuous observation of Earth – Geostationary Platform

• Wide Swath Medium resolution Data

• Autonomous Spacecraft: Onboard intelligent image processing system to detect

the extreme event and respond autonomously

• 3D data – Lidar (ground & aerospace systems)

• Sensor Web: Seamlessly networked observing system (in situ and space based)

• Easier access of Relevant Information to Common public

Requirements and Emerging EO Scenario

Source: ISRO HQ.

• Airborne sensors

– AVIRIS (NASA)

– CASI (ITRES Research Ltd. of Calgary)

– AHySI (ISRO)

• Spaceborne sensors-

– Hyperion (NASA) &

– HySI (ISRO)

• ISRO also collaborated with NASA for

airborne hyperspectral (AVIRIS) data

acquisition over India.

• Future Missions

– Hyperspectral sensor on GISAT on

geostationary platform (ISRO)

– Imaging IR spectrometer on

Chandrayaan-2 (ISRO)

– PRISMA (ASI Italy)

– EnMAP (DLR Germany)

– HySPIRI (NASA)

Current & Future Missions Potential Applications

• Mineral mapping

• Species level discrimination of plants

• Evaluation of Vegetation Stress due to

– natural agents- drought, disease, insects

– air and ground pollutants

• Monitoring of coastal and inland waters

• Mapping the variability of soil properties,

etc.

• High data dimensionality

• Size of hyperspectral data

• very high computational complexity

• Spectral mixing (linear and nonlinear)

• Data degradation mechanisms (noise and

atmospheric effects)

Challenges

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing – Trends & Challenges

4/1/2016

11

Global and Indian Scenario: Several SAR satellite missions have been

planned on different frequency ranges. NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar

(NISAR), Mission with L- and S-band in 2019, RISAT Missions, ESA Biomass

(2019) mission with P-band SAR, Tandem-L (2019) of DLR etc.

Potential Applications:

• DEM generation

• Subsidence monitoring

• Soil moisture estimation

• Forest structural and biophysical

parameter retrieval

• Crop estimation

• Flood mapping, monitoring

• Oil spills mapping & monitoring

• Glaciological applications (velocity, snow

depth etc..)

Challenges:

• Topographic effects (Difficulty in hilly terrain )

• Speckle Effect (Difficulty in Visual Interpretation)

• Complex Interactions (Closely spaced urban structures and mixed targets)

• Subsurface analysis of vegetation, snow, soil and regolith from space-borne SAR data

SAR Remote Sensing – Trends & Challenges

Emerging platforms

Ground

Static Terrestrial laser

scanner

Mobile mapping system

Aerial

Manned

Drone/microlite

Global and Indian scenario

Commercially operational worldwide

Advanced sensors are in

developmental phase

R&D studies initiated in India (mostly

in govt. sector)

LiDAR Vs. other RS domains

Precise/Accurate

High dense

Vertical profile

Multiple returns

Penetration into water and

canopy

Potential applications:

3D Urban modeling

Forest inventory

Bathymetric survey

Landslides

Transmission line

mapping

Highway/Railway corridor mapping

Challenges

Handling of large volume data

Multi-sensor data fusion for geometry

& spectral based feature identification

LiDAR Remote Sensing – Trends & Challenges

4/1/2016

12

• Big data analytics for geo-spatial data analysis, processing and modelling

• Cloud computing for geo-spatial domain [IaaS, PaaS, SaaS and MaaSimplementations)

• 3D and 4D GIS

• Crowdsourcing & Participatory GIS

• Real time simulation and virtualizations

• Geo-computation and spatial analysis

• Coupling GIS with process models

• Contents based image retrieval and applications

• Web & Location based services

• Semantic Sensor-web

Trends & Challenges in Geoinformatics

RESOURCESAT-2A

Payloads• LISS 4 (5.8 m, 70 km swath, 10 bit)

• LISS 3 (23 m, 141 km swath, 10 bit)

• AWiFS (56 m, 800 km swath, 12 bit)

Continuity for Resourcesat-2

GISAT - 1

Geosynchronous Orbit

Payloads

• HR Mx VNIR : 50m; SWIR: 1.5 Km

• HYSI VNIR: 320m; WIR : 192m

CARTOSAT-2E

Payloads• PAN (0.60 m, 10 km swath, 11 bit)

• Mx (2m , 10 km swath, 4 Xs, 11 bit)

VHR Panchromatic and

Multispectral Imaging

CARTOSAT-3VHR Panchromatic,

Multispectral Imaging

Orbit : 500 km

Local time: 0930 hrs

Orbit : 817 km

Local time: 1030 hrsOrbit : 450 km


Payloads• PAN (0.25 m, 16 km swath, 11 bit)

• Mx (1m , 16 km swath, 11 bit)

Orbit : 36000 km

Every 30 min

SCATSAT-1

To provide wind vector data

Payload• Ku-band Scatterometer (SCAT)

Orbit : 720 km


Oceansat-3 & 3A

Continuity for OS-2 with

Improvements

Payloads• 13 band Ocean Color Monitor

• Ku-band Scatterometer

• Long Wave Infrared Bands

Orbit : 720 km


RISAT-1A

Continuity for RISAT-1

Payloads• C-Band SAR

Orbit : 536 km


NISAR

Joint Mission with JPL/NASA

Payloads• L & S Band SAR

Orbit : 747 km


INSAT-3DR/3DS

Meteorological Satellite

Payloads

• 6 Channel Imager

• 19 Channel Sounder

Orbit : 36000 km

Every 30 min

Indian EO Missions - Near Future

Source: ISRO HQ.

4/1/2016

13

Thank you..

Documents

An Overview of Tutorial on Trends and Challenges in Remote