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A N O V E R V I E W O N
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
Pictures taken from Google Images
RAMON L. ASAÑA JR.Head, Network Technology Strategy and Architecture
Manila Electric Company
Outline
1. Energy Storage Overview
2. Energy Storage in the Philippines
3. Battery Energy Storage Technologies
a. Lead-acid
b. Redox Flow
c. Sodium Sulfur
d. Lithium-ion
4. Battery Energy Storage Applications in MERALCO
WHAT IS ENERGY STORAGE?
ENERGY STORAGEdevices or physical media that stores energy to perform useful processes at a later time
Pumped Hydro Storage
Battery Energy Storage (grid scale and distributed)Thermal Energy Storage
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
Global Energy Storage Deployments*
*As of July 24, 2017; based on DOE Global Energy Storage Database (https://www.energystorageexchange.org)
95%
2%2%1%
Energy Storage Capacity (in MW)
Pumped Hydro Electro-Chemical Electro-Mechanical Thermal Storage Hydrogen Storage
Total Capacity: 171.08 GWNo. of Projects: 1,267
Energy Storage in the Philippines
Kalayaan Pumped StoragePower Plant (KPSPP)
Commissioning Year: 1982
Location: Kalayaan, Laguna
Capacity: 720 MW (4 x 180 MW)
AES-Masinloc Battery Energy Storage System
Commissioning Year: 2016
Location: Masinloc, Zambales
Capacity: 10 MW
Energy Storage Applications across the Electric Power Industry
• Energy Time Shift (Arbitrage)
• Supply Capacity
• Ancillary Services• Frequency Regulation• Reserve Capacity• Voltage Support• Black Start
• Transmission Upgrade Deferral
• Transmission Congestion Relief
• Peak Shaving
• Voltage Support/Power Quality
• Renewable Integration
• Distribution Upgrade Deferral
• Microgrids
• Energy Management
• Energy Time Shift
• Service Reliability
• Power Quality
Generation
Battery Energy Storage System
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) consists of an array of batteries, charge controllers, and inverters
On-grid or off-grid solutions
Wide range of sizes: from residential to grid-scale use
Modular installation; scalable
Mobile systems available(batteries stacked in a container van together with its control system)
Provides high degree of availability, reliability and built-in flexibility
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
• Mature battery technology
• Widely used in cars and UPS but limited on utility scale deployment
• Improved depth of discharge from ordinary Lead Acid resulting to longer cycle time
• Low energy density – requires larger footprint
• Electrode corrosion limits useful life
BATTERY OPERATION:
During Discharge • Chemical reactions coat both plates in Lead sulfate
(Sulfation)• This can be removed by prompt charging• Chemical reaction allowed to proceed
During Charge • Chemical reactions driven in reverse direction• If left for too long uncharged, crystallization of lead
sulfate cannot be reversed by connection to power supply
Advance Lead Acid Battery
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
1.32 MWh Lead-acid Batteries from Hitachi installed at the TappiWind Park (2001)
REDOX FLOW BATTERIES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
• Most of the technologies are still in the demonstration phase
• High number of discharge cycles and relatively longer battery life; ~20 years
• Low energy density – requires larger footprint
• Largest operational system is 0.6MW
BATTERY OPERATION:
• The positive half cell electrolyte contains V4+ and V5+ ions
• The negative half cell contains V3+ and V2+ ions
• Electrons lost from the positive terminal and gained by the negative terminal turn V5+ into V4+ and V3+ into V2+ respectively
• This then flows through a membrane which separates the anolyte and the catolyte solutions
• All vanadium – existence in 4 oxidation states allows the battery to only require that as an electroactive material, removing the problem of cross contamination
REDOX FLOW BATTERIES
Gildemeister’s Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) CellCubeinstalled in a solar plant in Pellworm, Germany
SODIUM SULFUR BATTERIES
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Longer discharge periods (~6 hours)
• NGK Insulators Ltd. and TEPCO jointly developed the technology for 25 years
• 316 MW deployed at 221 sites mostly in Japan and the US
• Normal operating temperature in the range of 300 – 350 oC
BATTERY OPERATION
• Consists of liquid Sodium as anode, liquid Sulfur as cathode and a solid electrolyte – Beta Alumina
• During discharging, Sodium gives off ions , then it passes through the electrolyte, then the ion is combined with sulfur to form sodium polysulfide Na2S4
• Reversal of the process occurs with every recharging
• Heat is generated in both process
SODIUM SULFUR BATTERIES
The NaS battery installation provided by NGK Insulators, Ltd., deployed at Xcel in Lucerne, Minnesota, in 2008 to supplement wind turbine generation contains 20 50-kW
modules with 7.2 MWh of storage capacity and a charge/discharge capacity of 1 MW.
LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
• Mature battery technology
• Largest commercial deployment ~30GWhr
• High energy densities – requiring less footprint
• High charge/discharge efficiency
• Good cycle life
• Widely used in EVs, consumer electronics and utility applications
BATTERY OPERATION:
• Consists of an anode and a cathode, as well as an electrolyte salt solution with lithium ions
• During discharging, positively charged lithium ions go towards the cathode, when the cathode is positively charged, this attracts electrons which flow through the connected device towards the cathode
• Reversal of direction occurs with every recharging, allowing this process to start over
Energy Storage Applications in Meralco
BEHIND-THE-METER GRID SUPPORT ISLAND ELECTRIFICATION
Images taken from:• https://www.atarlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/house-with-battery-and-panels.jpg• http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects• http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/month/2015/02/150226a.html
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
Solar-plus-Battery Pilot Project
PROJECT OBJECTIVES:
To gather “real world”
understanding of how Energy
Storage Systems (ESS) interact
with the electricity network
and how they can benefit
customers
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
System Connection Diagram (Actual Installation)
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV
DISTRIBUTION
UTILITY
MAIN PANEL
BOARD
LOADS
HYBRID
INVERTER
12.8 kWh
BATTERY
STORAGE
CRITICAL LOADS
ATSAutomatic
Transfer
Switch
AC
DC
LEGEND:
COMMUNICATIONS
Monitoring
PortalNET METER
(Smart Meter)
Examples:
• Lighting
• Power Outlets (for fans,
phone chargers, TV, etc.)
• Refrigerator
• Small Aircons
6 kWp
CT
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
Use Cases
SELF-CONSUMPTION ENERGY TIME SHIFT BACK-UP POWER SUPPLY
BESS is used to decrease the
user’s dependency from the
grid by storing excess solar
PV output and consuming it
later when it is needed.
BESS is used to store energy during
off-peak hours and discharge
during peak hours in order to take
advantage of the electricity price
difference under Time-of-Use
(TOU).
BESS is used as back-up
power supply, similar to a
diesel gen-set, to critical
loads during outages
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
System Connection Diagram (Actual Installation)
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV
DISTRIBUTION
UTILITY
MAIN PANEL
BOARD
LOADS
HYBRID
INVERTER
12.8 kWh
BATTERY
STORAGE
CRITICAL LOADS
ATSAutomatic
Transfer
Switch
AC
DC
LEGEND:
COMMUNICATIONS
Monitoring
Portal
NET METER
(Smart Meter)
Examples:
• Lighting
• Power Outlets (for fans,
phone chargers, TV, etc.)
• Refrigerator
• Small Aircons
6 kWp
CT
Daytime
Nightime
SELF-CONSUMPTION
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
System Connection Diagram (Actual Installation)
DISTRIBUTION
UTILITY
MAIN PANEL
BOARD
LOADS
HYBRID
INVERTER
12.8 kWh
BATTERY
STORAGE
CRITICAL LOADS
ATSAutomatic
Transfer
Switch
AC
DC
LEGEND:
COMMUNICATIONS
Monitoring
Portal
NET METER
(Smart Meter)
Examples:
• Lighting
• Power Outlets (for fans,
phone chargers, TV, etc.)
• Refrigerator
• Small Aircons
CT
Off Peak
Peak
ENERGY TIME SHIFT
APPLICATION: BEHIND-THE-METER
System Connection Diagram (Actual Installation)
ROOFTOP SOLAR PV
DISTRIBUTION
UTILITY
MAIN PANEL
BOARD
LOADS
HYBRID
INVERTER
12.8 kWh
BATTERY
STORAGE
CRITICAL LOADS
ATSAutomatic
Transfer
Switch
AC
DC
LEGEND:
COMMUNICATIONS
Monitoring
Portal
NET METER
(Smart Meter)
Examples:
• Lighting
• Power Outlets (for fans,
phone chargers, TV, etc.)
• Refrigerator
• Small Aircons
6 kWp
CT
BACK-UP POWER SUPPLY
APPLICATION: GRID SUPPORT
Grid-scale Battery Energy Storage Project
Installation of 2MW Battery Energy Storage System
(BESS) for various grid applications such as peak
shaving and renewables integration
DESCRIPTION PROJECT DETAILS
• To demonstrate and evaluate the potential of Battery Energy
Storage System (BESS) to manage peak demand and energy,
improve service reliability and power quality, and compensate
for the intermittency of renewable generation
• Gain actual learning experience on grid-scale BESS
OBJECTIVES
INSTALLATION SITESan Rafael Bulacan
APPLICATIONS
• Peak Shaving for Network Upgrade Deferral (76% Peak Loading for 2016)
• Voltage Support
• Renewables Integration (SPARC 3.82 MW Solar)
PARTNERSHIP WITH: GRID CONNECTION13.8kV Circuit
APPLICATION: ISLAND ELECTRIFICATION
Cagbalete Island Microgrid Pilot Project
CAGBALETE ISLAND PROFILE
• Situated in Mauban, Quezon
• 1,795 hectares total land area
• Total of 887 households; 758 in Brgy. CagbaleteI and 129 in Brgy. Cagbalete II
• Approximately 13 km from Mauban port (1-hour boat ride)
• A booming tourist attraction because of its beautiful beach (with at least 18 resorts)
A pilot project on Microgrids for the electrification of households located in
remote islands and far-flung areas.
DESCRIPTION PROJECT SITE
• Evaluate the feasibility and sustainability of using Microgrids for island electrification in providing reliable, affordable, sustainable, and clean 24/7 electric service
• Gain actual learning experience from planning to operations and maintenance of Microgrids
• Prepare Meralco for future Microgrid installations
OBJECTIVES
Diesel Generator Solar PV Battery Storage
Battery Storage Basics
CELL, MODULES, AND PACKSA cell is the smallest, packaged form a battery can take and is generally on the order
of one to six volts. A module consists of several cells generally connected in either
series or parallel. A battery pack is then assembled by connecting modules together,
again either in series or parallel.
C-RATEIn describing batteries, discharge current is often expressed as a C-rate in order to
normalize against battery capacity, which is often very different between batteries. A
C-rate is a measure of the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its
maximum capacity. A 1C rate means that the discharge current will discharge the
entire battery in 1 hour. For a battery with a capacity of 100 Amp-hrs., this equates to
a discharge current of 100 Amps. A 5C rate for this battery would be 500 Amps, and
a C/2 rate would be 50 Amps.
CAPACITY OR NOMINAL CAPACITY (Ah for a specific C-rate)The coulometric capacity, the total Amp-hours available when the battery is
discharged at a certain discharge current (specified as a C-rate) from 100 percent
state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage.
ENERGY OR NOMINAL ENERGY (Wh for a specific C-rate)The “energy capacity” of the battery, the total Watt-hours available when the battery
is discharged at a certain discharge current (specified as a C-rate) from 100 percent
state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage.
Battery Storage Basics
NOMINAL VOLTAGE (V)
The reported or reference voltage of the battery.
OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (V)
The voltage between the battery terminals with no load applied. The open-circuit
voltage depends on the battery state of charge, increasing with state of charge.
TERMINAL VOLTAGE (V)
The voltage between the battery terminals with load applied. Terminal voltage
varies with SOC and discharge/charge current.
CUT-OFF VOLTAGE
The minimum allowable voltage. It is this voltage that generally defines the
“empty” state of the battery.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
The resistance within the battery, generally different for charging and discharging,
also dependent on the battery state of charge. As internal resistance increases,
the battery efficiency decreases and thermal stability is reduced as more of the
charging energy is converted into heat.
Battery Storage Basics
STATE OF CHARGE (SOC)(%)
An expression of the present battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity.
SOC is generally calculated using current integration to determine the change in
battery capacity over time.
DEPTH OF DISCHARGE (DOD) (%)
The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged expressed as a
percentage of maximum capacity. A discharge to at least 80% DOD is referred to as a
deep discharge.
CYCLE LIFE (NUMBER FOR A SPECIFIC DOD)
The number of discharge-charge cycles the battery can experience before it fails to
meet specific performance criteria. Cycle life is estimated for specific charge and
discharge conditions. The actual operating life of the battery is affected by the rate and
depth of cycles and by other conditions such as temperature and humidity. The higher
the DOD, the lower the cycle life.