RELATIO:-.'S llll'S OF ATTITUDE TOWARD A llEIIAVIOR , SUIIIECTIVE 1'0RM, AN[) PERCEIVED HEIIA VIORAL COt-'TROL AS ANTECEDEt-'TS TOC0.~1PllTER

USE llY ELH IENTA RY TE,.,CIIERS IN A PUllLIC SCHOOL SETTl:-.'G

A DIS SERTATION PR ESENTED TO Tl IE GRADUATE SCIIOOL Of TIIE UNIVERSITY o~· FLORll)A IN PARTIAL l'ULFILLMEl'>"f

OF T!tE RE~g~ ~~.TP~ l~~i~~~l~EG REE OF

Monyindividuol>and mflucnccsha.·en1>dcth,;:,ch;emncn1possiblcalthi,

p;trlo<ularpoin11nmyhklfirsr1hankG<>dfor1hcmanyblcssingsand•bunJant gracc

!kh><bcstowcdonnlc.lfinnlybchC\'clh>1c,·orygoodg1ftcomcsfromabo,·e(Jan,cs

l:17)anJ 1hallhe¥f"alcstkr.owlcdgc(Gk.i;nosis) thatwccanha,·cis kr,owlcJgoof

Ihm. My¥f"OICSt canhly appm:oation g<>..-s !O n,y v,ife. Ph)' lhs, I "'OU Id 00! be v.·hao I am

orwhcrelam todaywithout hcrunsc lfishlo,·c,cncouragcmcn1,and suppon.ldoubtshc

bargaincdforalife>longstudcntu·hcn"·cgotn,orricJinl977,butshchasnc,·cr

ron1pl>1ncd and has alway, ~ proud ofmy achicwmcn.,, w·hich I ronsiderour

a<h10,·cmcn1<.l1hank mymo1hcr,Franc:e<,furheronrouragc,ncnttopor>istc>rly,nmy

aca,;kmic cam:r, and for bcr cumplc a, an educator ar,J an adult ,cuJe,u. My thanks go

tomydoc1<>r•lcommi1tccchaor.Dr.Kara Daw<0n,whowa.s a ¥""a1,ourecof

infonna1ion,dircc1100.,nsp,r.11ion,ar.dnl0!;,•auon"·hcnnccdcd,dcsp,cchcro,.·n

chal lcn~,c;ofa busy schedule ar.d a young family. My rommlltcc o•·crall was c,tremcly

supportiYCondhclpfulandinth,;regartll1hank Dr.kffllunforh,slcadcrship inmyUF

worl:.and1hecontnbut,ontot11)•hftandac>dcmic"·orl;of Dr.LceMullally,Dr.

CollccnSwam, andDr. Dav idHoncJm•n . Fina lly,lexl)fe<imyapprcc,a!ion•ndthank,

tomycmployer,tbc Ci1ru,Coun<ySchoolDistrict. l"·ork"ithagn,a1groupof

collcagllC!landprofcss,onal,,.ho,·aluc l,fc-longlcam,ni•n<lthcyha,·e~<'1rcrn<ly

supportivcjn mypursu,tofanad,·onccddcin:c. ll'c"x,,-km•wonclcrful.n..'111-lifo

laboratoryanclllcomfromlhcmonada,l yba<os

ACKNO\l'LEDGMENTS ____ _

ABSTRACT------------

A,sumptions Rcsc,ar<0hQu<-si ions Sm1ernentof ll ypu1hc,os

Conr;:~~,~~}/;~;.,;;;"";;;•;;;.,;;;,";;;;~,;;; .• ,;;;;::====··::::··::::····:: TheCon1e>1of Tc>ehcrComputcrU<e... . . 12 rhcTead,c,andComputcrU« ll

~~•!~.~~:.~:"'logy U><: ...... :~

Th«;:;·,~~•;~:;!~•1~1·;:i;~~;;:;,:-- ·· ~ Subjc<ti,·eNorm.... n Pcr<0ciw<lll<havioral Con1rol 24

Populallon >nJSamplc 28

lnst~l~::::~";}~,~~~'::'mcnt 9

="';\,11:~·:":'"-.-,,;;,,-.;;,-,;;;,,";;~-,;;;.::=======:_______;i~ EhcnouonStudy .. ... . ........ 31 IMiofaandS1rcng1hh•lua11on,_____ B Ques1<0nn>1fl:l)<,·dopmcnl 4 Le,·drnfComrutcrU........ S

l'ro<,:<lure<forPilOlingtholn<1rumcn1.. ... 37 Con1entV•lid11y 38

Da10~!;1~~::::·::::····· 4~ DotaAnalyS 46

::~;;~.?,:'~;::,-... ---=============1! ~:~~f~~;b~:rac1ensHcsofKesponden1S ;:

l'redic!Qr\'ariabie> 7 A1mudc.. . .. SS

~;~~:~•~~a>ioral Con1rol 5!

Sto1isi;calAnalysi,.... 61 Summary

o,·en·,c"' "f1hcS1u<ly .. ... 68

;~z!;i~<1ion•------========~ lnflue0<:cofTcachcrBelicfsonl'ractice 73 ContributionofTl'l!Variablos 78 Lc•·•lsofCon,pu,crU 79

~~~~~;:.,ion, for ~unher Kc,earch 8~ Summ>ry .. ,. 83

,\ DISTK!CTl'EK~IISSION LETIEK-------~

C ELICITATIONSTUDYQUESTIO:-.'NAIRE _ _____ ,

D ELICITATIONSTUDYCOVERLETTER _____ _

E ELICITATIONSTUDYRESULTS

F DOMAINEXl'ERTS _________ _

G OO~IAIN EXPERT COVER LEITER

H PJLOTSURVEYFEEDIJACKFOR/>I ______ _

J SAMl'LETl'llQUESTlONNAIRE

J PILOTSURVEYQUEST!ONNAIR~' ______ _

K REVJS[DPJLOTSURVEYQUESTIONNAIRL .. _ ___ _

L FINALSURVEYQUESTIONNAIRE

M FJNALSURVEY COVERLETIER ______ _

FINAL SURVEY REMINDER ..

0 CORRELATIONS IIE7'WEEN Tl'II FACTORS AND SURVEY ITEMS

P STATISTICALRELATJONSIIIPSOFFJNALSURVEY ...

J.I.ThooryofPlanncdlkha,·,orConsiru<tsandRdo1cdfin•ISun·cyltcm• ..

1·2. Pi IOI Sun·cy lns1rumcnt Measures. Item Nun,b<,.. and Alpha Coeffidcnls ..

J.J. Revised Pilot Sun·cy lnmumcn1 Measures. !tern Kumbcr<. and Alpha Coefficients ___ _

l -4.final Sun·cylnstru,ncntMcasurcs.ltcmNumb<rs.andAlpMCoefficicntl

l•'.I.A lphaCoeflkicnliforPilOISun·c)·andfinalSun..,y ____ _

4•1 . final Sun·cyllcm<.RCSf>OnSc()ption$,Scalin~Mcans.•ndS1andardl)c,·iatjons .. .49

4- 2.l.le1nogr,phkCharactcriS1i«ofRcspornknts ____ _

4.J.Lc,·cl,ufUscRcponcd

4.'.\.0.scnp11vcSta1istioofor llcl icf.l,ascdSubjcrt11·ct>:om1Mcasurc

4-6.l.lescrip1i,·cSta1isiksforllclier.bascdCon,rolMcasurc

4•7.Correlationofllclicf·baseJanJllircc1Measures ____ _

4.s. Correlations among Anitudc. Subjcrtiw Norn,. Pcrcei\'ed llch.-·io,al Con1rol and llch"'·iorallntcnti~------- "

4•10.~ripti,..,S,.,i,11c,forln1cn11ot1anJLc,·clsofUscMeasurcs ....

E- 1, Ad,·ar11ogcsofUsmgthcComputcr tol'res,.•n1alessonJ)ur,ng lnsort1<.1H>n ...

E.2, Disa,h·an1ai;csofU,mgthcComputcr1ol' rcscntal.essonDurini;lns1ruction 94

E•l, Appro,·cofMyUsingaComputertoPr=n10L<0<0nDuring ln,truc1tOn

E-4. 1)1sapprot·t ofMyUs,ngaCon,pu,cr10Pn:semal.csson1Juring!nsoruction 96

E•S. FactorsorCircumstan<csthatF.nablc\'outoUseaCon,pulcrtol'rtsemaLesson During Instruction __________ .,

E.6. fac1orsorCircumst•occsthatmal<ci1l)ifficultorlmpo,sihlcfor \•ou to Usea Computortol'n:scntaLc,sonlluringlnstruellon ____ ~,

0 · 1. Corn:l>1ions Between HIJ fo<"tors and Atutudc Su,wy Items

0•2. Corrc lattonslJctwc-cnT!'BfoctorsandSubjce1i,·tNom,Su"·eyltcm,

o.J. C"i:'!"t°"' llctv,ccn TP B Factors and Pcrcci,..,.J lkha>·ionl Conorol Su"·ey

-2.1.T1>eoryofPlann<:d1Jcha1'iorMoJcl _______ ~

l•I . S<re, Plotof TPBVariabkFoc1orAnaly<i•-------

4.1.Belitf-baseJMcas"reofA,tihl<l, ________ ~

4-2. IJdicf-bascd Mca,urc ofSubj<-ctinNom,

4-3. lklief-baseJMcasurcofl'=ei,·eJIJchavioralConotol ____ ~

4-5. Rclationshipof lkh>1·ionllntcn1 iontoActualBcho,•i<><

l'- I.Sta1is1kalRel>1H>llshipsofFinalSul'\·ey ______ _

Abstrx1ofDi...,nationl'rc;;cntcJ1othc(;radu01cSchool of1hcUni,..,rsityofFloridllinl'anialFulfillmcn1ofthc Requircmentsfor 1heDtgreeofOoclOt"ofPhilosophy

Cha1t: KanM.Dawsoi, MajorDq,anmon1: SchoolofTcachingandLoaming

IXS1"1c ,ignofica111finaocial in,·e.s1mencsn,aJcinn:een1years1ocquiprublio

sohoolswi1hromputcn. wmeobsom:rsbclic,·c"""'""°'seein~ancqui,·alen1n:1um in

1cm,softhepcn:cn13gcof1oachors whousocompulersforinstructionandrcla!«l

impro,·en1cntsin1each1ngandlearning.Anumbcr offactors.pnmari lycxtcmal10

10><:hors.ha,·cbcen , uggcste<.!asreasoi,s forlo"·crlcl·clsofcompu1crusc.Thepurposc,

ofohisstuJy,.·as1oinl'cstiga1cin1crna l rnriables n:la1eJtoclcmcm•ryteachcruscof

computcr>forins11wtion. ThcrrrJic1or, .. riablesfor thisstuJy,.·crcderi1'tdfrom

Aj:,er,',TheoryofPlanneJllcha>·1or.anJthcyincludcd a1ti1 udc1<>wanJthebcha\'ior

(ATI).,ubjcc1ivenom1(SN).pcr<ei,·odbcho>'ioralcontrol(PBC) andbch.avionl

incon1ion (IJ\"f"). The criterion 1·arioble 1>·as lcnlsofcomputcr uso., measured by

Marcinkiewicz"I.c,·el,ofUsoinsirumcnl.Thc$ampleconsistedofdassroom-bascJ

cl,:mcn1>ry1ca<her,(.9 • 20J)in•«n1ralFloriJo,i:hooldis,nct.

A7l•itcmsu"·eyinstl\lmcn11<'a,do,·clopod•rldv•lida1edtocap1ureda1afor1his

study.Thcsun·cycap1urcdindi=t(bclief•b>S<:d)•nddi rc,:;1n>easur1,sof1he,·•ri•blesof

intercsi.,v.·ellaspc11iocn1dcmograph1cdaia.ConS!nKl,'3lidit)'fortheinstru1ncn1wos

im·est igated1hroughi1cmanaly,isandconfirmatoryfaclot'an.,.l}~i,.ln1cmatronsiS1cncy

cs1imatcsforitcmgmup,v.·crecalculo1edthrough1heu<cofCronb>ch"s•lpha(a)

D<scrip1 i,·e,1atiS1icsv.·erea lsocakulatedforeochitcm.Rclationships•mong1hc

,,1riablcswcreanaly,edusingPcarson·s,x,n-ela1ioncocfficient(r).andmul1iplehnear

rcgr.,sions(fil

Thefinding,re,·ea ledaposih,-econ-clationbet"·ccnottitudc10ward1hebclu,·ior

(AlT)andintrntion.betwn-nsubje<:1i,·cnon1l(S:,.:JanJm1cn11on.andbc1"·«npcrcci,·cJ

belcll'ioralcontrol(P8C)andin1cn1ion. Thc1hm,\'ariabl.,ofATI.SN.andP8C

combincdoccountedfor6S% of1hecffe<:1s,zconbeha,•ioralintcntion(INT). Thc

a1titudevariablchadthelargcst inllucnceonintontion.Asignifican1<-orrcla1ion"·•••lso

idcntifiedbetwn-nbelt.wioralin1cn1ionandkHISofromputorusereponedbytcachcrt

Rcsult,of1hi,stuJyseemto,·aliJaiccheThcoryofPlannedlkha>·ior"'a

prcdicti1·cmodelinthi1contc>1. Thcfindingsshowtheimponanceofintcmal.

pcrsonological ,·anabl.,onchtsucc.,,rul intcgr;,1ionofcon,putcr1eehnologyinaK·l2

,euingand1hcysuggo,11ha1morere,earchisncededin1hi,an:o

CIIAl'TCRI INTRODUCTION

Co,nputcr>ha>·eoubiqu11ouspn,senccinschO<>lclass«>oms inlOO-l.y01many

tcachcrs ha1·cno1cmbr-.cedthis1c<hnoloi;yasaninsiructionaltool. Mys,udyanoly,ed

clomcn<0ry1cacheruscofin<1ruct;onal1c<hnolo¥)'.spccificallyromputcrs.froma

bch.a1·ionlpcrspcetivo. ThcTheoryofPl•nn,>JBchosior(Aj,cn. l988, 1991)w .. used ..

1hcthcon:1ical framcwork.'Th<con<tru,:1sofat1itudctoward 1hcbehavior. subjec1i,·c

nonn . andpcrcc;,•eJbcha1·ionlco,u rolwcrcin,·cstigateJ .. an1ecedcn,faclorSrclatcdto

in1entionanJJemons1ratcdbcha>·ioroftcachcrcompu1cruscin1n<classroon,

S1-11rmen1of1hrPmblrm

1n,·csimcn1,nin<1ructionol1echnologybyK-l2publicedoca1ionhaslx:cn

cnonuousin1he lastlS)'Cars(OffacofTechno logyAssessn,cnt. l99S).To1al

!«:hnologyspcndingamongU . S.publicsehooldistrimforthc2002-200Jsehool)""'

wosSS.74bill ion,withproje<1ionsofSS .80billionforlhc200J-200-lsehoolyear

(QualityEJ uca1ionData, !nc .• 200]),Thisin,·es1mcmhasb«nmadcp.-imarilyin

c0tnp111crsand in as"°"iated rost1sucha,nc1"·orkingan<ll nlemctacccss.Thccl•imof

promotcrshasb«n ,h>1instruc1ionaltcchnology"·jllimpro,·eteachingaudlcaminganJ

that itwillmahtheprocessof<docaiionmorccfficicn1 anJ elTc<1i,·c. tnstruc1ional

1c<hnologyin1ftcfonnofron1pu1crsisnot1hcfirs11cchnoloj,11pmmotcdby,uchclaims

S1milar result,werean1icipatcd wi1 hcarher1cchnologic<sochasin1tru01ionalr.._,i<>.

ins1ructional1c lcsision.ond,·arious··1cachrngmachrn,-s'"(Ohlcs. l98S;Cuban.1986)

Likclhosecarlicr tochnologics,compulcrsha>·cbccncmbraced ind=roomsbyon lya

small pcr<cn1agc of teachers as cffoc1in uscrs (Mar<inkiewic,. 1994: Zhao & Frank,

200)),Aquid"·alk•lhroughofsthoolsn:,·ealslargcnumbcrsofoomput<rsin

classrooms. In 2002. studcn1-10--compu1cr ratios in Florida's K-12 public school system,

anragod 3.7: I (Cour,cil for [dU<alion Policy. Rcscar<h. at>d lmprowmcn1. 2002)

Ocsp,1c,heorubiqui1y.arc la1i,·elysn,allporccnmgcof«>0hcrsareusmg<omput<rsona

rcgular basi,;at>dwhcnthcyarcus,:d,compu1c,.arco~cnusodtosul)!'O'ttradi1ional

curriculumandtc>th ingmc1hodol<>gi<Sat>dnotmtransform>1ional"·ays(lfodley&

Shc,ngold, l'Wl:CubJn. K1 rl<patnck.&Pcd.2001;2hao&Ciiko. 2001)

Although 1hc use of compulc,. h.lS become more ,.·,Je,pn:ad in 1hc worl: place.

clcmcniarya ndsocot>darytc3<hcrsarclesshkelytousccompulc,. thanan:pcrson,

cm plo)"odinothermanagcna l orprofes<ionalfidds(USDOE,2002). Significant

im·c1tmcn1>incompu1erh,uxlwan:a001cachcr traininghanbe<,nmadc inK -l2schools

ye1an:l01i,·dysmallpcr<cntagcoftc>0hcrsareusingcompu1mcffocti,.elyin

inmuction. ln1hcirdiocuuionofpolicyinrela11onto1echnology.Mcansetal. state

""leehnoS>gy'spotenllalforprofoundinnucnccsoninmuction,sye,10bcrcali,cJ""

(~leans. Roschcllc. l'cru,etSabclli.& Hacrtcl.2003), Thisporcci,·cd low r<lumon

invo,lmont has become• sourc-c of concern for so1nc. "hkh has developed into criticism

lhatfi"'1ocialrcsourcnoouldbcbc11crusedin01hcr"·aystoimprow1c30hingand

lcaming(Oppenheim<T. 1997;Cut>an. 2001). hnplon1cntcr$ha1·cbe<,n,ucccssfuljn

gcuingcompu1cr,incl=room•bu,,h<:yh0>·cfailedto>dequatclyconsiderfac1ors1h>1

migh1pr<:dk1orinnucncccffcrtiwu .. by1cachers

ThcreisonceJtobettcrun<lers1and"·hy1eachersoreno1usingcomrutcrsin

grcotcrnumberssowccanJe,·doppro<esscsandstratcgiestohdp1cachersbec<>mc

cxanuna1ionofi nsir11ction•l1cchoolo¥yinanins1ruction•lsc11ingre,·c•ls1hrecrel•tcd.

interacti,·edomain,:thc teaeh,-r.theinno,·aiion.an<l1heconte>1(Zhao.Pugh.She ldon.&

Bycrs.2002).These1hree00ntainspro,•ideauscfulframewortf01considcringcffcc1i,·c

instruction•l1cchnologyusein a K-1 2cduca1ionalscning.an<l 1hcyfac,li1atcanolysi,

ronsistcnt wi1hth<:awroach takcnbyEr1mcr (l999)intcm,sofintcmalandextcn.,I

factors. Of these three domain$, the two mo,;1 euminffl in relation to effcc1i,·c use of

in>1ructional1cchnologyin 1hedassroomse1t ingarcinno,•ationandcontcx1,bccause

thcsedomain1arcthcca,ies110,·isuali,,:,examine.an<lquantify.Thcrchosbccnmu<h

lessanalysisof1hcteacherdomaininrda1iontoinstnx1ional tcchoolo11YUSCduc 101he

complexitiesufhumannaturcandth<:numberofori,blesin,·o l,·eJ.

Theuseofrompu1ersinthcclassroomhasbc<cnronsi<krcdfromthepe,,;pecti1·cof

the computer a, an cducalional inno,·ation (Cuban. 1986: Man,inkicwic, .. 1994), R~rs

(l\195)idcntificdcharactcristicsofinno1·0tionslha<facili1atc higherlcwlsofadoption.

ondthcsecharactcri sticsha,·cmcritinre l>1ion1ote>chcru,<ofcompulcrsinthe

classroom.FromaeonsiderationofcontcXl,lhcreisc,•idcn<•csugges1ingthatthc

1radi1ion,ltimc.spaccan<louniculumstnx1uresof K· l2pubhccduc•11onarelimi1ing

f>01orsin1cnnsoftcachor,adof,ungcon1pu1crsinclassroom,(lk»scr1, 1996:CubJn.

Kirlpatrick .&Po<:k. 2001). Ely(l'l99) i<lcntificdanumberofe<>nJi1ion<thatfacihta1<

chango.and1nostof1hcsec<>nditionsar<c.<1emal,orcooccxiual1othous,,,.Many

comcxiualfa,•torsrcla1eJ1o in S1ructional1cchoologyinth<:cla,sroo,nha>·ebccn

oddresseJ(,uchas1rainini;forsutTocientknowlcdi;candsKill,.accr,1ibility.1imc10

leam,,nJsurpon).Dcspi1e1ht"'·•ilabili1yofcon,pu1cninclassroon11,ar.dhighcrlc,·els

oflcachcr1raining.adoptiona,-.Jusel0>·elsofrompu1crtechoolo¥y•res111lquitclow

Oc<kcr(l</9.i) obse,,.·c,J tho, only• ,-cry<m•II pcrcen1agc of classroom !Oachcrsrould be

classificdo,e,cmplorycompulcrUS<::rsinl99l.Tcnycanalatcr.thcpcn;entagcof

1cachcnu1ingc<>mpu1crsforin,tn;c1ionintransfomia1ional"'")'Shodno1incrcased

,ignifican1ly(Florida l)cpanmentofEduca1ion.2003).Todatc.anumbcrofSludicsha,·c

•-'"miocd 1ht phcr.omcoon of bow !cacher use ofcon,pu,crs in 1ht cl>moom. but thts<

Sludiesha>·elargclylookcd3!f1rs1-ordcr(c.'1cmol)barricrs(Enmer.1999),uchas

li1ni1cdrc.sourtesandsuppon.S«ond-ordcrbarricrs101echnologyintc¥rationare

intrinsicto1cachtrsandinclndc""bclicfsabotittc1><hing.bdicf$abou1rompu1crs.

cstablishedcla<Sroompra<ticc,,andun..-illingncss10changc""(Enmcr,l999,p.48).

locrcha,becnn,uchlessresearthin10keond-ordcr(intcmal)barricrs101echnologyu,c

such as belicfsystcms.allitud«.,·aluc~•ndpercei,·edcontrol.Althoughchangeandlhc

Jiffu<ionofan inoo,·ationisasocialproccss(Rogrn;.199S).ilultimatclyim·ol,·esan

indi1•idualgoingthroughanc,·aluationprocc<sanJmakingadecisiontochangc.Jnthe

changcprocess . ..-hatJ)CQpkdoar.ddoootdoisthccrucial ,·•riable(Fullan&

Sticgclbaucr.1991).Teachcrsarccri1icalcomponcn1,of1htchangcprocessincduca1ion

(Fullan&Sli<gclbaucr.1991),ar.d1htirpcr:specti,·e,softeno\"Crlookcdwhenadccision

i1madc,odcploy a 1cchnoloi;yinaclassroo,nsetting(Cuban. l986). llcc•useintemal

ar.dpcrsonological,·ariab lcsr<la1ed(ole1·cl,ofcomputcruseby1eachcrsha1·00ftcn

becno,·crlookcd(Man,inkiewicz.1994),thi•<tudyisnecdcdloenabku,10beucr

uotkrst•ndthts<variable<in1hctcachcrdomain1ofacili1atehighcrle\·clsofuscand

mon:off,:cti,,:useofoomputcrsby1cachcrs.AmorccompleteunJers13ndingofint<mal

fac1orsrola1edtocompu1oru>Cby1cacherswil l cnableustobe'1erprtJ1ctho"' 'c""hcrs

"'illusccomputcrsin1hcrn>1ruotioruilproc<,5S,and i1 "·ill facilita1c1hcdc,·elopmcntof

n>0r<:cff<:<ti,·cin,pk1ncn1ati<>nstr•tcgi«forth is 1e<chnologyindassroon10.

Sionificanceofthc:Sn,dy

This study is imronant bccau>C ii cumir>Cs interna l ,·,ri,blcs related tocleme,ua.ry

tc><hcruseofoomputcrsforinstruction.Spccifically. itlooksat thcO<H1struot~ude

1owardthcbehavior,subjcctiwoom1,pcn:eil·edbeha>'ioralcon1rol,anJbehavioral

intcn1ionas<lolineamlm1hell\eoryofPlannoJEkha,·ior(Aj1.en, l988).0therstud~

h:t.1·cmcasurodinJi,·idualin1cmalfactorsn:latedtocompu1cruscs11<hasa1ti1U<lootself.

cfficacy,bu1ase•rchofthclitcra1un:foonJnos,uJy1ha1mca1urcsa11 itude to"'"rdthe

beh.-·io,.subjec1i,·cnonn,andJ><=iYedb<ha>•ioraloomrolinn:la1ion101cachcr

OOTl\puletus,.Anitudcto"·ardthcbcha,·ior.subje<:1 i,·cnorm,anJpcn:e;,•e<1bch:t.1·ioral

O<H1trol.oolkc1;,-c1y.arcthean1ecedentstobeha.·ioral in,cn1ionwhichishighly

rorrelattdloactualbch:t.sior(Ajzcn, 1988, 199l).Thcinsuumcn1dc,·c!21l<dJrorn 1his

studywillbeausefultoolfo,n:sean:hersandin~inmorcefftt1i,..,

con,putcrusebytc><hers; anJi1willfaciliu1cabeucrundcrsmnJingofthc.rda1ed

in,cmal andpcrsonological,·•ri•blcs. ThisstuJyalsoex,endiprcsioosrescan:hlhaiuSC'tl

thcTh<'CK)'of Plannedllch»•iorin01hcrdi>eiplincs.anJittomthc,·alidityofth,s

thoorctical framcworkintelationto1e.•,heru<cofcompu1""'in1heclassroom

Topro,·idcaclcarunJcrsland,ngofthcconccptsanJ!crmstelattJ10 thiss!UJy.1hc

follo,.· ingdcfinitionsarepro,•idcd

Jbroo:off!aoDPllkbtIM(TPO)i11frarnn,vrl<liirlhr_..udyofhumanbma•-

.,. ... bchanonl. nomu11,·c, anJ co,mol. TPO look1111M con,nucu ofatun.idc,

1ubjct11,·enorm.andpcrce"·odbch>"ior•lcon1rolo, an1<:c<Jcnt11obchav;0<.TPOl\as

bcen,·•lidatedinonunobcrof11ud10,1,:rou,·•nou,d1s,,pli""'.

AJll1Y'k1""'¥ll lhc bdy)"M" !he deg= 10wh1ch • po.- hat• fnonblco.-

,..fa,,,,.,,.,lc.-.-.lualoon0<ll'Pflllsalofdiot,,;ta.·io,1nqu,l,loon(Ajzm.1988. 1991).

~ 11 dio!'<"'«••·odsoc1alprcuun:1opcrformo,no1pcrform1

p;,n,oulorbc:ha,·ior(Aj>en,1988,1991).

~,, ..,iridh·K1u.al"1 rn«rn""'10pnfonn•&<•·enbcha,·>0<

(AJ,cn. 1988. 1991). In 1h<1de~n1tion. in1en11on,.innU<ricedbythcconmuc1<of

••t11udetoward1hcbcha1·K><.subJcctwcnonn,ondp<rcc"·cdbc~1·K><conuol

~1nmyotudyn:fcrs1<>1hc11 .. ofaromputrrfo,1""""'1J(IR.!

p,llpl><Sbyaci....,,,.,.,,tcachcr. Tcxhcr1nstn1<1IOIW11SCofcomputcrs1n,-..l,-.sha,·,na;

otud<nls .... .1<>H1<-.re propa,nl lOS partof1hc,r ~NCIIOIIII e>:pcncn«. u .. -c11 as for

demorutra11onuprc<cr11a1""'ohl""°"(llcck<T&R,cl,l000). lti10pontionally

<kfincdrn thisstuJy .. non-usc,utHi,a11on.111din1cl,l'l!t;onasdctcnnincdby1hcLcnlt

oflJsc (LU) ,rumurncn, (Marc,nkK""·i<:,. 1991~

1omewne1 ealledcon:, .. lues(l.urnf,e&Clumben.200 l ). lkhcfl'""wpe1P1ls.dm-.:

dc-c1-.andcrca1ed1-fort,.·hcn,·,ola1oJ'"(l.oods-llorsleyetal .. l998.p.1 8)

lkhcfin,pl icsthemcnial ,,,,,opt1necoroomc1h ing as uuc.Thcrc 1,acn11calr<lation1h1p

betv.·eon 1hebel icfsof tcachenond the1ns,ructionaldc-c11,on11heymake(l laney.

I. Thc .. uJyfocuscdonclcmct11a)'tcad,,n1n op,,blocs,hoold1<triot,andtht

orpniza1ional clin10,o. and1<hoolcoltorc.

2.Thooglttheo,·en,llrnponKratcv.·.,.good.tht11odyv. ... hnutoJby1he

4.Thc .. udywos hm11oJby 1heJcgm, towhichp;1M1cip;tnliUr.dcrilOOdlhc

researc h instrumcn,. ~·orcurnpk 1herc cou hl be different rntc~ations by teachers of

,.ha,umeansto= • compuletfor1ns,rucuon

I. TIie ,nscrummis u>td mea>Uffil am11Hk ,o,.,anl the bchawior. wbjeclivc nonn.

2. TI>epanr<,pa,,tsldtquatclyundcnloodlh<'""""'hil'ISuumen,

l . TI>epa1uc,pa.nt1an,,."tffd1hcr=amliMlNmmthoncslly.

1ubJ«.lil•ononn,aridpcrtci1·«lbchovoor.,l«!fll1Ul of•1><™"''""'ard1hcbchavjor

-1catbc:1"1,n1c1montou,ccompu1crsincla,sroom,nstl\lCl1011?

l.Wha1111hcrcla1ionshipbel""<'<'n1UbJCClll'COOl'nlOridanc ltmcn,arytca<hc<1

in1cnuon 1ousccompotcrsincla,sroominsoructioo?

J . What111hcrel.,ion,hip bel"· .. npm:c1>·cdbchl\"IOfalconirolanJanckrr1n11ary

~. Doltlo-.....attirudelO'-'-anlthcbeha,·a • ..,,.al\·cnonn.andpcrcrm:d

S. l1 thcrco001"1Clauonbel..-«nanelcrne11torytcacher"11nlcnttou,cacompu1<r

for,,..,.,,.,1ronaridthc1ead..,"1a<lu>luscof1c"'npu1c1for1nS1ruc1ion?

S•••c;mi;n10Cllmmhgg

ThisstuJy1ested1hefollo•,;ninul l hypo1heses

'ntenfon1oustrompu<0r>byolementoryte:>ehcr>

2. Thcreosnocom:la11onbetweensubjccti1·onormandbeha1·ioralintmtion10u,c

.-omputcr,byckmcntarytc:>ehcr>

intcntiontou .. ron,putcrsbyclemenloryleacher>

beh»·ior,subje<:1i,·cnorm,andpcrteiwdbeh0\•H)ral<:0<1lrolonandementaryteachcr's

'ntcnfontou,cron·,tcr,".lassroom 'nstruc,·on

S, There isnorom:t,1 ionbetwccnbeh»·ioral inccn1ionon<lactu•lrontpuleru .. by

elemcn1ary1cachers

lkginninginthccarl)' 19~0., rclau\'clypowcrful pcrsonalco,npu1ersbcco,nc

o,·ailablcforhon,cuse. The,uccccd,ngyearsha1·cshown1ho11his1echnologyhashaJa

Jramatk •nd r><"""'i,·e impacl on our society. and on how we he. w<rl. play

communicatc.ar.dfunctioningmcral(lnt<m01ionalSo<ic1yforTechnologyin

Eduoation.2000).1hcdc•·ctopmcn,ofandn»l!1rationof1hclntcmc1l,aprin,eeumplc

of1hcubiqui1yofromputcrt«ohnologyinoursocoe1y.K•l2pubhccduc•uoois.inmany

ways. a m,m,rofsocicty. ar.d the same !«hnolog,cal od111n<C$ that haw impac,cd

<ocietyh:wchadaJ>Cr\'O<i1·car.dpowcrfulimpa,t01tcducou01t •swcll.Thcintroduction

ofromputersin1opubliceJuca1ionhashelJhighhopcsa<a1ool10,na\:.ctheins1ruc1iorud

proccssmorccffic,cn1anJeIT«oti,·e(Ohlcs.l985;Cuban.1986;Cubon. Kirkpa1nck&

l'«ok.2001).ThcrehasbeenoconsidcrablccITon,opro1·idccomputcrs10schools1nh1gh

numbcrs,1<>nc1workschool,.and1<>conncclschool,101hc'"infonna1ioosupcrhighway.""

Theassumptionha,alwaysb«n"ifyoubuildi11heywillcomc"and1ha1ifwcpro,·ide<l

1heappmprialctc<hnologytools in1 hcappropriaocamountstopro,·iJe>ufficicn1a,cce,s.

ohcywoulJbcuscd. lnfact.thishasnotb<:cnthcca,.,. De>pitc significan1in1·e,toncntsin

technologyinfra1truc1ureand lari;cnumbcrsofromputcrsin dassroom,.1ea,chcr,an,

usmg1h1St«ohnologyfor,nsoNctioninra1hcrhnrncJnun,b<rsar.d"·ays(l l><l lcy&

Sheing<>ld,1993:llcchr.1994)

Comru1crl/scbyTeachcrs

Thn:crelated,interacti,·cJom,ons(lhe in no,11tion,1hccontcxt,and1hctcachor)

(2hao,Pugh,Shcldon,aridBycrs,2002)proYidcau$Cfulframc"·oriforthc,-.::msidrnltion

of1crhnology1mplcmcnu1ioninaK•l2cd1>Cacional sc111ng

To1Ch<:rll<eof<'omru1er<asanlnoo•·a1ion

lnhLS,cscar<hon1hcdiffuS1onofmno,·at1 ons1hroughsocialsys1cm,.Rogc!l

( 199S)idcnuficdcharactcris11csofrnno,·a110nsthatfacilnmcfastcran<lhighcrle<·cl,of

odopli-On:rcla111·c"'h-an1a.;c,comra1ib1li1y,complcrny,1rialability,aridobser•abih1y.

Rdati\'cad,·a1110gcr<fc!l10thc<lcgrcrtowhichaninno,·ationispcr<ci,·edas bcner1hanthcidcai1sup<rsedcs. Compatib ilityisthcdcgrcr1owhichaninnoYationispcrcci,·eda,bcingronSiS1cnl "'ith1hcc>iS1ing1·alues.pastcsr,cricncr,;,andn<:<Jsofpotcn1ia l adoptc!l

~=~;,•,J.~c,:',:01hcdcgree1owhichaninno\'ationisp<rcci,"cdasdiflicultto

~~1~;:1:

1~, the deg.roe lo "'hich an inno>'alion may be e,perin,cn ted with on a

~;·abili1yislhcdcg.ree1owhich1hcrcsultsofaninno1·ationare>'isiblc10

A largcbodyofre;carcho,-crJdc<:adcshas1·aliJ>tedthcscfac1orsa,characterisucsof

mno,·ationsmorr likclytobcodopledbypotcnllalaJoptcrs(Rogers,199S).Thcsc

chara,·1cris,icsarcolsoYalidandimportan1"·hcncon,i<lcnngtcachcruscofcompu1crsin

1htclassroom.Teachcrs,nus,sceobcncfi1anJ a,h-antagc,nusingaron,putcrfor

,nstNC1,onO\·crmo,e1raditionalonc1hods;1hcco,npu!crandre la1edsoO•••re•ys1cn,s

muS1bccoinpa1iblcwithcxistingcl•sst001upract1ccanJ,-Juca1Lonolgoals; 1hcco,npu!o-r

s;-s1ommustno1hctoocomplcxfortcachcrStouse;tcache,sncedtobcablcto··1ry out'"

1hccomputorJuringthcproccssofi ntcgra11onintoclassroompractice;anJ,tcachcrsnccd

arid inse11 ing,sinular1othcirown.Ccnainlywmctcachersha1·cno1adop1edthcuseof

computcrsinthcirdassroombc<ausethccompu1c'<orrdatcdsoftwan:sy,;tcmsfailc-dto

m0<11hcsecritcria(Cnban.1986:Cubon,Kirkpa1rick,&Pcck,200l).Thcn:are,

however, instances v.·hcn compulcrs and software'>"""" ,n 1hc classroom do me~ these

mtma,an<lthcysiillarefH)laduptcdb)'l<><·hcrsforusemthcrnSlru<1Lonalprocess. This

seen, ·o ·mp lic'Sthatu 's r.cccss,u,10consuk,morcthanjns11hccompu1eras ·nno ·,on

when aucmpting co understand \\h,t is inn,h'l:d in lcachcrs' cfftt1i,·e computer use on the

JhcCO" 'fi'I PfTnr"":Com11ur;rl /«;

Anothcrdom01nfromwh1chtocot,sidcrdfccti,·euseofins11'11<tional 1echnologyi,

thccomc.,ofthattechnologynse(Zhao. Pugh. Shcl<lon.aadB;'l:rs,2002).Thcrcis

c••idcnecsuggcstingth>t1hctradit1<>n•l11mc.,p><c,andcnrl'icu lu ms1ni<1UresofK·l2

public«Jucationan:limitingfactorsinlcnnsoflc><hcrs,Jop1ingcomputersrn

ci,moon,s (llosseM, 19%; Cuban, Kirkpa1rick, & Peck. 200 1). El)·(l999) identified•

numberofconditionslhatfacilitatcchangc.~tanyof1hcseoondi1ion1arc,:'1cmal.or

I Thcn,mustbc"dis,,11isfactionw11h1hc statnsquo:·

Thcindi,·iduals whowillul11matcly implemon1anyinno,·a,ionmuS1posses< sufficien1 kno"·lcdgcan<l ski\lstodothcjob

3 Thethingsthatareneodcdtomakcthcinno,·a1ion"·orkshouldbceasHyaccessible.

4 lmplemcntcrsmusih>ntimetolcam,adapt,intcgr-.1e, an<lreflccton"ha11heyare doing.

5 Rcw>rdsorinc-.::nti,·csmuS1cxistf<>r1hcpo11ici1"'nts.

~ l'articil"'lion inth<:changcprocess n,ustbecxpcctcdondcncourageJ.

7 Anunqualifadgo.ohe><land,·ocalsupportfor1hcinno,·01ionbykcypl•)'<rsaad <>thcrsmkchohk,.,snc«S<My.

8. LcaJcrshipmuS1bec1·idcn1,(Ely,l999)

Other1handi,,:uisfactionwiththc'1atu,quoandsuffocicntknowledgcandskill,,

1hcsefacilitatingconditionsarcfa<torsc"omal to1hcindiv1duolinrcla1N>lt,othcchongc

pru<cS<. Mon ycon1cx1ual fac1orsrclatcd 1o;nscructionol1echnologyinlheclassroom

ha1·ebecnaddrc,seJ(,uchastra•ningfor,ufftcicntk1>0wlcJgc •nd>kills.accc,sibiluy.

t1mc1okam.and 1uppon). Dcspuc1hc:os·a.lobili1yofcompu1trs,nclassrooms.ondh1gh

l<>·clsof,ead"oertrain,ng.aJop11onanduselc1·cl,ofcompu1crux:hnologyarc,1illqu11e

U>w. Ueckor(199~) ,usgcstcd lh>ionl y3•S% ofcla"roon1tca<h<<>coulJbec l•s,ifi,:Ja,

e,cmplarycomputcr ""-"'· More ,cc,,nt Stud ies rc1·cal 1imilar nidcnc<: that the: number

ofcla1<room,eochc:nus;ngcomputcisforin<truetionine•emploryortransform>1ional

"·•ysismin,mal(Floridall<PJnmentofEJuca1ion.2003). Thu,con1cxtu•lfac1ors•lot,c

cannotpro1•idc1h<c,planationforthispheD<Jmc1,on;andothcrdomain,muststillbe

ThrT9d1£'anflYNlJf"Ug!l<r

Tcachc:!l3fccrit1cal componcntsof1hcchangcpruccssincducat1on(Fullan&

Sucgdbaucr.l'l'Jl),andthc:irperspcc,i,·cisoAcno,-erlookcdwhcnadc<isionis madc10

dcployat«hnologyin a cla«roomseu,ng(Cuban, 1986:Tobm&Dawson,19'92). An

rc,·calthatsomcofthcmh>1·cin1crnalinnucncc1ha1in,·ol,·csindi,·iduals(andin1hcc3<c

ofcoo1putc<>inthcclas,room.tcachers). Rcl,1i,·c>d,·•ntagchasntoti,.t!ional

implicationsbyaddrcssing1<·hat>d1•antagesaninno,·ationrna)·ha,·cforancnJuscr

(teacher) and her goal,, thus making a leom ingcu"·• in,·cstmcnt wonhwhilc. This is also

rcfleco,·cofe•pcct>ncytheory,whichsca1cs1hatanindi,·idual"'ill•1:1in•ccnain"'•Y

bJsedon1hccxpcctoBon1ho110Cactwillbcfollowodby•ginnoutcomcandonthe

anr.><1ivencssofthat ou,comc to ,ne inJ i,·iJual (Vroom, 196-1). Compatjbiliiy hos internal

m1plicationsb«:ause1trclatcsto1he,·•lues,beliefs, r,n,1·iousc.,peric1,,:.,s,andnc«l10f•

user.LJi, .. 1isfactionw11h thes1atu,quo1s al;,,,powcrfulmtcmolfo,·torthatcan

mnucn,;c,nindi,· ,dua l tochangcandococptant"' 'e<hnologyor,nno,·a11on. The

mtcrnaldissonancc,·rcatodbyintemal<l,ss,1!,sfacllooconbeapowcrfuln,oti,·atingforcc

forchangc(Schunk,2000).0nthooth,.,hand, thc l><koflhi,diw,nanccinhibits

mo1i,·a1iontochangc.Anumbcrofps}~hOlogicalandsoo,al factorsmayinnucnoc

tcachcradoptionanduseofinstrucuonaltochoologyinthedassroom:andmanyha>·e

bocnstudieJm1hisreganl,includingself·efficacy(Jonk•Uloom, 1988:Pajarcs, 1996~

computcran,iety,locusof<:onltol,lcnlofjnr,o,·au,·coc;s.selfcompeten«.pcrcei,'ro

rdcrnn«,attitudc1owanlcomputcrtochnology,and le,·c lsofexperiencerela1eJto

C<Hnputcr1ochnology(Dclcourt& K1n,ie,l'l">3; Rogcrs,1'195;Marcinkiewicz, l996)

Allhougltchangeand1hcdifTus>OnofaninllO\·a1ioni1aoocialprocOS1 (Rog,.,.,,

l995),;1ultima1clyin,•ol,·Cianindi,·idualgoingthroughane1 .. lua1ionpmccssanJ

makinga<locisjontochange.Agrca1Jcalofliter,.1ureaJdre...,.org1niza1ional,o,

instilutionol.change.fonJamenia lly,organi,ationsaremaJeupofindi,·iduab.lnthc

changeproc.SJ,whatr«>Pkdoanddonotdoi<thccrucial ,·•ri•blc(Fullan&

s,;egd\>aucr. !991). ll •ll•nd Hord(l987)3ddrcssdcmentsr<:lat«llOlhcindi,·iduo.lin

thcirConccrnsBa<cdAdoptionMOOol(CBAM). ln1hisn1odcl,in1enJcdl>dop1enmay

gothruugltse,·enSl•~cs:

Jnfom,ational:lnd"·,Jual<k<:1Jcstheywouldlikttokno1>•moreabou11hc

PcrSOnal:Prospcc1i,·e><lop1er'sunc<:naintyobou11hcdemanJsoftheinno,.,,tion, 1hcirabihty1omec11hem,anJtheirrolcin1heinnO\'alion

Managcmcn1:Thcadminis,rmi,econJlog;si,calchalkngosofinno,.,,,ionusc

Conscqucr1<·t;Jndl\·idualbe~nstoaskhow1hcrnnm·ationuscisaffe<1ingsoudont,.

Collabora1ion:llowthcmJ1>·iJualadoptcrcanc<>Onlinatcandeoopcra1c"'ilh othersin 1heuscof1hcinno,·a,ion

Ref;u.>ing:,Whcntl>el>dup1crbegjnstoh0\'Ci<lca,aboutr>.1>lacingor1mpro,·,ng

A1·aluabkp,:r;pcc1L,,coffcrctlbythcCBAMi,1ha1indi,·iJual,an:1hccri!ical

coosid,:r,uionin thechongcpro<e<s.!nimplcn1cntingchangcoran innoH1ion,iti s

impor1anttoundcrstand11>epoin1of,·,cwofthcpanicipan1sin1 hechangcpro<CU.Titc

CHAM also makes 1hc assumption thol "10 change som"1hi ng. som«>nc has to change

fir<1"(1 1all&l lor<l,1987,p.l0).

foronalys,sn:latod10,nsnumonaltcx:hnologyintcgra1ion,Enmcr(!999)dc,;cribe$

fir<t-and""°nd-ordcrbarricr<lo inlcgn,tion. Fir<1-orJerbarricrs1o tcx:hnology

in1cgratiOI1arc<lc<cribcdase.<1<mal101hclcachcr.Fore»mplc,notha1•ingcnough

compu1mornoth&1•ingenoughtrainingmhow1ousccon,pu1crs.S<:cond-Onlcrbarriers

1otcx:hnologyintcgra11on•rcin1nnsic101cachcrsanJincl udc"bcl,cf,about1caching,

behefsabout compu1cr1,cs13bhsh«ldassroompmcuce<,antlun"'ilhngnesstochange"

(Enmcr,1999,p.4S).formany)"C3rsi1wasa«umcdthatprovi<lingtc<hnology

resources ·nadcquatcquan1·fos'lautom>1 ·callykodtocH · ,ec ·n1egrauon 'n

cl0>srooms.Tin,cantlcxpcricncehasshown 1h;,10notbcthccase.Technologyis

pre,·alcn1inKhools•nJlargc•mountsoftrain ingha1·cbccnpro,·id«l,and)""1Cffcctiw

usc.whichi11ransfonna1ionalandin1cgn,1«1,i,n1inirnal.The,"<>n<cJ>10fse<ond-ordcr

barriers101cchnologyin1cgr;,tionbcginstorecogni,cthcsocialandps)'<'hological

romplcxi1yrelated1orhongcand1earhcrprac1ic<:. Porsonalchange iscon,ple,becau<e

pcoplcareromplcxl>yn>1ure.lnthi>hght,wenccd10focusonin,cmal(m0<i,·a1iooal)

«msidcr.:11ion,10«<:h1ghcrk,·el,ofimplementationandmorecffecti,-cu"'of

instructionalte<hnolol!.)lamong1<a<h<rs.lntemal,·ariablosrelatcdto le,·elsofoomputer

u<ebytca<hors ha,·coften beeno,·erlooked(Marcinkicwicz. 199~).

S••·••ofTuchnolm:y\l<e

A number ofinstrumcms ha1·c been dc,·clopc<i 1hat measure stage, oftech1,ology

use among lcachcrs, E»n>ples ofthc,c modd> inrludc r,:,,carch from Conocms Based

Adoplion Modd (Hall & Hord. 19g11, Ai>PIO Clamooms of Tomorrow (ACOl)(D"-'J"'I.

1995):TeusCent<:TforEducational Tochoology(ChriStcn<en.1997)basedo:rrRussell

(1995); TechfH!logy Maturity Model (Kimball & S,blcy. 1997); ond Technology

Adop1ionMo,dcl(ll00p<r& Rieber. 199~). Tumodcl1aresimilarin1M11hcyrcllctta

progrcssionfromfH!n-u>corawarencssoftechool<,gyinthedassroomtoahighk,..,lof

<kl)Co<knccontochoologyin th<dassro<>masa100ltoimpro,·c1ca<hingandlcaming

Tuytypicollypro,·idcadcsrrip1ionofcachstagc10fa<ili1atcaPf'licationand

classificationfor,pccificindi1·idual,andsc11i"i',Stag<Sfrom1hcse,·ariou,modcl,arc

list«lbclo,.· f0<comparison.

Conccm,~asedAdop1ionModcl-Lc,·elsoflJse(lfall&l!ord. 1987)

Orientation !'reparation Mcthan,cal

AP1>Jcaa..,..,..,on ... hnolosY(ACOT){D,.•y,,,-. 1995)

""" Aooplo<l<'I • Ad>,pc>to<>n

: ~=at1<l<'I TeusCen1erforEdoca11onalT«hnology(Stlf-n·•lu.a"':,n,ns1nin1m1)(Chns1enscn, 1997)

S..,..1:A"':araicu S..,?: Lumm1th<proccs$ Sia,el· UndencanJo11jWlll'(>lt<at""'ofdoeprocW S...,.4:hrnil,a.uyandooofMlmee S1a.geS:Adap1a1,00100lh<-rcon1cxt1 S14e6:Crca111·eapphoa11on1onewrontoxli

T«hoolo&)' Matunly Model (Kimball & Sib ley, 1997)

ElnC'flC'MSys1en11S1ll11< • l<landsofT""hnoiosYSta11< - ln'el l • ln1•grat<JS)'>l<mJSllljC - l.e\·~l l • ln1•H,,.,.,.sy,1emsS,.-Le>~ll

TecltnolotlyAoopl100Model( lloopor&Riobc1,l99S)

Ut1h,ation

~==;.,., faol"'""'

Rc .. arch. and lmprowrnenl. 2001). The level, arc ba..,.J on ••••i0<1<f fmm 1ho Milhn

Fam '\y fou,..· ··on·• Iu<hing in Am<:ti9n S.Chool1· Ssno P11ntn1ion1 fo,Q••• no

~ . Dtmm<..,.,Jof1h,, srno,,stcnnnl ""ProfO>hOnalCOnll'Cl<r.cyC0011nuum

thcFloridalkpMtmcntofEJocallon2001·2002TcchnologyRosoum:sSun·cy(Florida

l)cpanmentofEduca11on,2003). Th<:lc1·cls,Jcscriptionandstatc.,.iJcpcrc<n1agcs

n:poncdarc

~.Opcratecompulcr'53labasic k 1·<1.1','11hin<1ru<1ionmostlytcachcr· ccn1crcdandtasksarcslJ'IIClUrcdascxcrcises,(St11cwido-J6.S% tc1>thcrs"·ercin thisca1cgoryin2001·2002)

~ll!!lll!!I-Tcchr><>logyisin1ci;rotcdintotheclassroomin•uppot"10f cxistingprac11ccs. Educatorsus,a,11rictyofappli<ations.(Sta1C'l'ide-48.2% 1<ache"wcrcinthi<co1cgoryin2001·2002).

S••vclll Transformatioo.AJcptattransfcmngskillsfromcurrenttcchnology to<>lstoncwor.c<andoficnkaminJcpenJcntly.(St>1c"'ide-lS.J% tcachcrswcrc in1hisca1egoryin2001·2002;Cou""ilforEdocational Policy.Rcscarch.and lmprowmeno,2002)

Amorercccmmc»urcoftcachcrron1putcrusage"·••mcasun:J\>ytheStatcof

Florida Oepanmcnt ofEJurnion', 2003 fl9oila Sshool Toshook,wy;e•d RRdi•N

~(FloridaD<ranmcntofEdocation,2004).Thismcasurcconsistcdofa

nrbricto0>'llluaielnd,ofcompu1crusc.Thcfourkl·dsofthcrubricandthcir

Jcscrip1ion,arc

, Tcachersu><c·mail anJ1<·onJproccssingproi;ron1S , T'otoh>gyno10S<dtc· s1u.k,1tasse<s,nen1 'r'rmat'on

• StrcamlincJadminis,rati,·cta;ks(gradc,,aucndancc.lcssonplanning,ctc.) • TcchnologyuseJinf"'<!uenllytorc,·ic.,.Sludcnt asscssment infonnaiion.

• Tcchnologyuscdforrcscarch:crcating1cmplo1csforstu<lents;molumcdiaand i;roph,calprcsen1>1ionsands,mola1ions;ondcorrcspondcnc,,withexpens. pccr>,andp=nt$

• Tcchr,ologyfrcqucn1lyuscJtorc,·icwstudcnlasse<smenli nfonnation

• Tcac:bcrsCJ1pkn ande-,-al,...•..,.,.·t<dmo~and11M"'"'h•c•nooalimpact; 1«:hnolo&YIIS«.lfo,,nq11,ry.an&lys1<.rollabonuon.cm11"·11y."""«"' product,on.andcommunicouoo

• T«ehnology "'ll"larly uK<l lO r,,·,cw studenl usestmenl rnf<)lmat!OII which rcsults inr,ce,kJchan11csinmstn1c110n.(~lo<id•O.r•nmcntofEducation. 2004).

m,osur<mcn1ins1n1mcnt11h>1m,ghtbcu .. fulinamon:ri11orous analysi1of1cach<:r

lc,·cls ofcompulet u .. in lhc clamoom. One instrument that has bc<n ,·alidatN ao =ful

•ndmlcgr.l1Loo . l1>cLUw11lbc.SCS.,rib<,,lrng,eo1e<dctaol1nthaplorJ

Teachcrsar<crincalromponn,1S1n1hceducationalchan11<proc:ess(Fulk-n&

S.i<&<lbaua.lWl).andthlliJCSf>«'L>lly1n><indfonsto1"'1'iemttlt•hc,...of

Clas,r00111SmuStbcdn,·•nbyclw>gtt1n 1C3Chcrs"bchefsoboulthcpufJ>OKandna1un,

oflnstrucuon,and 1cachcrb<licf1y11cm1 are,·cryrcs,s1an1 ~,chanjlC(M.,ngst>ff.

S.ndhol1:,.and[)wyer.l\19l).Thcn:a,cmongn,1•11oruh,psb<t1<·ccntcachcn"bcliof1

comprisingfi,·e1)'f)<'<Ofbclicfsonkmlakmgadimonsi""rangingfrom«ntral10

J)Criphenl . A11he«n1raltnd=primi1inbcliofs(c""'"'"'""l),which arccorebeliefs

'1lu1aroform<d1hroughpcnonal cxpcrim<«.rcinforcrd1hroughsocialconscnsus.and

1hus.mo<1n:,;sian11ochange··tAlbion&Enmer.lOOl.p.)5). Moving10wardthe

pcriphcralendof1hcsealcfromthes<:corebchcf,areprimi1i,-,bclicfs(pri,·atc),bclicfs

aboutau1noriti«,beliefsdcrh-edfromau1noriti«.andinoonsequcn1ialbcliefs.lklief

types1owardthepcripheral cndof1hesealcaremuchmoremalleablcand les,resistan110

change.lklief>abou11hcnatureoftcaching•nddassroompraoticearefom,edo,-er

manyy,,ar$.andrcsidca11hecon1ralcndof10<seale.ll-..scarerore,·aluesandbelicfs

fo.tc:>cher<. andthe)"arequitcrcsistan11ochangc.Onc in1cn-s1ingobs<,"·ationb)"P•j=

(199l)is1ha1"ohangcinbelicfsfollows.ra1hcrthan~cdcs,changcinbchavior"

(p.321).Theimplicaiionsfo,thisintcrmsof tcach,-ruseofcomputcrsisthallca<hcruse

ofaco,nputerfo,ins1ruc.1ionmaykad1ochangcsinbelicfsabouttcaching.Thctheoryof

planncdbeh3'io.(Ajzcn,l988,1991)is a useful1hoo.-ctical frarnc1<·0,kforunderstanding

beha>·iorbe<auseitconsidcrstheunderl)'ini;belicfstructure,th>1motiva1<opcrsonto

performapanieularbeh»·ior.AcoorJ ingtoAjzen(l991).

·· . 1he1hcorypoS1ulaics1hatbehaviorisafunctionofsalicntinfomu11ion,or belicfs,rdc,·anttothebeh.-•1or.Pcoplccanholdagrea1manybcliefsabou1any givenbeh.-·ior.bu11hcycanattcndtoonlyarelati,·elysmallnumbcratanygi,·en moment(seeMillcr. l956). 11is1hoscsalien1belicfs1 hatareconsidcmltobt1hc pn,,·ailingdc1erminantsofaperson"oin1cntionsandac.1ions."(p.l89)

lheTPBoonstn><tsofatti1udc1oward1hebchal'ior,subj0<ti,·cnorn1.andpcn,ei1·e<l

bth0\·ioralcontrolarede1cnn;ncdbybeha,·ioralbelief,.norn,a1i,-cb<litfs.•ndcon1rol

btlicfs(Ajzcn.1 9SS,l99l).Theunderl)ingbelitf$1ructuresofthcTheoryofPlanntd

Thfoo:ofPl••ngllJehavio,

ThcTheoryof PlanncJBcha>·iorITPll)(AJZ<n. 191\8.IWl),sathcoMicol

fran1cworldcsigncdto"nJcrstandandpn-dicthumanbehavior.llisbasedonthepremi,e

that humans arc ,m,onal bemgs who make systcmauc use of the infom1a1ion .,,.ilabk to

them. Ac,"Oru,ng to lhc theory. humans beha\·c m prcJiciable w>ys. and consider 1he

im plicationsbefoo,cboosingtocngagcorno1engagcinapanicularbeh,-iororac11\"lty

Afirst>tcpinundcrstand ingbeha1foris to i<kn11fy•ndmcasurethcbeM.1·iorofint<n:Sl

AccordingtoT!' B.oncc thcbeha,·iorha>becni<kntifi<d.ilisposs iblc10in,·e,1igate

Y.hai detcm1i,..s1hcbeh.1,·ior. Thcth0otysuggcmth>l>porson"sintcntiontopcrfonn

(ornotpcrform)abeha,·,or,sthe,mmediatcJc1cnninantof1hatbeh.1,·ior.Mcn:ly

otkno"·ledging.howc,·cr.th>lintcntpn-dictsbeh.-·10rdocsnotaddr<SS 1hcrca<onsfor

thebeh>1•ior.A.primarygoalofT PBisto undcrstand thc ""why'"ofhumanbeha,·ior.To

th,scnditisthcnimponan11oiJcntify1bc<ic1crminan1>0fintenuons.Tl'Bisror1<em«J

wnhthee>usalan1ccedcnisof,-olitionalbeh.-·1or(Aj,.cn.l988).Thc 1heorypos1ula1cs

thatapcrson"sin1cmionisafur1<tionof thrccba,iedc1crminants:at!i1udctowardthe

bcha1·ior.subj«1i,·enorm.>ndpcn:ei,-edbehavior-.lcorttroLTI>enatureofthesethree

dctcrminams_jnan indMJualisaprodllC1oftheinJisidual"sbelieh)~lem.f'cople

dc,-elopamu l11n,dcofbelicfsto"·•rd,·ariousobjects.1t1i,·i1ics.ande,·en,sJuring,he

cours,of tbcirll\·es.bu11bcyc•nonly onend1oarclo11,·olys,nallnun1berata1i1nc

(M,llcr,19S6).Ajzcn(l988)rcfersto1hcscassalicn1belicff oundcrstand,.·hyo

personholdsac,mainani1udc1owardanobj<:e1,i1is"""'-"S .. rytoasscs, thcir " licnt

bclief$abuutth:uobject.Bdief,rcl>1cdtoa11itudc towardabcha1·iorarc/xAu,.;cral

IN/i~/s,behcfsrcl>1cdtosubiec111·cnonn are11QT0W1i-.·be/i~ft.•ndbehcf,r<latcd 10

p<fCCl\"cdbch"'·1oraleon,rolarccon1ro/b,,li~/• - J

At1'tudcJowanlthelkh1vior

Anitudc1oward1hcbeha1·iorisaperson·,gcncralf«clingoffa,·orablcn,:ssor

unfa,·oc;,blencs,toward1hatronccp1: aperson"•judgmcn11hatperforrningthebeha,·ioris

goodorbad,ortha11hcyarcinfamroforagr,instperfonning1hcbch»•ior.Thcmorc

f»""'-blcaperson"sa11itudcis1owardabchavior,thcmorchcshouldintcnd10perfunn

pcrfonnthcbeha,•ior. Afrequcmux:hniqueusedtoassess•pcrson"sa11itudc1o"·a,da

beha>·ioristhescman1icJiffcmttial(Osgood.Soci.&Tanncnbaum, 1957).ltiscritk>I

1hatth<sescal .. beC''alua1i,·cinnaiurc(Ajzcn&Fishbein.l980)

ll,cmca>urcsofanitudcrc,ultinasinglcscor<,whichreprescn1saperson's

grncralc,·•luationoro,·crallfcclingoffo,.,,,._btcncssorunfa,·orabkncssto1<·ardthe

bch»·iorinques1ion.Ancsiimo,cof10Caui1udc1owardthebeha>·iorcanbeobtainedby

multiplyinibelicfS1rcng1handou1comcc,·alua1 ion,andsumming1heresul1ingproJucts

(Ajzcn. 1988). Thisproc<S<isshownin1hefollowingcqua1ion·

A, «~b.~,

,11 • At1itudetowardbeh»·1or8

b, • lklicf1hatperfonnin~beha1·iorBwill lcadtooutcomei e, • E,·alua1ionofoutcomci

L • Sumiso,·cr•salientbehcfs

Subjce1i,-cnonnis apcnon"1perccp1 ion1ha101hcrpeoplehcron1idcr$imponan1

Jcsirc1hepcrformancoornonperfom»nceora,pc,:ifio0Cha>·ior.Thispcrccptionmayor

n»ynotrcflcctwha,1heimportan1010Crsoc1uallythinktheyshoulddo.Thcmorea

personpcrccinsth>101hcrs1<·hoarcimponant1ohimthinkhcshouldpcrfonna

bcha,·io,.thcmorche1<•itlintendtodo>0.Subjccti,·•nom1asade1em,inant issoc,.J in

nature. lnTPll.peoplcareviewedosin1cnding 1operforrn1hosebeha>·iorstheybclie>·e

1h>11mponanlothers1hinkthcy shoulJperform. lfthcybclic,·cimponant0lhcl'$think

1heyshoulJno1perfom1abcha\'ior.thcywillu$uallyintcndno1toJoso. Thcmcasurcof

,ubjcc1normissho1<·ninthcfollowingcqu,iion

SN«~b,"'1

SN • Subjccth·enorm b1 • Normatiwbcliefconeemingrefrrrntj

"',• Person'smo,i--.1ion1ocomplywi1hrefcrcntj

n • Numbcr ofsalicn1nom1a1i,·obclief•

TPB isancxtensionofathcoryba1<cal led 1hcThcoryoflkasoncdAction(TRA)

(Aj>en&fishbcin.1980).T RAwasdcwlop«ltodcalwi1hbch•viors 1hatarouodor

,·olitional control (Ajzon.1988)andincluded1hc«,nstruc1Sofa1ti1 udctowart,l1he

bchaviorand,ubjecth·enorm.Aconsuleralionofani1udosandsubjcrti,·cnormsleadsl0

1hcbcginningofundcrs1anding1<hypeoplebch»·e1hewaythcydo(Aj,en.l988).lt

mus1bcacl<r.owledged.howe,·er.th,inotallbcha>•iorisundcrcomplete,·olitional

con1rol.Manybcha-·iorsrequirethcavailabilityofoeecs,.ryopponuniticsandrerourtcs

Pcopleshould ,uccceJ in perforrn,ngabcha\"iortothec~tem 1hcyintcnd1operforrn 1hc

bchniorandhavetherequiredopportuniti<SanJre,our~s(Ajzcn.19~8).With thc

unJers1onding1hatfactorsbcyondape™'""•,uli1iooalcon1rolcandisrupttheinton1ion·

bch3'·iorrdalionship.Ajzen{l988)addcdar.o1her•ntccedentofinton1ioncalkd

fMrMivedlH!ha,·forolcan1roltohis1hcory.Thce.1cndro1he<>reticalframe1<·ork

contoiningper,:ei,-edbchovioralrontrolisthe1heoryofplannedbch»•ior(TllP)

Pe=indHchavioral Controlasacons1ructisuseJ1oaccoontforf1K:10rsbeyorHla

person's\'Olitionalc<>ntrol that candisroptthcintcn1ion-bcha\"iorrclationship(Ajttn

1988).AccorJingtoAj><n.thi, ckmcnt ··..,rors101hcpcrceiwdc•scordiflicultyof

pcrfonningthcbeha\0iorondi1;,o,sumcdtorcncctpoStcxpcricncc.,wcllo,an1icipaled

impedimentsa<Hlobstacles""(Aj2cn.1988.p.13l).TI,cmo,ercsour,:es or,dopponun itics

i<Hli,idualsbclic,·cthcyposse,s,and1hcfc"'Crobsi><:lesorchalkngcsthcycxpect.thc

grc>1crwillbethcir1><rcciwdoomrolo1·cr1hcbch»•ior.Tl'Bdocsn<>tadd re,s1hcac1Ual

conlrolanindi,·idua l ha$inrcgarJtoaparticul>rbcha\"ior.bU<thcirp;!N:ei1Wbchavioral

conlrolonachic,·crncntofbch:n·iorgoals,lklicfsaboutf'CSO\lrcesa<Hlopponunitics

underliepcrcei,-edbeh.-iorol control (Aj2cn,l991).Pcr,:eivedbeh3\"ioralc<>ntrol canbe

,ymbolized inthcfollo1<·ingequ>1ion

/'BC « tCJ\

PBC • Pcrcei,·edbchavioralcontrol C • Controlbclid P • Pcrcei,'Cdpo"·crofthcpanicularoontro l factorlofacilit•1corinhibi1 perforrnanecofthcbch.-·ior n • Salicntco,nrolbelicfs

JnTPB.bcha1•io<is prcdic1cdarHldctcrnuncdbyintcn1ion.whichmedia1cs1hc

cffcctsofo11itudcto"·ar<1,hcbeh"'·ior.subjccti,·enom,.andper,:ci,·edbeha,·ior,il

con1rol . ll>Cstronger1hcin1cn,iontopc,formabcha.-iororachicwagoal.1hcmore

ltkclythat beha1•iorisexpec1<d.Ekmcntsandre lotionship$Ofthc1heoryofplanncd

bchat·iorarcshow11inFigun,2-I

~' i&urc2.1. Thcoryufl'l;untd Ucha>·1orModel

AJlCn (Aj= & Fishbein. 1980: Aj~rn. 198~) pro,·,J,s mcthoJoloil1es 10capcurc

\'lhda1cdinthcirabili1ytoprcdictbcti>northmughanalys11 of1nt,;n,ion(Aj....,&

Fi1hbc1n. 1980: Aj,.,n, 198~). A number of studies, mo,;1u1inijnlultiplc linear regression

norm pmnot"highly1«untcpmliclK111~,.,-;,h~l>1oonsmiq,,eom~,,..,uudic:s

"""'"'from0.7lio0.119.lnamC\ll·onalys1Sof87•1!1d1es,Shrppanl, llan"·lcl:.and

1n1cntion w .. 0.66. Annn•s• & Conner (2001) e<mcloo«l fw,n their n1e1a,analysi• of I ~S

1ndcpo!>den1studicsthat1hcthcoryofplanntdbcha1·i,o,i1cmc..,ioosti1prcdictorof

Cormor,2001)

Tho1hcoryofrcasonedactionond1hcthroryofplanr.cdbdi»·iorha1·cbeenused

txccnsi,·ely1oanal)",eandpmlic1abroadru,gcofbch>viors(Shcppard, Hanwjck,ond

Warsha"'• 1988; Annilagc & Connor, 2001), A May 2003 starch ofan oxicnsi,·oonhnt

databa,c, UMI ProQe,1 Digital disscru1ions, returned 433 ci1a1ion, on the 1hcory of

reasoneda<tionand277ci1ationsontl>c1heoryofplanncdbcha1•jor.A1<·idc,·arit1yof

l>tha.·iorswcrecxamincd in1hed issenationli1crature.includingabs1incncefrom,·aginal

intcn:ourse,panicip;uionincartlia<rch.1bili1a1ion.,hoppingon thelntcme1,in1cntionto

userondoms,physicala<tivi1yamongoldcr"·omcn.andfas1foodron,umption.S1udies

rclat ingtoK·1200ucationir,,:ludcd1e>chcn"bclicfsreganl ingtl>cimplemcn1a1ionof

coo,1ruc1i,·ismintheirdassroom,tc>ehcrpcrttp1ionsofplay,1heu>eofthelntcmclfor

·n• ,·on rel ·cl-'lll,andct..~,cofcomputcrs 'nma·• ·,, ·cs·nr-.,ct'on.A>ean:hon

TKAanJTPBinrclation tou,chnologyuscrt>·calcdanuml>trofSludies.Reprt>en13ti1·e

s,udic<rcltucdto1echnologyincludc ln1crne1uscra11itudes.facuhyu>eofwtb•based

insiruotion.u$Cracccplanctofinfonnation1ec·hnology,anJ1heu>eofeduca1ion•I

1cchnologyinhospirals. Thcre"·cre1·cryfcwstud icsaddrc,sing leachcru,cofrornpu1er

technologyin1hcdassroom.Areprese,11a1i,·estudyin1hisarearclaicdtothcuseofTRA

for 1hc dc,·elopmcnt of an instrument 10 measure !<achers' a1ti1ude1 1owartl their use of

rornpu1crsinmathema1icsinstn1ction(Long,l994),lllepremisesof1hotheo,yof

plannOO beh3\·1or makt i1 an a1tra,;ti1·c th<O<'tlical framework with which to analyze tho

uscofrornp1Mribyc lcmcniary1cacheriinpub licOOuea1ion.

CllAPrER) RES EA RCll l)ESIGN AND METltODOLOGY

n,;,.-=,rch,.·asronductcdtocumincthcrel01ionsh,pof•1tituJctoward•

bch,11•;0,,,ubjec1i,·cr.omi,pc=iYC<lbcha,·ior.ilcon,rol,•nJbeh»·ioralintcnt10

clcmcn1>ryschool tc>ehcru,eofcoo1put<rl<:ehoologyforinstruction.Thischar1,.,­

Jcscribcs1hcr=arch<lesi1VL•n<lm<:1hodolo~yuscdin1h;,,1udy.Thctopicsco,·cred•re

res,arehdes;gn.populationantlsamplc.inst"'mcn1Je,·elopmcn1.proccdurcsforpilot,ng

thcsur\'cyinS1rumcn1-da1acollection.anJdataanal)'$i>

Thisw,sanon..,,pcrimenial,pn:<lict11·c•tudytha1cxamincdl'>riabksrdate<l10

thcin,tructionalusc ofcomputcr,bydcmcn"1rySchuoltcochcrs.ThcthCOrcllCOlbascfor

my$1udyw,sAj>cn'sThcoryofPlonncJlkha\"ior(Ajtcn,1980.1988).Pltilic1in

rcscarehdcsigm;cn>blcthcim·<Stiga10rtopn:<lic1thc,,.1ucofa<l<fl<r,tlcnt\'ariableba,e<I

on1hc,·aluesoblaincdfromothcrinJcpcndent,·ariables(Bums&Gl'O\·e. l997).

PredictionatlcmplitocxplorecausalrclationshipsbctwcenJifTcrenl,·ari•bles.~

e.,pcrimcn1al r=arehal[Qy,'S u,"(l)1oincreaseourunderstanJingofrelationships

among,·ariab les(1ofulfillth<,cxplana<orypurpo,e).(2)topredictacri1crionou1Comc

bascdonprcdictorinfonnation(tofulr.llthcpn:<lic1i,·epurrose).anJ(l)totcstthe

con1ribu11onmadcby,·ar1ablesinathwrcucalm0Jcltha1isbeingp~loc•rlaina

l)hcnomcnonorbeha>·ior(topcrfom,n,00<:l 1csting)"( Kcppcl&Zcdcck.l989,p.J89)1A

papcr-basc<l surwy in>1rumcnt wo, Jc,·clopeJ alld dis1ribu1cJ 10 cap1Urc Ja,a rele,•an110

1hc,·aoiablcsof,n1orcstfor,hcsiuJy.Thc,·ariablcsofintcrcs1for1hisS1uJyoreJeri,·cd

fromthcTheoryofl'lannedlleh,,.ior(Aj,cn&Fishbein,1980:Ajzen, 1988).Thc

prtdictor,·ariablesareanitudc1o"wd1hcbeha\'iot(A1T),subjccti,·eoom,(SN ),

pc=ivedbcha,·ioralcon1rol(PBC),andbeha,•ioralin1cntion(ll',-T),TI,ec,i1crion

,·aria bit for thi1 siudy is actual oomputcru1<"' • sclf-rcpon by ckmcn1ary tcochers aoJ

measurcJusingtheLc,·elsofUsc(LU)ins1rumcnt(Marcink icwic,,l991 ),JXSCri pti,·c

stalistkJ,com,lations.andmultjplclincarrcgrcssions"·ercuscJfo,>1ati<ticalanalysisin

mystudy.Fors1atisticalsignifieonce,acot,fidcnee lc\'clof9S% (a •.0S)was

l1lepopula1ionofintcrcstfor1hi$$1udy"·asdcmc-nl>rytcocher:,inamcJ1um-sittd

schooldistrict ince11tralFlonda. Pcmtission"-,.,"'<l""''ed,aoJ gra11ted,from lhc

district'sSuperintcnJcntofSchools(AppcnJi,A)toperformthestudyinlheschool

J istrict.ThcckmcntarytcacherstargclcJfor thc studywcrcdassroom-based,andthey

rcprtscntcd 7grndclc,·el,; Pre-kinJcr,;•rtcn1hruughS"' grade.Thcseteachen;,.·crcfrom

theschooldiS1ric!'$I0clcmcn1aryschools,andoollc,cti,·cly,theytaught6,794Pre-K

throughgradeSdcmcntarystllden1S,whichrcprescn1, 43.6% ofthedislrict'10,·crall

studcntpopulation. Oftheelcmcn1ary1cachcrpopula1ionusedforthit Study,94.1% "-ert

femalc(! • 30-l)andS.9% wcrcn,alc(! • !8). Anclcctroniclistofalldassroon1-b..cJ

tlcmtntarytcachcrswosob1ainedfromthe1<hool distric1',lnforma.1ionService,

Oeponmcn1. Apoper•basedsul'\·eyinstrumcn1"-,.,de,·elopeJand<lis1ribu1ed1oall

elcmcn1ary1eachcrsin1hediS1ric1(n • l22).lk<au1<thisstudyinvoh·ed,•ariablcsrela!ed

to computer use, • p•per-b•sed su,,-cy mcrhodology \\'OS chosen o,·cr al1cma1"·c s,m-ey

mcthodologios,suchascotnpulct'-mediaccdwcb-basedsul'\'eys.ioarnidanybia,1h>1

bc,nnuonccd rn1h<udc~ofr:<l<npu1oruscbec•uscof1pankulor 1ubjcx:tarcaormorc

<()tnplo, 1,UtructlORlll ~(Man:,nk;ey,·ioz,1991).

lo<!DHD£0li!191JPc•·rl9PD1£Dl

wolmod by Ajzen (AJwi &. Fisllbcrn, 198(); AJlcn. 1985. 19SS, 1992, 2002) for Theory

ofl' tannrdBcha,.ior(TPll)rosoan:h. Thi1 n,elhod<>logyh•sbccnu,rd inhundrcdsof

modol. T,.<:rlargc--scalemeta,analyoesconductedbySh<ppard, llan"·ock.andWanha••

(191S)pro-,idoscron&"'f)IHlflforlbepttdlC11\~lllilnyoflbeAJZfflandFi.t,be;nmod,:1

rolationshipa10.S3,basedooS7ICf)llr.,tostudi .. " 'ilhakll•l ,.mplcof ll ,566onda

y,·01gh1cda,·nago~l>t100b'thc(al1mldo+1Ubjttt1,·crrom,) - mt0111robl\onslupld

.OO lle,'d(Shc!)panl,ll•n'"·•d:,&W,nhaw,198S)

Douilod procedures fo, ,n,lnin,cM dc,·elopmoru an, pr0\'1<1ed in Ajwi (Aj,cn &.

Fi1hbo,n,1980;Ajzc:n, 1988), Tho¥cneralJ1c'f)SarcliS1odboH>wand1htyarcelabora1od

on,n1hcfollowin11sectionJ, ln~l,lbeJ1cp,,in,<:rl,·cdfor,nstNmtfltdc,~lopmnrt

J. ~bduo•·-ofiN...,..,n,ennsof11Saction,lllrgfl,~n1andu""'

2. Deflnclhcco,respond,ngbduo,·oon!m1en1ion.

l.Deflnc the ~ 1niT1'8,·ariablesofan1111J<.,ull;m11•cnorm,and 1><r<<i,·cdbch>viorolcCH>1rol

5. Defincbchdlandbel,.-f.!,ttt11£1h<>•luauons,ncluJ,11ibett"'·oonlbclicfs, .... ICOmee,,1luallOIIS,"""""11\"Cbch<fs...,.,.,,;,1>onto"""'ply,"""'10lbchcfs. andpcr<"el•-.:d-""of"""irolfactors.

6. C"""""1aqU<$UOMl<n:baK<lonthclClofbcl..-f•KlennflCd.

~

Thefors111cpoftl>o1n,1ru rn<ntdc,·elopm<nlproc<S1 1n,-oh·cddc,·elopinia

<kfmi11onofthc:bch>,·,orof ,ntcn:i,1h>1oddre<«dthcdcn..-n11ofac1ion.targc1.con,c"

and111nc.Thtbcbo,·"'"of1ntctt!l•-udcfoncd .. a 1.-xhtt11$1n1a"""'pu'er"'p,neno •

.......,in)'Olltcia...oontdunn1"""""'""'-"ct""' • Us,n1acomp,ier:Tart:ct • I>'"""'

a lc$$ffl; Contexo • 1n )'lllrel""'°""'; and Time • d"'1nl 1n>1ruc110f1. To f>c1litatcan

,..as pnwidcd in the ,u,...·ey inmucuono: "rl,e phrase 'pttsc,n1 • I••- in I""' classroom'

n:fon101cochttuscoha,mpu1crfor1hcprnen1atiooora1<ssonora1coch<,inwh"111j

>1udems1n11S1ngacomputctlfpM10fai...or.. 1, <1o,:s..,.,.,fer1<>,nanogemcn1uscsofa

Thelltrolld>1cpinin11ru1ncn1Jcnlopmcnlw.,,hedc,·clopmcnlof odcfin11ionfo,

1hc:cO<Tc,;pond1ngbch>vioralin1cn11onn:lale<l10thebcha1•iorofm1cn,>1.The"""'rnon

_,ngof-,ntenuon"111hcactorfactof,ntendmg,ora<ktmn,N>llon1<>doaspte,fl<d

1h,111oractma>1>""1fi<dmamet"(G""'ln1k,1980). lnlh<lbooryofPl>nnedlleha•·-.

bdla,·i<n11nlent1on11..,111dh·IWl1"1,n1enuoniopcrl",,m,•1J1•·enhc-lw.·oor(Ajzen.

1988.1991).lnlheT~Odofinmo,,. ,men1,on;s,nH~by1hc00ftllNCISOfan,1ude.

oncto1non1ary1cad1cr"1;mon11on1ousc•compu1eriopn,s,n11louonin1heirdassroom

Ibcro:ofPl-it"1!£'l lkDivl"FYNiW1£<

11e:Json1n)'OlltCIHsroom, TIIOk,~ .. ncdcfioo,,111$

Subjcc1i,,.Norm1owartlusin111con1pu1cr10prc,on1olcHonrnyourdassroom.

::lkb.a,·KnlControl10,.-..dus,ngooompu1crioprcscnt1lesson1nyou,

Those11<p<1ttn1rod>ns,ffllll.....,.b,uthcyattafonnaldcdan11onoflhebdla,·ior

A<;rorJ ing 10 Ajicn(AJl.on& ~•ishbcin. 19~0)1hcabo,.·c>1cps P<'nnitpr(dic1ionaod

uplanauon ofbchnior at • 11,;ncnl 1<,·<1. The: ,·anabl<S of in1cnm arc, mc::,$urcd in a

11ro111monlycmpk>)fflbc<ous,of l!JCa<cOf<oo$1IDC!>OCl(AJ'.on.WOl).Scrnanuc

d,ITcrenhals,alesuocas,:r,esufacljce1i,·es10dc:scribc,h<tOf>••orc,t,JectofintereS1

(Al=k &Scttle.19115). AJjccH,·es1nustJcfinea1inglcdimen,ion.1ndcachpairm0$!

bcb,polar~tnlabc:lm1thcc . .,=nes.Whcn:OJthcJ1q,sdc:scnbcdobo,·cperm,t

in11rumcn1dndopmcn1pmce .. pro,·idcinfonna1ionaboutthcoogni1ivefoundation,

undcrlyingthebeh0\·iorofin1eres1(Ajzcn&Fishbein,l980).

Duringthefourth,icpof1hcinstrumcn1Jc,·clopmcn1proccss,onchci1a1ions,uJ)'

wasperfonncdtodiei1solien1outromos,r<:frn::nts,andcontrolfactoNr<:la1edtolhc

beha,·ior ofin1ercst.Theelic,m1ion1tudyin1hisproccssit similar10apilo1>tudyin thc

Jc,..,k>pmcnt ofan c,·aluation instru1ncn1. Aj2cn and ~·ishbein (1980) pro,·ide four

gu idelil\<Sto>S,istin 1heJe,·elopn,ent of1heclicirn1ionstudy:

Theclici1a1ion>1udypopulationandthcmainS1udypopulo1ionshoulJbesimibr withrespecllo1heparticipontS'demographiccharac1<ri>tics(ex.t)pcOf population,agc,>Cx,racelc1hnicity,andsoc=· -;cs,atus)

Op,n-cndcdstatcmcn tsarerwomn,enJedbecauselhcyallowthcparticipan1>10 re<onlmu l1 iplcbeh0\'ioral,nom,01i,·e,andt-ontrolbelicfsabout a beh0\"ior(ex. "Lis11hcad,·antogcsofu<ing acompu1crforcl>Ssroomins,ru<tion")

Acontcntan>l)1il (frcqucn<ycount)isused1orank--O«lerlheparticipon1S'beliefs Thcycanberank-O<JereJintolargcrcon<:cptthemc<(e.g.,impro,·edstuJcnl en~agcment)andrawdnothcrnos(e,g.,useofelec1ronicgradcboo\;,u,eofword pmcc .. ingforslUJcntwotk).

Thcfi,..,1otcnmostcommonbeha,•ioral,norma1ive,andcon1rolbeliefs1hat cmcrgefromthcpanicipan1s'responsesareusedtodewlop1hcbeliefsinstrumcnt forthemain1heoryofplanne<lbeh0\'ior11udy

An<,pcn-cndedques1ionnairewosdc,·elopcd tocap1ureda1afor1hisphaseof1he

inmumcn1dc,·ciof,mcn1pmccss(Appcndi,C). Thephrasingoftheop,n-rndcdqueslions

wasJ"'lt<me<.laftcrqucstionsprovidedbyAj>.cn(Aj"°n&Fishbein.19S0)for1hiskind

ofs1udy

Arandon,sainplcoftcacher,U[ • 60)w"'sentthi<ques1ionnairealongvcith •

oo,·cr kucr(AppenJix DJ, an •pproye<J Un i,wsityofFlorida lnstitu1ional Re>·icw ~

Form(Aw<rnlixB).and•retumen1·elop,. Thechci1:>1ionstudyqucs11onnairewas

1'lleda1aeapcun:dfromtheeh«latl0fli111dywuaggrep1cd..Jm.ponsesforeachitem

"''"' then analr,.cd 10 lool< for pat!om, dut ,ould t,., oon!<llido1W arid syr11hcsi,<tl •• •

ham for what Aj,cn (Ajzm & H1hb<1n, 1980/calls .. modal oc«ssiblc beheff' from the

popula11onofinlefnl.Ap.mdoi<'ribcsth.i•proccu.

~ther<Sponl.lrnlsll,,.-.,l,.,edthe,rbel,cf._,. .• 1,,,...,tomakcdec,"°"" conccm1ngthe""mbcrondb,.Jol'bcbdstobe1""ludcd1n1hemodel1e1.Tbef,ni Slq,"ona.iogouslO•"""'""anal)'Sl•of1he,v,ousbel1cf,emmcdbydiffemn ,nJ,-·idu.,.ls.l1,n,"<11,-esorpru<1ngthel'<$p<ln$<"$byJJOUPlnltogC1herb<htfstlw rcfcr10,irnilorout<<NnC$andooun11n1:1hefrcque""y"·ith"·hocheachout<omein 1 i,:roup1<·uelk1tW."(Ajzon&Fishbern,l980,p.68)

llog<>ctontostaio"Tomakethe<k<;isionyouha,..,touscyourcon,moo,ense,.,r1«00

ckarnil<Jcanb<pn,,-,d<d"(Ap:cn&fiohbein,1980.p.69).FrcquencyliruJe,-.,lopcd

&om,he.-hc,~IOfl<tud)' ..... lttlllAppcndixE.

theohci1a1ions1"dywuused10Jof,nebe litfsand1hen:l•11:d$11'<n1:1he,•al"a1ionsof

1~beliefs.&hefsrcl•t«llothea1t1n1Jemcasurcan:b<haeioralbc!itf<,ondtherclatcd

eornply.lkhcfsrcla1cdto1her,ntc11·,:dbcbaminlcontrolmcasurcorccontrolbcliefs.

•nJthercla1cdS1"'1tgthc""luJtion,arcpon:m·<dpoworofoon1rolf'ool<ln.Apilol

quostionn.1irc(Appe1>dixJ)was1hendc•"1:">!><dbasedonthe1<tofbelicf, hlen1ifi<"d.Thc

bcba,·,o,of1n1....i.Tbep1lol""''C)''"'Hadm,n,S1<m:l10aoanclomsan..,ic:ofelcmmr.y

1oar:t.m(o ~ IOO)from1hrpopula11011of,n,.,.,,...lnlh<su,,,oy11Utn1mm1.lh<

probabilllles 111>1 thc,r porfom,1n1 !hr bth,,·,or,.-oold lod lOe:><il ur1t.e OUICOmOS. A

bi(IOl1re,·alua1i,~ sca le"""' u>«l for 1h1S as,o,sn1cn1. I! isesscn11al 10 use• b•(!Olar S<ale

1nonkrio ....... m<>dalbchef,abou!thebeha,·iorofimen.-.111l111h<strengthof1hosc

bebtf, (AJ"'"& Fisbbt,n.. 1980~ An example of an 11emiomnoure1belief,.-ouldbe

<lunna ,.....,,.,_ (1,k<ly - unhkely~ M An l!em iom .. sure the Mrffiilh oflh.at belief

wouldbe-C.ncratlyspeak1ng.l>o-,,• m0<hd<>you"-·•n11000"-h>lyourpr1ncipalthmk,

youihoulJOO(not01 1ll - ,·crym0<h)."'llymoosuringbelid.irenKlhlllklC'\-'llu.11ioru

"""h""1""'!N>lh<modal$.1hen1beliefo.1Ji,·enindl\'id""l'• an,1udotowardabtha,·ior.

n..,ix1h,t<t>of,noirumemJc:,·clopmcn1in,·ol,·eJ1hc«)ll$1N011onofa

queS11om,11rebasedonlhcbeli<f, 11len1>fltdfor1hrbtha,·iorof1111crcst. Asamplellleory

ofPL>nntdllch:morQu,esuonn,ain,pro,·idedbyAt,:m1(2(l(M)"'-u mcdas1hrmodelfor

sun ·ey.S...'elopmrn11n1h1S 01lldy(Append,. l). ATf'B1mttumcoH.Hspec1fi«lbyAJ•en

(2002),eorui$1Sofindim:1mcasures1ndJ,rcc1mca,uresofthc,-ariablesofin1eres1. Thc

illllirecl(belief.l,ose-d)m<•sures<1fA1111udc TowarJ1hcllch.-·ior{AlT)arecaptur«lm

11cm11-10andl3-41on1Mfonal surny. Thrtndm,,:1(behcf-based)mcowresof

-...nofP<rtt1ndlkhanonlCoouml{P8C)an,cap!llffll,n,1cms4l-S8. Tbcdirtd

moa.urosofA11itudcTcr,,-anl1helkhmor(AlT).SubJ0<t"·•1'orm(SN). P<n:ti,-cd

Ucluv ion,IConirol(l'UC). and Uoluvion,l lntcn11on(INT) an:cop1urcJ in items 12

throuV,27in11H:fi .. 1sur>·cyin11rumon1(Table3-1).U:asc,,Jonthe1u"lehnespro•idcd

byAJ=(2002~thei1cmsforthediffi,n,m,-.nab1<s .. ·m:,111ormin&lcJinthisSC<11ot1.

uandR,~cdfinalSw-\·ry1,...,.

().ncomtE,-aluotion(OE)

~.:io~IDi:e~~fs(UU)

Nonnoii,·o Ucliefs(N IJ) Moti•a!ion ,oComply (MC) Subjecu,·eNorm - Direct Contml lkli<fs(CB) Po.,·erofContmllkhefs(PC) Lc,'do(Contml - Di<M lc,·dsofUK(LU) llll<IIIKNl( IKJ}

l-n·t11 9[Comn111u UK

S°"n:Ltcms 1-10 ll-'1

!i:~;,21.25.27 28-32 ll.20.22.26 43-SO SI -SS

!!~~19.24

IS.1&.ll

Thisstudyc,·aloa1ed1hc1hrott11cal coosiruc1sofatt110<1eto .. ·ard•b<ha"ior.

, ubjecl.,·enorm.percei,·edb<ha•ioral con,rol. andb<ha•ionlinten11on1nn:l>1ionto

mca1un: teacher le>~lsofcompulcr UK in oorneot,jmi,·c. quan11fiable way f<><

comparisonof pmlic1<:J inton1 1011Ctualcon,pu1cruse.Thc.l.sn.li..9LJ.l(LU)

-=tto01(~1an:rnk...,.·in. 1991Jw;uusedtomoasun:toach,e,lo..-cl<ofcompute,

thcl.e-,-cl1ofUse,nwumen1,nlho1ffildy. Marcink1.,.·1n(l99J)pro,·ldclbackground

on tht <X"'-clopmem of,h,. ,,,.lnlmffll:

""The 1.e-,·el, of Use (LU) ..... ,,,,.111. Compulet use,.,.. 1hc cmmon of,n1eres1; 11 ,.-,sop,:111tiooallydcfinedas1hern1,grationofcompu1or,intherla,sroom.ThcLU use<smcnt (~brc,nkicwi<,. 1991) ,. .• , used tocOICJon>e 1cachcr"1 level of use The LU used 1hc paired comparisons m<:1hod be<:ause !he 1.-·ds of computer use d1>1 ll>d been dcfined w,n: mu1uallyexclusi,-calld oxhau1m·c. 1'uM>lly (195'1) con>iden:J1hismclhodl0bc!he""mo51exa<:1psycl,ophysicol100l"(pp.20-21) usefulforpm:, .. informalion<0neenungjuJpnnu,orprcfem1CCS.Thcic->·cbof u11lizat1onandmtognuon•·.,....,hrq,rnm1cdbyiwo1......,. 0...,.....,fromlho u11hu,10111c->-cl"• •l••m•11elypaltcd,.,lhannnnfromthtU11"1f'Mi.onlc->'Cl.lllo rnponscpro<ed11rCll....t a lon:cd-<:hotccmelhod. Thcdes1gnofthtmeasurc alk,v.·cdlhc:an,,.,pa,....,ofthe1•"P"""""oflT$po,tte. Rosponse,follow1ngc11lw:,­oftheOll!ic1patcdpa1!Cml1n<l"'atcdC01tsis1cncy;1ncoM1>1<ntrcspon5CS•-.re analyzed. lk<:a use sui,;..,11 rnpondcd 10 <Xh \lcm ,wicc, any iroc:on,is«n1 rcsponSCJ1wcrcrcadilycsidcm.Anito1n"·uincludcdonthcquc,110nnairca, a n,casurcwilh"·hichcriierion-n:lau:<l,·•lidi1ycouldbccalculal<df0<lhcLU R<>pondrnuseleol<donc11.ie111en1fromthrecth>1bcs1dcseribcd1hciruseof compu,nsin1caeh1n1. Tiu1 i1rmeobocdlhc:cn1,calattribu1cofc,pmdabilityof '1$Ca,1nthclU. Amt,..urcofimoc1ari.on.Cohen"1 klf'P".'"..,tompuiedbel•·ecn lhc:lllbjeou"IT$f!OIISCl10lh1J11m1andlhci,1c->·chof..se(""-n)oo ... ima1ethc ronsi>1cncyofd1ss1f1a11ionof1he.......,rcs(Crockn& Al11111. 1986:S...,. 1990)"(M..-.:1n1<in.·,n,199),pp. 2U-22n

Acconling10Marc,nkicw,ci(l99)).th1$1R$1n,mcn1~hashigh

rchab1htya, measuml wnh the C«ffLcient of Rc producibiliiy(CR • .96). A C R of.90 is

cons1d<r'N1hccntonoofordcmons1111Hnj1hatthei1cm1ofan1SSC1smcn1fQrman

a. lnmyi11S1ruc1,on.1hcuseofthcmicrncompu1«" 1uppltmcn1al b.Th<mi<rnoompu1<rllCnt,callO!hefunction1niofmy111S1nocl1t)n

2. 1.Thcusc:of10Cmkn.,c<,n>putori,no1cssc:nti•l1n1nyin>1n,c11c,n. b.F0<myteachina-1heuseofthcm1crocompu1c,i11ndi>pon,ablc

l a. Thcm1<ro<ompul<r<ICnt..,.llO!hefuncl""'1nJofmy .. tS1n><:!>on b. Thc..seof1hem,.rocompuieri1notC$$CnUal1nmy1MlnocllOII.

4 •· for my1cach1nc, 1he use oflbc m~l<'r 11 il'disptnsablo. b. Jr, my ,....,,,.,11on. lbc uscoflbc microcompHer 11 lllf'Plcmcnlal .

.. c"onthe1rm.ponscslt0<:tof<><the .. 11cm,. Thisc,labhshedthen, 1t1henonusch,vtl

~romMan:inkicwic,(1991.l'f'.36•JJ) ... Thele,·cl,ofu1ih,a11on.,,dintcv-,1ion>n:

ttptnmlcdbytv,·01tcmse>eh. One11cmfromtheu11l!l•11onk,·tl11paured,.·ithan11em

llenusc the subject wu til.cd to rcspood 10 each oflhc """'' twi<c, any ,nconsis1<n<y ,n

rc.pondin11wosrc>dilyc,·,Jcnf".U•rna1hcse<:ri tcri•.•rcspondcnt"1Kor<'c>n becith<1"4

nonu1C,1111ltzauon.and111tc~,or,. Theurili>.auonk,·tl11act,""~'"hcn•tcacher

be&1ns 1ou1Ccompu1on,n1he1rto>eh,ng.Thcin1cgra1ionlt"\'cl11..-o l1>fflv,·hcnthe

Prgmlym;fqpjkJtjngthr: IDHDIDKIU

dc\'clopcJ.Asafiflt'1<r.1her1l0tsun·cyrnS1rumcn1v,· .. c,·aluo,tdbydomaincxrct1s

foreo<1tcn1oalidity. lloscdootheirfCt'dback(d<:1aHtdinCootcn1V1l;dnysc,1ionbek>w).

lbci,ilol •ur.-cyv.-..1hcn..-.·,scd101mpn»·cl<K-u,;.cm·cn'°.cl••ny.1nd..->dab,h1y.The

ptlolsun-c,y<:0ntrn1v.-..lhmo,pno,cdandpubl1'htd\lS0"1atompul<'rdesl.10p

pu1>1..t,1n1applica11on. Onccpubh~.an~;,,,,1c1>ara<1<r...wp,1uonpr01131n(OCR)

ri,ndo,nsub-Mmplc(o • IOO)uf1hcpopul01iooofinlertSl.arld1l"'H lhcncvaluatcdfor

l"t'liab,h1yandvohdityuJ1n1•<ompu1ttsto11S1icolsoflworcapphca1,on. Bascdon

Con1tn1,-.J,<ti1y~•ht•~•"'"'°'"'luchthc111,1r,u,,..,,..,uallyrclate<roth<

conlentofthcan,anri""""nJ<tin,·es,ii;>II011(Gablc,l<J86).Tilcbes1"-.y1ocnsun,

con1entvalidi1yis1osubj«:11bcinslrumon1 1ojudgn1cn,al,·•hd:11 ioi,byc.,rc11sin1he

an,a(Wi<tSma. 19\11:t>"•rtl•,200l~ Tbcpikllsun..,yiru1n,mon1"'-.,J.Ubm111edro,;,

!O donwn co•,crage. TIie domlo1n C~porl$ v,erc dn"l! from ..,,. . .,.,,y and school diw,n

fourrttpondcdwithfccdb>ekrcl,1cdtocontcn1 .-alid11y. S0<Appendi1fforali5lofthe

domune,pen,-..·1>op.,r1,c,pati:<!1n1hes1udy.Aro,·ttk11tt(Appmdi,G)andpilol

l'«!undo.nt.rewonlingof,omci1cn1'forconsisiency.clanfica1H>llandrcr.!ll'fflCnt ofot"'O

,calcdc:scnpron.and""vmmond:11..,...rorp,ll•l•yootofthc J.Un·cy.lwcdon 1h11

~k m,ioions .,·ercmadclOthepilol•111ny1nstni""""pnor10d1.uibwion bthe

populac,onof11ll<r"'-.Thcp,lolwr--ey(Appcndi:cJ)•-asoe,11101lw:"""Plcm:1p,rnu.

aJona•·11haro,~len..,a,,pro,·oJUnweno1yofFlonda lm111uuon11IR"'-'""Boardform

(Appcnd1" 8), and a re1um erwdope, u<ing rht school d1'tnc1'1 roun.,,.•bucd m,ul

"''Cck after the pilo< oun·cywasdi11nbo,oJ, an en1>1I reminder and I paper reminder ,.-;is

'°"""'IOea<hrcc1p1en11halhad""'"1umed1ht"•""'e)'• S"IY•lhftt(n • 63)oftlw:100

rcdp1en11,1beco1wcnicnceof1bed111nc1coun...-.b.uedm1,l1ys1C1n,and1hefactlha11he

11<hooldmr...iosCoonlmaio,oflnstrU011onalT«:hnolo&Y

lnt<m•l «H1siS1ency esum>1<Sofreliabili1y anJ ><alcmbiluyoftht ilmrumcnr

cueffic1C01alpha(C..,.,t,a,h,19, 1),i on1ndc1ofrcl1abol11y 1HOC111oJ•·nh,ht,-..,au""

v1luefrom0 1o l artdn1>ybcusedtodescribc:thcrchab1 l11yoffactorsextlllCledfrom

d1chotomousand.'..-multi·po,n1fon11attedqllOS!>01tlll11<"S..-11<alcs(i.c.,iating11<ale: I •

S""""ly(l97S)has1ndu:a1ed0.7tobcanaccqublerchaboh1ycueffic1e,11but'°"·a

tlwahokls an, sometimes med V1t1>blcs ttlatcd to thcThcoryo(Pbnncd Behav,or

(TPB)canben-al......:ld,n:<1ly1hrouP,wr,,eyq1>CSt,onsand1ndin:<1lythroughbelid"•

bascdrcsr,o<><nttl•1<•dtolheC<Ht$lnl<IS.Tablt]-2shcr,,·1thcC<Ht$lrucl<oftheTP8,

ttlau;dpilolsurwynom,,aridtheircorttSpor.dingolph•<odlic,cnt.

Table l-2. Pilot Surn:,: Measure,. 11cm Nurnbcn. and Alph>,Cocfficirn1< (q • 63) TPIIConslrucl Sun·eyltcms r,1o1s""TI o,,,_,.,E,-.,lmtion\OI:) 1-11 .6711

~~l~!f•(BD) ~~::i.23.27.29 :!i~ NormMw~lkliefs(NB) 6-l-611 9-14 M0tn-..1ion1<1Cornply(MC) .l().34 796 Subjcctl\·eNom,-Dtn:<1 14,18.22.24,28 687 Commllklicf•(CB) 46-:14 SH Po-.·crofCon1rollldicfs(PC) SS"'6l .S8 1

~~:::,o!f~7~U)Dir«1 ~~?1,16 -~~ lnlemion(ll\'f) 16,.20.25 910

,-..riablos(Comml lkhefs, 1'o,,,ororc-ro1 Beliefs. and Le·.-el or Control - Direct).

tthab1lity"-..sttlati,·elyh1i;h(Nunnaly,1978)forthccoru!JW!1m<a>umlwitlr1hepil<>t

'""'"Y mstrumcnt. Ajzcn (2002).iatcs 1hai .•h~ dir«t measures in 1hcTPll instrument ) -A 1~IJJemonstratetthab,l11y.butth.a11~r«1mccasurttmaynoc,>1~ '\.

behcf-btial,andthulrnore&llbt«1n-.,,A1111rm.,..tysi1ofthcptl<>t1Mtrumen1-..-...done

uSOf1$thcSPSSllooll"""'and1,,.,1110R1•=madeto1mpro,·cttloabilny.Rc..·,s,ons10

1hcprl<>tsun-.eyiMtnimeM(Appc,nch•l)1ncloocd1hcd1m1r\al,onof110ffl1;11,45,Sl,and

6J1<1incttasettliabil11yfotthciroo,rcspondingC00$1r'\1C,tm<aSUtt,lns1rnc1ior><andan

c,ainplcwcrcodd<dforitcml2tocnablcrcspondcntolobc11erur><lers1ar.dhowto

typcs.l!eml8"-..scl,m,na1cdt,c,,ca-11did-con1nbu1e101hetthabil11yorthc

?1.and26"'""'""·1Kd1n.,_.t<"mptto$tm1gthtnrcl,abil,1yfor1hc POCdi~~.

110,m, SS1htoogh62,.·=,,,..·•l<'d•om•kcthcmmon:runs"1""tandundct>tand>blc.

And. finally, o"K''forkindc,~non lowl wosadded '" item n\sradc lc,·cl) in the

<kn"'i'8f'l\ic s«l,on. The clim,na1,on uf,toms al><> =iuu-.J • n:nu,nbcrins of1hc n:•·iSW

Table l·l. ~•~·i~ l'oK>l Su"·•y ~k$urc1, Item Kuonbc,_, anJ Alpha Coeffodcnts

TPIIConslnlCI 0,,,0(M'lleb,aluouon(Qlo)

~~:!f,(88) SomlM1'~8elicf,(Kll) Mo,,.,anm IO Comply (MQ S""1<cn•·cKonn - D,~ Contrul!klicf,(CB)

~;~~o1i.::1-~\~, (PC)

Lc-·d1ofU$C(LU) lntcnuon(IJ\'T)

ll-4 1 14,17.21.1S.27 59-6] 28-H ll,20.22.16 43.50 51-58 .. ., 15,18.2)

.724 .,~ ·"' .875 .652 .. ., .S il . 145 .985 .918

lncrca ... ,nalphaoccumxl,nOum,n1tEvaluau<m,M0t"..,ion"'C""'ply,L<:,·cls of

U,c,ar,d ln1entioo.lkha,·ionllkl icfs,A11itudc - 1Jin:c1,Nonnol"'clklicfs.Subje,t11·e

r-.onn - D,rrrt. Control lJcl•d:i.. """crofConuol lklicf,_ and Le,·cl ofConuoi - o.n:c,

thM1hc1tetn>>1illnttdcd-impro,-.:mtN10adcquatelymnsurcthcronstruct.T<>

1h11end,11cmsl2,l6,19..,.,l4Y.'<ttromple!clyrcy."'1lc,dfor thcfonal,=s,o,,ofthc

11£w..il.U.,nga<0111pu1<rinmycl:usrooml<>~n1o louondunngins1ru,;:tioni1 y.·ith,nmycootrol. Tru,;: - False

~ l ha,-eton1rolo,·..,.,u.,ngaromput<ru,ntyclassroomiopresentain..... d_,ng,l'IIINC'llffl. ASJtt - Dosagrce

l!mlil, Facionbc)'Olldmy controldolem,1,,.,.·~hcror..,. l canlliC•compu1,r inmyclunoornto[ll"<St'"•louondunn11,nmuc11m. Diagrec - Agrtt

llla:u..ll. Thcuscofacompu1crinmycl•mO(lmtoprc.scn1•l•ssonduring insu"11C.·11oolkpcndsoufactotsbcyondmycootrol.'l'ruc - False

Thechangcsmadctothcsc1trmss,11Jtif1Can1lyin<:rcascdthcrchabilityforthc

oon1rolmeasure>ndspoc,focs•,.illbcd,........ibcio...• ,nrcbuoct10thcfonalsur,.-ey

p,lot survey,nsttum<m.Y.h1Chtl>o,,be<:amethcfonalsur,·eyin1tn11,,..,,, (Aw,ndixL)

Alphaoooffociemsfor1hefon•lsur,•cyin<0rumcn1 arclis10JinToblc3-4

Table )-1. Final Swvq Mcasurtt [1cm Numbers ..,., Alpha Cooffoc,enu (n • 203) TPDCons1r\lCI S""·eyl1cms Alpha 0...romoE...,1""1ion(Oli) 1·10 .74S Bma>·ooralBel"'f1(B8) ll--11 SS9 Amudo - Dorcct 14.17.21.lS.27 9l8 Nomum-eBclicfs (NB) ~-63 .89-! MouvauontoComply(MC) ll-l2 763 s.i,;..:-,,,-.,NQ(ffl - D11-ec, 13.20.22.26 .1S6 Conuolllcliofs(CB) 43-SO .689

~~~~·.,0:2:i:1-"i\~(l'C) ~t~!.19,24 -~:: Le>·cl , ofU..,(LU) 6"1-67 .9lS lnk1Mion(INT) IS.18.23 90S

Toblel·S.AlphaCodf1rn,1ns l«Pi101Sor.9:and Fin>I Sur,·ey TPBCormruc1 l',lo!Sur,·cy(n • 63) hn>ISum,y(n • lOl) Ou1comcEv•lua1ion(OE) 678 .US

~l~,:~1~:~ff(B B) ·!i~ .!1! Nom,a11,·c Bcl1cf<(1'B) .9-14 89-1 MOCl\-at'°"IOComply(MC) 7<J6 .763 S,,,1>j«:tl'·C1'Clffrl-Duttl .687 7~ ConcrolBclicfs(CB) .SSJ .689

::::01g;;:_~:'/''C1 -~~ :: Lc,·clfofU«(LU) .932 935 lnlel1IH><1(INT) 910 90S

Con,Huc1,·aliJi1y for1hcJur,·cyin>1rumm1...-asin,·es1ilj'llcdbydoingani1cm

analysis 10 romp,nc """' J,scnm,natlllrl, and by pcr/Om11n1 • f001or an>lysis 10 i<km,fy

analy,cdu.,ngconfinn>lo,y faclO<analysos. Thrcec,11cna"·""'uK<110dclcnn,nc1hc

numbcroffac1on1oro1a1c:1hc 1 pnonhypo1hesis1hatthc1nc1,urnwcrc

muluJ1111ensional.1hcsc""'!Ol·•ndlhc1nterprctab,lityorlhcfac1or$Olu1ion.ln fac1or

analysos,,-.ian,c,cof1hcfact0r1ismcasu~,nEige,,,·1!.,..(1'Dn1111.200l).Eige,w•h•es

Salk,nd & Akey. 2000~ 0... cn1mon uotd 10dclcnn1nc ho-,,• many fact0r1 should be

m 1incdi110 keepf001orscha1ha,~Ei¥et1,·•lues11"'••01thanl . A sc rce 1cs1i,agn,ph,c

plocofEi11cm·alucsforacornb1na11onofvoriabks. llfn.~ucn1ly y1cklsmoreaccura1c

before lhe loigcnvalucs s1ar110 lc>·d off(Grccn. Sol kind & Akey, 2000; Norusis, 2003).

ThcscrccplotforthcTPB,·ariablcsofATI,SN.andPBC(Figu,c3-l)desccndctl

sharplybcforelevclingo1Ta1FactorNumbcr4.in<licating1ha11hcmitialhypothtsi,of

multidimensioo,litywasrom:c1and,u!i.1!CS!lngthrccfoc101"1.Conscqucntly.111te<:facrors

••crerota1cdusingaVarima.~ro1a1iooprocctlure.Thcrotatctlsolu1ion(App<ndi:tO)

yicldedthrceintcrprc1abkfac1or1;a1t itudc. pcrceiwdbcha,·ioralcontrol,andsubjcctil'c

r.onn.Thea1t i1udcfac1Qrand1hcp<rc<i,·ctlbch•w""-l<ontrolfactorwc-n:clcarly

identifiabkinthccQrITl>1ional analy:iit . for1he1ubjcc1i,·cnormconstrue1. 1woof1hc

fouri1emss1oodai<Jnc.ar.d1woofthti1em1appcoml1oalii:nwi1h 1hcani1udcfactor.

FigureJ-1.Scrccl'lotofTPBV>riablcFaclorAnalysis.

The-final •urwy instrument consisicd of7l ,terns. Si, oftht items captured

<lcmographicinformationincludingg,,ndcr,agc,numberof)"C31'Sl<Ochin~.numberof

)1'arsusingaco01putcr,locationofoon1pu1eruse.ar.dgradc lc,·cl1augh1. Thtfin&I

AAcrfinalizatiooor1hc,u"oy,n;trum<:nt.itnsd,ftnbuled1010C<:ntire

populouoo orclassruom•blised ck,non1ary ~achor, (II " Jll) in 1hc scllool disiri<:1. The

Sa!0111ondDillman(l\l\M)...,.."Cyffl01hodology"-.sllsedinoncffon10maximize

n,sp>fti<"f'OIC. Allmo,1,..,ond~rela1<dio~ sn,<1y ,.udi""butcd

1persooolizcd,,J\-011<e1iou«kt1<1"expla,mngthc1ua.dyandrcquesl,ng1heir

p•no<ipauon. Approxmmolyone ,n•ck I Oler. tho clcmcnt•ry to•chcrs ""Crc sent• °'""u

Tim,n11or1hes""'eydimihlitioo,.·11carofollycon,;.kn,<lsoasooi1oconnic,..-i,ho,hcr

in1ponan,o,·<:ntsrorckrnrntorytoooher:ssuoh.,,u,cw,dchii.h-S1•ko,1ming.Of1hc

same mum rate as lhe 1nm1L pilot Mta.dydunng inotrummt dc,"Clopmc,u. Like ,be p,lol

,tudy.1h,.highcr1han0\"m<SCrctUmn<!cw"'oltribu1eJ1othcrem,r<1cr .. ntou11oj>1l<>1

1u"·cyreoipicnts,thcCOG,·omcnooof1hcdi11rictcouric,-bas<.-dmail1y"om,ar.d1hefact

1hattheS11"""Y"'asposs,blyvic,.-.d .. an'",n.Jis1IJ<CS1..Jyd1N1101hen:,l<:ofthe

fromthcfinalsur,,cywascap1um!nsing,$Cannerand1hcdatafilcY.11Slhcnimponcd

intoS PSSll Ve!lion 12.0,iatistical,ofiwarcforanalysis.

The,·ariab lcsofintcrcs1inthi,stu<lywcr,:analp.e<iu,ingJescrip11'·e stalistics.

com:loiions.andmultipklincarrcgrc>Sion,. Mul1ip lcr,:grnsionandcom:lation

statistical 1cehniques arc prdcmxl owr A NOVA 1<chniquc• in non-experimental

rcscarchbccau«:thcformcrarcno1rc1triC1<:dbythccondition,ofcollcetingthcJaia.lhe

y,·ayin.,·hithsubjcetsarnassigncd.orthcna1ur,:ort)'l)<OfJa1acollecte<i(Keppcl&

Zedock.1989).t:PcarSoncorrdation cocfficicnt(r)wasuscdbocauseitfacili1atesan

undersundingofthc lin<>r relationsh ip bclwe,:n lwo \'ariables (Keppel & Ze<lo<k. 19!!9).

u,; ngcom:lo,ionalanalysis(r). thcdi=1ionands1rcng1hofa rclationshipbc1w«en1wo

,·ariablesconbcc,-.lu>1<:J.Tl,cPcarSoncom:la1ioncoeffidem([).,.asu«xlto•n•ly.t0

the,·ariablcr<:lationshipSin1his siudybctw<>.'tlalt;11tu<lc(ATT)andintention(ll'/T),

subjecti,·enonn(SN)andin1cntion([J\'T).percci,·eJbchavion,lcon1rol (PBC)and

;nccn1 ion(INT),andin1cntioo(IN1)1ole,·elsofuse(LU). _)

Mult iplelir,c,rn,gros,ionisamorcod1·a~ •la1is1icaltechniqnc1hatfacili1atcs

thcc\'alua1;ooofmul1iplerclaiionshipSamong,·ariables.Themul1iplccorrclation(filis

anindcx1hatindica1esthestrcng1hof1hordatiooshipbet"'"'"'hcpmlic1edS<Ot"CSand

1hcobscrwd..:on:sfora<amplc((;r,_..,n,Salkind&Akey.2000).l!enablesthc

preJic1ionof,·alucsofa<kpcndcn1,·ariableasalincarcombinationofthc\'alucsof

mnltipleindcpendenl(prcdictor)1·ariables(Norusis.2003). lle,;auseoflhiscopability,

mnltip lclinearr,:gn::ssionwasu..:Jtoan.,ly,cthccomb,ncd influcnccofattiludc(ATI).

subjecti,·enorm(SN)andpcrcei,·e<lb<ha1·ioral con!fol(l'UC)on11>eTl'llbch.,\'joral

intcn1(l~'TJ,·•riable

lk<aus,1hisis•non-cxrcrimcn1alsiudy,thc,·ari•blcs • rcrcforrcd10asprcdictor

and criterion ,·crsus independent ailddcrcndcm (Green. Salkind & Akey, 2000). The

prcdic1or,·ariablcsofin1c,e,tarca1ti1udeto"·•rd1hcbeha\'ior(aui1ude),subje<ti,.,,nomt.

percei,·e<Jbeh"'·ioralcootrol,andbeh"'·ioralimcn1.Dcmographicinfonnationwasalso

capture<Jiocludingagc,gcnder.numberofyearstcaching.numbcrofycarsusing

compu1cn,andgra,:Jclenl.Thccritcrion,·ariablc1sromputcrusea,astablishe<Jbythe

LewlsofUs,(LUJ•ssnsmenttool.Thrcelc,·elsofuse1<·crcidcntificd:nonusc,

utili,a1ion.andin,egration.ln1crac1ionoftheprctlic1or•ndcri1erion,·ariablcswas

anal)'Le<.iusingarcgrcs,;ionmodel.Resul1SfromtheJa,a,nalysisarcd<1aikdin

Chapter~

CllAPTER4 RESULTS

ThoThtoryofPlonncdllchavior(Tl'll)(Aj,en,1988. 1991)canbeused1op,edk1

beha,·iorbascdon1hoan1eccdon1,·anable,ofonit"dc,,ubjocti,·cnorm,an<lpercci,·«l

beh3'·ioralcon1rol.Thcpurposeofmy,cu<lywa,totcstthi,predicti\'ethcoryon1hc

ins1ructionaluseofcon,putcrsbyelcmcntary<ehool1cachcrs.Asur\'CYins1rumcn1"·as

de1·etopcdand,·alida1cdforuseinth,s,tudy. hwosnoces,arytocrcaleasur\"CYinstrumcn1

for 1hisrcscarchbocau<ea<earchofthelitrm,urcrncalctltheuna,·ailabilityofa,,.1;dat«l

ins1rument1otcsttheTh~ofPlanne<llkha,·iorinrclotiontoclemcntary1ea<heruseof

coniputersforins1ructioo.Dcscripti\'csta1istic,. correla1ions. andmul1ipk linearrci"'SSion

stalisticala~1ocxo,nine1hcrcla1 ionshipbe1weenthepredictot,·aria~

onitudc.,ubjoc1i,·cnom,.pcn,ei,·edbeha,·ior;,Jconu-okandbeh"'·iorali n1enti~

critcri~riableofcompu1cruse.Thepurposeofthischaptcristosharc1hcrcsul1sfrom

lhissn1dyandi1willin<ludca re,•icwofthcrescarchqueS1ions,Jcscrip1i,·cs1atisticsfor

indi,idualsur.-cyitems,demographkcharactcristksof1hcpopulation,Statis1ical analysisof

1hcprcdie1orandcri1et'ionvariables,sta1is,ical resultSofthehypo1heses.andasuminary.

Therc<ear<:hquestionsfor1hiss1udywcrc

I Whatis therclationshipbet"·e,nanitudctoward thebeh>"iorandanclcmcntary 1eacher's'n,en1·on,ou.ccomru1crs·nc1assroom ·ns,ruct'oo .

2 Whaii s therel•llonshipbei,,·ecnsubjrcti ,·cnormatldanelemcntary1cacher"sin!cntioo 1ousecon1pu1crs ·n,' ,om·nstruct'on?

l. Wl>M .-tJ,crolal..,...Jiipbelwee-n ~ll·<dbchavM)tlll«111tmlandonclcmrntary t<;Xll<tt0ti111<"1111Mlll1c,u.,cc,mp.,!USinclUSN>C>ffl1MlfUC1M1117

4.0olho:COl>W\IOUaru<udo""'-.Jlho:bdui,·""·5'1b:,ccl1>-enonn.andpm:eo•-ed bchanonlconcrolha•·ccqualmnumceonanclc-mcnl#ylff<hcr"s,ntcntto..., oom~or1,nda>Sroom111$ln><"11c,n~

5. lit...,..a<;orTWl1M111bcl1<·munclal'll;O<ary1.....,ll<tt"1inlml10WCOtompt,1crfor ins11UC1M111andluso,hcrxtw,lu.,.ofacc,m1••n"'for1Mruc<>on7

Ajzcn(Ajun&Fishbcrn.1980;Aj,cn.1988)fo,l'hco<yofPlonncdlkhmo:r(TPB)

dun1111hcdc\·clc,pmen1procas,con1m1vahJity.andCOM1NC1,-.hdity. Rcli•bilityfurtl,c

fir,al...,.·cy•nllNmmt•-.sdclenn,ncdbyu.,na1hcalphacodYklffll. O.•cnllrel...,.h1yof

1hcfir,al..,l''C)'IM1nlmm1"-.sh•gil.a1u. • .92&.""'""lfn>m.689to.9J5fo,,nd,.·odual

TPlloon11ruc11.t>'uMal!y(1978)hu,nJ,catcdu • .70tobc111o«eptablc: roliabih1)·

cocffic1cn1.Tablc4-lrcflecl<thcfinal1""-ey11crn1,rospo,1Kopcions.M:aling.mcano,and

ILOrl<lon.lJcs,auonsufthcfinol~nrw)·instrum<ftt.

foblc4-[.fina1Survcyl1cms Rcg,on.,;cOplion< Scaling Means anJStandardOcviation1 hem va,,.ble Imm, RC$jl<HI$<:

r::r ltokli ... -•=:t=•11no, ..... -;, :~2 i~~1 (7),o,:,d - "'-1(1)

Rcdioi:"'IU""""<li><•p!••P,-....in""'<l•uroon,is 11),-,- i...t(I)

~th<C111T1C>1l_, ... 11, ... ..,._ol111lomw-a,-ailabkf,.., .. ln...,,..io .. . (7),ood - "'""CI) n.-n-.... , ... ,.,_ .. _........,......._bc ..... fo, k-,,Nl$is .(7),o,:,d - "'-1(11

S od l'r<=hnaa1.,._,o,1,,.,·hokcluta1oni:ci, (7),-, - //ad(I)

lklr•n1studcnt,d<,·elop........icd«•n..,..1<tl11cracyUillobccau>< rompuu.-u on:anin1ev-,.1,,.,,of""''°"k1yl, (7)p,,1 - M1(1)

llem Variobk ltrms. Response

; i:~• Encou~i;ingoiu<lc0':;~1;~f.' :::",Kl«>on i, (7)good-bad(I)

8 oe8 A0<1>n,.,,0<1>,in1Jiffon,n,.,udenl i<•nung,tyle," (7)good-bad(I)

9 oe9 ll.-·;nil«hni<•lprobknoswi<h<on,pt,l<rsduringmylc,.on;, (7)good - b,;u/(I)

10 oelO l'.nh>n<mi th<kamin;;npcri<n<<ofmy>tud<:nt>i, .. (7)good - bud(I)

I I pastbch O.rin;;1he«uT<nlschool)l<••.how1nanyumeshal\'cyouuS«I• computcrtopn:scn1aksson .

12 pbcl U,ing•OOmpu<cr inlfl}·Cl>S-t<lpr,:SCntalessondu, ini; 1mtruct,on is within my control. (7) lr>N - fa/w (l) M0<1p,oopl<,.·ho•1< impon,nt 1omc1hinklhl,1 I __ usca,omput<rtopr,:1<n1ale..,.,1nmy classroomdw-ing in>tructiOll.(7),,.,,./J - sN;lu/J,,,,.(I)

l'ormetousc>to,,,putertor,r0><n1al<...,,,inmy<lossrooo, durini instruct;ooio ... (l)lw,-efu/-1,,,nef!Cia/(7)

lincot><lto•sc•<""'+'<IIOIIOflr<SC"'"les,o,t inmy,1 .. ,n>0m Ju,ini;in"""'';""· (IJ••/ok,ly-1,k,1)"(7)

!6 pbc2 lha1·erontrolo1-.,,usjng a oomputC1'1nmyt t1SSn>0mtopn,scnl o 1,,son<h,ringinswc,ion,(7)ng=-di,ag•«(I)

17 att2 f"ormetousc0<o,,q,u1crto?f<S<nl•k><oninrnycl~, during instru<1;oni1 . .. (7)p/,a,:am - Mffp/n,san, (l)

18 in,2 l will trytouscocon,pu1or1o)'l<sc111•l<SMln inmydmroom dorini; instructiOll. (7)1,w - /ah,(I)

19 pbcl Fa,;1orsbc),;,n,Jrnycon1ruldct<m1inc,.·hcthcr01-l can u1< a comput0rinmyclassroomtoprncn1okssondw-in& inst""'1iOll (1)di,agru - ag=(l)

TI><pcoplc1nmyl ife,.J-.oocopinN)f\S l ,-.luc woukl ___ of,r,yusingocompu1crtoprn<nta lcs""" in1ny t lassroomduri"iinstractiOll.(7)approw - d#appro,-e(I)

forn-..tou1<o<Oll'>i>Ul<"f10 pr<Sc11t Ol<SMlninmyclusn>0m duri nginstru<tioni, ... (7)gooo' - bad( l J

Mo>1pcoplcwhoan,;mporun, 1on-..u1<<omputcr,pcrs<>nal lyor 1n th<i,,.<>rk.(7),,,,, - fai,,(t)

l plantous,oc""'i>l''Cf'OP'<""'''lc;soo inmyclusroom during1n,tru,:t,on . (l),J.,og,-,,-og,..,,(7)

24 pbc4 :'llc""'·"f•comput<r inmyda,iroo1111opn,<cn1alc>wnduri"l '""""'""' <lq,en<h on factors beyond my <Oll•rol. (l)r,..,-/al,~(7)

Item Variable ltcms,Rc1ronsc :5 ~;.~'• For mo to osc• ,oz:;;,•~ :1.!~,a!·~~""' in my do 5~!1 ~1~0

Ju,ingin.,"-'<1i0<1is .. ,(l).,,,,,,hl,»-•-alua/Ji,(7)

Tbcpoopk;nmylifc~·OOS<opinion;l1·, luc__ "" ,ompetcr>p<r....,,lly0<intbcirwork.(7)1d< - danor..,c(I)

Formctouscocon'l"'lNtol'fl'S"m•le,..,., ·nmycl•wooon Ju,inginst"-'C"lionis .. . (7)e•fa»»hle - -..,._;,,)"bie(l)

c;,,,,c,aliy,r,ca1'ing.howmo<h<loyou"·•n<oo<lo"·ha<)"'" p,incipal1hinks)llU Shoo lddo?(l)1W1010/l - m y ml«'h(7)

Gcr.:r,llysr,c>kini,ho..- mu<h<loyou~n,1odowhatpar<nt,of your>tud<nlSlhinkyou,hoolJ<lo'.'(l)aora,,.ll - ,1',yml«"h(7)

Gcr.:rolly 1p<aking. how mo<h <lo you ""'"' to 00 ,.·ha, oohcr ,,,.,,J,c,.1hinkyoushoo lJ do? (l)noro10//-1y,yml«'h(7)

Gcnc.-.lly,pcal<ing.howmoch<lo)'O<l ,.11n11odo,.ha1 your S1udcn1Sthink yoo,hoo lJ<lo?(l)noro,,.// - 1,,ymU("h(7)

Myusoofa,:on,putorto.,.,,sen1ak<Sooinmyd:um,o1nJuring in>1<oetionwillhold,twcnts'•ncmionanJkoeplbcmin1Crcs1<d. (7)/,krly - "n/ikrly( l )

My use of• ,:onopeter to pr<><nl • k,100 in my dawoon, Jurin;: in,o<oe1ion,.·i llr«lucc>1ud<ntdisciplinc!"(lbkms, (7)/i!,ly - "nlil,!),(1)

~~:..:~ ",.'.;~1:::-~o ,~:~u~:::~h :;;.'~=~~~? informationa,·ailablcfromtbcln1em<1. (7)/;/,e/y - unli!ely(l)

Myuseof0<ompul<"Tlopr<«ntole...,.,in,nycla"'oomdurin11 instn,c1;oo••illdcmoos<r•1C•o"ud<n"hov,·,:ontpuler<cant<, u«Jforlc>rmog.(7)/iie!)·-unlit,ly(I)

Myuscofacorn/>Ul<"Tloprcsent •l<s,on inmy<l>"'oumdurini ;"""""""' "·ill enable me 1op,,scn1 a l<s,on to the ,-hole c1.,, ., on<o.(7)htrly - unlik<ly(I)

My use of• computcr to""'"'"' , le"'°" in my dawoom d•,;l'lll in<tru<tion "'ill h< lp01ud<n1S<k:•~ loplhccomputorl;,..-..yskill, ohcy n«'d in loday"s OO<ic<y, (7) /ilely - "nlik,i1· (I)

My use of• oompetor 10 l'fl'S"nl • ks""' ,n my cl>woom Juril'lll m>1n,ction1<•;11oncourago>1ud<n1por1ici1"'lionin1h<kssoo (7)/i!,/y - •nlite!)•(I)

hem'lanablc ltcmf. R<l,p<lnk

:0 ="7 My...,ol•~=~~;,,~<lwroom""""- :.!i. ~~l ........,_,.in""""""""1dirTa-rn,--•"Yk<­(7)/iMy-""'iMy(I)

41 bb9 My1t1tolaoomputa1D~•-•~d•-durin& .,......,.._,.,;nuom,ao,111c:<11ar«olllllmyi.s....•>l!1>t ditN(>l«lb<<a••1Cof1«twi10al~(l)/,tey- ... l,l,ly(71

42 bbl0 Myu1C<>fa<O<l'lf'Ul<"J10-,11dooninmyclao""°"'dunnJ in111,.,,i<Jn ,.·illrnhanc<: tl>tkamin1n11<ri<n<cofmy"oJtn" (7)/1t,/y-•nlit,l)•(I)

4) tb l ll >1·in1<0011&h t<:<hnt)loll)l«ju1pn1<nt1nnoytl••-i• i...,.,.,001. (7)a,,.... -dj-( I)

T"''"'IIJ""lllc:us,of1«hrlokisY"'i""""''-;,;~ (7)..,,..... - ~(l)

Adtqu>leu..,.,s-.k,l,01ry-ordilkmll.............i ,_q;,,;.lh<clawoom.(7)--"'-(I)

Tcd111calcJ...,.._...,_,..pr,:,bk,ns.,.1b1~ 1.2$ •bt.. .., .. 1«~1nll><clawoor,,.(7)- - duag,tt(I)

47 tM A1<X11t,-l'l<Cds,upponto-~inlh<tlusroono O.IIO <71"1""-~(I)

A1catllt,-nocdlkn<r<,·iro,.,ooho•· 10....., 1«h""'°Vinlhoclusn,om, (7)o:Jrtt - d!u,g,ff(I)

Cl•ssro<>m 1<d111o~IMllld l>c eosy to kam ond use. (7),igrtt-diwg,..,(I)

50 <1>11 A..,.,...1<-=aren«Jod1ou1<l«llrN>k>fyinlho •-(7)~-dUl>f,....(I)

SI po l lta1·, .. ..-.,.1«hroolos)-oqwpno,11io,~elassfoom.....,ld ..... tcn __ ,.,..., • ._,.,,.,Pfat<ll•kssori ---c1,_...diJlin,lt -«mN(7)

Sl pd llarint.,...niM15onlho-of1«linolov"'.,.,_._ 1.0II ....,.,1,1.,..,. _ _ ........ ~ .. ..,.."'""°""' IOpmcntllcssandurioJ--(lj_,_~_....,.;,,-(71

Sl pdll>1'111j"'°"'""''""'"ldmake11 __ ,o...,,_,.,. inmycla>1r00111top<cs<n11kuondionrts"""""•­(l)-.di.(f,c,,/,-,o,;,,-(7)

S4 pc4 lt,1·in1f<•<:<1«luii<ol¥l•1<h<1on.l<-qu ipn1cmr,robltm1•""W ""'kcu _ __ tollk o ,11111f""t<rinn1ytl><sro<>mto fK...,n,ak...,.,dunniin,1n1<1ion.(l)....,,.,di/f1n,/f - NJH't"(7)

hem Variable Items, Response

ss ~~· 11,, i•g ' """"""""<l:r:."~f.'4~"'" .. ><0"'1'"'«'• 6~~s i'.~s m)"da,sroomtoi><=nl•lcssondunfliin,1r,11:tion \IJ-,or,Jfffic•/1-,a;i,-,(7)

56 r><'fl Loc1'on•ov,l«lg,:'"'"°"'lO"""«<h~"""IJm,akcit ---'°"'"' • oompu1c,·nmyda ·,pn:><nt akssooduring;nstru<tion.(l) ..,,,,.J,j}icy/1 -easi,-,(7)

S7 pc7 ll o,·mg,lasanx,m":<hnolo>gythatiscas;,,tolc>mao,Ju'"'"'"" ld mak,u ___ tou«acompu1,rmm)"d•ssroom10 pn:scn1alcssond•rin11in<1ruc1,00,(l)•wr,Jfffi<:•l1-ro,,,.,-(7)

S8 pc8 H•,·••g""°Gu'"Cr<SWrtOS"'""IJ""'kcit ___ _ 1ou><•oompu1<rinmycla,sroom1op<CS<fll • l<;sonJurin¥ inS!ru<tion.(l)""""dijf!<"<'/r-ro,j,r(7)

M)"p<in<ipallhinkslhatl>houlOu;c a oompul<rtop<=nla l«sooinmyciu,roomdurini;in,.,..,,;.,.,, (7)/;*;IJ· - ••h4dy(I)

Pat<n"ofn,ystu<lcn1'1hinl1ha1l""""lduS< a«>n¥>Ul<rto pn:scn1ak,>00inmyc lmroomJurinsiM1ru<tion (7)/iMy - •nlil«ly(I)

Olhcr1<><hmthinkthot l ,hou lJu><a<ompul<rtopn:><nt a k,soo in myclamoomJurini: in,oruwon . (7) h*•/y - •nMdy(I)

My.,u,k'1\sthink1ha1lshouldu«aoomputcr topn:><•••lcs.son 1nmyda,sn,omdunngin>1ru<toon,(7) 1,*;ly-unl,/rdy(I)

My >c OOOl tc:choologyand/or,n,:diasp:dah,ithin1'stha1l>hould u« a oomputcrtopn:scn< alcssooinmy<lo;sroomdurini inst=11on. (7) 1,k,Jy-unhtd)•(1J

64 lu l a. lnmy1n,o'"'tion,,heu;cof1!,c,on,putcr"•"PPl<m<ntal. 0 .94 (>·alu,e•l) b.ThtCO<Tlf>lll<1i,m1tcalto1h,funct1onmgofmyinSltuetioo. (,-.luc• 2) c.lJooo<uS<a<QnlpuOcrin•1y«ochm~ l' .. 1""-0)

a.Th< fthe<on'l'Ul« ·sno1«scnt"al·nmy·ns1ru<t1011 (,·olu,e• I) b.Formytcach ing,thcu>eof1hecompu1cri• inJisprnsablc (,·, 1...-2) <. IJonotu>< a<omf>111erinmy<oching.(,-.luc-O) a. Tht<°"'f'll'<r·,..,.-,-,1,01h<Cn<1' 1ngof,, "ns· ·· . 1.04 0.60 (,·0111<• 2) b.Thcu«:of1!,ccompu«ri,no1....,n1o3 l inmyiostru<IK>ll (,·, 1.....-1) <. IJono1u«aoompu1orinmyrcachini;,(,-.h1<-0)

ltcm'lariablc llffll .. Re,.pons,< • NPll!' 0...me1$eling

67 1114 L f or,ny1eai:h,,._doc:.,co(doc:-,a1t indi<pcnSabl<. (•"-1...-l) b.lnmy11,sln,c:!""'•'""""ofdoc:<or1,.,...,Cfis"'f'l)l<m<ntal. (•~ luc-1) c. lOOOOO•K • <<Ht\f'K>l<fln myl<Khifli,(•~luc-0)

(O • 203) ""'abl< "'"'C)'J ,,...., """mod for an effect"" re1um ra,c,of63%. Of1h<

,..,,pondcn1', 93 .1% (B • 189) " '""' female and 6.9% (B • \4) W<I'<: mole. This diffcronc<: in

m,pooscr.uesby!!Cn<lcrrq,resen"th<rrah1y1ha11ho,~1ma,or,.1yof K-Sdcmrnwy

from O lO H . Theo,·crall noro~• of years usin1p «1111putcr fro,n the I.ample was 12.4 )'""'

Of1hc1wlrcspoo,Jrn11,nonc(D • O),qx,n<dusongaromP1'1crathomeooly. Sixpcn:cn1of

IS% of Ille <ample ( 100% • U % ropon<d abo,·c) do OOI ""' a romp,,1,r "' all. either at home

oro1school.Thiussumpt1CH11S 5Qllle"·h•lcons istcnl1<'Uhlhcle,·c l1 0foon-<"<:lmputcrusc

(13.3%) that w .. 1'<:fK"'cd"" th< Lc,·cl,ofUse mcasurnofthe "'"·cy. ,..h,ch will bo

d11<:11Jkdbclow.Gradelc-,..,ltauplbythe..a.,1K-rJ,ntheloamplcrangcdfromrtt­

K,nd,rpncnlhrough S•Gndt. Dcmognphtc,au1Uon,"'°"·11i11Table4-2.

GcnJcr Female Male

20 - 29 )0-39 40 - 49 SO- 59

YomTc;"~in5g

6 - 10 11 - IS 16 - 20 21 - 2S 26 - 30 31 - 35

YoarsU•i"!~ompulcr

6-10 II - IS 16 - 20 21 - 2S

WbcreComputcrUscd Home Only

~l:t;:~~thool Grade L;:~~Taugh!

' . ' o,~,

'"' " " " ., " " " " " " " " '" . " " " ., 8

' ' " "' " " "

14.3 n.2 30.S 27. 1

21.7 19.2 14.3 10.8

' ' " '' 103 3S.S 27.1 22.2 ,., ,.,

.. 93,6

11.J 17.2

32 IS.8 37 !8.2

" " 14.8 IS.8

''

(LU) aSSC<uocnt t<X>I (Man,,n~,..,.·,C~ 1991) 11o·as uscJ fot 1h11 ,,...,..,._ lbc LU in""""""'t

mchcau:s 1hm,co1egoricsofcomfl"ICr use:1100•Use.u1,li,.,,on.aod1n1cgra1ion. As1:c1n,ofO

ir.dica1es non-use.• ocorc of4 ind,ca,es ,i>e u1i!iza1ion cal<py. 1r.d • ocorc of8 ir.dic11cs 11\e

1"1<J'3'Mlllaleg<>ry.Wh1lo-Olhn-lllan0.4,ot5an:poss,ble.tl>ey1ndica1<on

iDO;Omi<l<nC)'lhat """'"' ii d,ffiouk. ,f11011mpossible. toueffll1nan ocan1< lo-,'cl of....._

11o·hn111oac:he<bo11,1n,10usccomfl"ICf1incl>eir1<ac:h,ng.and1l>erntei.rat100le,·eli , n:ahzol

11o•l,en1be,eacber"scompu1orusebt<:oo1escntkaltohis0<hor1eaohin&

L<·,el,ofusercsul1un:n,por1cd1n Table4-l.Oflhc1otalrcsponde-nts. ll.J%0flhc

ICIChcfl(D•2J)ir.d1caccdthcnon-..... taCCJ:OfY. fifl)'•R>""pcttC11l ('9. 1%) ofd,e 1,aobeq

lnlCIP"'llonlt,·el. 1'1nt1ffi< pert(lll(l9.?¾)ofthtrcsponde,n,{D•J9)indica1ed LU-

mhtr than O. 4 or 8. which made" impossible toaocur.itclyn1egori,.c 1he ir le,·el ofcomfl"•or

U$,Th<se..-sponsn11o·rn, lobeloJ""Un,cfflllin""inTable4•l. f otttallst<ealanal)"Sil thtLU

Jror<•· .. ,n:atedua conc,nuous.•·m.us1ncegoncal.mtasun,.

Jpbk;4-J.l.e\~lsofl/s,Rg,on,d WelsofU.. Noo•lher U1Lh,:.01<onlc,·el ln1cgra11011L<>·el Un«nain

' " ,,. " "

. ll.l S9.I

"

ThtS~>011,.·iHl<ldrn, 1hcrcl>1>0111h1pof1nd,rcctme>sorcst0Jircctme>S11rcs1n1

TP1l stu<Jyandi1...-,llil\Clu<le•dt<cnp,,o,,ofho,., u,Jircctmc.uurc,,.·crccakula1<:J.Thc

TI,cpn-m1soof1hcll>coryof PW\IINlkha,·,or(TPB)11based1H1an1ndh-1Joal"•

bclicfsabou1apa,ucu l>rbchavior.m<lu<J,nKbch»·ioralbclicfs.nom1>11,·cbclief,.otld

conrrol behof/ Bot.a.-iorol behds ore lhc t,as,1 foran,nJ,viJoal"11mn1Je cov,-an:I a beh»·ior.

,.·hoth,,rtheyt,a,-.,1p05,u,·eorncpu,-.,n-..loat>011of1t.N01m11i,-.,bel,efi1R:lhcb&s,1 loo"

ao,nd,.,Jual"1SUbJOCl"'""""""""-ardabdu,,·ior.1hat,$.,.'h>llheypett<l\..,<ig,l1fioa,n

o,hcr>cxpe<tfrom1h<minn,garJ101h•1beh1,-ior. Andcoo1rolbel;efi1rc1hcbasi1fo,an

ftt11beyha,·e1h,:n:sourc,no,-mr-t0.,.,ron,,t1tcbchanor.ltl1diff"'11II IOd1rcctly

rnusurc rclc,-..,tt. o,-pl,on1 (A jun. 1988) behcf1. ,n rcla1iort t01 bchanorbcan, .. thew

behcfscanclun~cdu,,1<>1imc.e,r,cricnce.•tld•·•'}"ingcon1c,u.for1h,srcaron.,ndin:<1.or

J1n:t1ly(A1>.<n.200l). ln1hcTheoryofl'lanncdlkhO\'ior(TPll).bchef.based(indircct)and

rorrcl1tea«onl,n110AJnt1(2002~AJl<IS"" .. ron-claU1N1bel1'·emtho:behd-bued

(ondircct) measure ind Jorect nioa,urc of• pan1col1rTl'll cons1ruc1 pn)>od<i n·idcncc 1ha1

1hcJ,n:c1n1easurci1a rcAccti0<1ofanind"'idu.o.l"•ulicn1beli<:f1 l<>1<'ord1hatbcha1·,or1111

coo>1rvct,.·crecalcula1cdu"ng1hefonnulaspro,·idcdbyAJ,m(2002)

for theboha,·ioralb<:hof and~ingoutrome.-.·alua11<,n11n: mul1iplicd,>nd!he100,I

ofallind im:1mea>urosrola1cd101hat,·••iohk • ro•unm,-,J,r.,.ultinainano,·orall,·alucfor

the1ndin:<:1mcasuneofatmude.Thcbehef·twcdmeasurcofam11idei••howninfigune4-l

"•"' ~b.,, A,•Anirudc,o,.-.,Jbdil,,·l(JI B.

b,• lkbcfthatpo,fom,111jbeha•·"" B'"·1llleadtoou1come/.

r,• E,-..lua11onofou1coo10/.

L • Sum1$0,·cr ~sahont behef1.

~·igune4•1.lklief-basN~1oasuroofAu11u.k.

The-re,sooapnon,..,.y10Jc-,Mt1,,,.thoop11malrahn1ofthonenulhatmakeup

belocf·bascd mcas"""(A.Jl<Cn, 2002). S<ahna-lyxs,.,·ere pcrformN ro, all thrttTPD

COOSIN<tsus,ngbothu,upolar(I to7)andb1polar(,Jio~))sconn1, AJun(l002)

anddirtclollituden>n<uro1.Unipol•rxunipolarsroring"'OJuS<:dfor thebeliof·NScd

"'tnudernnoune. Tablc,~.4$ho"'f tlcs<npcm:sta,IIS11csfor1hebelief.~amtudemeasune.

AT_UU_TOT 6l.Sl

SubJe<ti,·enorm.,1hcpc,rte"·cdM><i•lprtS>Ure10pc,rformorootpc,rformap;rr1ieular

bch»·oor(Aj=i. 1988, 199l).U1ingAj,en',( 1988)methodok>aY,IWO IICltlSCornpnscarr

~ingmotl\ .. U<>ntoromplyan,mul11plied,aodthctoUlofal1111Wnoc1me-rn

rcla1cd1otha1,=ablearosumnl<d,rcsulungrnono,·enll,.,.Ju,efor1hcir>dircctm1,;,,urcof

subj .. ,i,·e norm. ll>ebclief•ba>'cd measun:ofsubj .. ,i,"Cnorm1,shl,wrnFigurc4•2.

SN« ~ bl",

S.Y • Subjc<11\'Cnorm. b,• Sonnall\'ebchcf«rn<:cm,n1rcfncntj :: ~= :::::.7:==tt:;:h rckrmtj,

Figurc4•2.IJ.elicf-bascdMea,urcofSubJe,u,·cNorm

Unipolarxunipolarsrorin1wasuscdfor 1hcbclicf•ba>cd subJ .. ,i,·enormmeasurc.Toblc4•

Tobie ~-5. Dnrnpu•·· Slall>llef l'or lklod4'ascd Sub1«11>'C Sorm Mn...-. VanableNamc M SD SN UU_TOT

Prn:sm'\lll<jy,·i2ol½fllltrnl

!'crtein<ll>ehnionle<>n!Nl "• P""""'•pcr«[>11<>nof1heea,eor Jiffkul1yof

,,.·011cmscompnscaninJ1tte1me....,rcofP<="-.,Jbeha,·10r1lcoouol; 1cor11mlbcbef(Q

andlh<p(T<'Cl\"edpowerofd,c«rn1rolfac,or(P).ll,cK'Jfesfo,lh<«rn1rolbcl1efond

indirtttmo,,un:,n: la1eJ1oth>1"3riableon:,un,me<l.n:sultiniinano,·orall,·•luoforthc

bcha,10talcon11olissho>,,· 1nFiguro4-l

l'BCct,c,P,

l'BC • Perttindbchanonlconlrol C • Coolrolbchod P • "="~ PG"""ffOfth,c plrUcula,-conuol factorlO rx,htalCOf ,nhibil pcrf,;,n,w,c,,oflhel><h»·,or. n • S•hmtcontrol l:w:hcfi

Figun:4-l. Bel1cf-basodMeasuroofl'=in,llkh>-.oralCon1rol.

Unip>br a bop0lar ><Ofl"l "• IISN lorlh< b<hcf-bnodcontrol mcuun:. Table 4~ sho1'·1

Table 4-6. J)e$cnP1ivo Stati111c• for llclicf-ba«d Co,urol Moasun, VonablcN M SD PBC_UB_TOT J7.l>J:

l llle~lat1onal.,..lys,1 Jho,,,·eJmi,odrau11Sfor1hebchcf-bakdlnddi~

measun:sofa11iiude.,ubjoc11\·enonn.andpcrccl\·etlheha,-ioratcon1rol(Tablc4-7). For

1ni1ude.1hc~la11onfor bochmeasun:s,.·a11p1f,ant111(201) •.62.11 < .0 I. For

Forpcn,,,.·eJbchavionlcomrol,1hccorrcla1ionforbochmcuun,s"'·ul'lll!11gnificantal

((20l) •.Ol.11 -.1n\i1u1'11'lc1r,.·hythen,wa,1\1ckof~la11onbet,.=1hebcl,ef.

Anenmplcof1d,~n><u.,n:of1hi,fa.c,o,,1 11<'111l?of1hofinal 1u"·•y:--Using1

COllll'IJ l,-r 1n my ct,moom IO pn,ocnt a lesson durin11 in,11,.,:,ion 11 within my control, ,,.,., _

_,.dijf,,..,/1 - ,,,,.~1ou,ca~t<r1nmyclas«-1t1o~n11lessonJunng

rns1n1t:1ion.H,whichi1apow,;rofcontroln,easure.l1i1po11iblc1hatthcphrasingof1hc

lnJi....,1itcm,f011h11fa<tQtinJic•u,dabeliefamongn:s111>11dcnt1(baK<I011infonnation

C<)dtroln,la!Cd1<>1tl"bctla'',.... Thcamc m,p!beltUC j'Qtochcr PIIC1nJnut--""

aJdrnKdrc:soortt1,1ra,n,na,1«hn1calproblems.1"f'l><>R.U>O'<l·lcdie,ondeascof11SC. The

resu l11of1his.iuJy,bec1usc1hcd,rec1me,suresappcan:JtomoreclearlyaJJrcssthccontrot

toMln1t:l.ond, basedonthcm:ommcnJanonofAi,cn(20CM~only1hcd1recti1emmca,urn

·ureu>ed fol'h}'J)Olhcsi1 1a11na, Thcna1un,of1he PllCilldirect mcawres.,.·,llbe~

Anin,de

:::~•i;:iora!Conlrol

AT_UU_TOT SN UU TOT l'BC Uii TOT

ATI OM TOT 62' SN_SM_foT 36' PUC DM TOT 02

1hcbel1d•baKdanddin:amnsureson1hcfinal111"·,y ,n1lr\lrne,n.

A12en(2004),uuc>l1!hatc"hcr1r.d,=1ard1rtt1mcOS11resoanbcu>edtoprcJ,c1

1ntonuon,blubecausc in1cnuons•"'•sso>SC<ldirectly,Juo-ctmeasurcsan:u, .. 11ypttforml

for1hcl-Keofrommo""y. Thcd1ro;:,mcasuresofam1uJe,111bJe<11,·c~.pe=ind

"FUf.ions. Thocrdc>-.1su11,tl(J.,.~tcd1n$11mmMJlablesbtlow.

Com:lauonal•ndmult1ploh.-...,,.~,ioos,3i,mc,lpru,;tdures•••""""'forhypothcs11

b<h.11·i<)r.olintcn1iontouS<:rornputorsbyckmcntory1<0<l>i:rt

11p1fioan1, I (201) • -30. JI< .001 fToblc4-3~ Thm:fott. th11 null hypod1osis""UttjC'Ct<d

~ . Wluit11d,o,.lationshipbcl,."tt11Jubje<-m·onormandan

clomcntary tcocher·• intonuon 10 •sc compu1crs in cl•W<lOll1 in1uuc11on?

.,,...,.,.,wa,significant.((201) • .S3.J!<.OOl(Tablc4-3).Thtre f<l«".lhis nullh)-polhcs1S

WH,.JCCtcd

and111clnnmwy1,,;1oha"J1nlrnllOIIIOUS<"""""'tnJ1nclasvoom1nMruct1011?

ondthcin1C'f1tionmo.,ure.Thc<Ol'1'd•t1<)11bclwot,nthopcrcoi,·cdbehaoi'-""l<onlrolmoasure

•ndthcin1omionmo.,ure"·u11gn ,focan1,[(20 1) • .J2.p < .OOl(Tablc4•8).Tbettfore, 1h"

AltUude

~:':!i":.\""eNom, Jn1ont'on •p < .001

"' .)2• .21• ,,. ~ . l)othocomm,euatt11U<kio"-..ltbrbcf>as1or,subjocl1,..,nom, •

..w,rompu1crsincbssroom,mtruc1,on1

1hcbeh>-.or,subjot,1i,·onorn1,andpon:ei,·Nbeha>·ionloontrolonanolcm<ntarytoocher't

,.......,,onro,...compu1crsr.,,c1, •• ,.,0111u,,11U01i<111.

~'''°"'lmt<n1ion,wh1d,KCOf'din&l01hoTPB.an: antot,.,Jontro o,:t'"'lbcf>a,·":"·n,.

hnoarcombino1ionofa1ti1UJo,,ubJOCll,·cnorm. andcon1rolmc01un:t wo,,ignificantly

r,latcdtobehaoiontlinlontion.f(l, 199) • 124.61.p • OOO. Tl,cAmplc mul11plc«1m:la1,on

cocfri<:1<nt>1~.8l.uw.li<:alln&tl>Mappmx,maiely6S% 0f1hc,,.,,..,..ofthcboha,·><>nl

intentionmoasurcinthosamploeanboacwuntedforbytholineareombina1ionoftho

,11ituJo,subj~i,·or,onn,anJpercei,·edb<ha>·ioralrontrol mca,urcs

ll\Ogcnomlformulafo,alin<armodolforpredictingthc,·alu<:Sof•doJ>Cndcm,·ariablc( Y)

fromonco,moroindcpendenl ,·ariab lo,(X)is f . /I++ B,X, +B, X, + ... + /1 ,X , (Non,sis,

2003). The rcgrcssion equation for my SluJy is Bl - •2 .9H + (.SHxATI_DM_TOn +

(.083xSN_UM_TOT)+( .051xP llC_DM_TOT). Tabk4-9prcxn1siTHlicrs1o ir.:hca1c1ho

rc la1i,·estrcnglhoftheinJi,iJualprcdim,n.A llthebi,·aria1ecorrda1ionsb<:1wcrnthe

predictorme .. urcsanJthoboha>•ioralintcn1ionm<0surcwcn:poSi1 i,·e,a,expoc1ed,andoll

1hrceoftheinJkeswercsia1isticallysigni fican1(e < .OOl).Onlythoponiolrom: lation

b<twecn thcau itudc,ncasurcandb<ha,·ioral in1cntionwas,ignifican1.On1hebasisof1hcsc

rom:l>1ionalanalyses,itos1empting1oconcludc1ha11hconlyusefulpredic1or ofbeha'"ionl

intontionis1hea11i1uJcmcasure.l1alonoae<.-oun1cJfor64% (.80' • .64)ofthe,·arianccof

b<h.-ioralin1en1ion,"·hile1hcothcrnriablc,contribu1eonlyanodd itionall % (6S% -64%

• l¾). JuJsmcn,saboutthcrcl•1iveimportanceof1hescpn:Jic1ors.howc,·er,•rcdifficult

becausetheya,ccOITclated.Thccom:lationsa,nonglhcpredic-tOTl'3riablesrangedfrom.27

to .61(Toblc4-8abo,·e)

Tablc4-9.Bi,·aria1candl'anialCorrcla1ionsof1hcPredietorswi1hlkhasiorallmcn1ioo

Al1illlde Subjcrti,·cNorm

•p < ,001

CorrclationBetwe<ncach Predictor and Bl ...

.s3•

Com:l>1ionBctw«noochPrcdic10,

·:11 ~~~;:,;;!!" ro• OS

Figurc4 -4show,agraphicrcpn:srn"nionofthon,lationshipsofonitudc. subjcrti,,.norm,

anJpen,ei,·edb<hoeioralcoru,ol1ob<ha1·ioral intcnuon

A1mudoTowanl lkha,·Nlf(ATf)

SohJ<'<\"·• Nonn (SN)

l'cm:1<"CdBeha>1onil Conuvl(POC)

Figure4-4.ComclationofAlT,SN.l'llClOINT. 'l! < .(l()l

~ . l,1h<-rca~lahonbel,.·ttnanckmauarylndlcr"1on1C1Ml0

uscaron,pu1crfor;nmue11onar>J1heirac,ualuscofacornpu,erforin1tniction?

A~lat,oococffldcnt1<-.1comptotcdfor1hebcha, •ffll,n1cmoonme""ureandlhe

levels of use measure. Three ,1om1 00 1he fio,I ,u.,·ey mstnimcnt, ,toms 15, 18. or>J 23,

compu1crl0prclcrllaiesson. Scal,ngontheseolemf.rangcd froml(unli\ely,fal ... d,.ag,tt)

to?(likely,1nie.1i.,,:e).Themuimumpo1cn11al,·alocfor1hebehavioral,n1entionmca>ure

reprc..-n1cdbytwoi1em,c><h.Onei1cmfron11heu11li,.a1ionlc,·cl1spairedwi1hani1cm

from the in1c,ra1ion lc>·el. U11n11 th,. critma. a re,po,,Jn,f s -., IJl,Qukl be either 4 or i .

J.88(.o•20l).Dcocnpm .. mmtoc1 f0<thcs<mcasuresareshowninTabi<4-10.l1>c

••JV11ficant,r(201) • .45,n <.01(Table4-ll).Therefun:, 1h11nullh)pothesis"'-asre;«,eJ.

INT DM TOT IS.50 4.74 LU DM TOT l .88 2.06

lntcnuon ,, 1,r lmontion(lNT_llM_Ton I 4S" l.c.-ds ofU<e( LU l>M TOD I "p <.001

Th11 rela11<>ml11p bt,., . ...., bm:a,·-.1 ,1111,,11,c,n and :artual bdl>,·,or(Le,·rls ofll>e) 11 sho••n

ivapltocallyinFi8UfC4-S.

~ ,.,. ~ ~~

FiJUr<4-S.ltdat1onslupoflkha,·-.l lnte111ion10A<1uallkha.-,or, •g < .OO I

l1>cpu,poK"of1h,1chaplcr•-as 10cuminethcrcsuh10fa wrveydes.gntdto""'a'Utt

TPBconstructsinrel•ti0<t10cl<mc1tt>rytcachcruscofcornputc1'1f0<mstruc1ion.An

1n1portanlpa.nof1hi1pmccs1!n,·ol,·eJ1hcJc,·elop,ncntofasu"·cyins1rume1ttf0<1his11K

l1>c7l-,1emwn·ey,n,1rum<111"'-as"'"lua1eJf0<CO<ttcn1,·•hduy,c<>Mtruc,t.-.lidi1y.and

thesubje<:1i,·cnorm(SN)andintcn1ion(IN1)\'oriablcs,ondlhepercei,•edbehas•ioralcontrol

(PBC)atldin1ention(INT),-ariablcs.The ,troni:c>1correla1ionwa1;bctwttnA1Tor.dlNT,

follo"·odbySN•lt-'TandPBC· INT,ro,poctis-cly. The a11itudt,·ariablchada significantly

largor>1at isticaloffect onbcha\'ioralintontiun1handidsubjrrti,·enonnorperc<i,·ed

bcha\'ioralcontrol. <ithcrindividuallyorcombinc<l.Thcrcsul1<0l$0ir.di<otc<losrntis1ically

significantrdation<hiph<twernbch•vioralin1cn1ion(INT )ar.doc1uallcs·d s ofcompu1cru.,

(LU)byckmcn1ary1cachcr$.S1111 isticalpro<c<lurt'$"·crcu,cd100,·aluate5nullhypolh<Se$.

andallSn ull hyp01hcse;cwcrcrcj«1c<l

CltAPTERS DISCUSSION. CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENOATIONS

TI>epulfl')<Coflhi50haplcr 1Sl0 discu .. 1holinding$fromth1$J1udyas wollas

funh<rrcoean:h,andasummary,

signilio•n••••ysforins1n.<1ion.Anu1nborofid<a1ha-·obccnpo<il<Jfor1hi1

S<udywas 10 eum10< internal ,·an,bles n:lai<J 1oelcn1<n1ary 1eachcruseofcomputors

for ins1n.:1ion and 1on·•lu.a1c tho cffioaoyof1hc Thcoryof Planno-d lkhnior(Ajun &

Fishbe1n.1980;AJun.19H)1n1h11comn1.TheThcoryoff'bnncdOclwi,·,or111gescs

pcrfom11hatbeh:imor.lkha•ior11lintentiooi1pn,dka1<Jonthrtt,·ari1bk•1hat1n:

din:c1lywi1htargc1<Jn:spoo .. ,. Thcindirec1anddirectmeosun:sof1hcseconsltUCU

"'°!'klcomlo1e.Thou&he1th<r111CU11n:canbeuscdioanaly,ecff«1.A1ttn(20CM)

"'U""l111S•n1din:<:1 mn1Ulff~1hey.,.mon,cornpa1ible"·11h1hcdin:<:1mtasure

<kwlopt<11n<1,·ahda1eJforusc1ncapturingilll1afor1hisstudy.11>epopu lationforthis

.. ...iy .. ·asall Pn,.Klhrough 5"'padt1tachenlo • llZ) in•mcd1um•iizcJ,choold111nc1

m ,..,.,1r.11 Flonda. Ohhc 10tal diSlribulC<L6l%(n • 20l)comple1,:,J fUt\"Cc)'l •=

n,., datl W<re on.aly,ro Ul<lljldescnp1"·· ll>IISIICl, com,la11ora. ond multipk hncor

n:grnNOIIS. Tho cntmon ,..,abk- for th,s .,...iy,.._. octual compncr Irie (LU)-.11hr

pttJictot,·anablCS'O"Or<OIHludolO'O-ardthcbcha,·1or(ATT).lllbjtdl>'Coorm(S1').

pen:ch-cdbeltaviorat conlrol( PIIC).aodbeh»ion.lm1<n1 ion(INT).At1i1udttov.-ard1he

apprs,s.alofthcbcha,•iorinqt,n.1,on(Ajzcn.1988.1991).Sut,;ccll'"Cl>O<ffl"'hc

~"·cd-ial prc!i<urttoperformoroo, pcrfor,n o particularbtha,•ior(Ajzcn. 190,

pen"orm11111hcbcha,iorof1ntffCSl.ltisassumcd10n:llcct1pcrson·,f'tt'";OUS

oxprncocos, as ,.,.11 .. an1 ,e,p,,,eJehalkngcsand obs1a<los(Aj>.cn. 1988. 1991)

lkhanoralin1cnuon11an1nd101d..al"1,ntcnt,on1opcrformag,,·cnbeh,av1or. lntcnllon11

cootrol(Aj~en, 1988. 1991).Dcmogr,,ph,cda1a••crc•l$0c•ptur«lfor1hi11tudy

mvol,Woxarmnu1g1hcrtla1,oni.h1pbe1"·eon1tll!udc1nd1n1cnt1on.subj«11,·coom,and

in1cn11on.l"/r<Cffcdbch;11•ion<lc<><itrolandin1<n!1011.ondbehavioralin1<n1iontoac1u1I

I Whal i, the relationsh1p bctw,x,n a11 itU<k: 1ow•nl the b<h»,or •nd an clomcntory tcach<..,'1 in1cntion1ousccornpu1eninclauroom1nstn,,c1ion'/

2. ll'hal1Slher,:l>1io ... lnpb,:l .. ·tt11SW>j«ll>'C""""'andan clcmcntayoe ... htr'1 mttt11,on 10 use, compu1ct1 ,n dauroom ,nsuuct ,on?

3 Wh>t i11hc !'<:la1ionsltip bct1<·een pen:c"...d b<hanonl conlrol and an ckmcntary 1cxhcr'1 1mcmion1o""""""'P"'"" ;",1as1roo,njn11ruc1ion?

4. Dothec,,n.iNC1Sall1tudc:10Y1·anlthcbcha•ior.subJ<c,i,·c""""'·andpcn:<i,·«J bcha,,on,l<;(lntrolha,-.,o-q..alinflurna,onanclcmcniayoexhtr"1inttt1110mc compu1cr1,nclauroom1M1noc1,on?

5 l• 1hcre 1com:l>1,onbct"·eenanclcmcni.ry 1eachcr', intcn110ulleocomputerfor insinic1ionanJ 10<irac1ual u1,eof a compu1crforins,ruction?

1nJanclcme111•ry1<ochcr'11ntcn11onwuscrompu1cr1 1nclassroom1nstn,,ction?The

flnd,ngsind1c1t«J1hat1hcn,1<·u 1h111hcorrela11onbct1<·ttnthcattituJc1""·•nlthc

bcha,·..,,cons1Netondbcha,·,on,lm,cnuon(l •.80,Q<.OOl).Th,s"'&l(Slftlwthosc

ekmmtary lCOCheri with• t1>0tt fannblc c,-al\11Uon towanl ""'"II I compulcr fur

ins1n,,ctionha•·c 1 h1gherintcn1ion10doso. ll111 fa,·Qrablcass..s.s.mentbyekmemary

°""'""" Ill.It re<1.1l1 from the ..sc of1compu1er 1111Mtn>c11<111. Thcoe finJ,np indic,a,c

tho11hcflrsthypothcsi,,"·hkh ,1>1es1hcrcisnocorrel•1ionb<1"·cm•11itudctowanlthc

~ - "'hat i< thcrdauon~1pbct>1·ttn>UbJCC11\-.:normand1n

clcmen1ary1cochcr'sin1cnllontousccompu1er1ind••sroom1n>1n,,c1<on'/ TheflnJin~•

andb<ha,,or,,l1nttt11ion(l: •.5l,ll <.001). Th,1lUUCSlJ 1hatthoHclernmoaty1cachcn

,.·ho,nlmd1011SCacomJ1111Cf1n111wuc1ooob,.,-.,lhc:pm,q,<1011ihalOlhtts,.·ho..,

modiasp,:<:i•liSt.Thcsefind1n~1nd1<atctha1theseconJh)'f"'lh<s11,"·hichstalestherei1

r>0com: l,tioobcl1<·een sub;cc11,·enon11anJbcha,·ionl,n10n11on10usecornpu1..,by

findin11< indicated that. thouiih 11¥"1ficant, th=: was a 5001ewha1 lowron-.clatioo bcN'ttl'I

1hcpcrocn·C11bchao1or;,lcon1rolronstructandbch••ior;,lin1cn11oo([ ao ,J2,g<.OOI)

Th11 sull,K<SUlhatanelemcnlaf)"IOllChcr'1pcrccp!100ofhoweaoy ord1ff1<ultitis 1ouse

a,:,i,npu,af.-,nstructionhaslmlc:10Jo,.11hlhc:,rinl<fll100IOpc,ionrilh,sbehanor.

bcl-..·ccnpm,e"·edbcha,·,onlronuolandbclia,·ionl,n1cn110010use,:,i,nputenby

elcmcntary1ca<hcrs,1<·asn:jcc1od

~ . Do1hccon,1rucuanitutlctov,·aN1hcbcha,•ior,1ubjttt"-c,

norm,andpm,ci,"mbeha,·10<11lronirolha,·eequal,nH"""""°""""l<rn<n1ary1caeher's

lnleflt IO UICCO<npl,..,. _, el--., IIISIRICtlM? Th,e findin11< 1ndic•ed Iha! the lu-..ar

cornbona11onof ani1Ude, s"""'"1n·enorrnandpm,c"·edbeha,·1onlronuola«ow1tforlhc:

n10J0<1tyofeffec1•'-'•(6S%)of1hcbch>sooralin1cntron1truct. ltown·c,,the

rontribu11onofcachsan•ble"t'f'<•r«l• .. n:•ndydisproponionatc. Of1hc65%. 1he

The l•~••ffec1si,cor1mtudcincompanliOOlo.subjec1i,·cnonnondr><n:•i,·e<I

bchl\"IOl'•lcon1rol"'Ul1!)rpnS1nKrnUllfrom1his!luJy.ThesefinJingsindica1c1hatthe

fowthh)-polhes1S."'h,ch>1a1cslhett11nod1fference,n1he1nnucnccoftheCOIIW\ICIS

~.lsthe,ca,:<)(Kl>1ionbctw«nonclcn1c,n•ry1cachcr'trn10n1

,oujeacorn pu1orforms1ruc1ionandhi1orhcra<1ualujeofoco.,,putcrforinscruc1ion?

Thefondingsind~tedthalthett,..uaJ1an1fican1,:<)(Klalioobcl"'C-Cnthcbcharnn.l

1Mmt1oncomuuctand1C11111tneofacon,pultfini!UlRICl,ontJ: •.4$,i!<-001).Thl•

ac1111llydoso,andthofonJ,np tond10,-.hdatethcTPBu1pmlicli>"cmodcl. lnlenhon

,sprcJica1edonthcir at1i 1udcto"·•rd1 ha1bcha,·ior.thcirr><n:cptionof1hecxpec1-a1ionof

~h<-rs in 1ha1n:gard.andthcirpcn:e"-e<llc,·elofcon1rolmu.sing acon,putcrfor

1M1rucl100.Thescfond,np,n,,l,ca,e1tla11htf,flhhypo1hcsi°''"h1chs1a1cs,hn-e,sno

~

Thefondingsfromth,11tudyof<lcrncn1arytca<h<-rsand1he,rujeofcompu1cnfor

inttr'\ICt1Qn,uggcsill>c•-.lid,1yof1hcTbooryofP~ncdUcha,·,oru1pmlicto,-cmodel.

ThcpmlichW,=ablcsoh11,tudc.$UbJ«11,·e_,.._andpm:e""Cdbeha,•'°"'Jconuol11J

had1,·1hdand.,gn,f~,:<)(Kbt,ontolhebehanonl 1Me,nconMruc1.aoobehanoral

on1eacherpncuce,1hef'esf>«!O\'Ccoo!nh1monof1helbeoryorr1,nncdEklla,·1"'

,·•ri•bl<J.>nd1oxh,rk\'dJofoon,pu1eruse

lolluwsofTudl!llklirf<OUPAfll£t

ponon,,lbel,dJ.andlhlSll\ldylfllplLf><antmrdaUonlOek-m<nury11'Khcr""'of

rompu1enbe<:ausesom11<ho(1eache,pnc,iceis1111Hledandmo1,,711cJbypersonaland

profcw,onal beliefs.Toachershold1hckey1oeffec1"·e1echnololl)'1n1e&rallonin1he

111SINC11onalpro,:,:«(M•rcinkiow,c,, 1993).Marcinkicw,oi(l993)11ato1, ·-rull

in1cpiooofcompu1en miolhct;duoauonal •ystem isadiSlantpl unless there is a

undersundingof-..·ha,mak0ll1<aohen=•computerf0f11WNCH011mu>1takein10

aoro11n1thcmlcofteaohcrheliofs. llchcfsrlay asignifican1mlc,ndc1cnniningtcachcr

pncuce(Albion&Enmer.2002).Acrordin&IOCuban(l99J),.·eha,·obecnlcw1hen

su«tt1ful,.·ith1echnoio&YU11opionin1ho-classroombean,..woha,·cf1ikd101ako

lhcwbel,dJ.1<·hichdonunatopopulx,,ev,-sof..,hool1na.llll011CWUnt.•nc:luding

"cultur;1!behcfsaboul,.·ha11<aoh,n&11.howlnmingoccu"'"'h1tkno-..·ledg,ispn,per

in5ch.ool,.and1hetc•c,hcr-•n1dcn1(""'.0udcnHnachinc:)n,l • Uonsh,p .. (p.l86). Tioc

n,,H1cnc:y1odisrcgarJ1hccul1urcof.<eh.oohngandclassroom,111problcmwi1hmos1

curncu lumn,fom,offil<1J(Tob,n&Da,.·son,J99?~1•aJata(l9'112)""'cJ'hcltruol

rclalionsluP4amons1eachers"behcf,andpbnning.lhc,r11111n1<1H>naldec,S10nS.andthe,r

individualsmakcthroughoo11hcirli>"cs"'(p.J07).Tcachcrbelicfsarcatthcco,eof

1eacherprac1ice(Albioo&E11mcr.2002).TI,o11rongrolcofbelief1in1cacherpracticeis

n::lloc1cdin1hclargec-ontribu1ionof1hoat1itu<ke<>ns1ni<11owardbehavioral inlentionin

1hi1s1udy. Anckmcn1arytcachc,will001;n1cndtouse 1 compu1crforinstructionun1il

,hehclie,·c, in thecllkacyofthecomputerasalooltoenhanceins1ruc1ion.

Oncofthemostinlcrcstingfindingsfromth,sstudyv.·asthtcxtrcmclylarg,,cff«1

of an elcn1en1ary teacher's allitlltk 1oward using a com puter for ins1ru<:1ion on their

intention1odoso.TheauituJc:-inten1ionrel3!ionsh ipjnandofitselfisnotunusualand

seems rather in1uiti,·e, What wa, unusual 10 the researcher w., the reloiivcly small impac1

th>11hcsubjecti,-cnormandpcrcci,·cdbeh0\"ioralcontrolcomponcn1$hodonin1cntion

forthisbchavior. inrcla1iontotheattitudecon,ponon1.Subjec1iwnormaddresscswha1a

tc>chcrpcrceiws as thccxpcctalionsofo1hcrs(i.c.$QCial pressure),inre~•rd10a

J>3.nicularbeh0\·ior. Foranelemontary1cachcrthescsignificantothersare1heirpri1>Cipal,

peerteachers.studen1s.J>3.rcnisof,1uden1s,andothcrschool1taffliketheir1echoology

,peciali11or 1hcir mcdiaspccialist. TheresultSSuggc,tth>1,whileclemcntarytcachcrs

wan1toe<>mply"'iththcirprino,pars cxpects1ions(M • 6. l5). theydonotfcelthcreisan

c.<tn,mely high expectation from principals thal I hey use a <"()mpu1cr for inslNC1ion(M ~

4.69).lnfact.1hcrcsultsindka1Clhatthe§Ctcachcrsbeli0\"Ctheirschool technology

SpccialiS1hashighcrcxpccl>1ionsforthemintha1regard1hantheirprincipal (hl • 4.91),

andye11heclcmcntary1ea<hcrsin1hisS1udyhO\'CO IQ"·crmoti,·ationtocomplywi1hthc

cxpcctationsoftheirt«:hnokil!,)1$p<C;aliS1(M • S.OS)(Ta\>lc4-l,item<28-32, S9-63).

This percep1ionbyclcmentarytc>ehcrsofmcdiocrecxpecta1ionsforcon,pu1cruscby

1hcirprincipalis cons,sien1wi1hothcrreseareh.l lig;;ins& Russcll(2003)sl3tcthatthc

elcmentarylc1><h,n(!! • 1432)inlhcirsludyof!e<hnology,ntegrationn,pon<:d1hc

cmph.,is 1heirprincipal ploc<:d on tc,hnology as: 27% ··11c.ay", 60.1% ··Somo·. 11 .3%

""Linle"'andl.6'/4 ".t-°Ollc'",lnthc,.mc,iudy.1hcclcmen1>rytcachcrpopulationga,·c•n

c»·cn lower self-r,•portofthc emphasis 1hcypl1><c Oil le<hnology: 18.1% •·11ca1•f". 63.1 %

"'S<,mc··. 17% ""Lit1k" arid 1.8% "'t-.'onc~(Higgins & Russell, 2003). This p,:~ion by

dcmcnl3ry tc1><hcr1 of low cxpe<lations for computer use from oth,n may be ,·alid for •

number of reasons. The m<:>.agc many dcn1Cntary 1c1><hcrs are getting 1he most

rcinfon:cmcn1onin2004relatcs10ae<ountabili1y andpreparings1udcn1sforsUC<CSSOll

high-S1a kes1esis. l1isw:,rypos<iblc1ha1priocipal$and1ca,;hersdonotfoel thcyha>·c1he

loxuryoftimcoropponun ity1ofocu1on 1cchnologyin1egra1ioninlightofothcr.,·cry

,nunc'<iiato.dcmandsandpriorities. ThiS>$$<$smcnt isconsi,tcnl"'iththeobser,ations

oth,nmokcabou11hccul1nrcandorgani,a1iOllofochoolingbeingincoosi<1cn1wi1h

1ochnologk•linnoea1ion(Cuban.19g6_J 993)

Anothcrpossibility1ocon1idc'fregard ing1helo"""""'ribu1ionofsubjecti,,.oormio

behavioralintcn1 ionreb1cstoa1c>ehcr·,pcn:cptionofthcirrole.lngcncral,a1e1><hers

infiucnccondusroo1nprac1iceis,ignificantandthcyp,:rcci,·eitassoch(M3t1in&

Ckmcnlc,1990).Teach..,.ha>·eahighlocusofcontrol(Rotlcr. l%6)in1hcin11ructiona l

proc<:>stha1mayncutralizethtinOurn<.-.:ofothcrsreg•nlingexpce1a1ionsforapar1icular

bch.-·ior.Teachcrsplayastra1cgicrolcinwhatoccursin1hcclassroom(Burk,nan.l989)

Elcmcn1ary1eachtrsha1·c$lrongbelicfsabou1theirsignifican1rolcinS1udcn1leaming,

andanycha ngc in1he irprac11cc,likeadoptionofconirutcruse.••ill1ake1h<:>ebclicfs

1n101><coun1. lfa1eachcrbel'c1·csaprao1 ·ecor·nn.· ·. ·11cnhancc1hc1c ',er.

S1udentrclationandthcirins1n.ict ionalrolc.1hcy•remorelikcl y10cmbraceachangc

in,·ol,·ingtha1pr.w;1i,:oorinno,·ation.-rhcdircctrclationshipbet"·eenpersonal1eaching

etT.cacy•nJchange,ug.gcm1hattcachcrs•remorelikcly10<hange1heirbeha,forin

dircctions1hatmayimpro>1'theircbmoomeffec1ivcncs,ifthcybclievc1hatthey

1hemsch·es are inSln.imental to the kaming of their s1udcnts'" (Sm}·lic. 1988. p.22 ••

quo1edinManin&Ckn1cn1e,1990).Rcgar<ling1hcpr.w;1iccofjn<1ruc1ionalsy<1ems

design as an inno,·ation, Manin & Ckmmlc(1990) note that teachers tend IO prefer new

arpro,,chcs1hatmain1aintheirinflucnccinatc><:hcr-studentrcla1ionshir.Thoughnotthe

focu,oftheirdiscussion.thesameissucsmayinflucncc1cachcruscofrompu1crsfor

instNC1ion . Asthein,;1ruc1ionalka<lcrinthccla»room,•ndcm<nlarytcacheTwillno,

takc asccondaryrolctoanyothcrJ>Cr$0n. inno,·aiion.orpra<ticc.Thcrolcof1hc

classroom lcachcr muSt be considered and ,·olucd f<;r <he Sue<0cssful integration of any

ins1n.ic1ionalinno\'ation,includ;ngcompu1crs.Thcinno,·ationmust bepercci,·edtohavc

rdati,..,a,:h-an1agcandrompa1ibility(Rogcrs,199S)forthetcachcrfor1hcmto>dopli1S

uscforinsuue1ion.Th ishassignificant implica1ionsforthewayw1'approach technology

in1cgrat ion1ocnhanco1eachingandleaming. Thedecision1ointcgralete<:hnologycarmQ1

bea",op-do\1-·n""oran""outsidc-in""decision. lnmanycascs.innorntionsareattcmplcd

wi1hou11hecarefulcxaminationofw·hcth<r"orr101thcyaddresswha1i1 perccivcdas

priorityncedsbytcochers(f ullan&Scicgdbaucr.1991).Teachcrsmusthavcshan:d

dccision-makingin1hcdccisiontousccon1rutcrsfo,instNC1ion.andthcymusthave

nexibiJ;1ytodo1cmrineon1hc;,own1hebenefitthisinno,.ttion1<·illha,·efor1hcir

insirue1 ionalpruc1;cc.Ely(l999)call,thi•l"'·el oflcacherinvol,·cn,on1""]>anicipa1ion"in

hi, liS1 ofneccssarycond1tions1hatfacili13tcthcimplcmen1ationofeduca1ional

tcchnologyinno,·ations,lnn10nycases.a1cachcr' sbclicfs)"Stcmaboutcomputcruscand

anypo1cmialbcncfitwillchangeonlya~cr1hcybcgjnu,ing1h<inno,·a1ion. "Changein

bclicfsfollow.ralhC1!h>nprc<:cdc.changcinbcha>•ior"(Pajares,l992.p.321). The

in1roduc1iooofcompulcrs .. a 1ooltocnhancc1cachingandlcaming mustbcconsid<r«I

in 1hccontc.'10f1eachcrcxpcrtise.e~pcriencc.cxi,cingpractice,and whl11heyare1rying

to achie>·c in thedawoom (Miller & Olson. 199~). Teachers mus, h:m, a vision for how

aninoo,·>1ionl ikccompu1crscanimr,o,..,thcirpracticea,ld1hcirou1con>Csandthcy

mus1bc,llowcd1imefor1hi>,·i>ionrnd<,·clop. Leadershipis nccdcdtofacili1a1c1hc

dc,..,lopmen1of1hisvisioo(Ely.l999)

Thesmall influcnceof a lcachcr"spcrwptionofcontrolinusingocomputcrfor

insiroctionwasalsoasurprismgfinding.Thcrciscvidcr.cetha1 1cachcncrcdi1 fac10rs

bc)<>ndthcircontrolasreason,1hey donotusetechnologyintheclassroom(Cuban

1993; Ely, 1999).S<>rncof1hcfactorSmcntioocdincludcno1h»•ingcnoughcompu1crs.

unreliabili1yof1cchnology.lackoftimcforplanningandim><)>'a1ioo,lackoftraining,and

lackofsuppon.Thefindingsfrom1hisstudpuggemthac1hesebarriersarcoflcs<

consequenceinn,]011onto1hcactiludcfac1or. andthi<ttSults«m$C(lngrucntwith1hc

obscrva1ionoftcachcrswhousc 1cchnologyinthcdassroom.Enmcr,e1al.(l999)

discussfirs1-onlcrandsecond--0rdcrbarriersto1cchnologyuse. firs1-ordcrbarricn

inctudefactorsex1cmalto1hetcaehcrsuchos lackofequipmcntandlackoftime.

bcl icfsabouttherolcofa!cachcrand1heroleof1caehingandlcaming. Enmcrp0in1sout.

1-.owcwr. 1hat second--0rdcr barriers (i.e. values and beliefs). ran m«li01c 1hc impac1 and

inllucnceofft.-.1-ordcrbarricrs. Highcrlc,·clsofcon,puccrusccanbcoxpcc1cdtotakc

pla<cwhcnpcrcei,"cd,·aluci,hjghandre.rourccsarelo1<•, thanwhcnpcrc<i,·cd,...luci1

lo"•andft'SOurceshigh(llarringl<>ll, 1993;Emncr,1999). Forexan1plcott,:1cherwho

,·alucs1hcuscofcornpu1c,sin1hcin,1n,e1 ion•lproce"maysca>·engc 10gct theirhands

onanyhardwarethey arcablctoandmaktilworktoscrvc1hcirinmuc1ional purposcs.

Atcacherwho<loe>no1, .. lucacompu1crinthein<1n,e11onolproc<:ss"·il1notgololha1

efTonaodwill 1cndtou,c the lockofcquipmcntasancxcusctonotuscthatporticular

1cchnologyforinstruction .Thcfindingsfrom1hisstu<lyindicatc1hata1cachcr'•

pcrccp1ionoftheircon1rolo,lockofcon1rolhasa,mallrolcin"·hcthcro,nottheyin1cnd

10.oroctuallyusc,ocompulerfo,instruction.Those1cochersthat,·alue1hisbehavio,will

"findaway''1ousei1

ContdhuJiog9fJPBVo,iobl£I

Thcromributionof10CThco,yofPlanrnxllkhavio,(TPB),·•riablestobehasioral

intcntionondactualuscinthisstuJyiscon,istcntwi1hsimilarS1uJi.,.in01hercon1exts.A

litcra!Urcsearchwasperfonnedprio,tothc<ie<isiontopcrfonnthis particularstudyto

sceif1hcrewasanysimilarrcscarchdoneoncomputcruseusing1heThco,yofPlanncd

lkh»·ior modcl.Thc,tuJyth>1wasclose,tinno1Ureinl'Ol\'edcollcgeand uni,·orsi1y

parkand,«oreationfocuhyinlcntiontous,instructionaltcchnology(Mak.2000). Thc

populationfortheMakS1udywuhighcreduca1ionfacultymembers(!i • Ll88).ln thc

Maksi~ec,i,·enonn,andpcrcci,·edbehavioral con1rolaccoun1edfo,

48% of1hcintcn1ionl0ustin<1ruc1ional1crhnology,and1hecontributionofthe

indivi<lua l variablesw>S$0me"·hatconsiS1entwi1hmyS1udy. Thc<1n:mgeslpredie10,of

inlention"·asa1titu<lc(B - .43).followedby,ubjcrth'Cnonn(£ • .29)•ndpercci1·eJ

behavioral co,nrol(K • .12)(Mak,2000).Thi, comr,arisonsuggcs1sthcrtcoulJbesome

consiS1cncyin1hcfactorslhatinflucncccJucalO<Stousecon,pu1crsforins1ru<1ionocross

difTcrentcon1c,1,>nd lc,·els. This would bean intcres1in~top1e forfunhcrr=arch.

Similar l0 1hc Mak (2000) siudy. ;, was dear from the n,suhs ofmys1udy 1ha11hc

1hrcc p,oJictor ,·ariable, ofa11imdc tow•rd the bcha,•ior, subj<:<:1iYC norm. and pcroeivod

bchavioralcon1rol madcsignificontlydiffercn1ron1ribu1ions101heoveralleffectsi1.cof

1hcbch"'iOl'lllin1cnt1 onronS1ruct.Thisdosp,ri1ym•yleadsomc10qucs1ionthccfficacy

oftheThcoryofl'lanncdlkh"'·iorinthisrcg•rd.Ai,cn(l()(M):,ddrcsscsth1<

ptleo,omcnooands1atcs.

"'Thcrcisno1hi"iin thcthcoryl0Suggc;t thataunudc.subjcc1i,·cnonn.ond r<r<ci,·cdbcha,forale<>ntrolwilleachmakeas,gnifkan,rontributiontothc preJk1ionofintcn1ion.Tilerelati,·eimportanc,:of1hese 1hrc,:fac1or,islikcly10 rnryfromoncbch"'·iortoorlO!herandfrornoncpopula,iontoa001her.lnsomc cases.oncoraoothcrof1hc1hrecfactor,"illbcfounJtoh"'·•nosignifican1etTcct oninlc'!ltion.Assuming1hatthcfactors"·crcmcasuredwithCGUOlreliahili1y.i.ck ofpmlic1i,·e,·olidi1ymcrclyindicate<tha1for1hispanicularbcha,·iorand population. 1hcfac1orinqucs1ionisrlO!animportan1consiJcrationin 1hc fom1>1ion ofintcnoion."'(Ai,cn.2004.unnumhcred)

Tilercsul1SofthisS1udyinJica1c1hatthere"·asaposi1i,·eanJsignifkan1(1 • .4S)

rclationshipbct"'etn!eoehcrin1cnttousearompu1crforinStructionand hisorhcr

actualuscofarompu1crforinwuctior,.AssuggcstcJinthcpre,·iousdi<eus,ion

al,o,-c,ifanckn1cntary1cachcrplaces,·alueonaprac1ice1ha11hcybc]ie,·cwill

cnhance1hcinstructionalproecss.thc)·•rclikdy1ousc1ha1prac1ice.Fift)"·ninc

r<rtcnt(S9.1 %Jof thc ckmcntary1cachcrsin1hisstudyra1cdtbecnsclvcsat1hc

""utih,.ation""lc,·elofcompulcruse. Thislo,·elindica1cs1ha1atcachcrha,;star1cdto

usearon,putcrin1hcfrclossroom.bu1moon-<ssen1i alorsupplcmcntary"·ays

Sligh1lyo,·crcigh1percen1(8.4%)ofthcck,ncntory!<achcr, inthis s1udyratoJ

themsel,·es attheintcgratiot1lc1·clofron,putcr use.whichindicatcs 1hatthe compu1cr

iscri1ical orindisr<n>ablc tohisorhcrteachin;;.TI1ercarcnos,atcofFlo,ida

stalisiics u<in~ the Lenis of Use io>INmcnl (~!arcinl:.i cwicz. 1993) fo, direct

C<lfflpansonorle1,ebof,...state,.·1<1<10tea<.bcrlinth,1i,ample.Thefocusof1his

compiler for irll,lnl<IIOl'I. W,lh d>11d1ffctffl<e ,n m1nd.1h< m,casu,ttofk-,·ds "'-

1denufied 1n 1h11 $1udy~«xl$<$1rnl """h <Mef 1ndicalon l>Kd 1n 1ht $1aleof

FlondalOmcu\lreteacfierC<lfflpulcruse(FlondaDq,anmen1ofEJ1><111on.200l.

2004).Then,ca,ure,indicatc!hllproV"sthasb«nrn.adc,nmorcleachersus,ng

ro,npu1crsin1heclas,room.bu1 1ha11herciss1ill•long..-ay1ogobrforehil,lher

numbcnofltachen.,.usingron>pulcrsin,.·1ys1h:111ran,f0ffllteaching and

-,._.,.,.. 10dc:1enmnc1f11,.C<lfflp;,llble,.·11hu,chnologyuse.chlnge.and111n,,, .. 1ion.This

l)1'"0fc,·1lu.,1H>ne""bc diff,cuhtoJo,nlhch,nn11proc .... Expcrience..-i1hp,rsooncl

ind,ra1os th~• onet•n ofien in Hue= the koowled~• and »:i111 ofon jndi,·idual if1hey are

teachable.bu11h>1aperson"sani1udeisanin1cmalclcnw,n11h11i, muchmorcresisw11to

cxtemal,nHucnoe.lnochcrwonh.i!isquit<cJ1fficultt0inHl>(n(cap,:rson"1ani1Udc

'""l""l'n•thangcofbd»,·iu.Aposiu,·e11mNdclO'A-..nlchlngcandillllO\'abonmay

bcmorena111tcthanr,unure.1h11S11bccort,c,imponar,110cvalua1e1ht1qualia1 .. -.a5p,:<1

l . Forteachers.thc=ofcompitcnforuuuumon,.·111bcmtcrm.llymo1i• .. 1cd.

1101 c.icrm.lly manda1ed. In !hi< light it ,s impomnt 10 considcrs,r,,1cg1cs that imp;,,;:!

m1chera1uiude ,o._,.,d rompu,cr use in po<n,.·e w•ys. The ~•rrh mdica1cs 1ha1 teacher

bchefp111cmsJon.o<pr~.bu1follow.ch•ngcs,nbcha1•ior.l11in«cS$arytohtlp

teachers1akc"baby,teps"inusingacomputcrforinsin.ic1ion,1hrough1hcuscofmcn1ors

and modeling, to gi,·c them opportunities to see how thi• ttthnologycon impro,·c their

practiceandthcirrcsult<inmeaningfulondsil!"if,cantways.l f1hcinno,·ationcannot

stand up 10 1hc ·1cachcrtcst" in tern, ofrclati,·c advon1age and compa1ibili1y wi1h cxiS!ing

pra<1ic.,,i1willno1bcadoptod.

J . Th<changcagen1ne<:J,1ofocu,on1hesoci•l.psychologkal,andpersonological

aspec11of1<:<0hriologyin1e;:ration.Pcrsonalandprofcssional,·alucs,aui1udc,,andbclicfs

art,powcrfulintluonccsontcacherpra<:1iee,andthcycann01bcign0rcd. Thcrt,iJ an

abundanceofc1·idencc.suggcsting cha1ehoractcristicsofon innorntiona,-.,imponam

factors1hatinnuencele,·cl,ofadoption,••••cllos1ttccn,·ironmcmalandcon,extual

eleoncnls'<'latcdtoaparticularinnova1 ion.lnthopaS1,technologyintc;:ratorsandchangc

agcntshavcfocuscdon thcsct"oareaslargcly10 1hecxclusionofpcrwnal andsocial

in1cmalf>c1ors.Oncreasonfor1hisisthatextcmalclcmcnt1a,-.,casier10idcn1ifyand

measurt,.Peopleandtheir'<'latodsoci•lconte.isa'<'romplexemitiestha,a .. difficultto

undcrs1andandquantify.Thcpsyeho·socialaspec1of1e>cherintcgra1ionmus1bea

consider:niooinanystratogies'<'latod!ochangcintheart,aofhigherle1·elsofttthnology

3dop1ionandinstructionalcon,putcruscby1cachers.

4.Changefacilitators(likcprincipalsandltthnologyspccialisl.l)inelementary

school,nttdtolakcalcadershiprole1oc1Tttthighcrle,·clsof 1cachcrcomputcruscfor

instruction.Proacti,·elcadcrshipwillincludecrt,alingaclimaleforchangc,

cxpetimcnl31ion.and inno,·.iion,andthee.,pccta1ion tha1te>ehersusccomputersfor

inS1ru<:1ionalpurp(ISCS. Asmcntioncdabo,·c.•il!"ifican11eachcruseofcomputersfor

inSINctionwHlnotbeextcmallymanJated.t.utagooJleaJercaneSlablishac\imaleand

expcctation1hatwillfacilitatchighcrlc,·elsofcomputcru<obytcachors(Sch;11.,,2003)

Hr£0WW'E"fation1fwF1nherRrn:arch

l,To;,,iudy,relatedtothcThcoryofl'lanneJBoha>·ior(Ajzen&Fishbein, 1980:

Ajzcn,1988Jar.ddcmen1ary1eachcrcompu1cruse,neces,i1a1edthede,·elopmtntanJ

,·alidationofasu"·eyinstrumcnt,ocapturedatarelc\"an110 1hc,·a,fablcsofintcrcst

o,·crall,thcsu"·eyinstrun,entdcmonstratedhighlc,·clsofrcliabilityand,,.lidi1y.One

arcaofquestiononthcinstrumcntwasthe l:>tkofc<>rrclationbetw,:cntheindirect

(belief.based) and direct measures ofpcrcciwd beh.-·ionl control. It ••ould be beneficial

toc,·oluatcandfunhcrtestthis sun·cyinsll\Jmcnlinthisrcgardforoddit;onal

d<>·d0pmcntandrcfincmcn1

2. Thcgencrali,abili1yof1heresuhsfromthissiuJy arclimitcdto1he sampleof

rcspondentsfromoncschooldistnctwhopanicipa1cdinthcs1udy. !twouldbeusefulto

duplka1e1hisstudy;no1hcrelcmcntary1eachcrpopu la1ionsforrompa,risonofresults.

J.Thcfocusofthisstudywasonclcmentarytcachcrsandtheiruseofcomputers

forinS1ruction , l1wouldbeinformati,·e1oimplcrncnt thjs>1udyino1hertcacher

populationssuchosmiddlcschoolanJhighschool,1oexplorcanydiffercncesthatmigh1

resul1in1hcconte<1ofdiffcrcn1curriculumnrrdsand schooldim>1es.

4.Thisstudyrefiecledthestronginfinenccofteacherattitudcon1cachcruseofa

computerforinstn,ct;on. ltwouldbe infonnati1·c1ofu11hercxplorc1he >ubjecti,·cnonn

anJcon1roldimcns,onstodc1C'TTilinctl>.,influcnceoffactorsS1Jchas1trongprincipal

kadershiponlc,-clsofle:><:hercompu1c,uscforinstntetion

S. Thi sstudyrcflecu:Jthc stronginnucnceofleachcrat1i1udeontheiruseofa

compu1crfor ins1ruc1ion. Additional rcsearchisnccdcdonthein1cmal.pcrsonoH>gic•I.

andpsyd1ologicaloSJ)«'tSOf1cachcr<:0mputcruscforins,ruction.l1woutdbtuscful to

cxplorc"·ays1hattcachcrattitudeto••anl<:0mputcrusemightbtmedi>1"'-1ond

Thisstu<lyexam,ncdinccmal,·ariabksidcntifi"'-1intheThcoryofPlanncd

Bch0\·ior(Ajzcn&Fishbtin.l<J80:Aj2cn. 1988)inrcla1iontoelemcn,oryteacheruseof

computcrsforins1ruction . SignificantcQm,]>1 i<HUwcrcidcntificdbct"·ccn1hc,'3riabl<S

ofanitu<lctoward thcbchasiorandbchasioralintention,$ubje<:ti,·cnonnandbchasionil

intention.andpcrcei,·<:db<hO\·ioralcon1rolandb<hO\·ionlin1ention.Of1he1hrce,the

a11i1ude,·ariabkhad1helargcs1influcnceonb<ha,·ionli n1cntion. Thcrcwo,alsoa

significantrcla1ionshipbc(l>-ccnthtprcdi,1or,·ariabltofbchavioralin1en!ionandthc

cri1crion variable of actual computer u$C by elementary teachers. T1lO =uhs from 1his

i1udysccm10,·alida,c1hcThcoryofPlann<:<llleha1•iorasapnxlic1i,·cmodelinthc

con1t.'10feltmcn1aryteachcrusc ofeon1pu1crsforinstruction.l'hcrrsul1s un,krs<orc thc

impor1anc<eofp,:rsonalandsocial factorsandthcirinflucn<con teachcrcompu1erusc,

andthestudycon1ribotcs1oouro\'crallun<lcr,tandingoffactors1hatmightfacilitotc

high,rle,·clsofinsuucrionaltcchoologyintcgrationin1hcclcrru:n1aryclossroom.

APPEls'DIXA DISTRICT PERMISSION Ll:.TIER

Mr.Dasidlhchy Supcrin1entkm

Tt:tJ.~1:,~ ~~I• ln,·omesl,flomb.J.44.SO

Dea,Mr. lhekoy:

I N. Umberf• inl la•·tt...,.l.floricla ~ 4541

lamcurrtn1lyronJucon1doelonlrncarrl,.lllidorlhosuper,·,S10110fDr. K1r1 o. ... ·111111hrooi;hlhoS<:hoolofToaehin1andlnm1ng.Collc1•0fEJuca1ion.Uni•·m;ny ofF1ond•inG•ifl<"$,•illc. Myrcs .. n:hroeusisonde>·clopi"1•bo11erundcrltandingof 1hcf0<10<Sd,..1influcnccckn,cnt•rytc•d1CrilOuSCCOn\1'Utcrsi nrnS1NC1ion. lamusing su,wymcthodologytocoll«:1<bt•formystuJy.

lamm,ucs11n1pcnn,ssionfromyootoconJ11ct1h11resn,rchin thcCi1r\t5Counly S<:hoolD1>1ricl.andtoolkwrlhoclemorttary1ea<h<t1inOW"1ChoolJ1<1nC11<>pMUoi~• intllissNdy. Jamal<ottquQ1>"11ha!lhocomplcudstm-.:ysmaybere1umcdtomca1 thclmtn1<t,onalltcooum:Cm1or"'Stlf•~..,,-.1opes1,.·,11pro,-..kfuo-lhao pu,pos..Dau.rolkruonformyJ1udyw,t1,n,..,h·clhrec.,.._:

PhascOne:Anelic,L>1,onsilldy1n,•ol"'ngappn,xnillltel)'.S0ckm..,tary1ca<:hn$.Abncf opcn-<:nJedoun·cy,.·,llbcJ,.1rib1u<donJcollcc1cJfor1h11p1u·poK.

PhascT"'O: Apilotin"ru1ncn1w,llbedt\'clopcdanddistributcJto•wroxinu1<ly5().l00 elomen1ary1<ochen.ThcromplmJ1ur"•Y"'i\11henbeanalyzcd1nJrc,·iStdto rni,.,m,ierch:abili1yan<lvahdi1y

l'haM'Thn,e: A final ,....-ey ,.-;n br J,stribul<d to all clemortwy1eaeh<t1 ,n OW' ochool dow,cttocap,.,..,da11arclc,·an1tolho,-.nablcsof1nt<R$1111myJ1udy

Pan;o1p.,1ionin1hi<S1..:ly,.·1llbrrompl<1<ly,'Olun12ryon 1hcp.,nofekmcntarytcachors 1n1hcd1>1ne1.and1hcyon:alk,v,·cdtor>01con1in1>t""'1hthcstudya1anypo,n11h<y <1cs,rc.Thcrcisnorisk1oclCfl\<n1•ry1caehenpan1c,pa11n1in1hi1i1udy.J101"wil11ny compensationbcofTcrcJforp•rtoc,pa11on. lndi•·1duali<lcn111ic1"·•llbepro1tc1cd101h<: cx1cn1ollo"·cdbyl3w,Thi1s,udywillonlyinrnlvcclcmcnLary!.,.chcrt,andthcrcwillbr nQf!,;Jtntpanicipation. lan1ocipa1c1ha11hc1ur,·cy"·i111>kcllOOllt30nunu,esfor 1cachcrt10complC1C.

I fallowed 1oconduct this study in the Citrus Coun1ySchool Uimkc:

• Elcmcn1arytcachcrswillbeinoitedl0panicipatcon••·oluntarybasi•.•n<llhcy willbeasl:o<.ilOpmoide1heirpenni,siooonanlnfonnedConsen1Fonn.

• Sun·cyswillnotbedimibutcdduringcriticalinstructional periodslikeFCAT prepa.111t1onorlc'SHng

• lv,illsusgcst th>11cachcta«>mplctcthi$<un·cyJuringplanningtimeoro1hcr ;:'~'.nstruction,l1in1csothc-rcwillbenodisn1ptionofclassroominstructiooal

• l"·illmal<ccon1actwi1handseckpennissionfromc,·crybuildingadminisll'lll0< priortodistributingsun·c}~Orim·ol,·ing1cachctafrom1hcirschoolinthisS1udy

Thcbencfitsofthisstudyforourschooldistrictmayincludcal>cttcrundem• ndingof ·hat.nfi ucncesanelemcntarytcachcrtousecompulcrs ·nthcclassroomf'ns,ruct'on

Thisundtrs1anding"·ouldhclpu<dcw,lopl>cttcr<t111tcgicsl0prcl"'reClemcn1ary tcachctatousecomputcr, ininS1ructionandi1wouldhclpusbet1erutili,ccxisting romputcrresoun:cs1oin,pro,·ctc>thingan<llcaming

J h0\·ca11achedacopyofthclnfonncdConscn1Fomi1hatwillbeusedwithtcachcrs pmicipa.1 ing in the sto.i<ly. Questions conccmin~ the procedur<"S for1hi< research can be <lirectedlODr. Ka111Daw<0n. SchoolofTcachingondU:aming,E<lucationalTcchnology. 2403Nom,anllall,Uni,·crsilyofflori<la,Gaincseillc, Flori<la32611.Phonc(3S2)392 9191,cxt.261

Thankyoufor)'OUrconsidera1iouofmyrcqucs1,andlanticipateyourrcsponsc

Sincerely.

APPENDJXII UNl\!ERSlTY 11'STITTJTI01'AL RF.VIEW OOA RD FORM

School ;!~•~,':~!~.~taming

Uni1·ersi1yofflorida Gai11<s,·illc,rloridal26II

My nomc is Mike Gcdd,., I am cunm1ly conducting docloral rcscan:h under lhc sup,:rvisionofOr. KaraDa"·soninlheSchoolofTeachingan<llcamingai1he UniversityofFlorida. Thefocusofmyr=archi,aimcdatbencrunderslandingwhat infiuonce, an elementary teacher's imem 10 use computers in 1he classroom for in,1ru<:1ion. BaseJ on 1he intrnded bcn<fit> 10 the Ci1ru, Coun1y School Dimkl in11ruo1ionalprogram.Sup,:rin1eodcmO.-·idl!ickcyhasappro,·cdthcdisseminationof thesUl"\"CY

lf)'OUagn:<:toparticip>1einthestudy.l"-'itlpro,•i<lcyouasurwyaridasl<}<>Uto in<lka1cyouropinionandfe1:ling<aboot,·ariousaspcc1Sofusingacon,putcrin1hc clamoomforinstruction. !naddition.lwillask)<>utooomplctcabriofdernographic questionnaire.Youdonotha,·ctoanswcranyqucSlionsyoudonotwishtoanswer. Yon are also free lo wi1hdraw from lhe study at any time wi1hQu1 conseque=. A self· addrcsseJcn,·clopcwillbcpro1•idcdforre1umingthcsul"\·eyand<lcmographic questionnairetome,•iaourcoun1ym•il sys1cm.Thcn, arcnopen,ci,·cdrisk.<toyouaso par1ic ipan1in1hi, su"·ey,and1herewillbcooco,npcn,ation. Thcbcncfi1SmayincluJca bct1erunders1an<lingofwhaiinnucnc,.andcmcn1arywachertousecompu1ersin1hc classroomfotins1rue1ion. Thearnoumof1imeexpcc1cd1ocomplc1c 1hc,ur•••y•nd <lcmographicinfo,mat;onisapproximatdy30minutes, Youri<lentily"-·illbc kcpt =:.L<lcn1ialto1hecxtcntprovidcdbylaw.Rc,ultswillbereponed inthefonnofgroup

Questions~mingthcproccdu,-,.for1hisresearehcanbcdircc1cd10Dr. K•ra 0:tw.ron.SchoolofTcachingar.dlcaming.E<lucat;onalTcrhr,ology.2.JOJNo,manttall. Uni,·ersityofFlorida,Goincsvillc,Florida32611.l'hone{352)392.9191,cxl26l. Quos1ion,orconccmsregarding;<>urrigh1a.arcoearehpanicipantmaybc<lir«tcd10 the !JniversityofFlorida ln<1itu1ional R.-·ie1<' lloard, P. 0. ll<>x l 122SO. GaineS\·ille. FL 32611,2HO.Pho11<(3S2)392-0433.

lh.a1·crcad1hcproccdurcdcscribruaboH.lvolun1>rilyag=toparticip3tointhisstu<ly andlh3'"tretci,·e<l•copyof1hedcscription

Signature _______ ~ (Panicipant)

l wishtorccei,·eacopyoftheresuhsofthisstu<ly.

APl'ENUIXC ELICIT A TIO~ STUDY QUESTIOt-.'NAIRE

Plcascans,,,:rthefollowing"open-enJed"qucstionsin 1hcspaccpro,·itkd . You may use •dditionalspacc(cx.back ofpage) ifnc'Oded

Thcrearcnorigh1orwrungonswmtothcqucstion,.l'lc-asctakeyour1imeandbc reflwin. Answercandidlyondtothebcsiof)'ourability

Now: The phras., "presenl o losson in )'Otlr classroom" refrri l<>teacheruse ofacompu1er ) 'ep ·en/ · ( '. "1oru1euc/,.:, 'n1/ f .;sr. ' , ·nus·ng · , I/era, parrofalesson . ltdocsno1rcfe,l0managemtntusosohcompu1c r likckccping at1cndanccrccordsorokc1r<>nicgr11dcbooks.

When)'Otlha<·ccomplctcd1hcquos1ionnairc.placeitinthepro,•idcdrc<umcn,·clope alo ngwith thesigneJlnfonncdConscn1~·<:>rm.•ndrc<umit,·i•countyn,ai l10 Mike GcdJcsatth<lns1ructionalRcsourccCen1cr.

TheJ,-,,Jlineforr,turning rhrromp/N,t/ question11aireis lkumb,r /(), ]()()J.

COMPUlTR USE RESt:A RC/1 QUt:STIO,';NA IRE

l. Who.1 do you belie,·c ore the 0<1'-an1agc<ofusi nga compu1cr to J>f0$Cnt a kn<,n in )'0Urclass.roomduringinstruc1ion?

2. Wh>1do)'Ollbehc,,.arethc<lisa,.h-antagesofusingacomputortopresental .. sonin yourclassroornduringinstruc1ion'>

l. lsthcrean)1hingdseyouassocia1cwithusingacomputcr1oprescn1akssoninyour d ,mJu ·ng "nstn.icfoo?

4. Arc1hcrc anyindivi<lualsorgroups1<·howouldappro,·cofyourusing•computcr10 prcscn1alcssoninyourclassroornduring in<1ruo1ion?

S. Arc1hcreony1ndi,·i<lualsorgroupswhowouldJi'3ppro,·cofyourusingacompu1cr 1oprcs,:ntale»onin}<>Urcl•moomduringinS11\1Ction?

6. Arc1hcrc , nyoth<:rindi,·idualsorgroupswhocometomind1<·hcnyouthinkabou1 usingacompu1crtopresen1a tcssoninyourclassroomduringin>1ruotion?

7, Wh,1facto,sordrcumstanccs1<·ouldenableyou1ouseacompu,crtoprcs<:ntalcsson ·nyourc]a,sroomdu ·ng·n<1rucfon .

8. Wha, fac1o,s or circumstances would make i1 difficult or impossible for you to u>e a compulcrtoprcsen1alcssoninyourclassroomduringinst1UC1ion?

9. Are1hcreanyothcris.sucs1hatC<1mctomindwhenyou1hinkaboutthepossibili1yor ~ifficul~y;:using a computcr1oprescnta lcS$00 inyourcla,sroomJuring

Pkaseretumcomplctcdqucs1ionna;rcandsigneJlnformedConscntForm,·iacoun1y rnailus ing 1hccn,·elopepro,·iJed10MikcGcddcs,lnstn.ictionalResoorceCcn1cr.by Dc<emberl0.2003

AP l'ENDIXD ELICITATION STUDY COVER LETTER

Ins tructional Resource Center 3741W.Educationa1Path

TO (PcrS<>nalizcdnamcandschoolhcre)

FROM: Mikc(;cddc< C001"dina1or

ResearchQuc.iionnairc

l nccdyourassistar,cc!lamronJuctingdoc1oralresearchonfacrnrtrclatcdtorompu1cr useforinstructionbyckmcntarytcachert. lh.-·crccci,·cdpennissionfromour Supcfintendent.Mr. llickcy.1oconduc1thisrcscarchinour$Choold i"rict.andfrom)"OUr Prirn,ipaltoin,·oh·etcachcrtfromyourschool.Youh»·ebccnr111;,lornly<ckctcdto panicipateinPhaselofmys1udy.whichim·olwstl>ede>·clopmcn10fa,;urvey instrumen<.Hcrei1 ho"'}'OUC>nossiS1

1. !fyouarcwilling1opanicipa1einthisstudy,plcascreadandsign1hecr,closeJ lnfonne<1Conscn1form. Rc1umit"'ith1hccon,plc1edqucS!;onnaire

2.Pkaseoomplctctl>ecrn,IOS<:d""op,:-n--cndcd""9ues1ionnaire

J. Rctumtl>eoomplctcdques1ionnaireandconsentform.using1hecn,·clopepro1•jdetl. to Mikc(;cdd,s at 11,e Instructional ResourccCcmcr through the county m,il. The dcadlincforrctumingthisqucs1ionnoireisD<:ccmbcrl0.

lwillbeusingtl>eaggrcgo1cdn.."<pon,edatafromthisi nitialques1ionnairetod<:nlopa pilotsun·cyinsirumcn11hatwillbeuseJ1oroll«:ldo13formys1udy

llunk you

APl'ENDIXE ELICITATION STUDY RESULTS

TableE.1.AJ,·ontagosofUs,ngtheConH>utcr10 Presen1 alessonDuri nglnst11.101ion

lloldss1udentsatton1ion. keeps1homintorcst«l and rc,Juct,3diociplineproblcms

Graphic,tsoundrnakcleamingmor,intercsting.1hus

Vasi :,~:.~:f;!i~::i;;:':~t<m<:l enhances curriculum

Dcmons1ra1cshowcompu1crscanbtusedforkaming and1hoycaneasily,harcwhatthcyha1·elcarned.

Canprc,cn11owholcgroupandwholcgroupoan se<, presen1a11on

Enoouragess1uden1panicira1ion.JKl)sideshand,on experience,. ·ncrcas·ngmc1' ·'onlolcam.

Comr::~I~ arc P3n ofSO<i<I)" and Stu<lrnt, need compu1er 3

Providesow<>l1unityforstudomstointcract StuJ°';~:;;:_""'latctocomputcrsandar<:in1ereS1edin

Accc:ssup1oda1cinforn1ation AccommodatcsdifJcr<:mm,Jemleaming,1ylcs Add,po,i1i,·edimension1oksson,.agoodaltcrnath·e

dchcrymcthod. Can1ailorinsiruc1i<>ntoS[X<ificncCUi(facilita1cs

indisidualizedinstruction) Easylomrit\·c •ndupdatclessons. Easy to show lesson e.amplcs and non-examples and

printhardcopyforsrudcnls ll elpskeq, s,ud<ntsfocu>edontopic lnvolvess1uden1sinrcal"·orldapplication,and

CX[><ncnces Motivatc,studcntstotakeamorc11C1i,·crolcin1hcir :~:~s- Thcycancrcatelesson,aso.·cllasthc

Pro,idcsimme<liatefeedbock10S1udentsinaless thrca,eningmanncr

Can •:-:::r.•1rlcssonprcsento1ionandpausowhcn

'' '' 2.4 H

Can oasily1rack .,udent pro~onintcgntedleaming •>~tom

~~~1s:".:\',: t ~:::!1;:~~~ ~~'~:!".~ les<0n Effioiont.lli<r,;isnook•nup likowh<,nusing

transpan,no·es. facilitates1tudentpra<ti«:ofalesson l'rosidesopportunity forstu<l<nlself·directod lo•ming.

' ' ,., ' ' '' ''

Table E•2, Oisadvanta1,~• ofU,ing the Compu1cr10 Pre«:nt • ~«on ~rini: lnslru<.1ion

N01eooughreoour«sincl .. ,room Unrcliablc l oldc<>rnputercquipment. (tt<hnicalprolllem<

l gli1chcs) TimelOklupcquipmc:n, Unreliablclntcmclae<:css,(te<hnicalproblcm,l glitchc,) Lockofknowlcdgc(lcamingcun·c.skills.txpcncnct) N01cnoughcquipmcntforalls1U<lcntstoparticipa1corJCC

(bcha,·ionlprollkm<) Limitcduseforlowgr-...kle,-cls l no1appropria1cfor

developmental age Notha,·ingapproprialc«1uipmcn1(u.largermoni101'$.

\'ideoproje<:tors) TimctosctupC<juipmcn1 Ancn,ion(lackint)ofoon.,·isualleamtrs. I.A<koftimctoscarchforwcb l agc•appropriatcma1crial Studcnistoocxci1cd / eagcrondno1listcning.

~';;;~~:::::~\:~:~'. rontoc!

Ladofteachcrtraining Pres<:ntationdisallow·sstudcntsfrom"haoJson"prac1ice. Softwan:thatdoesnot>djusttochild'sabil itylc,-el Sp>ce,impac1ofcords / cablesinthedamootn

Usingi:;:::i::.~. •1oomuch"couldbe<:<>mcncga1i,·can<I

" ,.,

., ,., '' ,., '' ,., '' ,., '' '' ,.,

Tahlc£..l.Am,ro,·eofMyUsing•Compu1crtol'r<«n1ale•":nDuringlns1ruc1 ion

Teacher$ StuJcn1s Tcchnoloi>,ySrcrialist heryooc CuniculumSJ>«iali,t

~!edi•S7ialis! n't

22 28.9 17 22.4 lO 13.2

11.8 10.S

'' , .. , .. u

Table E..\. Disappro,·cofMy u,;ng aCompu!or10 Present a Lesson During Instruction

Amish ~~~2=· 2'J,0

'' " ''

TabkE-S. Factor,orCircum,1a0<ostha1En,blcY0010UscaCom pu!cr10Prcscnta L IJuringlnstruction

~•::Equipmon1

I:~:i;! '"""" Woding / Propi..,.Equipmcnt Knowledge

~=:;~i•n;f•vailoblcresou=

13 27.1 8 16,7 8 16,7 5 10,4 5 104 5 10,4 I 2.1

'' '' ''

Tablclo·6.Fac1orsorCircurnsl.>nces1hatmalci, Difficul1orlmpossibkforYou10Uoca Computcr10Present1LessonDuringlnstruction

Lackofcoough l propcrequipmen, 29 Lacloftime n Lackofresourccs 12 Lackoflnowkdgc(confiJcncc.cxpcricne<:) I I t-."otcnoughtraining. 11 Tc,;hnicalproblcms / glitches Lackofpcrsonnelsuppon Dc,·dopmm1allnclofsiuJcnts Lackofm1dcn1knowlcdge / c,pc,iencc. Studcn1"saucntion,pan Con,pu1crhinJcrsstudcnt in1craction"'i1h 01htrs Doc< n01 match learning Style ohomc sludems I don~ likoromputcrs. lnabilitytomonit<>rSluJontsonthclntcmcl lnappropria1cwcb site,. t-."ot<lroflwarcinstalkd Otherdemands(cx.inJcpcr,Jcntrc:><ling)

SruJ•:~;,cc;1~~~.~•:,,"'. skills 1han computer lesson can

2S.O 19.8

10.3 ,., ., .. '' H

' ' '' ,. " '' '' '' " '' "

Al'PENDlXF OO~IAIN EXPERTS

Or. Tina&rno, Sul)<f'"loot Dcpanm<n1or1ns1n;c11onalTcchoolo11y Mona1«Co"n1y.Florid>.S.ChoolDi>1nct

Dr . Donnallau,nbach Profcsoot.Colk11•ofEd<>ea1Lon Proj<:e,D•reclOf lnt.1ruchoo.1IT«hnolo&YResourt,Cmtcr u ... ,-...,;,yofCmtralFlonda

Or. M>ri<Bnu-. ... ElcmfflaryCoottlinator C,1rus County S<hool D111nc1 AdJUll<"I.Edtlcaloonall.codcnh1p[)epanmcn1 Un,,-erinyof Flonda

Or. CathyCa,-.na"gh Asti11an1f'rof""°' Co11•¥tofEJucauonand llununS.Cmcn Un ,vcrJllyofNonhFlond>

APPENDIXG DOMAINEXl'ERTCOVER L£TTER

January9,21)().1

My name is fames M. Geddes (you may kJlo.,• mc as "Mike"), and I o,n a Ph.D candid.a1ea11he Uni,·ersi1yofFIO<ida,CollegeofEduea1ion,Dcpanrncn1ofTeaching and Leaming."ndcr1hcsupcn•isionofDr. KaraDo"'·son

Myresear<:hinvoh·c,1cs1ingtheThcoryofPlanncdBcha,•ior(Aj,cn.l980, 1988)in rcla1iontothcuseofcompu1ersforinS1ruc1ionbyclemcntary1cachcrs. Thctillcofmy di...,,uoion is AN EXAMINATION OFTllE RELATIONSIIIPS OF ATTITUDE TOWARD A BEHAVIOR, SUBJECTIVE NORM. AND PERCEIVED BEJIAVIORAL CONTROL AS ANTECEDENTS TO C0~1PUTER USE BY ELEMEI\T ARY TEACllERSINAPUBLICSCIIOOLSElTING

Aprimaryoc1i,·i1yof1hisresc•n:hprojec1in,·ol,·csdc,·clopingarkll'alida1ingasun·ey ins1nomen11ocaptureda1arelel'an11omy,•ariabk• ofin1cn:st.~ leJOlphQtumv llrnlv :amto••k ifYlk=ldh:1rnvrn he1 "ron•c;xrf'f9f mr 10 cr0 irwthe-'\11H;YnJ1m<;n1l•m<lcyeloo·•v • !"lP!.. idcfocdb•cks;nn•neto £9"k"l"™lfaff "i l'd"JY lv,•illc,pl>inaliulcabou,,nystudy,thcnsomeofthc mech,nics invol,·edinrc,•iewingthcinstrumentandprm·idingfcedbacl.

Thcindependen11·oriabkslammcasuring con1efromtheAj,en1heorybaseandincludc: Atti1udeTov,·ard1hcllcl,O\·ior,Subjtt1i,·cNorrn,l'crcei,·odBchavioralCon1rol.and Bcha,·ioral!n1rntion.Thed<pcndcm,·•ri•blcoflhisstudy;,1_c,·dsofUse (Man:inkic,.·ic,.1991)

l!crei,abricfdcscrip1ionof1hcindcpcnden1,•a,iablc,r<:latcd10!his s1udy

Jheqry of l'lannf111kha,·jor lTP8)is•framcwortforthes1udyof human b<ha"ior(i\jzen,1988,1991).Thisth<:0rypropo.,;c,1hathumanb<ha1•iorisguidcdby thrccbelicfarcu;lx:hO\·ioral,oonnalil'c,aod<0n1rol . TPlllooks>11he<0nstru<tsOf aui111dc,subjccti,·enorm,andpcn:ci,·cdlx:h0\'iomlcon1n::,l>1antec«dcntslobeho\'ior. TPBh,slx:en,·alid>lcdinanumberufstud iesacro,s , ·ariousJ;sciplines

Anitu<lc1ow•ol•hch<;h;wioris thedci;n,c10"·hichaJ>Crsonhasaf»·orableor unf0\'orablcc,-alua1jonora(l!)faisaloflhclx:h"'·iorinqucstion(Aj,cn,l988,J991)

~ isll1<pc:rcei,·cdsocialp,essure1opcrformornotperforma r•rticul>rlx:ha,·ior(Aj~••· 1988. 1991)

1'£m;i,·i,! l!5'h?''i9lllloon1ro1i, apc:r,on'spen:cp1ionof!hcca,cordimcuhyof 1>Crfom1ingthcbehaYiorofin!crcS1(Ajzcn,l988.1991), Pcrcci,·cJbeha,·joralcontrol is =:~~!'" re nee,• person's pre1·ious cspcricOC1'$, as well as amicipatcJ chollmgesand

~isanindi,·idual"sintcn1iontoperformagivenbchavior (Ajicn,1988.1991). ln1hi,dcf,ni1ion,in1cn1ionisinOucncedbythcconsuuc1sof atti1udc,subje<th-coonn,andpcn:ci,·edb<:h,-·iorcontrol

Asyoucanprobably1ell.1his>1udyoddn.=somcuf th<psycl,c,logicalandsocialissucs rela1cdtothcinstructionol useofcomputers.You..-cresclcc1edasaconten1c,pcrt becauscofyourapprorriatce,pcricncc,cxpcni,<,andfamiliari1y"·ithinsiruo1ionand

:;::~~~::•1.~:l~~~l~/our pan,cipation as a conlcnt expert rc,·iewing my sun·ey

I. Rc,•iewing the sun1'y in,trumenl and pro,·iding f«Jbad through prompted questions u,ingaSurvcyfccJbaekform

l. Ai;n:eing to rc\'iew the instrument and return f=lback ckctronically(or by regular mail ifprefcnci)withinatwo•wcck pcriud•ftcrrccciptofthcsun·cy. lwillsendthe documcnto1iontoyouupon;ouro«cptanccandrequcs11hat)OUPro,·idefcedbackby FriJay,Marchl6.l004

::::iii late thi1 procc,s I would pro,·idc }OU in electronic format (.pdfor MS Word) vi•

a.Sun·eylnstrument. b.SurnyfcedbackForm c.McthodologyandSun·cyl>e,·clopmcnt llaekgruund

I would prefer tocominunicatc ,·ia c,nail, but l "'oulJ accornn1odatc any preference )OU M,·c for communication if email is not 1hc best m,~hod

Foryourinformation,JamaskingthcfollowinginJividuals1oassistmcinthiscri1ical phascofmystudy:

Supcn·i>0r lnstructionalTtthnology ManatccCounty,FloriJa.SchoolDistric,

PtojectDir«:lor lnstruction>ITcd1nologyRcsourccC•n1er Uni,·ersityofConln,IFlorida.

Dr.Matkllrunncr Elemcn1aryCoorJinator Ci1ru,County,Florida.,SchoolDisiriet Adjunct,Educa,iona1Lc>d<r$hip Uni,•<f$i1yofrlurida

~:~~:~;~~=gh Di,·isionofCurriculum,nJlnwuction Uni,-ersityofNonhFlorida

Dr. L)nnNolan Dim:torofProfe,sionalDcvelopmcntSC\·ices ln1ema1ionalSocietyforT«hnology inEJuca,ion(ISTE) ClcmsonUn i,·=ity

Dr.RoyWinkdman f'rov,,mDirccl<>f FloridaCentcrforln,tl\lction•ITe<0hnology Uni,·=i1yofSou1hflori<la

Would you bc willing all<l able to assist me wi1h my study? ! kno"' you are extremely busy.butplease knowlwouldbc$0apprcciati,·eofthcpositi,·erontribu1ionyouwould make as I dc,·elop my surwy insuumcnt and later u«: it as a key component ofmy study

Thank you inad,·aoce foryourconsidcr~tion.and I look forward lOyOUrrcsponse.

(H2)746•3437 day (H2)746-JSS0fax (352)344-2989c,cning gc-.Jdcs@tampabay.rr.ro,n

APPE'-DIX II PllOTSUk\'EY FEEDBACK FOkM

Sur,·,y FttdbackFo rm

Toboeomeausefoltoolforthisstu<ly, 1heque.iionnain:<:<>ntcn1mus1bc,'3.lid.Con1m1 ,·alidi1yas=mcn1dq,<nd1uponscwral importan1judgmcnis,wh;chorelis,cJbclow. Plcascre,·icweachqucs1ion ondaddan yadJi1ional<:<>111 mcn1S)'OUfeelarorele>·an110 you,.,se .. mcnt

I. Rc•·lew1hequeS1lonron1<nt:

I. Poth<:respondtn1>ha,·c1hcmforma1ionoccessary1oansw<:rcaohofthcques1ions?

lf thcanswcris Ko,wha1ques1ioos1houldbcchangcJ" ll owwould yousuggc<11hat1hc quesllon be modified~

2.Af<'anyofth<:questionsbioseJorloadcdinoncJire<<ion'

).Wi11 1herespondcnis gi\'t!heinformationth>1isbcingaskcdfo,"

lfthean,wcri1 No. why"'

I.Can)"Ouundcrs1ai>dall1hcquesiions'/

lfth<:ans,,·erisNo,wha1arethose ques1ions" Pk=J>Olc)'OUrcditorialsuggcstion1

III .Rt>'ltw1heforn1 of th< r,..pon..,:

1.1,th<:questioonaireofareasonablclcngth'

lf!heanswcrisNo,what do)'OU thin k sbouldbcareasun•blclcngth'>

2j1For•~:ques1ion,do1hcd1oiceslis1cdaJcquatclyco,·crallof1hcsignificant

If the on.s1<·cr is No, 1<·hot are those qucs1ion, that should b< chong<:d? I low would )VII suggest'

3.lstheformofre<p<>nscuscd: usy,Jofinne,uniforrn,anJaJcqua<eforpurpose?

lfthcansw<:risNo, pleascindicalo)<>Ursuggcstions:

4.Arcthcqucstionsarran;;oJinalog,calorJcr'!

lf1heans1>·erisNo, plcaseindic3!c)·Ollrsuggc'S1ions:

"Pf'El'/DIXI SAMPLETPDQUESTIOSl'1,,.IIIE

Sample TpB Questionnaire

A,yoo....,.,,,..,.,,_,.U.\1.,.,-.ri<,wi<l<I)'. Some<1u.l<n<,,n""'•"""'w

,,...,.,.·hiko,t,,,. .... ...,,.d.,.m«1,np.lh<p,<><n1,.,,.'<)'i,pat1ofoo,n,~"'P'""'

lhat....,, • .i;..,,,..,...,. o(111,, .. ,""""'""u.l<,u""'8<10,f.,1toan,nd,..,.....,;,,p Spt<il"o<>lly,"·•-"'",.,1«1;,,),_,,........."1'"'ioMr<pdol1«p,l.,,lua_,. H)'

,.....,<1.., ,n,..,.,,,.,..,.,..,,1><;,,$P'.....,,.•ll k<1..-....idi"'°"m>«1m,,_.,.._

""P';n,...,of"""""m""''"'"'"""""'""';,s·~k.,.,...i...,h....,. ... ,...,ru,iy.,,a

.... ,..,, • .,,111,t>e>, .r)-11>;1;wn.... ... ,,.""'"'"'"""""~""'°""""'"""""'1 "'""'"od"')'""'l""""''P"""'"'';,.,.

...... ....,.111,...,,. ,11o-....ba.ondt-• .... iolh<<l<>ipo,«I..,......., .• _ y...,..,,.;..-r,,,r.u.,.,.""_,~)'- 11 ... ·.,-.,_,u,..........., .. ;,, ...,.~)'"' ......, .... 1y_r_,;,1,llk""""->oroflhi> .......... .... M. llOdow;1h!l,i,,t..,....,,.i ll

. .. ... l,,..""l""""·""""'"ifl'"'l"'r""""'""'"'m1><""""'-«1""""<h;,_.,.... ...... d<w>)~n>OOt1.,,lldll,,_h«n<01"'-.od.Pk.,.b<.,_«l,i..tlh, n form,oon)""

P""'i<l<;nlh~>1odyw;110,,, ..,rifttt "" )'""'l"4t

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A l'PEK DIXL FINAL SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

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APP EN DI X ~I Flt-'ALSURVEYCDVEI\ LETTE I\

ln1truetlon11IRff01,1n:• C• nt..­Cltru1 Co1,1ntySGhool1

3741W. Ed1M:ationalP11th LK11nto, FL34461

M•yl. 200,I

TO (Personali,od1cachcrn>1ne•r.d ochoolhen:)

Enclosed, pk-uc find an [ltmNUaryTnchor Comp~••r llH In ln.,ruclio• S• n·cy.

Th1s11,1rnyh>$bo<'n<,le-,·•loped•oo11p111rCd>l.lfor-<loctonllrueon:honfactonn:latod10 ""'1puto,usefo,jns1mct1onbyelcmor,l.lryleachers.Theilil1•from 1h111un'<)'...-illholp ,..,bt-nerundcntand1hef0Clon tha1cootri1>111e too,-dc.1roo1fromotoachcru,inga romputer for in>1mctional purp0$CS, We will use the .-.suits fro,n 1h i1 iludy to impnwe thoimplomen1ationofinstn>ell0fl>l!C<hooloe)'inoorschoold"1ncc.

lha,·en:1:et>-.,dpm111.,ionfn,n1oorSupcnnt<tllknc,Mr. lh<key,LOcon<.h>;tth,s,ne,,n,h rnoorschooldiSlnct,andfrom)Wfl'nnc,p>l,10,rn<>h·elnmmli'omyourschool.The popul.cioo,rorthosstudyise1cm<rn>ry1....,1>tn.1nrn1yp,cf<mWKtieoomn1sw1vl ~

Afewpointsofinfonn.U1011n:lated10th1SiU,,"CY:

• Someofyoowen:pre,·iou1lyJ<l«:ted"'r.1.ridon,l)"'10""'1pk1e o pilocof1hi1 >Un·oyinstl\lmon1.Tho1pilocwa1 uood10cn:atothi1 fin>l•·•rsion,>0l"-'011ldask thatyoocomplo,eth11 fin.al 1Un·eye,·or,ifyoo,.-erein,·01,·odinthepilo<01i>dy

• Thiswn-eyi, inlendcJfo,compu10,andnon..:ompul<r11SCB. • The""'~Y"'°"kllake.i.o...J.Om.nulCSIO""'"Plne-• Plea<c:rndandi,p,d•tcndosedlnfonncdConsentf-. Re1wnit•·ithyo..­

tomplctcd....,·eyform. • RCfllntthe coo,pletcdl<lr\'eyand«ln>ffllfiJnn,11S1nathe..,,~1opepro,ided. b)·

111td .. dlinoof Frid1y,Ma)· l•.?IMM.

lknowyooareestn:rnslYllv!YN!":flWl"srndoflltsOJ-91 Khoo! YW ls"ncen:ly llof>cyoo"·ill 1aktsome 11mc,0C<lmplcto1hi ,wn·oy "hrnyooro«l\'Cit.lown:ci•1< y<>"r 1imt andlthank yo1,1inod,-aoctforyoorpanidp,:Uionar.dcontribution10lhi1 J1i>dy

Tunkrou

APl'ENDIX1'' FINAL SURVEY REMIN DER

FRO.\t : M,toGcddc, lnwuctHlllOIR"'°"'" C""tcr

11.E : Elomen1aryToad1orCompu1orU .. inlnsinw.uonSu"·ey

Jus1 • romir.der I hat tho 1:,"/emcn1ury T<'dCh<•r Compul~r Use jn /ns,ru,:1ion Surwy that you 1<·oroinsitcd1ocotnplo!oi1JucbKkon

Fr ldo)·, May l4.ll)(M

• lknowyouan,blosy.tolhankyouuia<h-....la-you,IWl-"'id,d,is....,.·oy. Yourrcsponse i••·ory1mportan1andapprec,.N.

• Plo ... complc1eandro1wnlhcilllll):',•long,.,ththc:~,,-.. countymailbyth<dueJaic. Uotlhc:provi<l<dro1umCfl,·e1opc.

• Thankul..,,fyouho1·e•lroadyoompi<~od•r.drolumod)""''""'OY

Al'!'ENDIXO CORR ELATIONS IIETWEEN TPII FACTORS AND SURVEY ITEMS

TabkO•l,Com,la1ion,lk1w..,nTl'BFa<torsanJAni1 odc:Sur,eylten1,.

Formeto•., • «>mfll'tortop«scn1atessooinmy ~•=d•ringin"""'';onis ... h..,,,fol -

fotmotou,earoml"'t<rtof>[<>«lt•ksson,nmy el..,,oomduring in>tru<t;oni, ... J!OOO - bad f"ormc100,e•romput<rtop1tS<nt•lc,...,.iomy '.~:'1<lLlfingin"rv<ti0<1i,., . ~-onhl<u-

formc1ou«•rompu<crtopn-sen1•le...,., inmy ,b=oom<luringin<tru<t;oni,.,.cojoyablc - not <l'ljoyable

EXlrat:ti<mMethod: Ma,iniumLikclihood ROlalionMcthod:Varimaxw ith Kai,erNo,malization

MOS1poople1<·ho.,.impo,,•n110m<thinktba1 I __ us, a rompu1<rK>prc«n1oh'n mydusmomdu,ing;""""''"'"· •hould - •houldno<

Th<poopleinrnyljfewhos<opin;.,,,,1,·oluowo,,.td _ _ ofn,yusin1•<0n'f>IU«IOJ'lfeS<nla les>oninrnycl•s"°"'"durin~i"""'°''°"•"l'l'""~­di'"Pf"O'"

M0>1poopku·ho,rc1mpooant1omou""romputo,.. p<r>00> llyor in1hmwork.1ru< - fal..,

Th<propkinmyhfc,.·OO«opinion,!;~ loc llono<u«compu10...pcrson, llyor in1heirwork.u.., -

Extr.>e1ionMethod: MaximumLikelihood RotationM01hod:Varima,with K, i..,,Normali,ation

~;~;_0-3. Com:lation, llcl"-'Ccn TPB Fac1orsand Pen:einxl lkha,·ior.>I Control Su"·cy

Usi"'•compul<rinmyctusroo,r,tQp,...-,,1•lcs..,,, doringin>1r11<1ioni,wi1hinmyc0<t•n>l.uw-f,l;c

llla,·ocoouol°'TI"""&•oomp,,to,inmyd>""'°"' toprc,cn1•lessonduringdlS1n;,;1ion.,gm:-disa.s,«

Foctonbe)l<>lldmyc""<<olok-tcnninc:~h<,h<roroot I canu<C•compuocr inmytlass<oomto""""1t • lcssooduringins1r11<1;on.dis,gm:-ogm:

Th<u,cof•computcrinmydu,._,, w~t• k:o,ond,.i"'in,1r11<1iond<p<nd,0<tfactonbe)'<)<td myoontJ<1l.truc -f•I""

Extraclion M<rhod : Moximum Likelihood Ro10tion Mcthod:Varimaxwith KaiscrNormali,.a1ion

STATISTICAL M.EL: :i~~;~,1~; OF FINA J. SURVE Y

lndirectMen1,1re,

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~~§ FigurcP-I.Si.1>nal R~Lac.......,,psof f inalSun-,:y,

:;'-r=-7 E~

A•ffll. l.(20CM)Jbroo:ofnoonnlhs:bmgr: 1irnnso1h:1Hinlonnt121l< r0n.une] A•·a,l>ble: http:'·"""""'··people.uman..cJ" a"mfaq.hlml. AccesscJJuly2QO.!

A/ffll,l. (1 985 ).homrntontions 1oac1oc111s:A!hcoryo( planl>Nbehask>r. JnJ.Kuhl& J. llcdm,nn(IO<ls.l.Act•onoon1ml ·fro,nsosn111ontol><:hnKl(rpp.11.J9J. Bcrlin:Sprin¥«-V<rl•s

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AJWL. J. ( 1'191). The lh<,oryofplanneJ bclu"'" 0mml"ll9Dil lkhl'"191 pl l!wnan ~179-211

AJl.ffl.l.(200?) rw»D"1msaTPRmPNIPIKYlfE O!os:rnl111lm!Pl£1hpmfogw:al ~[O...line].A,11ibblec ~l.·., ..... pcq,lr.umass..edu,a= pJfq,b.- • --.pd(. A-=sscdSq,lembcf

Aj~m. I., & Fi~n. M. (1980)_ 1/aslm!IO'UDS IUlielk:!i ID'I PmliE'WI Mill hcbt•·j,gr Engl.,..<>OJCloffs.NJ :l'=tr<.,. lloll.

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Aln:ck. P., & Sonic. R. ( 1995). Th, ,ucwy CSKM'b haodhQQk· Gnukhn£11nd l'r>"'gjg ~.1':cwYort, Mc<Jn,w.fhll

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~ iley, K. D. (l<nn MM""'b ofwnal ITK>Jih. s..... York· The fn,,c l'rcu.

B«:kor.ll . J,( 1994)_ H.,..·nemplaryrompu1or...,,natoachertdifTer fromOlher,eacbcn: lmpl,auomr...rcal,z,ngd,cpo,m,,al of"""'flll'C'l"'oct,ool<.~ R!:Kl61lonCanoonng,11Educf! m 16(l~l\l l -J2 1.

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llurl<man.E.(1989). l'ro•!'<'<tsforinstruclion,lsystomsdcsignin1hepublicschool• Joomaloflnstruc1ion•lP<:1·eloo,ncn1 19.11.31

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Chri$!cn=,,R .(1997) l'U:MofJ££h'J91QKYI0'"8@UOllf<[ 0Jll0"'hcau ·u~l£iof

teifhersanJttw,,,ll,J<:nt,;.Unpublishod<lo<toral<liS><rtation.Uni,·crsi1yof1''orth T a,,Dcn,on.T u,.

CouncilforEducationPolky,Rcseatehandlntpnwomcn1.(1002)-~ 1«hoo1nvrin florj,lf i K·I' m bl r strool m•r,n- School ,·ear 2001·2002- Report da1odMarohl2.2002.Tallah.,scc,Florida.

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ln1emationolSocietyfor Te,hnologyinE<luca1ion. (lOOO).~ 1£Sh0 olwxmnJ•nlsfoes1u<1cn1,-q,0 nrrr"nyrnainl11m•ndtcchno10gy.r ~­OR:lntemational SocietyforT""hnologyinEducation

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Kimball . C. & Sibley. P. (1997). T«hnology m01uri1y model. In ~ l!limu(pp.l0•ll).L>e,·clop«ibyEJminOpcnSys1omsfor1hcColi fom ia TechnologyA,simnccProj«:1.[0n•linc). A,·ailable hnp:ll"'·" '"'·le<><:.org,1,usinC>i/otapupguiOC.pJf.Acc~August200-I

Long. G. L. (1994l. The A ,;);,n,nent and 1cst'ni' ofan ins,rum;nt JO L r, 1e•chqf a•t"tuJc:<1ow•nl •!le'ru«:ofco,nrurm·nm••h=·c,;m1mc(ooUnpubl"shcd dootonld;ssona1ioo,Uni,·orsityof Tonnossec. Knoxville.Tcnncssee

L<nu:ks•llorslcy. A .. l lo"·son. r. W .. L<we,N .. & s ,;1os.K.E.(199!1). I!ilii!!io& c~f'2~r~ ~,J,lopmc:nl for 1<>£hg< 9fg·f"f< ! 00 mUtrs:malift ThousanJ Ms.

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Mak. Y.M.J.(2000) Pu!11'1'la:s:a:Ui'lllf>eul•y"1intcn1i9n10wai-Jl<1he iillof i•1tm£Jional'£fhMlpyy·An•onl"c•fonof•he 1h<;oo:ofpl1nosdru'bavi2C UnpublishcddootoralJissmotion.lridiana Uni,'Cl'Sily.Blooming1on. lnJiana

Marcinkic..-io,,H.R. (1991l.Jhca:lationsh,p12fse1em;doc1¥?11919rir,J,·•ciableslo 1beu«:ofa9il•bl;miorocomnu•mbvs)rmrn1ao:schoolte><;hm.Unpublished doo1oral Jisxru,ion.ThoPcrmsy1'·aniaSwtcUni,·rrsity,Uni,·..-,i1yPark. Penns:,',n'a

Marcinkic1<·ioz.ll.R. (l9113).Computcrsaotltcacho,s:factoninfluenc;ng,:omputorusc: in the domoom. Journal ofRgc,,r<;h <>n Comm ling in EJucatign 2612h 220-237

Marcinkit"'ioz, ILR.(1994).Subjecti,·cnonnspruticiingcompuloruse.~ Sfles;1sdRrse•rch •otlll:v;1onmrntPa:•rntatioo,a11hsl994t:-••·m1C!lllYrD!ioo ~~,!::7'~

0i;

73;1:.inn1ioo1I Commun'c.,·on -'•d Irrhoology. F.RIC

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Monin.B.&Clementc.K.(1990). ln"ructional sy,tcmsdosignaodpublkochools EdocationalJ;choolovrR£ITT'fhandlJe•·1:1opmen1 Jll(2).61•7S.

MQ'IJ. B, R~llc. J .• hrlucl, W .• Sabolli. N .. & llaMel, G. (200}~ T«llnolo&Y·• comnbwon10tach"'1...ipo1;,cy: Eff,c><n<y.~llllClll, orlr.ln•formauon1. Rn·iP:of Rf!£Nfbiorn1AlflD n.1S'J..1S1

M,llcr,G . A.( 19S6), The mai><&I n,;mba SC\'Ctl plusot m,n.,. ,.,..,, Some l,mitson our capa<uyforproccu,n1 1nfom,•Uon.Pl)'fhgJoKkSJIR"l'i£l'l6)8 1•97.

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Nanl1,P.(2003\lbns llKYSYtn<MJb"A tuiJt:1991+aol1l?'l¥FPlflhod< 0.:X,on ~-Educat-.ln<.

Nmno)u, R .• lkanlffl. W .• & Shanna S. (2003\ Seliop PIP«!Mfl· IW!9ond ~Th<luSMdQal:s. CA: Sagcl'\lbliC>lhOM

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Office ofT«bnoloilY ASJaSmCM (199S). fd PE?'KID 'MN lsEIVP9!9:sr fl!JY'S ~•1¥!1 OTA·BP•ll ER-169 w •• 111n111on. OC: U.S.Go-,-cmmc,n1 l'nM•ngOlf>«.

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Pojarn. F. (1992~ T°""hat' btl,ds -cduoa1>0nal .-an:tc Cka.nngup • rncsoy ronllnlCt Rmrwofl'd¥111onal8ntEih 62'l~307-H2.

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Jom<S M. '"Mikc"G,:d,.k,s was born in lluffolo. 1':ew York in September 19S6. to

parcncsJo,no, and fo1nccsGeddcs. ltc grcwupinccn ,ral Florida and gradua1ed from

Mount Dori, lli gh SchQol, Mounl Dori,, Florida. in 1974. Miko r,:1:e i,·ed h; , Associale of

A11,deg,ttfroml.ake-Sum,erComn,uni1yCollege.Lecsbur,;.Florida inl976andhi,

BachelorofA11sdc&=:inK•llE<luca1ional Mcd iafromthcUnivcrsityofCen1ral

Florida,Orlatldo.Florida.,nl978. ll e1<-a,;marriedtoPhylli, Kucffc1inJuncl977

After working for the Orange County Public Librory Syslcm, Orl•ndo. Florida. Miko and

hiswifomo,·ed10F0<1W011h.Toxas1oat1endgradU3tc,chool inl980. llc gn,du>1eJ

" 'ith a MasicrofOivinitydcgrc,:fromSouth1<·estcmila))lisiTbeologicalScminary.F0<1

Wonh. Texas. in 1983. In 1988. Mike was employed wi1h theCitNsCoun1y SchQol

District, lnvC111ess.Florida,"·tlerchciscurrrn1ly thcdistriC1CoonJ;natoroflnsin,c1ional

T<:<hnolo&Y•ndLibniryModiaSc"·icesandadmini'1ratorof 1hodi,iric1"•lnstruc1ional

RcsourceCentcr.l lcobiainedhi<M:i,1crofEducationdegrce(Educa1ionallcaJership)

from1he Uni,-er,ityofSou1hFlorida.Tampa.Florida,in 1998.andhisDoctorof

Philosophydcg,ttinEducationalTechnologyfrom1hcUni,·crsityofFlorida.

Gainesville.Florida.inDttcmbcrl004.Mikeresidesinlnvem<$$,Horidawithhisv.·if<

of27y<"an.Ph)·lli, . lkandhiswifeha,·et\\"Oadultchildrcn.daughlcrKristcnand$on

lomifythatlha,·c,.aJthiu1udyand1hotinmyop;nioni1oonfomi•toaccq,tablc ,rand.ar<lsofochola,lyprescntationandisfullyadeq03tc, inscopcanJquality,a.s a

disse11ati.,,,forthcdcgrceofDo<torofPhil°JZ. n,0

c'=c:",ii'~~"-D,~wwc':'/'le.ct:!'~,,c'--~-Assistant ProfcssorofTcachingand

Ltarning

Joenifythat[ha,·ereadthis,1udyand1hatinmyopinionitconfonmtoaceop1able stand>rdsof 0<holarlypresentationandisfullyadcquate,in«:opcandqnality, a.sa

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00:1~:~M•l Lcadenhip. Pol,cy,

!ccnifyth.>1Jha,-creadthisstudyandtha1inmyopinionitconform, 1Qaccq,tablo ston<Urdsofscholarlyprc,entotionandisfullyadequotc,in.sc<,peandq uah1y,:asa diSS<T1otionfor1btdogrccofDoc1orofPhilosophy, ·ifc:

,,,(/L As'°"iotcJ>rofossorofTeaching•nd

Leaming

lccc1ify1h11 Ih,-·er .. dthi,,1Udyandth.11 inmyopinionit confom,s10aceeptabl< ,undardsofschol,rlypresenta1ionandi, full}·adequa1<,inscopeandquali1,·. u•

'"""'""" '"'~'''"'°'='"'""'"~~ YY1,, ew1 L,cJ.Ml•lly

MrociatcPn>fesoorofT:::;gand Leaming

lcer1ifythatlM1·crnadthi••tudyandthatinmyopinionit oonfom,s1oac<cptabk ,1andardsof><:bolarlypresen1:ttionandi, fully 0<kqua1e.ini00pcondquali1y ... • di,ser1a1iooforthcdogreeofDoct<>rofPhi~ R~

AS<OciaceProfcuo,ofTt.iohingand L,aming

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