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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
ii
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011.
1.Anaemia epidemiology. 2.Anaemia statistics and numerical data. 3.Prevalence.
4.Child, Preschool. 5.Infant. 6.Adolescent. 7.Women. I.World Health Organization.
ISBN 978 92 4 156496 0 (NLM classication: WH 155)
World Health Organization 2015
All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available onthe WHO website (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World HealthOrganization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax:+41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]).
Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications whether for sale orfor non-commercial distribution should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHOwebsite (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html).
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World HealthOrganization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted anddashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yetbe full agreement.The mention of specic companies or of certain manufacturers products does not implythat they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preferenceto others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, thenames of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verifythe information contained in this publication. However, the published material is beingdistributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibilityfor the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall theWorld Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
Design and layout: Elysium
Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland
Suggested citation
WHO. The global prevalence of anaemia in 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization;2015.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
iii
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SCOPE AND PURPOSE 1
BACKGROUND 1
METHODS 1
Identification of data sources for blood haemoglobin concentration
and anaemia hrough a systematic review; accessing and extracting data;and systematically assessing the population representativeness of data
Adjustment of data on blood haemoglobin concentrations for altitudeand smoking
Application of a statistical model to estimate trends in the distributionof blood haemoglobin concentrations and their uncertainties
RESULTS 3
Population coverage
The proportion of the population and number of individuals withanaemia
Classification of countries by degree of public health significanceof anaemia, based on blood haemoglobin concentration
The prevalence of anaemia attributed to iron deficiency
DISCUSSION 5
CONCLUSIONS 6
REFERENCES 7
ANNEX 1. WHO MEMBER STATES GROUPED BY REGION, AS OF JANUARY 2011 15
ANNEX 2. RESULTS BY UNITED NATIONS REGION, AS OF 2011 17
ANNEX 3. NATIONAL ESTIMATES OF ANAEMIA FOR THE YEAR 2011 19
2
3
4
2
4
2
5
iv
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Juan Pablo Pea-Rosas, Lisa Rogers and Gretchen A Stevens oversaw the preparation of this report. The
World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledges the technical contributions of Marianella Anzola, CamilaChaparro and Luz Maria De-Regil in the drafting and revision of this document. We would also like to
thank Florence Rusciano for her support in the preparation of the maps presented in this document.
These estimates of the prevalence of anaemia were produced by the Nutrition Impact Model Study Group
(NIMS) for Anaemia, a collaboration between WHO and Imperial College London, United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The study was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and
the Medical Research Council of the UK. WHO would like to thank (in alphabetical order): Zulqar A Bhutta,
Francesco Branca, Luz Maria De-Regil, Majid Ezzati, Mariel M Finucaine, Seth R Flaxman, Christopher J
Paciorek, Juan Pablo Pea-Rosas and Gretchen A Stevens for the technical input in the preparation of
the estimates.
WHO also wishes to thank the many individuals, institutions, governments and nongovernmental andinternational agencies for providing data for the Micronutrients Database in the WHO Vitamin and Mineral
Nutrition Information System (VMNIS), which was developed by the Department of Nutrition for Health
and Development and is currently being maintained by the Evidence and Programme Guidance Unit.
Financial support
WHO thanks the Micronutrient Malnutrition Prevention and Control (IMMPaCt) Program, United States
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Micronutrient Initiative for providing nancial support
for maintaining the VMNIS Micronutrients Database. WHO gratefully acknowledges the nancial support
of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID) for its work in nutrition.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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SCOPE AND PURPOSE
This document describes estimates of the prevalence of anaemia for the year 2011 in preschool-age
children (659 months) and women of reproductive age (1549 years), by pregnancy status, and byregions of the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO), as well as by country. This report
is based on analyses previously published (1)to estimate trends (from 1995 to 2011) in the distribution
of blood haemoglobin concentrations and the prevalence of anaemia in these same population groups.
This document may serve as a resource for estimating the baseline prevalence of anaemia in women of
reproductive age, in working towards achieving the second global nutrition target 2025, a 50% reduction
of anaemia in women of reproductive age (2), as outlined in the Comprehensive implementation plan on
maternal, infant and young child nutritionand endorsed by the Sixty-fth World Health Assembly, in
resolution WHA65.6(3).
BACKGROUND
Anaemia, dened as a low blood haemoglobin concentration, has been shown to be a public health problem
that affects low-, middle- and high-income countries and has signicant adverse health consequences,
as well as adverse impacts on social and economic development (1, 46). Although the most reliable
indicator of anaemia at the population level is blood haemoglobin concentration, measurements of this
concentration alone do not determine thecause of anaemia. Anaemia may result from a number of causes,
with the most signicant contributor being iron deciency.1Approximately 50% of cases of anaemia are
considered to be due to iron deciency, but the proportion probably varies among population groupsand in different areas, according to the local conditions(1, 7, 8). Other causes of anaemia include other
micronutrient deciencies (e.g. folate, riboavin, vitamins A and B12
), acute and chronic infections (e.g.
malaria, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV), and inherited or acquired disorders that affect haemoglobin
synthesis, red blood cell production or red blood cell survival (e.g. haemoglobinopathies)(9, 10).
Anaemia resulting from iron deciency adversely affects cognitive and motor development, causes
fatigue and low productivity (8, 9, 11) and, when it occurs in pregnancy, may be associated with low birth
weight and increased risk of maternal and perinatal mortality(12, 13). In developing regions, maternal
and neonatal mortality were responsible for 3.0 million deaths in 2013 and are important contributors to
overall global mortality(14, 15).It has been further estimated that 90 000 deaths in both sexes and all
age groups are due to iron deciency anaemia alone(16). Any strategy implemented to prevent or treat
anaemia should be tailored to local conditions, taking into account the specic etiology and prevalence
of anaemia in a given setting and population group.
METHODS
The study design, data sources and statistical modelling methods on which this report is based have
been presented in detail elsewhere(1). The methods were designed to assess trends in the distribution
of blood haemoglobin concentrations between 1995 and 2011, using a statistical model (described
1Iron deciency anaemia and anaemia are often used synonymously and the prevalence of anaemia has often been used as a proxy for
iron deciency anaemia. However, it is important to realize that not all anaemia is caused by iron deciency.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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below in Application of a statistical model to estimate trends in the distribution of blood haemoglobin
concentrations and their uncertainties); however, only the estimates from 2011 are presented here.
Briey, the analysis included three steps, described under the subheadings that follow.
Identication of data sources for blood haemoglobin concentration and anaemia througha systematic review; accessing and extracting data; and systematically assessing the
population representativeness of data
A PubMed search was carried out for relevant search terms related to anaemia, haemoglobin and iron
status, searching for studies published after 1 January 1990. In addition to indexed articles, many
reports of national and international agencies were identied and accessed through requests to each
corresponding organization.
Data that were representative of the population level, or representative of at least three regions within
the country, were included. Data mainly came from the Micronutrients Database of the WHO Vitamin and
Mineral Information System (VMNIS), which summarizes data on the micronutrient status of populations,
collected from the scientic literature and through collaborators, including WHO regional and country
ofces, United Nations organizations, ministries of health, research and academic institutions, andnongovernmental organizations. In some cases, anonymized individual-level data were obtained from
multi-country surveys, including demographic and health surveys, multiple indicator cluster surveys,
reproductive health surveys and malaria indicator surveys. Data sources were included if:
blood haemoglobin concentration was measured;
the study reported anaemia or mean blood haemoglobin concentration for preschool-age children
or women of reproductive age;
a probabilistic sampling method was used;
the sample size was at least 100;
data were collected after 1990;
data were from the 190 countries designated for the original analysis.
Details on the selection of data sources are available as web appendices for the original publication
(1,17);however, this document only presents data for 185 Member States of WHO (see Annexes 1and3).
Adjustment of data on blood haemoglobin concentrations for altitude and smoking
Total and severe anaemia were dened according to WHO thresholds for blood haemoglobin concentration
for individuals living at sea level(18).High altitude and smoking both increase haemoglobin concentration
(18), so, where applicable, data that had been adjusted for altitude and smoking status were used
whenever possible.Biologically implausible haemoglobin values (200 g/L) were excluded.
Application of a statistical model to estimate trends in the distribution of bloodhaemoglobin concentrations and their uncertainties
A Bayesian hierarchical mixture model (1) was used to estimate trends in the distribution of blood
haemoglobin concentrations for children and for women of reproductive age by pregnancy status. Briey,
the model calculates estimates for each country and year, informed by data from that country and year
themselves, if available, and by data from other years in the same country and in other countries with
data for similar time periods, especially countries in the same region. The model borrows data to a
greater extent when data are non-existent or weakly informative, and to a lesser degree for data-rich
countries and regions. The resulting estimates are also informed by covariates that help predict blood
haemoglobin concentrations (e.g. maternal education, prevalence of sickle-cell disorders, mean weight-
for-age z-score for children). The uncertainty ranges (credibility intervals)1reect the major sources of
1As a Bayesian statistical model was used, 95% credibility intervals were calculated. These are analogous to confdence intervals, which
are used in frequentist statistics.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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uncertainty, including sampling error, non-sampling error due to issues in sample design/measurement,
and uncertainty from making estimates for countries and years without data. All analyses were done
separately for children and women of reproductive age. Estimates were made for: preschool-age children
(659 months),1women of reproductive age (1549 years), and pregnant women (1549 years) and non-
pregnant women (1549 years) separately. Data from male and female children were pooled.
The time frame for the estimates presented in the original analyses (1)was 19952011. The complete
population distributions of blood haemoglobin concentrations for every country and year wereestimated, which allowed calculation of the relevant summary statistics. For example, from the population
distributions, the mean population blood haemoglobin concentration and the total number of individuals
affected by, and the population prevalence of, severe anaemia for each country and year were calculated.
Distributions for regions were calculated as population-weighted averages of the constituent countries.
The prevalence of haemoglobin values below the WHO-recommended population-specic haemoglobin
threshold concentration in blood was used to classify countries by the level of signicance of the public
health problem (18). Although esimates for each year (1995 to 2011) have been generated, the current
report only presents estimates for the year 2011.
An additional analysis was carried out to estimate the prevalence of anaemia that may be attributed
to iron deciency. In this analysis, the attribution of iron deciency to the prevalence of anaemia wascalculated as the population that would not be anaemic if iron supplements were given. Meta-analyses
of the effect of iron supplementation on mean blood haemoglobin concentration in children aged 059
months and pregnant women and non-pregnant women aged 1250 years were used to estimate the
percentage of anaemia that could be eliminated by increased iron intake (1921).
RESULTS
Population coverage
The analysis performed (1) included 257 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2012, of which 232
(90%) were nationally representative sources. Two-hundred and ve sources (80%) had data on women
and 224 (87%) had data on children. Of the 194 WHO Member States, estimates of the prevalence of
anaemia were not made for nine countries because covariate data were not available. Of the remaining
185 countries, 95 (51%) and 101 (55%) had at least one data source for children and women, respectively,
covering 8285% of the global population of children and women. Data were most sparse in the WHO
European Region. In contrast, all countries in the WHO South-East Asia Region had at least one data
source, as did 78% of countries in the African Region.
Data for non-pregnant women and pregnant women were summed and weighted by the prevalence of
pregnancy, to generate one value for all women of reproductive age. Although data for non-pregnant
women and all women of reproductive age are very similar, they are shown for all three groups of
women separately in the tables. The population covered by survey data at the regional and global level
was calculated by summing the population (number of children and women) in countries with survey
data and dividing by the total population in all countries in that region or globally. The proportion of
the population covered by surveys, by WHO region, was over 90% in the African, South-East Asia and
Western Pacic Regions and was lowest (1823%) in the European Region (see Table 1). Annex 2presents
the results by United Nations region.
The proportion of the population and number of individuals with anaemia
The 2011 estimates suggest anaemia affects around 800 million children and women (see Table 2).
1Estimates were made for children aged 659 months because few household surveys measure anaemia in children under 6 months
of age. However, the estimate was applied to the entire population of children aged less than 5 years; thus, the number of children
affected is for the age range 059 months.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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Globally, the mean blood haemoglobin concentration was 111 g/L (95% credibility interval1[CI]: 110113) in
children, 126 g/L (95% CI: 124128) in non-pregnant women, and 114 g/L (95% CI: 112116) in pregnant
women (see Table 2), indicating that, on average, all population groups were above the threshold for
mild anaemia (110 g/L for children and pregnant women and 120 g/L for non-pregnant women). In 2011,
the highest prevalence of anaemia was in children (42.6%, 95% CI: 3747), and the lowest prevalence
was in non-pregnant women (29.0%, 95% CI: 23.934.8). In addition, the global prevalence of anaemia
for pregnant women was 38.2% (95% CI: 33.542.6) and for all women of reproductive age was 29.4%
(95% CI: 24.535.0). Severe anaemia is associated with substantially worse mortality and cognitiveand functional outcomes; in 2011, its prevalence in children and women ranged from 0.9% to 1.5%.
Haemoglobin concentrations in pregnant women were lower than in non-pregnant women. However, as
the threshold for dening anaemia is lower for pregnant women, the prevalences of anaemia in pregnant
and non-pregnant women were only about nine percentage points apart. These prevalences translate to
273.2million (95% CI: 241.8303.7) children, 496.3 million (95% CI: 409.3595.1) non-pregnant women,
and 32.4 million (95% CI: 28.436.2) pregnant women, giving a total of 528.7 million (95% CI: 440.3629.4)
women of reproductive age with anaemia worldwide in 2011. Of these, 9.6 million (95% CI: 6.914.4)
children, 19.4 million (95% CI: 12.729.4) non-pregnant women and 0.8 million (95% CI: 0.51.1) pregnant
women had severe anaemia, giving a total of 20.2 million (95% CI: 13.330.5) women of reproductive
age.
Mean blood haemoglobin concentrations and prevalences of anaemia varied substantially across regions
and countries. In 2011, the WHO South-East Asia, Eastern Mediterranean and African Regions had the
lowest mean blood haemoglobin concentrations and the highest prevalences of anaemia across population
groups (see Table 2). Children in these three regions had a mean blood haemoglobin concentration
between 104 and 109 g/L (i.e. below the threshold for mild anaemia), with more than half of children in
the South-East Asia and African Regions (53.8% or more) classied as having anaemia; severe anaemia
was highest in the African Region, with 3.6% of children affected. While women in these regions had
higher blood haemoglobin levels than children, the mean blood haemoglobin concentration was also
lowest for all women in the same three regions. The prevalence of anaemia was 37.7% to 41.5% for
non-pregnant women and 38.9% to 48.7% for pregnant women in these regions. The countries with the
lowest blood haemoglobin levels and highest prevalences of anaemia were in the WHO African Region (see
Annex 3);this reects the high prevalence of factors affecting anaemia in this region, such as malaria, sickle
cell and thalassaemias. Children in the African Region represented the highest proportionof individuals
affected with anaemia, at 62.3% (95% CI: 59.664.8), while the greatest numberof children and women
with anaemia resided in the South-East Asia Region, including 96.7 million (95% CI: 71.7115.0) children
and 202.0 million (95% CI: 141.8254.3) women of reproductive age (see Table 2) in 2011. The Eastern
Mediterranean Region had the next highest anaemia burden for children, accounting for 35.7 million
(95% CI: 29.741.9) children with anaemia, and the Western Pacic Region had the next highest anaemia
burden for women, accounting for 96.2 million (95% CI: 53.5175.3) women with anaemia in 2011.
Classication of countries by degree of public health signicance of anaemia, based onblood haemoglobin concentration
The level of the public health problem across countries is illustrated by maps for children and women
of reproductive age in Figs. 1 and 2. Additional maps may also be customized and downloaded, using
the WHO Global targets tracking tool (22). The tracking tool was designed to allow users to explore
various scenarios that take into account different rates of progress for the six global nutrition targets for
improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition (3), including a 50% reduction of anaemia in women
of reproductive age (2).
There are no countries for which country-level estimates were generated where anaemia is not at least
a mild public health problem (i.e. the prevalence of anaemia is at least 5%) in children and women (see
Table 3).Anaemia is a moderate-to-severe public health problem for pregnant women in all but twoof the countries analysed. For children and women, the majority of WHO Member States (141 to 182,
1As a Bayesian statistical model was used, 95% credibility intervals were calculated. These are analogous to condence intervals, which
are used in frequentist statistics.
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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depending on the population group) have a moderate-to-severe public health problem with anaemia.
The prevalence of anaemia attributed to iron deciency
Available meta-analyses suggest that iron supplementation would increase the mean blood haemoglobin
concentration by 8.0 g/L (95% CI: 5.011.0) in children, 10.2 g/L (95% CI: 6.114.2) in pregnant women
and 8.6 g/L (95% CI: 3.913.4) in non-pregnant women (1921). Applying these shifts to estimated bloodhaemoglobin concentrations indicates that about 42% of anaemia in children would be amenable to iron
supplementation and about 50% of anaemia in women could be eliminated by iron supplementation (see
Table 4).
DISCUSSION
The estimates presented in this document are based on data available in the Micronutrients Database of
the WHO VMNIS (23). Analyses were performed in a consistent manner for children and women, and by
pregnancy status, with reporting of uncertainty (1). Overall, a high proportion of countries had nationally
representative survey data available for the three population groups most vulnerable to anaemia:
preschool-age children (659 months), pregnant women (1549 years of age) and non-pregnant women
(1549 years of age).
Unfortunately, despite the extensive data search, data for blood haemoglobin concentrations are still
limited, compared to other nutritional indicators such as child anthropometry (1, 24);this was especially
true in the high-income countries of the WHO European Region. As a result, the estimates may not capture
the full variation across countries and regions, tending to shrink towards global means when data are
sparse (1). Additionally, it was not possible to incorporate into the analyses some potentially important
predictors of blood haemoglobin concentration, especially dietary iron and iron supplementation, becauseof limited data. At this time, other population groups, such as adolescents, the elderly and men, have
been excluded, also because of limited data. These additional population groups may account for around
45% of all cases of anaemia(25).
Despite the relatively limited data available, the proportion of the population covered by at least one
anaemia survey conducted between 1995 and 2011 is relatively high (greater than 80%) for all population
groups globally. Regionally, the WHO African, South-East Asia and Western Pacic Regions had very high
coverage, with over 90% of the population covered by anaemia survey data for children and women,
while the WHO European Region had only 1823% of the population covered by survey data.
For the year 2011, it is estimated that roughly 43% of children, 38% of pregnant women, and 29% of non-
pregnant women and 29% of all women of reproductive age have anaemia globally, corresponding to 273
million children, 496 million non-pregnant women and 32 million pregnant women. Previous estimates
of anaemia were published jointly by the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development
and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2008 for the years 19932005 (25).
Different methodology was used in generating the estimates but the results were consistent. However,
because different methodology was used, the estimates should not be compared to infer trends in the
prevalence of anaemia.
Correcting anaemia requires an integrated approach based on identifying and addressing the contributing
factors. Low blood haemoglobin concentrations may be caused by genetic traits like sickle cell and
thalassaemias; inadequate bioavailable dietary iron, folic acid and/or vitamin B12
; malaria, schistosomiasis,
hookworm, or human immunodeciency virus (HIV) infections; and some noncommunicable diseases(8, 9, 18, 2629). The analysis conducted to better understand the prevalence of anaemia attributed to iron
deciency estimates that the proportion of all anaemia amenable to iron was around 50% in women and
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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42% in children, but higher for severe anaemia (over 50% for children and non-pregnant women and over
60% for pregnant women) and in regions where there are fewer other causes of anaemia (e.g. in the WHO
Region of the Americas and European Region). The proportion was lowest where other factors contribute
to anaemia, for example,
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infants and children 623 months of age. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (http://apps.
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feeding practices, and low coverage of key nutrition interventions. Pediatrics. 2011;128:E1418E27. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1392.
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2875-10-378.
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Table 1. Number of countries and percentage of population covered by surveys of anaemia prevalence
(national or subnational), by WHO region
WHO
region
Numberof
countries
in regiona
Children aged659 months
Non-pregnant womenaged 1549 years
Pregnant womenaged 1549 years
All women ofreproductive age
(1549 years)
Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%)
African
Region46 35 93.7 36 90.8 35 93.9 36 91.1
Region
of the
Americas
34 15 86.0 14 64.3 13 65.8 14 64.4
South-East
Asia Region11 9 96.8 11 100.0 10 97.8 11 100.0
European
Region51 12 22.7 13 18.4 11 21.7 13 18.6
Eastern
Mediter-raneanRegion
21 12 77.2 13 81.1 11 69.2 13 80.9
Western
Pacic
Region
22 12 90.3 14 96.7 14 95.1 14 96.6
Global 185 95 85.0 101 81.3 94 83.2 101 81.5
a Excludes WHO Member States of Cook Islands (Western Pacic Region), Monaco (European Region), Nauru (Western Pacic
Region), Niue (Western Pacic Region), Palau (Western Pacic Region), Saint Kitts and Nevis (Region of the Americas), San
Marino (European Region) and Tuvalu (Western Pacic Region). Former Sudan is included in lieu of Sudan and South Sudan,
consistent with the situation from 1 January to 9 July 2011.
Table 2. Global and WHO regional mean blood haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of anaemia
by population group for 2011
WHO region
Mean
(95% CI) bloodhaemoglobinconcentration
(g/L)
Percentage(95% CI) of
population with
anaemiaa
Number (95% CI) ofpeople with anaemia
(millions)b
Percentage
(95% CI) ofpopulationwith severe
anaemiac
Number
(95%CI) ofpeople with
severe anaemia
(millions)b
Children aged 659 months
African Region 104 (103 to 105) 62.3 (59.6 to 64.8)c
84.5 (81.0 to 87.9)c
3.6 (2.9 to 4.4) 4.9 (4.0 to 6.0)Region of the
Americas119 (117 to 121) 22.3 (17.7 to 27.9) 17.1 (13.5 to 21.3) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.18 (0.1 to 0.4)
South-East Asia
Region107 (104 to 112) 53.8 (39.9 to 63.9) 96.7 (71.7 to 115.0) 1.5 (0.4 to 3.7) 2.7 (0.8 to 6.6)
European
Region119 (115 to 122) 22.9 (14.9 to 32.8) 12.7 (8.2 to 18.1) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.8) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5)
EasternMediterraneanRegion
109 (106 to 112) 48.6 (40.4 to 57.0) 35.8 (29.7 to 41.9) 2.0 (1.0 to 3.1) 1.5 (0.7 to 2.3)
Western Pacic
Region120 (114 to 125) 21.9 (12.0 to 36.9) 25.7 (14.2 to 43.4) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.6) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.7)
Global 111 (110 to 113) 42.6 (37.7 to 47.4) 273.2 (241.8 to 303.7) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) 9.6 (6.9 to 14.1)
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WHO region
Mean
(95% CI) bloodhaemoglobinconcentration
(g/L)
Percentage
(95% CI) ofpopulation with
anaemiaa
Number (95% CI) ofpeople with anaemia
(millions)b
Percentage(95% CI) of
populationwith severe
anaemiac
Number(95%CI) of
people withsevere anaemia
(millions)b
Non-pregnant women aged 1549 years
African Region 124 (121 to 126) 37.8 (31.8 to 43.7) 69.9 (58.8 to 80.7) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.7) 3.3 (2.4 to 5.1)
Region of the
Americas131 (128 to 134) 16.5 (12.2 to 23.7) 38.1 (28.1 to 54.7) 0.5 (0.3 to 1.1) 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6)
South-East Asia
Region121 (117 to 126) 41.5 (28.7 to 52.6) 190.6 (131.7 to 241.3) 1.9 (0.7 to 3.8) 8.6 (3.4 to 17.5)
European
Region128 (126 to 130) 22.5 (16.4 to 30.1) 48.4 (35.2 to 64.7) 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6)
EasternMediterranean
Region
123 (120 to 126) 37.7 (30.7 to 45.6) 55.2 (44.9 to 66.8) 1.8 (1.1 to 2.6) 2.6 (1.6 to 3.8)
Western Pacic
Region129 (124 to 134) 19.8 (10.9 to 36.6) 92.6 (50.8 to 170.9) 0.5 (0.2 to 1.3) 2.2 (0.8 to 6.0)
Global 126 (124 to 128) 29.0 (23.9 to 34.8) 496.3 (409.3 to 595.1) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 19.4 (12.7 to 29.4)
Pregnant women aged 1549 years
African Region 111 (110 to 114) 46.3 (40.6 to 51.0) 9.2 (8.13 to 10.1) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.3) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5)
Region of the
Americas119 (116 to 122) 24.9 (19.0 to 32.5) 2.4 (1.8 to 3.1) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)
South-East Asia
Region110 (106 to 114) 48.7 (36.1 to 58.9) 11.5 (8.5 to 13.9) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.2) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5)
European
Region118 (115 to 121) 25.8 (19.8 to 33.6) 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
113 (111 to 116) 38.9 (32.7 to 46.3) 3.9 (3.3 to 4.6) 1.1 (0.6 to 1.6) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2)
Western Pacic
Region119 (114 to 124) 24.3 (15.1 to 37.7) 3.6 (2.2 to 5.5) 0.4 (0.1 to 0.9) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.1)
Global 114 (112 to 116) 38.2 (33.5 to 42.6) 32.4 (28.41 to 36.2) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1)
All women of reproductive age (1549 years)
African Region 123 (120 to 125) 38.6 (32.9 to 44.2) 79.1 (67.3 to 90.5) 1.8 (1.3 to 2.7) 3.6 (2.6 to 5.5)Region of the
Americas131 (128 to 133) 16.8 (12.6 to 23.8) 40.5 (30.2 to 57.3) 0.5 (0.3 to 1.1) 1.3 (0.7 to 2.7)
South-East Asia
Region121 (117 to 125) 41.9 (29.4 to 52.7) 202.0 (141.8 to 254.3) 1.8 (0.7 to 3.8) 8.9 (3.5 to 18.1)
European
Region128 (125 to 130) 22.6 (16.6 to 29.9) 50.2 (36.8 to 66.5) 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7)
Eastern
Mediterranean
Region
122 (120 to 125) 37.8 (31.0 to 45.5) 59.1 (48.4 to 71.2) 1.8 (1.1 to 2.5) 2.7 (1.7 to 3.9)
Western Pacic
Region129 (124 to 134) 19.9 (11.1 to 36.3) 96.2 (53.5 to 175.3) 0.5 (0.2 to 1.3) 2.3 (0.8 to 6.1)
Global 125 (124 to 127) 29.4 (24.5 to 35.0) 528.7 (440.3 to 629.4) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 20.2 (13.3 to 30.5)
CI: credibility interval.a Anaemia is dened as blood haemoglobin concentration
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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Table 3. Number of countriesacategorized by public health signicance of anaemia, 2011
Category of public health problembChildren
(659 months)
Non-pregnant
women(15-49 years)
Pregnant women(1549 years)
All women of
reproductive age(1549 years)
None 0 0 0 0
Mild 32 44 2 42
Moderate 84 109 146 110
Severe 69 32 37 33
aExcludes WHO Member States of Cook Islands (Western Pacic Region), Monaco (European Region), Nauru (Western Pacic
Region), Niue (Western Pacic Region), Palau (Western Pacic Region), Saint Kitts and Nevis (Region of the Americas), San
Marino (European Region) and Tuvalu (Western Pacic Region). Former Sudan is included in lieu of Sudan and South Sudan,
consistent with the situation from 1 January to 9 July 2011.b
The prevalence of anaemia as a public health problem is categorized as follows:
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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Fig.1. Global estimates of the prevalence of anaemia in infants and children aged 659 months, 2011
0 1,700 3,400850 Kilometers
Percentage (%)
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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b. Prevalence of anaemia, pregnant women aged 1549 years, 2011
0 1,700 3,400850 Kilometers
Percentage (%)
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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ANNEX 1. WHO MEMBER STATES GROUPED BY
REGION, AS OF 2011
Table A1.1. WHO Member States grouped by WHO region
WHO region WHO Member States, as of 1 January 2011
African Region Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cte dIvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of
Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Region of the
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil,
Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,bSaint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,
United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Eastern Mediterranean
Region
Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, former Sudana, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia,
United Arab Emirates, Yemen
European Region Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, Monaco,bMontenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania,
Russian Federation, San Marino,bSerbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Uzbekistan
South-East Asia Region Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar,Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste
Western Pacic Region Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands,bFiji, Japan, Kiribati, Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Mongolia, Nauru,b
New Zealand, Niue,bPalau,bPapua New Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu,bVanuatu, Viet Nam
a Former Sudan is included in lieu of Sudan and South Sudan, consistent with the situation from 1 January to 9 July 2011.b Estimates were not made for these WHO Member States because covariate data were not available.
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Table A1.2. WHO Member States grouped by United Nations region and subregion
(43)
United Nationsregion and subregion WHO Member States, as of 1 January 2011
Africa
Eastern AfricaBurundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique,
Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Middle AfricaAngola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe
Northern Africa Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, former Sudan,aTunisia
Southern Africa Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland
Western AfricaBenin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cte dIvoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali,
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
Americas
Latin America and the Caribbean
Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti,
Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis,bSaint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago
Central America Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama
South AmericaArgentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,
Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Northern America Canada, United States of America
Asia
Central Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Eastern Asia China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea
Southern AsiaAfghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka
South-Eastern AsiaBrunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam
Western AsiaArmenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Europe
Eastern EuropeBelarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian
Federation, Slovakia, Ukraine
Northern EuropeDenmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Southern Europe Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, SanMarino,bSerbia, Slovenia, Spain, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Western Europe Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Monaco,bNetherlands, Switzerland
Oceania
Australia and
New ZealandAustralia, New Zealand
Melanesia Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Micronesia Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru,bPalau,b
Polynesia Cook Islands,bNiue,bSamoa, Tonga, Tuvalub
a Former Sudan is included in lieu of Sudan and South Sudan, consistent with the situation from 1 January to 9 July 2011b Estimates were not made for these WHO Member States because covariate data were not available.
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ANNEX 2. RESULTS BY UNITED NATIONS REGION,
AS OF 2011
Table A2.1. Number of countries and percentage of population covered by surveys of anaemia prevalence
(national or subnational), by United Nations region
UnitedNations
region
Number
of coun-tries in
regiona
Children aged659 months
Non-pregnant womenaged 1549 years
Pregnant womenaged 1549 years
All women of
reproductive age(1549 years)
Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%) Countries
Coverage
(%)
Africa 53 40 94.0 41 91.8 40 94.2 41 92.0
Asia 47 30 89.6 36 94.7 32 89.5 36 94.7
Americas 34 15 86.0 14 64.3 13 65.8 14 64.4
Europe 40 5 12.3 5 10.9 4 11.9 5 10.9
Oceania 11 5 5.4 5 16.3 5 15.2 5 16.2
Global 185 95 85.0 101 81.3 94 83.2 101 81.5
a Excludes WHO Member States of Cook Islands (Oceania), Monaco (Europe), Nauru (Oceania), Niue (Oceania), Palau (Oceania), Saint Kitts andNevis (Americas), San Marino (Europe), Tuvalu (Oceania). Former Sudan is included in lieu of Sudan and South Sudan, consistent with thesituation from 1 January to 9 July 2011.
Table A2.2. Global and United Nations regional mean blood haemoglobin concentration and prevalenceof anaemia by population group for 2011
United Nationsregion
Mean(95%CI) bloodhaemoglobinconcentration
(g/L)
Percentage(95% CI) of
population withanaemiaa
Number(95% CI) of people
with anaemia(millions)b
Percentage (95%CI) of population
with severeanaemiac
Number (95% CI)of people with
severe anaemia(millions)b
Children aged 659 months
Africa 105 (103 to 106) 60.2 (57.0 to 63.1) 95.0 (90.0 to 99.6) 3.3 (2.7 to 4.0) 5.2 (4.2 to 6.3)
Latin America
and theCaribbean
117 (114 to 120) 29.1 (22.5 to 36.9) 15.5 (12.0 to 19.6) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.7) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)
Northern
America124 (122 to125) 7.0 (4.9 to 12.3) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.9) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Asia 112 (109 to 115) 42.0 (34.1 to 49.9) 152.2 (123.5 to 180.9) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) 4.1 (1.8 to 8.2)
Europe 120 (116 to 123) 19.3 (10.9 to 30.7) 7.8 (4.4 to 12.4) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.8) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3)
Oceania 117 (112 to 122) 26.2 (14.5 to 41.6) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) 0.3 (0.0 to 1.3) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Global 111 (110 to 113) 42.6 (37.7 to 47.4) 273.2 (241.8 to 303.7) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) 9.6 (6.9 to 14.1)
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United Nationsregion
Mean(95%CI) bloodhaemoglobinconcentration
(g/L)
Percentage(95% CI) of
population withanaemiaa
Number(95% CI) of people
with anaemia(millions)b
Percentage (95%CI) of population
with severeanaemiac
Number (95% CI)of people with
severe anaemia(millions)b
Non-pregnant women aged 1549 years
Africa 124 (122 to 126) 36.9 (31.5 to 42.6) 85.1 (72.6 to 98.1) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.4) 3.8 (2.8 to 5.6)
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
131 (127 to 134) 18.7 (12.7 to 29.4) 28.7 (19.4 to 45.0) 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4)
Northern
America132 (130 to 134) 12.2 (9.1 to 17.0) 9.6 (7.2 to 13.4) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.2 (0.7 to 0.4)
Asia 125 (122 to 128) 31.6 (24.1 to 40.5) 337.0 (257.4 to 432.4) 1.3 (0.7 to 2.2) 13.4 (7.3 to 23.1)
Europe 129 (126 to 131) 19.9 (13.5 to 28.4) 34.5 (23.4 to 49.1) 0.5 (0.2 to 1.2) 0.9 (0.4 to 2.01)
Oceania 129 (123 to 133) 19.5 (11.5 to 35.6) 1.7 (1.0 to 3.0) 0.8 (0.2 to 2.0) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)
Global 126 (124 to 128) 29.0 (23.9 to 34.8) 496.3 (409.3 to 595.1) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 19.4 (12.7 to 29.4)
Pregnant women aged 1549 years
Africa 112 (110 to 114) 44.6 (39.3 to 49.0) 10.2 (9.0 to 11.2) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.51)
Latin America
and the
Caribbean
118 (114 to 123) 28.3 (20.1 to 38.6) 1.9 (1.4 to 2.6) 0.4 (0.2 to 0.9) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.1)
Northern
America121 (119 to 125) 17.1 (11.8 to 21.8) 0.5 (0.3 to 0.6) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Asia 113 (111 to 116) 39.3 (31.8 to 46.5) 18.5 (15.0 to 21.9) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7)
Europe 118 (115 to 122) 24.5 (17.8 to 33.8) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.6) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Oceania 117 (112 to 122) 29.0 (18.4 to 42.8) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) 0.6 (0.1 to 1.5) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0)
Global 114 (112 to 116) 38.2 (33.5 to 42.6) 32.4 (28.4 to 36.2) 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1)
All women of reproductive age (1549 years)
Africa 123 (121 to 125) 37.6 (32.4 to 43.0) 95.3 (82.1 to 108.0) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.4) 4.1 (3.0 to 6.0)
Latin Americaand the
Caribbean
130 (126 to 134) 19.1 (13.1 to 29.4) 30.6 (20.9 to 46.9) 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.5)
Northern
America131 (130 to 133) 12.4 (9.3 to 17.1) 10.1 (7.6 to 14.0) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4)
Asia 124 (122 to 127) 31.9 (24.6 to 40.6) 355.5 (274.5 to 452.8) 1.2 (0.7 to 2.1) 13.8 (7.5 to 23.7)
Europe 129 (126 to 131) 20.1 (13.8 to 28.3) 35.7 (24.6 to 50.4) 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) 0.9 (0.4 to 2.0)
Oceania 128 (123 to 132) 20.0 (12.0 to 35.5) 1.8 (1.1 to 3.2) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.9) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)
Global 125 (124 to 127) 29.4 (24.5 to 35.0) 528.7 (440.3 to 629.4) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 20.2 (13.3 to 30.5)
CI: credibility interval.a Anaemia is dened as blood haemoglobin concentration
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ANNEX 3. NATIONAL ESTIMATES OF ANAEMIA FOR
THE YEAR 2011
Table A3.1. Country estimates for children aged 659 months
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
20
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-
globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
25/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
21
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-
globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
26/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
22
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-
globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
27/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
23
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-
globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
28/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
24
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of childrenwith blood haemo-
globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
29/48
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
26
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of non-pregnant women with
blood haemoglobinconcentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
27
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of non-pregnant women with
blood haemoglobinconcentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
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Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of non-pregnant women with
blood haemoglobinconcentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
33/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
29
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of non-pregnant women with
blood haemoglobinconcentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
30
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of non-pregnant women with
blood haemoglobinconcentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
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31
Table A3.3. Country estimates for pregnant women aged 1549 years
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
36/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
32
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
37/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
33
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
38/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
34
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
39/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
35
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
40/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
36
Country
Mean blood haemoglobinconcentration (g/L)
Percentage ofpregnant women
with blood haemo-globin concentration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
41/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
37
Table A3.4 Country estimates for all women of reproductive age (1549 years)
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
42/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
38
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
43/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
39
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
44/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
40
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
45/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
41
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
46/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
42
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
47/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
43
Country
Mean bloodhaemoglobin
concentration (g/L)
Percentage of womenwith anaemia (bloodhaemoglobin concen-tration
7/24/2019 anaemia who
48/48
THE GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA IN 2011
For more information, please contact:
Department of Nutrition for Health and Development
World Health Organization
Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
Fax: +41 22 791 4156
Email: [email protected]
www.who.int/nutrition