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KIKAOCVK
W\KODHSV@\HCK
AOHFOISHK
;84>
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Shfost`io Wross K iow noiorkth` i `j Wulah sdhin
X`u kro rokfhin k juaa vorsh`i `j tdhs l``b, j`r jroo!
Vdhs l``b hs pkrt `j tdo Shfost`io o-ahlrkry wdoro e`st `j `ur
pulahckth`is kro juaay kccosshlao j`r jroo. J`r kccoss t` e`ro
jroo l``bs vhsht= www.shfost`io.c`e/ahlrkry
F`wia`kf Juaa WFJ
Zhsht tdo Shfost`io o-ahlrkry t` f`wia`kf e`st `j `ur o-l``bs j`r
`iay ₡ 6,?7. J`r tdhs ehiheka joo y`u whaa rocohvo k juaay juicth`ika
WFJ kif ly f`hin s`, y`u doap t` boop `ur ahlrkry ruiihin.
www.shfost`io.c`e/ahlrkry
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KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
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KIKAOCVKW\KODHSV@\HCK
AOHFOISHK
W_LAHCKVH@IS @J VDO HISVHV_VO @J W\ODHSV@\X_IHZO\SHVX @J AOHFOI
AOHFOI _IHZO\SHVX W\OSS ;84>
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rofkctho vki fha iueeor= C.C. Lkboas
v`renovhin= D.K. fo A`re
c`pyrhndt ;844 ly tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry, Aohfoi
HSSI 7;:8->66>
HSLI 87 76 74:3> 6
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hid`uf
^ha \`olr`obs/
Mki B`aoi/
Fhehtrh fo A`ocbor
E. ^kisaooloi
E.O.Vd, fo Nr``td
C.C. Lkboas
W.M.\. E`fforeki
^hmikif vki for Skifoi
Mki Sa`jstrk/
^hmikif vki for Skifoi
Whotor vki fo Zoafo
Ki okray ^ohcdsoahki shto kt Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro (Shto M) /
Spkthka kikayshs `j akto eos`ahtdhc kif io`ahtdhc surjkco sckttors, k tost ckso `j tdo
\`orstroob (Ehffao Ahelurn) / /
Vdo `rnkihskth`i `j jahit t``h ekiujkcturo hi tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb <>
@i tdo kfzos `j tdo i`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb ?3
Ahelurnor kkrfoworb uht Swohbduhzoi, noe. Scdhiioi, pr`v. Ahelurn 4>
Sueekry= Ahelurn p`ttory jr`e Swohbduhzoi, Scdhiioi, pr`v. Ahelurn 8<
Vdo _ssoi pr`moct= akrno sckao sottaoeoit krcdko`a`ny `j tdo porh`f >77 LC-KF <?7, k
proahehikry rop`rt 8?
\urkao cuatuspakktsoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ;<?
Sueekry= \urka skictukrhos jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok ;:<
W`st-fop`shth`ika focky= k sheuakth`i ;:8
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^ha \`olr`obs,Mki B`aoi, kifFhehtrh Fo A`ocbor
Ki Okray ^ohcdsoahki shto kt Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro(Shto M)
Vdhs pkpor prosoits tdo proahehikry rosuats `j tdo oxckvk-
ah`i `j k shto kt tdo lkso `j tdo ^ohcdsoahki a`oss hi tdo
Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro pht. Hi tdo rhcd j ahit kssoelakno jr`e
tdhs shto tdo Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo hs klsoit. Ki oxpakikth`i
j`r tdo prosoico/klsoico `j Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkth`i hs
fhscussof hi tores `j Ehffao Wkako`ahtdhc duitor-nktdoror
iwlhahty.
;. Hitr`fucth`i
Shioo ;847 tdo Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho `j tdo
\hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi (HWA) dks looi c`ifucthin
krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd `j tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro nrkvoa
kif a`oss qukrry. E`st `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka aovoas tdkt
dkvo looi a`cktof hi tdo qukrry c`itkhi ovhfoico j`r
dueki kcthvhthos fkthin t` tdo poiuathekto (Skkahki) kif
akst (^ohcdsoahki) nakchka porh`fs. Vdo e`st hep`rtkit
krcdko`a`nhcka aovoa hs j`uif hi jhio-nrkhiof rhvor sofheoits
tdkt kro kppr`xhektoay <?7,777 yokrs `af. Vdhs aovoa, hi
vb-dhcd k iuelor `j oxckvkth`is dkvo looi c`ifuctof, dks
yhoafof k rhcd jkuika kssoelakno hifhckthvo `j hitornakchka
c`ifhth`is, hicaufhin j`rost oaopdkit, rdhi`cor`s, nhkit
foor, rof foor, kif r`o foor. Vdo rosokrcd lohin c`ifuctof
hs euathfhschpahikry, kif tdo spochkahsts hiv`avof dkvorocoitay pulahsdof k jhrst rop`rt (vki
B`ajscd`toi/\`olr`obs ;84?). Vdo soih`r kutd`r `j tdhs
krthcao whaa pulahsd k e`i`nrkpd `i tdo krcdko`a`nhcka
kspocts `j tdo rosokrcd (\`olr`obs hi prop.).
Vdhs krthcao rop`rts tdo proahehikry rosuats `j k skavkno
oxckvkth`i `j k shto prosoit kt tdo lkso `j tdo ^ohcdsoahki
a`oss hi tdo pht. Vdo shto. Shto M, wks fhsc`vorof ly B.
Nr`oioifhmb kif M.-W. fo ^krrhe`it furhin k systoekthc
survoy `j tdo pr`jhaos oxp`sof hi tdo qukrry. _ifor sovoro
theo c`istrkhits, k nr`up `j stufoits jr`e tdo \hmbsuihvor
shtoht Aohfoi kif v`auitoors, rkinhin hi shzo jr`e ;7 t` <?
po`pao, oxckvktof tdo shto jr`e Eky ;< t` Muio ;, ;84:.
<. \osokrcd eotd`fs
Ahttao theo wks kvkhhklao j`r tdo oxckvkth`i `j Shto M
lockuso hi Eky ;84: ht aky hi tdo ehffao `j tdo krok tdkt
tdo La`e C`epkiy, wdhcd ehios tdo qukrry, dkf pakiiof
t` roe`vo ioxt. Ht wks fochfof t` soaoct ki oxckvkth`i
strktony tdkt w`uaf pr`vhfo Hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdo spkthka
fhstrhluth`i `j tdo jhifs `vor ks akrno ki krok ks p`sshlao.
•« Sw
Jhn. ; Vdo oxckvkt h`i hi juaa svQ/hin2 tdo qukrryhin c `epki ydks oxckvktof kaa kr`uif tdo shto. HWd`t`nrkpd ly Mki Wkupht
(HWA), Eky ;84:;.
Vdoroj`ro, e`st `j tdo jhifs woro c`aaoctof ly squkro
eotor, oxcopt hi ki krok `j <3 squkro eotors wdoro tdoy
woro hifhvhfukaay pa`ttof hi tdroo fheoish`is hi `rfor t`
kcquhro e`ro fotkhaof Hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdohr d`rhz`itka
kif vorthcka fhstrhluth`i. Kat`notdor wo oxckvktof kppr`x-
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KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
hektoay <;7 e'. ^o osthekto tdkt ly c`aaocthin jhifs ly
squkro eotor wo woro klao t` oxckvkto kt aokst tdroo theos
e`ro `j tdo krok tdki w`uaf dkvo looi p`sshlao dkf wo
hifhvhfukaay pa`ttof kaa jhifs oic`uitorof. Furhin tdo
oxckvkth`i tdo La`e C`epkiy roe`vof tdo sofheoits kaa
kr`uif `ur oxckvkth`i krok s` tdkt tdo shto roekhiof ks ki
oaovktof paktj`re hi tdo ehffao `j tdo qukrry {jhn. H). Vdo
qukrryhin ekcdhios kas` cut tdr`und ki hep`rtkit c`icoi-
trkth`i `j jahit krtojkcts hi tdo s`utdwost pkrt `j tdo shto.
@ur Hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdhs c`icoitrkth`i hs sckity lockuso
wo roc`vorof tdo krtojkcts wdhao lohin 'cdksof' ly tdo
qukrryhin ekcdhio.
3. Strkthnrkpdy
K fotkhaof foscrhpth`i `j tdo Waohst`coio sofheoits hi tdo
qukrry dks looi pulahsdof oasowdoro (Zkifoilorndo ot ka.
;84?). Jhnuros < kif 3 nhvo k scdoekthc `vorvhow `j tdo
no`a`nhcka c`itoxt `j Shto M. Vdo jhifs kro strkthnrkpdhckaay
shtuktof kl`vo ki Ooehki pkao`s`a (tdo 'S`a fo \`c`urt',
cj. Nuaaoit`ps ;8?6) kif loa`w tdo 'D`rhz`it vki
Iknoaloob', k wokbay fovoa`pof s`ha fktof t` ck. <7,777L.W. (Dkoskorts ot ka. ;84;). Vdo no`a`nhcka ektrhx `j Shto
M hs tdo `afost ^chcdsoahki sofheoit j`uif hi tdo qukrry,
kif dks looi foshniktof ks _iht :.; hi tdo a`cka
ahtd`strkthnrkpdy (Zkifoilorndo ot ka. ;84?). Vdhs uiht
c`ishsts `j ahndt nroy a`oss, dkvhin k ekxheka tdhcbioss `j
<7 ce, `vorakhi ly ki oqukaay tdhcb akyor `j fkrb nroy-
lr`wi a`oss. Vdo tw` succosshvo akyors `j tdo uiht, wdhcd
dkvo looi hitorprotof ks k s`ha tdkt j`reof uifor stoppo-
ahbo c`ifhth`is, c`isthtuto k c`epaox tdkt dks `jtoi looi
`lsorvof kt tdo lkso `j ^ohcdsoahki a`oss pr`jhaos hi
I`rtdwost Our`po ('S`a fo ^kriotoi', soisu Wkopo kif
Zkid``rio ;8:>). Ht sd`uaf, d`wovor, lo strossof doro,
tdkt ehcr`e`rpd`a`nhcka kikayshs `j tdhs hijorrof s`ha c`e
paox kt Loavèfäro fhf i`t yhoaf kiy ovhfoico j`r s`ha j`r-
ekth`i hi tdhs d`rhz`i (pors. c`ee. D.M. Eñcdor ;84>). K
shehakr c`epaox hi Socahi (I`rtdori Jrkico) dks looi fktof
t` >7,777-;77,777 L.W . (Vujjroku ot ka. ;84?). ^o pr`vh-
sh`ikaay kccopt tdhs fkto ks tdo lost osthekto `j tdo kno `j
tdo Loavèfäro _iht :.;. Krtojkcts woro fhstrhlutof vorthckaay
tdr`und`ut tdo 37-67 ce tdhcb uiht, lut tdo ekm`rhty `j
tdoe woro j`uif `i tdo l`rfor lotwooi tdo ahndt nroy kif
fkrb nroy-lr`wi a`oss. Bkrst j`rekth`i pr`cossos tdkt
`ccurrof kjtor _iht :.; sofheoits dkf looi fop`shtof
ckusof tdo krcdko`a`nhcka akyor t` sulshfo. Hi tdhs roakthvoay
a`wor p`shth`i tdo akyor wks pr`toctof jr`e tdo sulsoquoit
or`sh`i tdkt c`epaotoay `lahtorktof _iht :.; t` tdo wost `j
tdo shto (jhn. <).
6. Shto M jhifs
@tdor tdki k jow jrkneoits `j cdkrc`ka kif s`eo lkfay
prosorvof e`akrs - pr`lklay `j oaopdkit - tdo jhifs `j Shto
M c`ishst `j jahit krtojkcts.
Kppr`xhektoay <,477 krtojkcts woro c`aaoctof, ;;: `j wdhcd
woro jr`e tdo s`utdwostori pkrt `j tdo shto kif woro
roscuof heeofhktoay hi jr`it `j tdo qukrryhin ekcdhio. Kt
e+ IKW
Shto M• ?</h9DC) 6: /< 47
w
Snvsh,.--=,.ZM-'Y-v22-
àhYYpt
Jhn. < Scdoekthc pr`jhao sd`wh in tdo no`a`nhcka p`shth `i `j Shto M. Zorthck a oxknno rkth`i
^ha \`olr`obs (HWA)|.
;7 T. HF rkwh in ly Mki Iofora`j kif
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^HA \@OL\@OBS, MKI B@AOI OI FHEHV\H FO A@OCBO\ - EKKSV\HCDV-LOAZOFO\O
_iht :.;
_iht ?.<
Jhn. 3 Scdoek thc pr`jhao `j Shto M hi ahtd`s trkthn rkpdhc _iht
:.; sd`whin tdo vorthcka oxtoish`i `j tdo krtojkct fhstrhluth`i
hi tdo _iht kif l`w tdo ekm`rhty `j krtojkcts hs c`icoitrktof.
;=<7. HFrkwhin ly Mki Iofora`j kif ^ha \`olr`obs (HWA)a.
tdhs stkno `j tdo rosokrcd tdo jahit ektorhka dks i`t yot
looi stufhof systoekthckaay2 tdoroj`ro, wo cki `iay pr`vhfo
s`eo proahehikry roekrbs kl`ut tdo tocdi`a`nhcka kif
typ`a`nhcka cdkrkctorhsthcs `j tdo kssoelakno.
Vdo rkw ektorhka `j kae`st kaa krtojkcts hs k rktdor c`krso-
nrkhiof, nroy-lauo jahit whtd k vory r`uifof, fhrty-wdhto
c`rtox. Vdo ikturkaay jrkcturof surjkcos oxdhlht k lr`wi
pkthikth`i kif wktor-r`aaof ofnos. Vdus, wo supp`so tdkt
tdo rkw ektorhka wks c`aaoctof jr`e tdo rhvorlof oxp`sof
iokrly kt tdo theo tdo shto wks `ccuphof.
Vdo w`rbof surjkcos `j tdo krtojkcts dkvo i` pkthikth`i
kif dkvo k jrosd kppokrkico.
Ht hs roekrbklao tdkt i`io `j tdo jakbos sooe t` dkvo looi
pr`fucof ushin tdo Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo. Kae`st kaa tdo
jakbos dkvo looi fotkcdof ly dkrf dkeeor porcussh`i,
kif ht a``bs hj i` systoekthc c`ro rofucth`i pr`cofuro wks
j`ah`wof. Vdo jakbos kro tdhcb kif rktdor dokvy, kif s`eo
`j tdo `utor surjkco `j tdo jahit i`fuao jr`e wdhcd tdoy
woro strucb jroquoitay roekhis `i tdo f`rska shfo.
E`st `j tdo c`ros kro sekaa kif dkvo ki hrronuakr j`re
(jhn. 6)2 tdoro kro kae`st i` lakfos `r t``as ekfo `i
l akfos.
Vdoro hs ovhfoico tdkt ekhitoikico kif roe`fhjhckth`i `j
t``as woro prkcthcof kt tdo shto, katd`und pr`lklay i`t `ik vory akrno sckao. Wkrtay tdhs wks f`io ly eokis `j tdo
'a`in sdkrpoihin tocdihquo', wdhcd hiv`avos tdo jklrhckth`i
`j k a`inhtufhika jakbo ka`in k scrkpor- `r cutthin-ofno,
kif rosuats hi k sdkrp t``a-ekrnhi. Ovhfoico j`r jroquoit
uso `j tdhs tocdihquo dks looi i`tof j`r tdo aktor Skkahki
hifustrhos kt ak C`tto fo St.Lroakfo (Morsoy, Nrokt Lrhtkhi),
pkrthcuakray akyor K (Ckaa`w kif C`rij`rf hi pross).
Vdo wksto pr`fucts `j tdhs tocdihquo roc`vorof kt Shto M
hicaufo ;3 roiowka jakbos ('A`in Sdkrpoihin Jakbos' `r
'ASJ' , / /n . ?) kif < jakbo-t``as dokrhin ionkthvos `j sucd
jakbos. @tdor t``a-romuvoikth`i tocdihquos j`uif hi tdo shto
kssoelakno hicaufo tdo roe`vka `j jakbos ka`in w`rbhin-
Jhn. 6 HZHkkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shto M= c`ro. RFrk whin ly Mki
B`aoi (HWA)a. 3=6.
Jhn. ? Ekkstrh cdt-Lo avèfäro Shto M= rojht tof A`in Sdkrpoihin
Jaka1os. HFrkwhin ly Mki B`aoi (HWA)a 3=6.
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KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
ofnos ly k sorhos `j dkrf porcussh`i la`ws kif pr`lklay
kas` tdo rofucth`i `j t``as ly c`ithiu`us rot`ucdhin,
ospochkaay hi tdo ckso `j s`eo stoopay rot`ucdof scrkpors
(cj. Fhllao ;8462 ;84:).
Vdoro kro tdroo sekaa jakbos hi tdo Shto M-kssoelakno tdkt
fhjjor jr`e tdo rost `j tdo krtojkcts hi tdohr rkw ektorhka -
tdoy kro ekfo jr`e ahndt lr`wi-nroy jahit whtd hicaush`is -
ks woaa ks tocdi`a`nhckaay - tdoy kro pr`fucof ly s jt dke
eor porcussh`i. ^dkt roekhis `j tdohr strhbhin paktj`res
hifhcktos tdkt tdoso jakbos woro strucb `jj wdhao rosdkrpoi-
hin k lhjkchka t``h ('dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin jakbos'). Vdo
jakbos woro j`uif ca`so t`notdor hi tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt
`j tdo oxckvkth`i.
Katd`und tdoso jakbos kppokr t` lo dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin
jakbos, i` wksto jr`e hihthka stknos hi tdo pr`fucth`i `j
tdo lhjkco hs roprosoitof, kif i` dkifkxo kppokrs t` dkvo
looi fhsckrfof kt tdo shto. Vdoroj`ro, wo kssueo tdkt k
lhjkchka krtojkct wks trkisp`rtof t` kif jr`e tdo shto.
Jhn. : HZHkkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shto M= vkrh`us scrkpor j`r es. Frk whin ly Mki B`aoi (HWA)a 3=6 .
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^HA \@OL\@OBS, MKI B@AOI OI FHEHV\H FO A@OCBO\ - EKKSV\HCDV-LOAZOFO\O
W`sshlay tdo dkifkxo hi quosth`i hs tdo `io j`uif c. <77
eotros kwky jr`e tdo sp`t kt Shto O (\`olr`obs ;84?).
Vdhs w`uaf supp`rt tdo dyp`tdoshs tdkt dkifkxos woro
noiorkaay curktof kif '...woro hepaoeoits ekfo t` lo
tkboi `i duithin kif nktdorhin oxpofhth`is kwky jr`e tdo
d`eo lkso' (Booaoy ;847).
Ke`in tdo hitoith`ikaay rot`ucdof phocos `j tdo
kssoelakno kro 63 c`epaoto t``as, kif 34 jrkneoitkry
t``as.
Kppr`xhektoay ?;% (i 5 <<) `j tdo c`epaoto t``as c`ishsts
`j vkrh`us scrkporj`res, hicaufhin strkhndt, c`ivox, kif
c`ickvo shfo scrkpors (jhn. :), j`ur sekaa, scrkpor-ahbo t``as
('rkcaottos', jhn. >.;.-<), `io scrkpor ekfo `i k c`ro, kif
sovorka f`ulao-shfof scrkpors.
Vdo rot`ucd `j tdo scrkpor w`rbhin ofnos hs noiorkaay stoop
kif hrronuakr2 oxcopth`ikaay ht hs jakttor kif sckakrhj`re.
@iay k jow oxkepaos, j`r histkico k jakbo whtd trkisvorso
scrkpor rot`ucd, lokr tdo cdkrkctorhsthcs `j stoppof
'[uhik'-ahbo jakbhin.
Ki`tdor f`ehikit nr`up (i5 ;8= ck. 66 % `j tdo c`epaoto
t``as ) c`ishsts `j i`tcdof phocos kif t``as whtd hrronuakr,'foithcuakto' rot`ucd (jhn. >.3-?).
Vdo roekhihin t``as kro ki kinao-lurhi kif k dokvy
fhdofrka lurhi. Vdhs akttor krtojkct, d`wovor, c`uaf kas` lo
hitorprotof ks k c`ro usof j`r pr`fuchin sekaa, lakfo-ahbo
jakbos.
Dkifkxos kif `tdor lhjkchkaay w`rbof t``as kro oithroay
klsoit hi tdo kssoelakno. Vdkt lhjkchka t``as woro pkrt `j
tdo 't``abht', d`wovor, cki lo hijorrof jr`e tdo prosoico
`j tdo 'dkifkxo rosdkrpoihin jakbos' fhscussof kl`vo.
Vdo 34 lr`boi t``as hicaufo l`td scrkpor- kif foithcuakto-
jrkneoits. Vdo rktdor a`w rkth` `j wd`ao t` lr`boi t``as
(ck. ;.;) sunnosts ki hitoishvo uso `j t``as kt tdo shto , ks
f`os tdo `ccurroico `j tdo t``a-romuvoik th`i jakbos eoi-
th`iof kl`vo.
Ke`in tdo krtojkcts whtd i` hitoith`ika rot`ucd kro ?7
jakbos lokrhin uso rot`ucd2 s`eo ikturkaay lkcbof bihvos
kro kas` prosoit hi tdhs nr`up.
?. Wr`vhsh`ika hiaorproakth`i `j tdo ahtdhc
kssoelakno.
Wordkps tdo e`st strhbhin jokturo `j tdo Shto M kssoelakno
hs tdo t`tka klsoico `j tdo Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkth`i
tocdihquo. Hi k j`rtdc`ehin pkpor (\`olr`obs ot ka. hi
prop.) wo fhscuss ki oxpakikth`i j`r tdo prosoico/klsoico
`j tdo Aovkaa`hs c`ro propkrkth`i kif j`r tocdi`a`nhckavkrhklhahty hi noiorka ke`in shtos hi tores `j Ehffho
Wkako`ahtdhc duitor-nktdoror e`lhahty.
^o sunnost tdkt propkrof c`ros kif/`r tdohr jakbo pr`fucts
woro ronuakray trkisp`rtof hi tdo Ehffho Wkako`ahtdhc, kif
tdkt tdhs wks f`io t` oisuro tdo kvkhaklhahty `j cutthin
ofnos j`r juturo ioofs. Hi tdhs rospoct wo kssueo tdkt tdo
uso `j c`ro propkrkt h`i tocdihquos rojaocts 'oc`i`ehzhin
Jhn. > Ekkstr hcdtLo avèfäro Shto M= ;-< 'rkcaott os', 3-? Foi-
thcuaktos HFrkwhin ly Mki B`aoiU 3=6.
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KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Z.
Q
• • •
<:-?7
9?7
Jhn. 4 HZakp `j Shto M oxckvkth `i krok sd` whi n tdo iuelor `j krtoj kcts por squkro eotor. Vdo
sdkfof kroks woro i`t systoekthckaay oxckvktof. HFrkwhin ly Mki Iofora`j kif Fhehtrh Fo
A`ocbor (HWA)|.
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^HA \@OL\@OBS, MKI B@AOI OI FHEHV\H FO A@OCBO\ - EKKSV\HCDV-LOAZOFO\O
lodkvh`ur', oxcopt kt ahtdhc rkw ektorhka pr`curoeoit shtos,
sucd ks Lkbor's D`ao (Nrokt Lrhtkhi, \`o ;84;), wdoro tdo
Aovkaa`hs tocdihquo soisu sarhct` wks usof j`r tdo pr`fuc
th`i `j `iay `io `r k jow jakbos por c`ro.
Vdhs hitorprotkth`i `j propkrof c`ros kif tdohr oifpr`fucts
ks trkisp`rtof htoes hs lksof `i ovhfoico jr`e sovorka
Ehffao Wkako`ahtdhc shtos. Vrkisp`rt `j ahtdhcs hi tdo j`re
`j Aovkaa`hs c`ros j`r histkico, hs foe`istrktof j`r tdo
Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro Shtos C kif N, l`td fkthin jr`e tdo
Skkahki (vki B`ajscd`toi/\`olr`obs ;84?2 \`olr`obs hi
prop.), kif cki kas` lo hijorrof jr`e tdo kssoelakno c`e-
p`shth`is `j Aodrhinoi (Vdhoeo/Zoha ;84?), kif tdo \dohi-
fkdaoi '^ostwkif-Juifsodh cdt'/La (L`shisbh ;8::2 Vdhoeo
;843). Ki`tdor oxkepao hs tdo Scdwohisb`pj v`acki`-shto
hi tdo Iouwhof Lkshi wdoro trkisp`rtof jahit jakbos woro
j`uif hi kss`chkth`i whtd folrhs `ut `j a`cka qukrtz
ektorhka (N.L`shisbh, pors. c`ee. ;84:). Jurtdor oxkepaos
kro Scakyi (@tto ot ka. ;843) kif Z`aaozoao-C`in`lorn
(Zyicbhor ot ka. ;84:) hi Loanhue.
Hi k tocdi`h`nhcka stufy `j tdo E`ustorhki hi tdo Jroicd
Wèrhn`rf ronh`i. Noiosto (;84?) i`thcof k fhcd`t`e`usroakth`isdhp lotwooi k Aovkaa`hs kssoelakno typo, ekiujkc-
turof `i trkisp`rtof rkw ektorhkas, kif k i`i-Aovkaa`hs
typo, ekfo `ut `j a`ckaay kvkhaklao jahit. \ocoitay tdhs kif
`tdor `lsorvof fhcd`t`e`us pkttoris dkvo aof Lhij`rf
(;84:) t` c`icaufo tdkt Ehffao Wkako`ahtdhc tocdi`a`nhos hi
noiorka woro cdkrkctorhzof ly trkisp`rtof t``abhts j`r
'pakiiof' usos kif oxpofhâit t``abhts hitoifof j`r usos '`i
tdo sp`t'.
Furhin tdo Loavèfäro Shto M oxckvkth`i tw` jahit sckttors
woro hfoithjhof, l`td ekhiay c`ishsthin `j tdo wksto jr`e
jakbo- kif t``h pr`fucth`i. Ks folrhs jr`e kaa jahitw`rbhin
stknos (jr`e foc`rthjhckt h`i jakbos t` sekaa rost-c`ros) hs
prosoit tdo c`icaush`i sooes musthjhof tdkt hi tdhs ckso t``a-
ekiujkcturo -kt aokst j`r tdo e`st pkrt- dks looi uifor-
tkboi kt tdo Shto M a`ckth`i. E`st `j tdo rkw ektorhkas
usof kppokr t` dkvo looi c`aaoctof jr`e tdo heeofhkto
oivhr`ieoit.
Hi tdo c`itoxt `j tdhs fhscussh`i, tdo Shto M kssoelakno
ehndt lo hitorprotof ks lohin hitoifof j`r `ccksh`ika `r
'shtukth`ika' uso.
K pakushlao oxpakikth`i j`r i`t ushin k trkisp`rtof
tocdi`a`ny ehndt lo tdkt tdo tksbs t` lo porj`reof kt Shto
M woro akrnoay uij`rosooi `r ' uioxpoctof' (cj. Lhij`rf
;84:)2 ki`tdor ehndt lo tdkt ht wks shepay i`t iocosskry t`
uso tdo trkisp`rtof c`ros kif/`r t``as kif tdkt c`st-
loiojht c`ishforkth`is soaoctof j`r tdo ekiujkcturo `j t``as
jr`e tdo a`ckaay kvkhaklao st`io rktdor tdki uso `j tdo
trkisp`rtof t``hbht.
:. Juturo rosokrcd
Juturo rosokrcd whaa lo c`icoitrktof ekhiay `i
kcc`epahsdhin tdo j`aa`whin n`kas=
;) ^dhao pr`cosshin tdo jhifs, wo j`uif tdkt ht wks p`ssh-
lao t` jht k iuelor `j tdo jakbos t`notdor. J`aa`whin tdo
c`epaoth`i `j tdo ehcr`-wokr kikayshs, W. Doiiobois whaa
lonhi k systoekthc kttoept t` rojht tdo krtojkcts c`aaoctof
furhin tdo oxckvkth`i. \osuats `j rojhtthin whaa i`t `iay lo
usof j`r tdo spkthka kikayshs `j tdo shto kif tdo
tocdi`h`nhcka kikayshs `j tdo krtojkcts2 tdoy whaa kas` lo
usof t` eoksuro tdo ke`uit `j d`rhz`itka fhspakcoeoit `j
tdo ektorhkas hi `rfor t` ekbo hijoroicos kl`ut p`st-
fop`shth`ika pr`cossos. Ki hitorprotkth`i `j tdo spkthkafhstrhluth`i `j tdo jhifs dks i`t looi ekfo yot. Vdo
d`rhz`itka fhstrhluth`i `j tdo jahit krtojkcts kcr`ss tdo
oxckvkth`i hs sd`wi hi jhn. 4.
<) Vdo stufy `j p`st-fop`shth`ika pr`cossos eust lo c`i-
shforof k iocosskry proaufo t` tdo tosthin `j dyp`tdosos
kl`ut shto juicth`i. Ht hs `lvh`us tdkt tdo rosuats `j
ehcr`wokr kikayshs w`uaf dkvo ki hep`rtkit r`ao hi tdo
j`reuakth`i kif tosthin `j sucd dyp`tdosos. Curroitay, K.
vki Nhmi hs oxkehihin k skepao `j tdo krthjkcts t` fotor-
ehio hj kif t` wdkt oxtoit ehcr`wokr kikayshs cki c`i-
Hrhluto t` k juicth`ika hitorprotkth`i `j tdo ektorhkas. @ur
jhrst hfok kl`ut shto juicth`i, wdhcd hs lksof `i tdo
proahehikry rosuats `j `ur rosokrcd, hs tdkt Shto M wks k
a`ckth`i wdoro spochkahzof kcthvhthos woro porj`reof.
3) K tdhrf hep`rtkit n`ka j`r juturo rosokrcd whaa lo k
c`epkrhs`i `j Shto M whtd `tdor shtos hi I`rtdwost Our`po
tdkt kro e`ro `r aoss tdo skeo kno, sucd ks \dohifkdaoi-
^ostwkif/LH (L`shisbh ;8::2 Vdhoeo ;8432 Vdhssoi ;84:),
\`c`urt (Ckdoi kif Dkoskor ts ;846), kif Socahi (Vujjroku
ot ka. ;84?). Vdhs c`epkrhs`i whaa oepdkshzo tdo oxpakik
th`i `j tdo tocdi`h`nhcka fhjjoroicos lotwooi Shto M kif
tdoso `tdor shtos.
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KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
rojoroicos
Lhij`rf, A.\. ;84: Hs`akthin tdo trkishth`i t` cuaturka kfkptkth`is= ki `rnkihzkth`ika kppr`kc d. Wkpor
prosoitof t` tdo kfvkicof soehikr `i 'Vdo `rhnhis `j e`fori dueki kfkptkth`is',
Scd``a `j Keorhcki \osokrcd, Skitk Jo, Iow Eoxhc`.
L`shisbh, N. ;8:: For pkak`ahtdhscdo Juifpaktz \dohifkdaoi, ]honoaoh Froosoi-^ostwkif, L`iior
Mkdrlñcdor ;::, 3;4-366.
Ckdoi, F.
W. Dkoskorts (ofs.)
;846 Woupaos cdkssours fo ak Loanhquo fkis aour ckfro ikturoa, Lruxoaaos.
Ckaa`w, W.
M.E. C`rij`rf (ofs.)
hi pross Ak C`tao fo Sa.Lroakfo, Morsoy. Oxckvkth`is ly Cdkraos EcLurioy ;8:;-;8>4, A`i-
f`i/Iow X`rb.
Fhllao, D. ;846 Hitorprothin typ`a`nhcka vkrhkth`i `j Ehffao Wkao`ahtdhc scrkpors= juicth`i , styao, `r
soquoico `j rofucth`i0 M`urika `j Jhoaf Krcd. ;;, 63;-63:.
;84: Vdo hitorprotkth`i `j Ehffao Wkao`ahtdhc scrkpor rofucth`i pktt oris, hi= E. @tto (of.) C`a-
a`quo Hitorikth`ika A'D`eeo fo Iokifortka, :;->:, Ahono.
Noiosto, M.-E . ;84? Kikayso ahtdhquo f'hifustrhos e`ustèrhoiios fu Wèrhn`rf= uio kppr`cdo tocdi`a`nhquo fu
c`ep`rtoeoit fos nr`upos duekhios ku Wkaè`ahtdhquo e`yoi. Vdoso _ihvorshtè L`rfokux
H.
Nu_oit`ps, J.
Dkoskorts, W.
O. Muvhniè
@.S. Buya
D.M. Eñcdor
^. \`olr`obs
;8?6
;84;
C`itrhluth`is k ak cdr`i`a`nho fu paèhst`cäio ot fos j`reos fu roahoj oi Loanhquo,
Eèe`hros fo a'Histhtut Nè`a`nhquo fo a'_ihvorshtè fo A`uvkhi ;4, ;<?-<?<.
C`ept o roifu fo a'oxcursh`i fu ;3 muhi ;84;, oi Doslkyo ot ku Ahel`urn Ioorakifkhs,
c`iskcrèo k ak cdr`i`strkthnrkpdho fos a`oss fu paèhst`cäio supèrhour, Kiikaos S`c. Nè`a.
Loan. ;76, <<3-<67.
Booaoy, A.D.
B`ajscd`toi, V. vki
^. \`olr`obs (of.)
;847 Oxporheoitka fotorehikth`i `j st`io t``h usos, Cdhckn`/A`if`i.
;84? Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro= strkthn rkpdy, pkako`oivhr`ieoit kif krcdko`a`ny `j tdo Ehffao kif
Akto Waèhst`cäio fop`shts. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs No`a. Fhoist 38-;. (kas` ks Kikaoctk
Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;4).
@tto, E.
M.-E. Aè`tkrf
K.-E. Scdiohfor
K. Nkuthor
;843 J`uhaaos kux nr`ttos fo Scakyi (Ikeur), Doahihue <3, ;;<-;6<.
Wkopo, \.
\. vki D``rio
;8:> Vdo strkthnrkpdy kif pkako`l`akiy `j tdo Akto Waèhst`cäio hi Loanhue (Eèe`hros Oxpa.
Ckrtos Nè`a. ot Ehi. Loanhquo 4), Lrussoa.
\`o, F.K. ;84; Vdo A`wor kif Ehffao Wkako`ahtdhc porh`fs hi Lrhtkhi, A`if`i.
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^HA \@OL\@OBS, MKI B@AOI OI FHEHV\H FO A@OCBO\ - EKKSV\HCDV-LOAZOFO\O
\`olr`obs, ^.
\`olr`obs, ^.
M. B`aoi
O. \oishib
;84? Krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd kt tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro pht= k rovhow. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs
No`a. Fhoist 38-;, ;78-;;4 (kas` ks Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;4, ;78-;;4).
hi prop. Krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd kt tdo Ekkstrhcdt-Loavoforo pht ;847-;84?, Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck
Aohfoishk.
hi prop . Hitor-kssoihlakno vkrhklhahty hi tdo Ehffao Wkako`ah tdhc= s`eo spocuakthvo c`eeoits `i
fop`shth`ika kif p`st-fop`shth`ika pr`cossos.
Vdhoeo, D.Vdhoeo, D.
S. Zoha
;843 For pkak`ahadhscdo Juifpaktz \dohifkdaoi, Búai (Fhss.).;84? Iouo _itorsucduinoi zue ooezohtahcdoi Oaojkitoi-Mknfpaktz Aodrhinoi, Afbr. Zorfoi,
Fho Buifo I.J.3:, ;;-?4.
Vdhssoi, M. ;84: Ohi wohtoror Juifpaktz for ^ostwkifjuifscdhcdt (LH) v`i \dohifkdaoi, Krcdñ`a`nhscdos
B`rr.la. ;:, ;;;-;<;.
Vujjroku, K.
S. \ovhaah`i
M. S`eeè
E.M. Khtboi
M. Duxtklao
K. Aor`h-N`urdki
;84? Ao nhsoeoit Wkaè`ahtd hquo e`yoi fo Socahi (I`rf, Jrkico), Krcdñ`a`nhscdos B`rr.la. ;?,
;3;-;34.
Zkifoilorndo, M.
D.M. Eñcdor
^. \`olr`obs
F. Noebo
;84? Ahtd`strkthnrkpdy kif pkako`oivhr`ieoit `j tdo Ehffao kif Akto Waohst`coio fop`shts kt
Ekkstrhcdt-Loavèfäro, S`utdori Ahelurn, Vdo Iotdorakifs. Eofofoahinoi \hmbs No`a.
Fhoist 38-;,>-;4. (kas` hi = Kikaocak Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;4, >-;4).
Zyicbhor, W.
W.E. Zoreoorscd
A. Loocbekis
;84: K E`ustorhki shto kt Z`aaozoao-C`in`lorn (Nkaekkr foi, Loanhue), I`ako Wrkodhsa`rhcko
:, ?-;6
^ha \`olr`obs/Mki B`aoi/Fhehtrh fo A`ocbor
Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho
W`stlus 8?;?
IA-<377 \K Aohfoi
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E. ^kisaooloi Spkthka Kikayshs `j Akto Eos`ahtdhc kif Io`ahtdhcsurjkco sckttorsk tost ckso `j tdo \`orstroob (Ehffao Ahelurn)
Vdo Wrodhst`rho roekhis hi tdo \`orstroob, ki krok `j ;66
be' s`uad `j \`ore`if kif oksa `j tdo Eouso (Ehffao
Ahelurn, tdo Iotdorakifs) dkvo looi hivoit`rhof. Vdhs
pkpor c`icoitrktos `i tdo hivoit`ry kvkhaklao j`r Akto
Eos`ahtdhc kif Io`ahtdhc porh`fs (??77-M>77 L.C.) K
e`foa hs pr`p`sof j`r tdo cdkinos hi tdo sulshstoico
oc`i`ey, tdkt w`uaf lo rojaoctof hi tdo sottaoeoit pkttori.
J`aa`whin k k crhthcka kikayshs `j tdo p`sshlao fhst`rth`is `j
tdo c`aaoctof Hij`rekth`i, tdhs e`foa hs tostof ly ushin
stkthsthcka tocdihquos j`r caksshjhckth`i kif spkthka kikayshs.
Katd`und tdo rosuats `ltkhiof kro i`t uikelhnu`us, s`eokro uioxpoctof. Vdo fktk sooe t` hifhckto tdkt tdo Okray
Io`ahtdhc po`paos usof tdo krok ekhiay j`r trkisduekico.
Knrhcuaturka sottaoeoits kro prosoit jr`e tdo Ehffao
Io`ahtdhc `iwkrfs. Duithin kif nktdorhin roekhis k
shnihjhckit pkrt `j tdo oc`i`ey uitha tdo Lokbor cuaturo
porh`f.
;. Hitr`fucah`i
Vdoro hs k c`isphcu`us nkp hi bi`waofno kl`ut tdo
Io`ahthihc lotwooi tdo Ahiokr Lkifhcorkehc (ALB) hi tdo
S`utd Ahelurn a`oss krok (6?77 LC, uickahlrktof C;6) kif
tdo soeh-knrkrhki nr`ups hi tdo ^ost Iotdorakifs foatk
krok (3677 LC). Eucd hs bi`wi kl`ut tdo ALB jr`e
oxckvkth`is kt Oasa``, Noaooi, Shttkrf, kif Stohi (E`ffor
eki ;8>7, Lkboas ;8>4), `i tdo `io dkif, kif kl`ut tdo
nr`ups hi tdo foatk krok jr`e tdo oxckvkth`is kt Swhjtor-
lkit, Lornscdoid`ob, Dkzoif`ib, kif Dot Z`reor
(Focbors ot ka. ;847, A`uwo B``hmekis ;8:>k, ;8>:l), `i
tdo otdor dkif. Lut roakthvoay ahttao hs bi`wi kl`ut tdo
typ`-cdr`i`a`ny, ektorhka roekhis, kif sulshstoico hi tdo
krok kif tdo theo porh`f hi lotwooi. K iuelor `j ronh`is
hi tdo Eouso \hvor Zkaaoy, wdoro kektour krcdko`a`nhsts,
ohtdor ks hifhvhfukas `r hi `rnkihzof nr`ups, dkvo looi
kcthvo j`r k iuelor `j yokrs, `jjor n``f p`sshlhahthos j`r
lrhfnhin tdhs nkp hi bi`waofno. Suhtklao ronh`is `j tdokrok kro, ke`in `tdors, tdo \hmb `j Ihmeonoi, Zoirky,
Aouloob, \`orstroob, kif E`itj`rtorlr`ob.
Iovortdoaoss, tw` jkct`rs c`istrkhi ekbhin hitorprotkth`is
jr`e tdo rosuats `j ronh`ika hivosthnkth`is `j tdhs 'hi-
lotwooi' krok. Vdo jhrst hs tdkt tdo krcdko`a`nhcka ektorhka
c`ishsts ekhiay `j jahit c`aaoctof jr`e surjkco sckttors. Vdo
soc`if hs tdkt tdo c`aaocth`is `j tdoso ektorhkas dkvo looi
ekfo ly fhjjoroit kektour krcdko`a`nhsts, okcd whtd
dhs/dor `wi eotd`f kif hitoishty `j survoy. Ehthnkthin
tdoso c`istrkhits hs tdkt tdoro hs k c`ishforklao ke`uit `j
fktk kl`ut tdo krok, wdhcd hs usukaay rokfhay kccosshlao.
E`ro`vor, shico tdo rosuats `j ronh`ika kppr`kcdos dkvo
looi rowkrfhin hi `tdor c`uitrhos (Dke`if ;8>4, Brub
;847, Ekfsoi ;84;, ;84<, aaott ot ka. ;84<, Lrkfaoy/Nkr-
fhior ;846), tdoy ehndt kas` lo rowkrfhin hi tdo Eouso
Zkaaoy.
Vdo \`orstroob hivoit`ry hs tdo jhrst hi k sorhos `j hivoi
t`ry pr`mocts. Ht sorvos ks k pha`t stufy t` oxpa`ro tdokikaythc p`sshlhahthos `j tdo Eouso Zkaaoy ronh`i fktk j`r
hivosthnkthin tdo io`ahtdhchzkth`i `j tdo I`rtdwost Our`-
poki Wakhi ks woaa ks t` fovoa`p eotd`f`a`nhcka
kppr`kcdos.
Vdo hitr`fucth`i `j ki knrkrhki oc`i`ey kif hts fovoa`p-
eoit furhin tdo c`urso `j tdo Io`ahtdhc kro tw` coitrka
tdoeos `j krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd. Ayhin whtdhi tdo pur-
vhow `j tdoso tdoeos, tdo rosokrcd prosoitof doro hs
kffrossof t` tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc (Noifoa ;84<) kif
Io`ahtdhc kif hs lksof `i tdo hfok tdkt shnihjhckit cdkinos
hi sulshstoico pkttoris lotwooi tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc kif
Io`ahtdhc sd`uaf lo rojaoctof hi tdo krok ly tdo fhstrhluth`i
kif a`ckth`i `j shtos.
Vdo e`foa pr`p`sof doro j`r tdo skify krok `j tdo
\`orstroob hs tdkt tdhs krok, hi c`itrkst t` tdo a`oss krok `j
S`utdori Ahelurn, wks ahttao usof ly tdo po`paos `j tdo
ALB kif \`ssoi cuaturos, kif tdkt k Eos`ahtdhc duitor-
nktdoror oc`i`ey porshstof uitha kppr`xhektoay 3677 LC.
Kjtor tdhs theo knrhcuaturo pakyof k r`ao hi tdo sulshstoico
oc`i`ey, ks hs sd`wi ly tdo Swhjtorlkit kif Dkzoif`ib
rosokrcd. Knrhcuaturo kppokrof hi tdo krok ks k sekaa son
eoit `j tdo sulshstoico oc`i`ey kif tdoi hicroksof hi
hep`rtkico furhin tdo c`urso `j tdo Io`ahtdhc. Ly tdo theo
`j tdo Lokbor cuaturos, wdhcd lonki kr`uif <;77 LC hi
tdo S`utdori Iotdorakifs, k juaay knrkrhki oc`i`ey wksostklahsdof (A`uwo B``hmekis ;84?).
Hj tdo kl`vo e`foa hs c`rroct, tdoi tw` nrkfuka cdkinos hi
tdo pr`p`rth`i `j shto typos kif shto a`ckth`is sd`uaf lo
vhshlao lotwooi 3677 kif <;77 L C =
;. K trkishth`i jr`e soeh-porekioit ckeps (`ccuphof j`r
k pkrt `j tdo yokr) t` porekioit `ccupkth`is `j k shto
(`ccuphof j`r k iuelor `j yokrs). Sucd k trkishth`i w`uaf
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;< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
lo rojaoctof hi ki hicrokso hi tdo shzo `j shtos, hi tdo
iuelor `j krtojkcts hi hifhvhfuka shtos, kif hi tdo
vkrhklhahty `j krtojkct typos (kssuehin tdkt k a`inor furk-
th`i `j `ccupkth`i whaa oitkha k nroktor iuelor `j kcthvhthos
kt k pkrthcuakr a`ckth`i). Kt tdo skeo theo, tdo a`ckth`i `j
tdo shtos w`uaf sdhjt jr`e tdo ekrnhis `j pdysh`nrkpdhc
uihts (tdo e`ro oivhr`ieoitkaay dotor`noi`us trkishth`i
z`ios) t`wkrf tdo coitor `j tdoso uihts (wdhcd kro e`rooivhr`ieoitkaay d`e`noio`us kif e`ro suhtklao j`r
knrhcuaturo).
<. K focrokso hi tdo iuelor `j shtos roaktof t` kcthvhthos
`utshfo tdo (soeh-)porekioit shtos (h.o., 'oxtrkcth`i' ckeps)
roakthvo t` tdo iuelor `j (soeh-)porekioit shtos. Oxtrkc
th`i ckeps kro cdkrkctorhzof ks dkvhin k a`wor foishty `j
ektorhkas, aoss vkrhkth`i hi ektorhkas, k sekaaor surjkco
krok, kif lohin a`cktof hi ki kcthvhty spochjhc oivhr`ieoit.
Vdo j`aa`whin cki lo i`tof ronkrfhin tdo cdkinos hi tdo
fhstrhluth`i pkttoris. Vdo \`orstroob hs ki krok whtd c`i-
shforklao pdysh`nrkpdhc vkrhklhahty `r dotor`noiohty. Hi
sucd k akifsckpo soaocthvo cd`hco `j a`ckth`is, h.o., ushin krostrhctof iuelor `j tdo pdysh`nrkpdhc uihts prosoit, aokfs
t` k caustorof shto pkttori. Vdo e`ro vkrhklao tdo akif
uihts uthahzof, tdo e`ro fhsporsof whaa lo tdo fhstrhluth`i `j
tdo shtos. @i tdhs lkshs, ht wks oxpoctof tdkt wo w`uaf
`lsorvo k e`ro pr`i`uicof caustorhin `j shtos tdr`und
theo.
Vdo j`aa`whin pr`cofuros woro usof t` kttoept t` tost tdo
kl`vo e`foa=
;. c`istructh`i `j k shto typ`a`ny ushin shto shzo, tdo
iuelor `j krtojkcts prosoit kt k shto, kif tdo vkrhklhahty `j
krtojkcts prosoit kt k shto2
<. foscrhpth`i `j tdo fhstrhluth`ika pkttori `j tdoso shtos
ushin p`hit-pkttori kikaysos23. fotorehikth`i `j tdo roakth`i lotwooi shto a`ckth`is kif
tdo akifsckpo ushin p`hit-krok kss`chkth`i.
<. Ekp j`rekah`i pr cossos
<. ; VDO \@O\SV\OOB
Vdo hivoit`ry hs rostrhctof t` tdo \`orstroob, ki krok `j
;66 be' s`utd `j \`ore`if kif okst `j tdo Eouso (jhn.
;). Vdo coitor `j tdo krok hs Shit-@fhahoilorn, wdoro tdo
Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin \`orstroob (DZ\) dks k eusoue
kif k c`ijoroico coitor. Shico ;8:> tdo DZ\ dks c``r-
fhiktof tdo kcthvhthos `j ;7- ;? kektour krcdko`a`nhsts , kif
ekhitkhis k ronhstor `j kaa tdo ektorhkas a`cktof.
Vdhs lkshc hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdo krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd hi
tdo \`orstroob, d`wovor, nhvos k fhst`rtof phcturo `j tdo
`rhnhika shto typos kif tdohr fhstrhluth`i. Vw` jkct`rs lhks
tdo roprosoitkth`i `j tdo `rhnhika fhstrhluth`i (tdkt hs, tdo
'tkrnot p`puakth`i', `r p`puakth`i `j hitorost) nhvoi ly tdo
hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdhs fhstrhluth`i tdkt cki lo, `r dks
looi c`aaoctof (tdkt hs, tdo 'skepao p`puakth`i') (Dke`if
;8>4). Vdoso kro ;) krcdko`a`nhcka roc`vory prkcthcos, kif
, c«YYYY-Y-YAC
Y /Y Yr
;% 'h1ríYY
m
" • • ²
Q}Y-Q,Yy%Y3 /-h /• ; /• •, 2
h Y * Y Y ~ * - Y Y Y Y Y "* • •*
Q 2'Y•'~-, . y "h •9 /'*••*•"
,' "Y9.-...!
Jhn. ; A`ck th`i `j tdo \`orstroob
<) ikturka kif cuaturka p`st-fop`shth`ika pr`cossos.
Loj`ro tdo pr`p`sof e`foa c`uaf lo ovkauktof ly kikays-
hin tdo \`orstroob fktk, tdo hepkct `j tdoso jkct`rs `i tdo
skepao p`puakth`i dkf t` lo kssossof.
<. < \OC@ZO\X W\KCVHCOS
Vdo krcdko`a`nhcka fktk hi tdo \`orstroob `rhnhikto jr`e
oxckvkth`i, jhoaf survoy, kif cdkico c`_octh`i (h.o., c`a
aoctof hi tdo c`urso `j f`hin ki kcthvhty `tdor tdki
krcdko`a`nhcka jhoaf w`rb, sucd ks rocrokth`ika dhbhin kif
knrhcuaturka kcthvhthos). E`st `j tdo ektorhkas ronhstorof
`rhnhikto jr`e jhoaf survoy, s`eo `rhnhikto jr`e cdkico
oic`uitor, kif vory ahttho jr`e oxckvkth`is.
Zory ahttho dks looi roc`rfof hi tdo \`orstroob kl`ut tdo
c`itoxt `j `r tdo roakth`is ke`in tdo ektorhkas c`aaoctof
ly cdkico. Jhoaf survoy, `i tdo `tdor dkif, dks tdo hitoi-
th`ika n`ka `j jhifhin kif f`cueoithin tdo a`ckth`i `j
krtojkcts. Vdoro kro, d`wovor, tw` typos `j survoy,
uisystoekthc kif systoekthc survoy (Dke`if ;8>4, ;847).
Hi uisystoekthc survoy tdo cd`hco `j tdo pakco(s) t` lo
survoyof hs jroquoitay lksof `i cdkico. S`eotheos `iay
jhoafs j`uif whtd dhnd c`icoitrkth`is `j krtojkcts kro
oxpa`rof. @jtoi tdo jhoafs kro i`t sokrcdof systoekthckaay,
lut crhss-cr`ssof hi kaa fhjjoroit fhrocth`is. Kif tdo
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;3 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO @J SCKVVO\S
iuelor `j theos tdkt vkrh`us jhoafs dkvo looi vhshtof vkrhos
c`ishforklay. Hi systoekthc survoy s`eo kttoept hs ekfo t`
ekhitkhi shehakr survoy c`vorkno, o.n., ly c`itr`aahin tdo
iuelor kif spkchin `j cr`sshins hi tdo jhoafs.
Vdhrty-tdroo pors`is wd` dkvo sulehttof krcdko`a`nhcka
Hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdo \`orstroob kro ronhstorof hi tdo
DZ\. H hitorvhowof jhvo `j tdo e`st kcthvo hi `rfor t`
oahcht tdohr rosokrcd eotd`f`a`ny, hitorost, kif e`fo `jkrtojkct kif shto ronhstrkth`i. Vdo rosokrcd eotd`f`a`nhos
ke`in tdoso pors`is woro dhnday vkrhklao. Vw` prkcthcof
systoekthc survoy, lut k tdhrf stktof tdkt dhs prhekry
hitorost wks tdo \`eki porh`f. Hi tdhs akttor ckso tdo
prodhst`rho jhifs tdkt woro roc`rfof cki lo c`ishforof t`
lo cdkico oic`uitor jhifs.
Vdo p`toiahkaay survoyklto pkrt `j tdo DZ\-krok, wdhcd
dks k t`tka krok `j ;66 beY hs - kjtor oxcaufhin pkrts
c`vorof ly paknnoi s`has, D`a`coio sofheoits, j`rosts, kif
urlki kroks - >8 beQ Vwoity-j`ur be Q `r 37"%, `j tdhs
krok dks looi survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours hitorvhowof
{jhn. <). Shico, hituhthvoay, tdhs fhf i`t sooe t` lo k n``f
lkshs j`r frkwhin c`icaush`is kl`ut sottaoeoit pkttoris, k
c`ro krok wks fojhiof, wdhcd prhekrhay c`ishstof `j tdo
kroks survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours. Vdhs krok hs ?; be%
`j wdhcd 36 beY hs p`toithkaay survoyklao. Vwoity-tw` beY
(:?%) `j tdo p`toithkaay survoyklao krok dks looi
survoyof, wdhcd sooeof t` lo k eucd lottor lkshs j`r
f`hin spkthka kikaysos. ^htdhi tdo c`ro krok tdo fhjjoroicos
hi survoy hitoishty sthaa dkf t` lo tkboi hit` kcc`uit.
E`ro`vor, tdoro kro z`ios lot wooi tdo kroks hivosthnktof
DZ\-krok
" + ‖ c`ro krok
R H kektour krok ;
Y Y R kektour krok <
Y Y ; kektour krok 3
<be
Jhn. < A`ckth `i `j tdo kroks survoyof ly tdo jhvo kektours
hitorvhowof. Vdroo ekhi survoy kroks kif k c`ro krok kro
fophctof. Vdo c`ro krok wks soaoctof ks tdo krok hi wdhcd
roc`vory prkcthcos pakyof k aoss hep`rtkit r`ao hi tdo spkthka
fhstrhluth`i `j jhif a`ckth`is.
ly tdo kektours wdoro jhoaf survoy hs i`t p`sshlao.
Hi ;846, <?4 krcdko`a`nhcka//irj a`ckth`is woro ronhstorof
hi tdo DZ\ a`n, `j wdhcd <78 dkf prodhst`rho krtojkcts. Hi
`rfor t` fhsthinuhsd lotwooi survoy jhifs kif cdkico
oic`uitor jhifs tdo iuelor `j fhkni`sthc krtojkcts por jhif
a`ckth`i wks fotorehiof. Vdo bhifs `j krtojkct c`ishforof
t` lo fhkni`sthc woro=
- rot`ucdof jahit krtojkcts- uirot`ucdof jahit ekcr`-lakfos/jakbos
- jahit `r st`io kfzos kif kxos kif porj`rktof kxos
- ehaahin st`ios, dkeeorst`ios, kif nrhifhin st`ios.
Ki krlhtrkry fhsthicth`i wks ekfo lotwooi tdo 'sekaa' jhif
a`ckth`is whtd jowor tdki jhvo fhkni`sthc krtojkcts, wdhcd
woro foshniktof tdo rosuat `j cdkico oic`uitor, kif 'akrno'
jhif a`ckth`is whtd jhvo `r e`ro fhkni`sthc krtojkcts, wdhcd
woro c`ishforof tdo rosuat `j jhoaf survoy. @j tdo <78
prodhst`rho jhif a`ckth`is, 8< (66%) joha hit` tdo jhrst
ckton`ry kif ;;> (?:%) hit` tdo soc`if.
Vdo kikayshs `j tdo roc`vory prkcthcos sd`wof tdkt tdo phc
turo `j tdo kroka fhstrhluth`i `j jhif a`ckth`is wks str`inay
hijauoicof ly tdo c`aaocth`i strktony oepa`yof. Hi `rfor t`
oahehikto tdo ekiy p`toithkaay fhst`rthin jkct`rs `iay tdo
akrno jhif a`ckth`is hi tdo c`ro krok woro usof. Hi sue-
ekry, jurtdor kikayshs c`icoris `iay tdo jhoaf survoy jhifs
hi :?% `j tdo survoyklao pkrt `j tdo c`ro krok.
<. 3 IKV_\KA W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA W\@COSSOS
Vdo `iay no`a`nhcka pr`cossos tdkt eky dkvo fhst`rtof `ur
phcturo `j tdo `rhnhika jhif a`ckth`i fhstrhluth`i hi tdo
\`orstroob kro oxtoishvo or`sh`i kif sofheoitkth`i. Shico
tdo rosokrcd hs kffrossof t` tdo porh`f lotwooi ??77 LC
kif ;>77 LC, `iay D`a`coio no`a`nhcka cdkinos ioofof t`
lo tkboi hit` kcc`uit . Vdoro kro tdroo ekm r D`a`coiofovoa`peoits hi tdhs krok=
;. pokt j`rekth`i. Wokt nr`wtd `ccurrof furhin tdo akto
Eos`ahtdhc kif tdo Io`ahtdhc hi tdo s`utdori pkrt `j tdo
\`orstroob (Wut- oi Ocdtorlr`ob). I` trkcos `j `ccupkth`i
dkvo looi j`uif hi tdhs krok.
<. or`sh`i ly kif sofheoitkth`i `j rhvors kif strokes. Vdo
D`a`coio sofheoits `j tdo Eouso kif tdo \`or woro
fop`shtof furhin tdo L`roka porh`f. Vdo krcdko`a`nhcka
roekhis stoeehin jr`e tdo y`uinor p`rth`i `j tdo theo
porh`f uifor hivosthnkth`i hi tdoso rhvor kif stroke vkaaoys
w`uaf dkvo looi c`ithiu`usay row`rbof kif trkisp`rtof
ly ja`whin wktor. Stroke fop`shts `ccur hi `iay k jow
pakcos hi tdo \`orstroob.
3. or`sh`i kif sofheoitkth`i c`iioctof whtd stoop sa`pos.
Stoop sa`pos kro a`ckaay prosoit hi tdo okstori pkrt `j tdo
\`orstroob.
Kaa hi kaa, ikturka p`st-fop`shth`ika pr`cossos f` i`t
kppokr t` dkvo sorh`usay fhst`rtof tdo `rhnhika fhstrhluth`i
`j akto Eos`ahtdhc kif Io`ahtdhc jhif a`ckth`is.
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;6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
< .6 C_AV_\KA W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA W\@COSSOS
Cu_urka p`st-fop`shth`ika pr`cossos hicaufo kaa td`so
cdkinos rosuaahin jr`e dueki kcthvhthos j`aa`whin tdo
porh`f uifor hivosthnkth`i. Ihioty-sovoi `j tdo ;;> akrno
jhif a`ckth`is c`uaf lo ksshniof t` cuaturka pdksos.
Krtojkcts hi 34 `j tdoso a`ckth`is (38">`) fkto t` `io
cuaturka pdkso (shinao-pdkso jhif a`ckth`is), kif tdo rost `j
tdo a`ckth`is (?8, `r :;%) dkvo krtojkcts fkthin t` e`rotdki `io pdkso (euath-pdkso jhif a`ckth`is) furhin tdo theo
porh`f c`icoriof. Zhrtukaay kaa jhif a`ckth`is kro 'c`i-
tkehiktof' whtd Hr`i Kno, \`eki, kif pr`t`dhst`rhc
corkehc krtojkcts. Vdo krtojkct c`ep`shth`is `j tdoso
prodhst`rho jhif a`ckth`is, tdoroj`ro, dkvo looi c`i-
shforklay katorof ly `ccupkth`is sulsoquoit t` tdo porh`f
uifor hivosthnkth`i.
3. Ksshnieoit `j shtos t` cuaturka pdksos kif shtotyp`a`ny
3.; N_HFO J@SSHAS
@ico k phcturo `j tdo fhst`rth`is kjjocthin tdo c`ep`shth`i
kif fhstrhluth`i `j tdo jhif a`ckth`is dkf looi `ltkhiof,
wo c`uaf lonhi whtd tdo 'roka' krcdko`a`nhcka kikayshs. Vdo
ksshnieoit `j tdo krtojkct kssoelaknos t` cuaturka pdksos
wks tdo jhrst stop.Katd`und tdo kssoelaknos hi tdo \`orstroob c`ishst ekhiay
`j jahit krtojkcts, s`eo corkehcs kif htoes `j `tdor typos
`j st`io kro prosoit ks woaa. @rnkihc `lmocts, sucd ks td`so
`j w``f, l`io, kif kitaor, dkvo i`t looi prosorvof hi tdo
fry kif fockachjhof s`has. C`isoquoitay, tdo kssoelaknos
dkvo looi ksshniof t` cuaturka porh`fs `i tdo lkshs `j tdo
jahit kif corkehc krtojkcts.
H
Jhn. 3 Vyp`a`n hcka tklao `jp`hit typos. Vdo `ccurroico `j
p`hit typos j`r succosshvo
cuaturka pdksos hs sd`wi. Vdo
cdr`i`a`nhcka 'coitor `j
nrkvhty', h.o., tdo pdkso hi
wdhcd tdo typo hs e`st
iueor`us, hs hifhcktof ly k
lakcb f`t.
ehcr` trhkinuakr p`hits
L p`hits
C p`hits
F p`hits
croscoit
Jouhaao fo Nuh
trkpozos
ksyeeotrhcka c`ickvo-lkso p`hits
trhkinuakr p`hits whtd ofno rot`ucd
c`ickvo lkso p`hits whtd hivkshvo rot`ucd
tokr-sdkpof p`hits
trhkinuakr p`hits whtd hivkshvo rot`ucd
aokj-sdkpof p`hits
rd`elhc p`hits
trkivorskh p`hits
p`hitof-lkso trkisvorskh p`hits
foiiol``e p`hits
stoeeof p`hits whtd strkhndt lkrls
stoeeof p`hits whtd curvof lkrls
trhkinuakr p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rot`ucd
c`ickvo-lkso p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rot`ucd
cCF H
s
c
73 ‖
? 9
`
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HS E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\J KCO @J SCKVVO\S
Shx cuaturka pdksos kro fhsthinuhsdof hi Ahelurn j`r tdo
porh`f uifor hivosthnkth`i= tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc (Noifoa
;84<), tdo Ahiokr Lkifborkehc (ALB), \`ssoi,
Ehcdoaslorn, ^krtlorn-Stohi-Zakkrfhinoi (^SZ) (A`uwo
B``hmekis ;843), kif tdo Lokbor cuaturos. Ki hivoit`ry
`j tdo c`ep`shth`i `j jahit kssoelaknos j`r tdoso pdksos
wks ekfo jr`e tdo ahtorkturo, kif tdo typ`a`nhcka fovoa`p-
eoit `j okcd t``h typo wks `utahiof. Jhnuros 3 kif 6
prosoit tdhs fovoa`peoit hi typ`a`nhcka tklaos whtd tdo
cuaturka pdksos hi tdo c`aueis kif tdo typos hi tdo r`ws.
Shehakr tklaos dkvo looi ekfo ly Jhofaor (;8>8) kif Aúdr
(;8>6) j`r tdo iohndl`urhin \dhioakif. Vdo typ`a`nhcka
tklaos pr`vhfo tdo lkshs j`r tdo ksshnieoit `j tdo
kssoelaknos t` cuaturka pdksos. Vdo cdr`i`a`nhcka 'coitor
`j nrkvhty' `j okcd typo, h.o., tdo pdkso hi wdhcd tdo typo
hs e`st iueor`us, hs hifhcktof whtd k lakcb f`t `i tdo
tklao. Vdo typo, hi turi, wks foshniktof ks cdkrkctorhsthc
j`r tdkt porh`f. Hi tdhs wky, e`st `j tdo hifhvhfuka
krtojkct typos woro usof ks k nuhfo j`ssha j`r k shinao
porh`f, kif woro usof t` fkto tdo krtojkcts e`ro prochsoay
tdki hs, hi jkct, p`sshlao. Vdo c`ishforklao 'i`hso' pr`-fucof ly tdhs pr`coss wks kccoptof hi `rfor t` dkvo k she-
pao pr`cofuro j`r ekbhin cuaturka ksshnieoits.
Hi kffhth`i t` ushin typ`a`nhcka fhjjoroicos, `io cki s`eo-
theos uso fhjjoroicos hi fonroos `j pkthikth`i kif hi rkw
ektorhkas t` fhsthinuhsd Eos`ahtdhc jr`e Io`ahtdhc krtojkcts.
Vdo kaa`ckth`i `j tdo \`orstroob t``as t` tdo vkrh`us
cuaturka pdksos wks ks j`_`ws=
- Akto Eos`ahtdhc= trkpozos. Jouhaao fo Nuh, aokj-sdkpof,
trhkinuakr, kif LCF p`hits c`uaf sthaa lo prosoit (Iowoaa
;8>3). Scrkpors, l`rors/rokeors, kif lurhis `i ehcr`-
jakbos]-lakfos, ehcr`-c`ros, lakfoaots, lkcbof bihvos, kif
phcb-kxos, wdhcd kro prosoit tdr`und`ut tdo Eos`ahtdhc,
woro fktof t` tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc `i tdo lkshs `j tdohr
kss`chkth`i whtd tdo trkpozos. Ehcr`-lakfos woro fojhiof ks
dkvhin k ekxheue fheoish`i `j aoss tdki 3 ce kif
ehcr`-jakbos ks dkvhin `io aoss tdki < ce.
- ALB= ksyeeotrhcka c`ickvo-lkso p`hits, kfzos, kif oif-
scrkpors.
- \`ssoi= c`ickvo-lkso p`hits whtd hivkshvo rot`ucd,
Lrohtbohao, kif porj`rktof kfzos.
- Ehcdoaslorn= trhkinuakr p`hits whtd hivkshvo rot`ucd, aokj-
sdkpof p`hits, tokr-sdkpof p`hits, uirot`ucdof kif
rot`ucdof ekcr`-lakfos, scrkpors `i ekcr`-jakbos]-lakfos,
p`hitof lakfos, kif rokeors `i ekcr`-lakfos. Ekcr`-
lakfos woro fojhiof ks dkvhin k ekxheue fheoish`i
nroktor tdki 4 ce kif ekcr`-jakbos ks dkvhin `io nroktor
tdki ? ce.
- ^SZ= tkinof p`hits (tdo foiiol``e), trkisvorska p`hits,scrkpors `i ehcr`-jakbos (kas` `i Ekksohamos, `r 'Ekks
onns', (wdhcd kro sekaa, fhsthicthvo, onn-sdkpof pollaos
j`uif hi tdo Eouso Zkaaoy), kif chrcuakr scrkpors.
- Lokbor cuaturos= stoeeof p`hits whtd strkhndt lkrls,
trhkinuakr p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rot`ucd, c`ickvo-
lkso p`hits whtd lhjkchka surjkco rot`ucd, paki`c`ivox
bihvos, Nrkif Wrosshniy lakfos, kif lkttao-kxos.
Jhn. 6 Vyp`a `nhcka tklao `j
ekcr`-krtojkcts. Vdo `ccurroico`j ekcr`- krtojkcts j`r suc-
cosshvo cuaturka pdksos hs
sd`wi. Vdo cdr`i`a`nhcka
'coitor `j nrkvhty', h.o., tdo
pdkso hi wdhcd tdo typo hs e`st
iueor`us, hs hifhcktof ly k
lakcb f`t.
dokvy futy t``as
scrkpors `i ekcr`-jakbos
oifscrkpors `i ekcr`-lakfos
uirot`ucdof ekcr`-lakfos
scrkpors `i ekcr`-lakfos whtd rot`ucdof shfos
rot`ucdof ekcr`-lakfos
p`hitof lakfos
l`rors/rokeors `i ekcr`-lakfos
Nrkif Wrosshniy lakfos
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;: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Noiorka nuhfo j`sshas j`r tdo Io`ahtdhc woro nr`uif jahit
kif nr`uif st`io kxos kif corkehcs. Vdo kxo typ`a`ny hs
i`t sujjhchoitay fotkhaof j`r roahklao ksshnieoit t` cuaturka
pdksos. Vdo corkehc typ`a`ny, `i tdo `tdor dkif, hs vory
fotkhaof, kif k cuaturka ksshnieoit `j k jhif a`ckth`i ushin
ht hs jroquoitay p`sshlao. Corkehcs woro kas` usof ks nuhfo
j`sshas. S`eo jhif a`ckth`is woro fktof s`aoay `i tdo lkshs
`j tdo corkehcs wdoi tdo jahit krtojkcts oxpoctof j`r tdo
pdkso c`icoriof woro klsoit.
@io jhif a`ckth`i eky lo kttrhlutof t` e`ro tdki `io
cuaturka pdkso. Vdo ektorhka fop`sht `j `io cuaturka pdkso
wks foi`tof whtd tdo tore 'shto', kif, tdoroj`ro, k jhif
a`ckth`i c`uaf dkvo e`ro tdki `io shto.
J`r okcd cuaturka pdkso tdo nuhfo j`sshas woro cr`ss-
tkluaktof whtd tdo shtos. Cortkhi shtos c`ishstof `j `iay `io
`r k jow nuhfo j`sshas. Sd`uaf sucd k shto lo c`ishforof t`
loa`in t` tdo shto fhstrhluth`i tdo cuaturka pdkso hifhcktof
ly tdo nuhfo j`ssha, `r sd`uaf tdo nuhfo j`ssha lo c`i
shforof t` lo k strky `r 'a`st' krtojkct0 V` ros`avo tdhs
pr`laoe k ehiheue roquhroeoit j`r k shto t` lo hicaufof
hi tdo kikayshs wks ostklahsdof= ohtdor tdroo `r e`ro nuhfoj`sshas eust lo prosoit `r tdo iuelor `j nuhfo j`ssha typos
prosoit eust lo kt aokst `io-tdhrf `j tdo iuelor `j
foshniktof nuhfo j`ssha typos j`r tdo cuaturka pdkso. K
Ehcdoaslorn pdkso shto, j`r oxkepao, eust pr`fuco kt aokst
tdroo nuhfo j`sshas shico ihio jahit nuhfo j`ssha typos kif
corkehcs woro usof t` cdkrkctorhzo tdkt pdkso. Vdus, tdo
iuelor `j nuhfo j`ssha typos roquhrof j`r shtos kttrhlutof t`
cuaturka pdksos dkvhin jowor nuhfo j`ssha typos wks aoss
tdki tdkt roquhrof j`r shtos kttrhlutof t` pdksos dkvhin
e`ro typos. Vdhs s`auth`i sorvof ks k c`rrocth`i, s` t`
spokb, j`r tdo fhjjoroicos hi tdo klhahty t` roc`nihzo tdo
vkrh`us cuaturka pdksos. Vdo jhrst pkrt `j tdo ehiheue
roquhroeoit eokit tdkt shtos dkvhin k akrno iuelor `jkrtojkcts `j `iay `io typo woro kas` hicaufof hi tdo
kikayshs.
Hi sueekry, uso wks ekfo `j td`so shtos tdkt woro k pkrt
`j k akrno jhif a`ckth`i (`io dkvhin jhvo `r e`ro
fhkni`sthc krtojkcts) kif tdkt dkf ohtdor `io-tdhrf `r e`ro
`j tdo nuhfo j`ssha typos `r tdroo `r e`ro nuhfo j`sshas.
Kjtor tdo kl`vo soaocth`i pr`cofuros woro c`epaotof, tdo
iuelor `j shtos j`r okcd cuaturka pdkso wks= Akto
Eos`ahtdhc - ;42 ALB - ;82 \`ssoi - 42 Ehcdoaslorn - ??2
^SZ - 3;2 kif Lokbor cuaturos - ;>. Vdus, ht kppokrs tdkt
k c`ishforklao iuelor `j ALB kif \`ssoi shtos kppokr hi
tdo stufy krok. S`, tdo krok wks, hi c`itrkst t` tdo e`foa,usof oxtoishvoay ly tdo po`paos `j tdoso cuaturos. Jurtdor
kikayshs hs roquhrof hi `rfor t` spochjy tdo oc`i`eho juic-
th`is tdkt tdoso shtos eky dkvo dkf.
3.< SHVO VXW@A@NX
Loj`ro hivosthnkthin tdo sottaoeoit pkttoris `j tdo
hifhvhfuka cuaturka pdksos, ki kttoept wks ekfo t`
fhsthinuhsd fhjjoroit typos `j shtos. Sucd prodhst`rho
roekhis ks jokturos, e`iueoits, kif/`r t`els woro i`t
j`uif furhin jhoaf survoy kif tdus c`uaf i`t lo usof j`r
tdhs purp`so. Lut, ahsts `j krtojkct typos prosoit, tdo
iuelor `j krtojkcts, kif tdo shto krok c`uaf lo c`ishforof.
Vdo iuelor `j krtojkcts wks i`t fooeof k n``f stkrthin
p`hit lockuso ht hs fopoifoit `i (cdkico) toep`rkry c`ifh-
th`is furhin survoy, sucd ks tdo woktdor kif tdo pa`whin
c`ifhth`is, kif tdo iuelor `j theos tdo jhif a`ckth`i wks
c`_octof. Vdo shto krok wks kas` i`t k n``f lkshs lockuso
tdo jhvo kektour krcdko`a`nhsts hitorvhowof c`uaf hifhckto
tdo kroka oxtoit `j tdo fhjjoroit cuaturka pdksos prosoit hi
`iay k jow cksos. _sukaay ht c`uaf i`t lo fotorehiof, j`r
oxkepao, wdoro Eos`ahtdhc krtojkcts woro j`uif kif wdoro
Ehcdoaslorn krtojkcts woro j`uif wdoi tdoy woro c`aaoctof
jr`e tdo skeo jhoaf pa`t. Ks k c`isoquoico, k sekaa
Eos`ahtdhc `ccupkth`i sp`t wks nhvoi tdo skeo krok ks tdo
Ehcdoaslorn shto ly wdhcd ht wks `vorakppof.
Vdoroj`ro, tdo ahst `j krtojkct typos roekhiof tdo `iay
p`sshlhahty j`r fhjjoroithkthin shto typos. Vdo cr`ss tkluak-
th`is `j nuhfo j`sshas kif shtos woro sorhktof j`r tdhs purp`so. Vdo tklaos woro rokrrkinof ly ckacuhkthin tdo eokis
`j tdo r`ws kif c`aueis hi wdhcd nuhfo j`sshas kro prosoit
kif tdoi ro`rforhin tdo r`ws kif c`aueis kcc`rfhin t`
focrokshin vkauos `j tdo eokis (Nrkdke/Nkaa`wky/Sc`aakr
;8>?). Vdhs eotd`f wks usof, hi sphto `j hts ahehtkth`is,
lockuso ht hs oksy kif jkst. Vdo`rothckaay, hj fhjjoroit shto
typos kro prosoit, `io sd`uaf lo klao t` fhsthinuhsd nr`ups
`j shtos hi tdo sorhktof tklao2 `io nr`up sd`uaf akcb typos
tdkt kro cdkrkctorhsthc j`r ki`tdor nr`up.
Vdo c`istructh`i `j shto typos jr`e tdo sorhktof tklao wks
p`sshlao `iay j`r tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso (aklao ;). Vwoity-
jhvo kssoelaknos whtd dhnday vkrhklao c`ep`shth`is kppokr
hi tdo ehffao pkrt `j tdo sorhktof tklao (shto iuelors ;?-6:). Vdoso kssoelaknos kro kas` roakthvoay akrno (ck. ;7
nuhfo j`sshas) kif dkvo e`ro corkehcs. @i tdo aojt shfo `j
tdo tklao kro kssoelaknos whtd`ut aokj- kif tokr-sdkpof
p`hits, kif `i tdo rhndt shfo tdo ekcr`-krtojkcts kro akcb-
hin. Iovortdoaoss, tdo tklao prosoits k muelaof kif
kelhnu`us phcturo. Vdo sorhktof tklaos j`r tdo `tdor
cuaturka pdksos sd`wof ovoi aoss fhsthict nr`uphins, ohtdor
lockuso `j a`wor iuelors `j nuhfo j`ssha typos kif/`r
lockuso `j nroktor shehakrhty ke`in tdo shto kssoelakno
c`ep`shth`is.
Vdo pkrthth`ihin `j tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos hit` p`sshlay
tdroo shto typos ehndt lo musthjhof hj tdoso typos woro t`c`rrosp`if t` fhjjoroit typos `j a`cka oivhr`ieoits. Vdo
j`aa`whin oivhr`ieoitka kttrhlutos woro c`aaoctof j`r okcd
shto= oaovkth`i (IKW 5 Futcd `rfikico fktue)2 vonotkth`i2
no`a`ny2 fhstkico t` `poi wktor2 roahoj2 vonotkth`ika
d`e`noiohty2 kif no`a`nhcka d`e`noiohty. Vdo vkauos j`r
tdo akst tdroo kttrhlutos woro eoksurof `i tdo kppr`prhkto
ekps ly tdo iuelor `j c`it`ur ahios, tdo iuelor `j
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;> E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S
Vklao ; Sorhktof cr`ss tkluak-
ta`i `j nuhfo j`sshas kif
Ehcdoaslorn shtos. Kssoelaknoswhtd fhjjoroit c`ep`shth`is kro
sopkrktof. K pkrthth`ihin `j tdo
Ehcdoaslorn shtos hit` tdroo shto
typos sooes t` lo prosoit hi
tdo tklao= shto iuelor s ; <3-
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HM KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
vonotkth`ika uihts, kif tdo iuelor `j no`a`nhcka uihts,
aospocthvoay, hishfo k chrcao wd`so rkfhus wks `io be jr`e
tdo shto.
Vdoro kppokrof t` lo i` c`rrosp`ifoico lotwooi tdo tdroo
typos `j Ehcdoaslorn shtos kif tdohr a`cka oivhr`ieoitka
kttrhlutos. Vdoroj`ro, ht wks c`icaufof tdkt pkrthth`ihin `j
tdo shtos hit` shto typos wks i`t p`sshlao j`r kiy `j tdo
cuaturka pdksos. C`isoquoitay, tdo cdkino hi shto typosp`stuaktof hi tdo e`foa c`uaf i`t lo tostof, kif ht wks
iocosskry t` kssueo tdkt kaa shtos whtdhi k cuaturka pdkso
woro juicth`ikaay oquhvkaoit.
6. Spkthka kikayshs6. ; C@IVOTV @J VDO KIKAXSHS
K fhshrhluth`i ekp sd`whin tdo a`ckth`is `j tdo shtos wks
ekfo j`r okcd `j tdo cuaturka pdksos2 whtdhi okcd pdkso kaa
shtos woro nhvoi oquhvkaoit wohndt lockuso `j tdo rosuats `j
tdo kikayshs hi tdo procofhin socth`i.
Spkthka kikaysos roquhro c`itr`a `vor tdo roprosoitkthvoioss
kif syicdr`iohty `j tdo skepao. Hi tdhs ckso, tdo vkrhklhahtyhi roc`vory prkcthcos ekfo ht dhnday pr`lklao tdkt tdo ske
pao wks i`t roprosoitkthvo, ovoi td`und tdoro wks fotkhaof
Hij`rekth`i kl`ut tdo roc`vory pr`cofuros kif k akrno
pkrt `j tdo krok hi tdo c`ro krok dkf looi c`vorof. Jur-
tdore`ro, okcd `j tdo cuaturka pdksos uifcr c`ishforkth`i
akstof j`r sovorka duifrof yokrs, kif ht wks td`undt pr`
lklao tdkt tdo fhstrhluth`i ekps nhvo k phcturo `j ki
kccueuakth`i `j shtos `vor ki oxtoifof porh`f. Shico wo
fhf i`t dkvo sujjhchâit c`itr`a t` fotorehio tdo fhstrhlu
th`i pkttori kt `io p`hit hi theo hi k cuaturka pdkso, wo
kssueof tdkt tdo sottaoeoit pkttori tdr`und`ut okcd pdkso
roekhiof uicdkinof kif tdkt tdo fhstrhluth`i ekps e`ro
`r aoss kccurktoay rojaoct tdhs pkttori. Hi sphto `j tdoso
ahehtkth`is, ht sooeof tdkt spkthka kikaysos `j tdoso fktk,
ushin p`hit-pkttori kikayshs kif p`hit-krok kss`chkth`i,
c`uaf aokf t` s`eo hishndts kif hitorprotkth`is kl`ut tdo
fhstrhluth`i ekps.
6. < W@HIV-WKVVO\I KIKAXSHS
Vw` bhifs `j p`hit-pkttori kikayshs woro kppahof t` tdo
hifhvhfuka fhstrhluth`i ekps= b-eokis caustor kikayshs
(F`r ki/D `fs` i ;8>?) kif fheoish`ika kikayshs j vkrhkico
(FHEKI@ZK) (^dkaa`i ;8>3). L`td eotd`fs kro hicaufof
hi tdo Stkthsthcka Kikayshs Systoe pkcbkno, wdhcd hs
hepaceoitof `i tdo HLE ekhijrkeo c`eputor hi Aohfoi.Vdo c`ep`uifof fhstrhluth`i `j kaa tdo shtos tdkt dkf
rocohvof k cuaturka ksshnieoit sd`wof tw` akrno nr`ups
wdhcd c`rrosp`ifof t` tdo kektour hivosthnkth`i kroks H
kif <, wdhcd kro sopkrktof ly w``fs {jhn. <). Vdo `vorkaa
sottaoeoit pkttori hs str`inay hijauoicof ly tdo kcthvhthos `j
tdo kektours kif curroit akifuso. Hj tdo sottaoeoit pkttori
j`r k cuaturka porh`f fhf i`t fovhkto jr`e tdhs `vorkaa pkt
tori, i`tdhin c`uaf lo skhf kl`ut tdo `rhnhika shto fhstrhlu
th`i. @iay k fovhkthin sottaoeoit pkttori wks c`ishforof t`
dkvo hitorprotkthvo c`isoquoicos.
B-eokis caustor kikayshs wks usof t` caustor tdo x kif y
c``rfhiktos `j tdo shtos. Vdoso vkrhklaos woro i`t stkifkr-
fhzof lockuso tdoy woro eoksurof hi tdo skeo uihts (be).
Vdo `ptheka iuelor `j caustors wks fotorehiof ly tdo
Culhc Caustorhin Crhtorh`i (SKS Histhtuto Hic. ;84?). Vdo`ptheka iuelor `j caustors hs hifhcktof ly k pokb hi tdo
nrkpd tdkt c`epkros tdo iuelor `j caustors whtd tdo
crhtorh`i {jhn. ?). Vdo spkthka a`ckth`is `j tdo fhjjoroithktof
caustors (jhn. :) woro oxkehiof.
Vdo sottaoeoit pkttoris `j tdo ALB kif Lobor pdksos
fovhkto jr`e tdo `vorkaa pkttori hi tdkt sovorka sekaa
nr`ups `j shtos kro prosoit hi tdo c`ro krok. Vdoso nr`ups
c`ishst `j 3-> shtos kif kro kl`ut jhvo be kpkrt. Kaa tdo
`tdor cuaturka pdksos oxdhlhtof k caustorhin pkttori c`rro-
sp`ifhin t` tdo survoy hivosthnkth`i kroks `j tdo kektours.
V` kppay FHEKI@ZK tdo krok hs pkrthth`iof hit` coaas
wd`so shzo, p`shth`i, kif `rhoitkth`i kro krlhtrkry. Hi tdhs
ck.so wo hep`sof tdo nrhf whtd ; x ; be nrhf squkros `jtdo ;=<?777 t`p`nrkpdhc ekp `j tdo Iotdorakifs `vor tdo
krok. Coaas woro tdoi kffof t` tdo ekrnhis hi `rfor t`
ekbo k squkro krok `j ;: x ;: be. Jhn. ? sd`ws k nrkpd
`j tdo la`cbshzo vorsus tdo 'eoki squkro lotwooi la`cb'
(Em). K pokb hi tdhs nrkpd sd`ws tdo rkino whtdhi wdhcd
tdo `ptheka caustor shzo `ccurs. Vdo oxkct j`re, `rhoitk
th`i, kif c`itoits `j tdo caustors wdhcd pr`fuco tdoso
rosuats ckii`t lo fotorehiof jr`e tdhs kikayshs.
Kaa pdksos sd`w tdo lost caustorhin `j shtos kt tdo 3< be<,
6 x 4 be, la`cbshzo. Vdo Ehcdoaslorn kif ^SZ pdkso shtos
dkvo tdo e`st fhsthict caustorhin, kif tdo ALB kif \`ssoi
shto caustors kro aoss fhsthict. Zhrtukaay kaa tdo shtos jkaa hit`
tw` `j tdo la`cbs, whtd tdo roekhihin shx la`cbs lohin
e`stay oepty. Vdo tw` la`cbs whtd e`st `j tdo shtos `ico
knkhi c`rrosp`if t` kektour survoy kroks H kif <. Kt tdo
skeo theo tdo shtos `j tdo ALB kif tdo Lokbor cuaturos
caustor kt tdo la`cbshzo 6 beY < x < be, aovoa, kif tdoro hs
k toifoicy j`r tdo \`ssoi kif ^SZ pdkso shtos t` f` tdo
skeo. Vdoroj`ro, tdo FHEKI@ZK kikayshs kas` hifhcktos
tdo oxhstoico `j sekaaor caustors.
Hi sphto `j tdo fhskfvkitknos/ahehtkth`is `j tdo caustor
kikayshs kif FHEKI@ZK (Whoa`u ;8:8, ^dkaa`i ;8>3,
@rt`i ;847), ht sooes tdkt ht hs p`sshlao t` `ltkhi hitor-
protklao rosuats whtd l`td kikaythc tocdihquos. Vdo fhstrhlu-
th`is `j tdo ALB kif Lokbor cuaturo shtos, kif t` k aossor
oxtoit tdo \`ssoi shtos, fhvorno jr`e tdo `vorkaa pkttori ly
oxdhlhthin sekaa nr`up caustors. Vdhs, kcc`rfhin t` tdo
e`foa, c`uaf lo hitorprotof ks uthahzkth`i `j k ahehtof
iuelor `j akifsckpo uihts. Vdo tw` akrnor nr`ups `j tdo
`tdor pdksos c`rrosp`if t` tdo survoy krok roc`vory pkt
tori, lut k e`ro fhsporsof sottaoeoit pkttori eky lo pros
oit, hifhckthin uthahzkth`i `j e`ro akifsckpo uihts.
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;8 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S
@
`h
?.77 -
<,?7
; ;
ALB
; ; ;
a Q / 3 6 ? : > 4 8
iuelor `j caustors
j
a7.?7
a7.<?
Q ALB
; ;
; < 6 4 ;: 3< :6 ;<4 <?:
la`cb shzo
@``
iuelor `j caustors
; < 3 6 ; Q Y > 4 8
- ;
;
Q
; / Q ; ; ; ;
EC
- <
- 3 -
<
?.77 - Q
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; ; ; ; ; ;
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; ; ; ; ;
Q; LC
; H ;; <"YS 3 6 ? y /& > 4 8
iuelor `j caustors
j
7.?7 - Q
7.<? a
Q LC
; < 6 4 ;: 3< :6 ;<4 <?:la`cb shzo
Jhn. ? Nrkpds j`r soaocthin tdo `pth eka iuelor `j caustor s. Vdo nrkpds j`r l`td tdo b-eokis caustor kikayshs (CCC) kif
FHEKI@ZK (Em) kro sd`wi j`r tdo ALB, Ehcdoaslorn kif Lokbor cuaturo pdksos. Krr`ws hifhckto tdo `ptheka iuelor `j caustors.
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<7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
à 3?? -
V3 -
Q h
1Y9 Y Y
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-
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T-c`úrfhiktos
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T-c`órfektos
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= 9 Y``
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= 9 Y9 - ,',2 c 3
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;
<7?- c`lr f hik t os
Jhn. : Spkthka fhstr hluth `i `j tdo fhjjo roith ktof caustor s
`ltkhiof ly b-eokis caustor kikayshs. Okcd shto hs hifhcktof ly
tdo iuelor `j tdo caustor t` wdhcd ht loa`ins.
6 . 3 W@HIV-K\OK KSS@CHKVH@I
W`hit-krok kss`chkth`i kaa`ws hivosthnkth`i `j tdo roakth`i
lotwooi tdo fhstrhluth`i `j p`hits hi k akifsckpo kif tdo
fhstrhluth`i `j oivhr`ieoitka `r 'lkcbnr`uif' vkrhklaos.
Lockuso kaa shto typos hi okcd cuaturka porh`f woro wohndtof
oqukaay, ht wks p`sshlao t` ostklahsd ki 'kvorkno' akifsckpo
a`ckth`i j`r okcd pdkso.
Vdo kvorknos kif Stkifkrf fovhkth`is `j tdo hitorvka-sckaooivhr`ieoitka vkrhklaos woro ckacuaktof por pdkso (jhn. >),
kif tw` tdhins woro i`tof=
- tdo fhjjoroicos ke`in tdo pdksos kro sekaa kif i`t
stkthsthckaay shnihjhckit.
- tdo a`ckth`is `j tdo ALB kif \`ssoi pdkso shtos kro
noiorkaay kt dhndor oaovkth`is kif hi kroks whtd e`ro pr`-
i`uicof roahoj. Jurtdore`ro, tdo \`ssoi shtos kro a`cktof
wdoro tdoro hs s`eowdkt e`ro no`a`nhcka kif vonotkth`ika
dotor`noiohty, kif tdo ALB shtos aho s`eowdkt jurtdor
kwky jr`e wktor s`urcos.
Dhst`nrkes `j tdo fhjjoroit oivhr`ieoitka vkrhklaos woro
ekfo j`r okcd pdkso {jhn. > kif 4), jr`e wdhcd tdo
j`aa`whin c`icaush`is woro frkwi=
- tdo fhjjoroicos ke`in tdo pdksos hi shto a`ckth`is hi tdo
akifsckpo kro sekaa, wdhcd w`uaf eoki tdkt uso wks ekfo
`j k iuelor `j akifsckpo uihts furhin okcd pdkso.
- tdo ALB kif pkrthcuakray tdo \`ssoi shtos fhjjor e`st
jr`e tdo shtos `j tdo `tdor pdksos hi tdohr akifsckpo
a`ckth`is.
- tdoro hs k nrkfuka sdhjt jr`e tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc t` tdo
\`ssoi pdkso hi tdo oivhr`ieoitka vkrhklaos wdhcd tdoi
rovorsos jr`e tdo \`ssoi t` tdo Lokbor cuaturos.
Shico ht hsi't oksy t` c`epkro k akrno iuelor `j
dhst`nrkes, tdo cdh-squkro stkthsthc wks usof t` tost tdo
shnihjhckico `j tdo fhjjoroico lotwooi tdo `lsorvoffhstrhluth`i `j tdo shtos `vor ki oivhr`ieoitka vkrhklao kif
tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluth`i. Hi tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluth`i shtos
woro kaa`cktof t` tdo oivhr`ieoitka vkrhklao kcc`rfhin t`
tdo pr`p`rt h`i `j tdo surjkcos `j tdo fhjjoroit ekpphin
uihts `j tdo vkrhklao hi tdo oithro DZ\ krok. Ht wks
roks`iof tdkt tdo e`ro tdo fhstrhluth`i `j k cuaturka pdkso
oivhr`ieoitka vkrhklao fhvornof jr`e tdo oxpoctof
fhstrhluth`i, tdo e`ro soaocthvo woro tdo a`ckth`is j`r shtos.
Vdhs kikayshs wks kppahof t` kaa cuaturka pdksos hifhvhfukaay
ushin tdo oaovkth`i, no`a`ny, vonotkth`i, kif fhstkico t`
wktor s`urco vkrhklaos (jhnuro 8). Ht kppokrs tdkt e`ro
ALB kif \`ssoi pdkso shtos kro j`uif kt dhndor oaovkth`is
kif hi tdo Vhahk-_aeus-[uorcus w``fs tdki oxpoctof. Kttdo skeo theo tdo surr`uifhins `j tdoso shtos kro e`ro
dotor`noio`us hi dkvhin e`ro c`it`ur ahios kif e`ro
no`a`nhcka kif vonotkth`ika uihts. K e`ro soaocthvo cd`hco
`j shto a`ckth`is toifs t` lo prosoit kas` hi tdo Lokbor
cuaturos pdkso wdoi tdo shtos woro kt a`wor oaovkth`is,
e`ro `i fry c`vorskifs kif rhvor frhjtof skifs (rhvhorstuhj-
zkifoi), kif e`ro hi [uorcus-Vh ahk w``fs tdki oxpoctof.
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<; E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S
Fhstkico t` `poi wktor
Jhn. > Fhstr hluth `i `j tdo
hitorvka-sckao oivhr`ieoitka
vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo
cuaturka pdksos. Vdo aojt pkrt `j
tdo frkwhin sd`ws tdo cdkinos
hi 'kvorkno' akifsckpo a`ck-
th`is. Vdo rhndt pkrt c`ishsts `j
tdo dhst`nrkes. J`r s`eo
vkrhkloaos k lkr `i tdo jkr rhndt
shfo sd`ws tdo oxpoctof
fhstrhluth`i, `ltkhiof ly `lsorv-hin tdo pr`p`rth`i `j tdo ekp
phin uiht surjkcos hi tdo DZ\
krok.
Aonoif= AE 5 Akto Eos`ah tdhc,
ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkif bork ehc,
\ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdoaslorn,
^SZ 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi
Zakkrfhinoi kif LC 5 Lokbor
cuaturos
<,7
;.: -
;.<
74
76
> -
: -
? -
6 -
3 -
?7% -
7%
H H ka?bihH H 7>-;.6be
O 3 1 7.: be
< <
I.K.W
;77T
H H 93?e
Y L 37-3? e
Y D 137e
Ph to s ? e
Iuelor`j c`it`ur ahios
;77%
-
Y
H H 3:
C3 ' - ?
H H S3
< e
Iuelor`j vonotkth`ika uihts
;77%
H H S:
H H •;Y?
H H S3
< ? CF
Iuelor`j no`a`nhcka uihts
H H 3:
H H ?
H H «6
< ?
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<< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Zonotkth`i Vdo surr`uifhins `j tdoso shtos kro e`ro d`e`noio`us
tdki tdo surr`ufhins `j shtos hi `tdor pdksos.
;77%
?7 % -
7%
•@
CC
@9 CA
w ` 9Y e T
[uorcus Vhahk
H H _aeu s [uo rcus
Skahx Kaius
No`a`ny
;77%
? 7 % -
7%-
CF @or
`9c?
`CF
CC
9H
iu
C_
c`vorskifs kif rhvor frhjtof skifs
a`w rhvor torrkco kif D`a`coio vkaaoy
dhnd kif ehffho rhvor torrkco
pokt
a`ss
Jhn. 4 Fhstr hluth `i `j tdo i`ehika-scka o oivhr`i eoitka
vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo cuaturka pdksos. Vdo dhst`nrkes
j`r tdo vonotkth`i kif no`a`ny, kif tdo oxpoctof fhstrhluth`i,
`ltkhiof ly `lsorvhin tdo pr`p`rth`i `j tdo ekpphin uiht sur
jkcos hi tdo DZ\ krok, kro sd`wi.
Aonoif= A E 5 Akto Eo s`a htd hc, ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkif bork ehc,
\ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdoaslorn, ZQ/SZ 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi-
Zakk rfh inoi kif LC 5 Lokbor cuat uros
?. C`icaush`is
?. ; KIKAXVHC EOVD@FS
Vdo uso `j stkthsthcka tocdihquos hi krcdko`a`ny dks loc`e
e`ro kif e`ro p`puakr. Jroquoitay, tdo akrno fktklksos `j
k ronh`ika stufy cki lo ojjhchoitay kikaysof `iay whtd
stkthsthcka tocdihquos. Vocdihquos j`r caksshjhckth`i kif
spkthka kikayshs sooe t` lo tdo e`st hep`rtkit kppahck-
th`is. Vdo akrno suppay `j tocdihquos, d`wovor, hicroksos
`lmocthvhty `iay sahndtay, shico `io cki usukaay jhif k
tocdihquo tdkt whaa pr`fuco tdo rosuats foshrof. V` hicrokso
`lmocthvhty `io cki ropokt tdo kikayshs whtd k fhjjoroit
tocdihquo `r uso sovorka tocdihquos hi tkifoe.
?. < K\CDKO@A@NHCKA HIZOSVHNKVH@I
Vdo rosuats `j tdo shto typ`a`ny, p`hit-pkttori kikayshs, kif
p`hit-krok kss`chkth`i `j tdo DZ\ c`_octh`i kro i`t
uikelhnu`us. Vdo cdkinos kscortkhiof kro sekaa kif
nrkfuka.Vdo porh`fs jr`e tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc t` tdo Lokbor
cuaturos cki lo fhvhfof hit` j`ur pdksos=
- Wdkso ; - Akto Eos`ahtdhc, whtd akrno nr`ups `j shtos,
e`st `j wdhcd kro j`uif kt a`w oaovkth`is whtd ahttao roahoj
kif hi vonotkth`ikaay e`ro d`e`noio`us oivhr`ieoits,
c`ishsthin `j [uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.
- Wdkso < - ALB kif \`ssoi, whtd sekaa nr`ups `j shtos
j`uif kt dhndor oaovkth`is whtd e`ro roahoj kif hi vonotk
th`ikaay e`ro dotor`noio`us oivhr`ieoits, c`ishsthin `j
[uorcus-Vhahk `r Vhahk-_aeus-[uorcus w``fs.
- Wdkso 3 - Ehcdoaslorn kif ^SZ, whtd akrno nr`ups `j
shtos, e`st `j wdhcd kro j`uif kt a`w oaovkth`is whtd ahttao
roahoj kif hi vonotkth`ikaay e`ro d`e`noio`us
oivhr`ieoits, c`ishsthin `j [uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.
- Wdkso 6 - Lokbor cuaturos, whtd sekaa nr`ups `j shtos,
j`uif kt a`w oaovkth`is whtd ahttao roahoj kif hi vonotk
th`ikaay e`ro d`e`noio`us oivhr`ieoits, c`ishsthin `j
[uorcus-Vhahk w``fs.
Furhin pdkso ; e`st `j tdo a`cka oivhr`ieoits woro usof,
kif tdoro sooes t` dkvo looi aoss projoroithkh soaocth`i `j
shto a`ckt h`is. Vdhs hs hi knrooeoit whtd k prosueof lr`kf-
spoctrue duitor-nktdoror oc`i`ey.
Cdkinos kppokrof hi tdo trkishth`i jr`e tdo Akto
Eos`ahtdhc t` tdo ALB. Ly pdkso < tdoro kppokrs t` lo
projoroithkh soaocth`i `j shto a`ckth`is. Vdhs c`uaf p`sshlaylo oxpakhiof uifor tdo kssuepth`i tdkt i`t kaa oc`i`eho
kcthvhthos t``b pakco hi tdo \`orstroob. Vdo \`orstroob eky
dkvo looi usof j`r pksturkno, hi kffhth`i t` duithin kif
nktdorhin, kif e`st `j tdo shtos eky dkvo looi trki-
sduekico ckeps (L`nucbh ;84<) wdhao tdohr kss`chktof
knrhcuaturka sottaoeoits woro prhekrhay a`cktof hi tdo a`oss
kroks (Lkboas ;8>4, ;84<). Shico tdoro wks i`t sujjhchâit
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<3 E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\J KCO SCKVVO\S
<77 -
;77
No`a`ny Zonotkta`i
<77
e •`(O
`<
9H
e9e?
`CF
IKW Fhstkico t`` poi wktor
<77 -
;77 ;77
•`cc
` 9 ñe `
?
9 ñe
Jhn. 8 Cdh-squkro stkthsthcs j`r s`eo oivhr` ieoit ka vkrhklaos j`r tdo succosshvo cuaturka pdksos. Aonoif = AE 5 Akto Eos`ah tdhc,
ALB 5 Ahiokr Lkifborkehc, \ú 5 \`ssoi, EC 5 Ehcdo aslorn , ^S Z 5 ^krtlorn-Stohi -Zakkrfhinoi kif LC 5 Lokbor cuatu ros
spkco `i tdo a`oss t` supp`rt tdo prosueof shzo `j tdo
dorfs (Lkboas ;8>4), k s`auth`i c`uaf dkvo looi t` nrkzotdo st`cb soks`ikaay hi tdo skify kroks hyhin t` tdo i`rtd.
Ly pdkso 3 tdo shtukth`i dkf caokrhy cdkinof knkhi, kif
tdhs pdkso hs roekrbklhy shehakr t` pdkso ;, i`t `ihy hi
shto kss`chkth`is whtd akifsckpo uihts, lut kas` hi tdo sottao-
eoit pkttori. Lut wo cki lo rktdor cortkhi, hi vhow `j tdo
fktk jr`e tdo foatk krok, tdkt knrhcuaturo wks lohin prkc-
thcof hi tdo \`orstroob ly tdhs theo. Vdo sulshstoico
oc`i`ey hi tdhs pdkso, loshfos lohin lksof `i knrhcuaturo
kif rkhshin `j st`cb, c`uaf, tdoroj`ro, sthaa lo lksof pkrtay
`i duithin kif nktdorhin.
Wdkso 6 shtos kro a`cktof hi aoss spochjhc oivhr`ieoits tdki
td`so `j pdkso <, lut hi e`ro spochjhc `ios tdki td`so `j
pdkso 3. Vdo kppkroit projoroico j`r e`ro d`e`noio`us
a`cka oivhr`ieoits c`uaf lo hitorprotof ks k rosuat `j tdo
hicroksof hep`rtkico `j knrhcuaturka pr`fucth`i.
Vdo fovoa`peoit jr`e tdo Akto Eos`ahtdhc t` tdo Lokbor
cuaturos sooes t` knroo rktdor woaa whtd tdo e`foa pr`-
p`sof. Vdo hitr`fucth`i `j knrhcuaturo fhf `ccur hi tdo
\`orstroob lotwooi 3677 kif <;77 LC (A`uwo B``hmekis
;8>:k, ;8>:l). Katd`und pakyhin k r`ao sul`rfhikto t`
knrhcuaturo hi tdo sulshstoico oc`i`ey, duithin kif
nktdorhin kppokrs t` dkvo c`ithiuof uitha tdo Lokborcuaturo porh`f. Vdo prosueof klsoico `j ALB kif \`ssoi
shtos hs i`t c`rroct. Vdoso shtos, lockuso tdoy roprosoit k
ahehtof iuelor `j oc`i`eho kcthvhthos, ovoi `ccupy k
spochka p`shth`i.
:. Fhscussh`i
Vdo hfoks prosoitof kl`vo kro `iay k jhrst c`icopt. Vdo
e`foas `j tdo hifhvhfuka cuaturka porh`fs sd`uaf lo e`ro
fotkhaof. Hi tdo hivosthnkth`i prosoitof doro tdo iocosskry
fktk t` f` tdhs, oxcopt j`r tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso, woro
ohtdor i`t kvkhaklao `r fhf i`t oeorno jr`e tdo kikaysos.
Vdhs shtukth`i eokis tdkt tdo sahndt fhjjoroicos/sdhjts tdkt
woro j`uif hi tdo fktk f` i`t pr`vhfo k musthjhklao lkshs
ohtdor. Vdo oxckvkth`i `j sovorka jhif a`ckth`is, ospochkaay
`ios dkvhin prosorvof `rnkihc ektorhkas (l`ios) tdkt eky
doap kiswor quorhos kl`ut tdo sulshstoico oc`i`ey, w`uaf
lo ki hep`rtkit c`itrhluth`i t` tdo c`istructh`i `j e`ro
fotkhaof e`foas.
Vdo Ehcdoaslorn cuaturka porh`f hs tdo `iay porh`f j`r
wdhcd k e`ro fotkhaof e`foa c`uaf lo ekfo. Vdr`und`ut
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<6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
I`rtdwostori Our`po ckusowkyof oica`suros kro j`uif
fkthin t` tdhs porh`f2 tdoso e`iueoits prosueklay
t'uajhaaof k s`chka/oc`i`ehc juicth`i j`r akrnor knnronkth`is
`j tdo p`puakth`i (Ekfsoi ;84<). Ht hs `j hitorost t` trkcè
;7 wdkt oxtoit c`epkrklao shtos kppokr hi tdhs cuhturka
porh`f hi tdo Iotdorakifs.
C`epkrof t` tdo otdor pdksos, `ur hci`waofno `j tdo
Ehcdoaslorn pdkso hs aoss ahboay t` lo cdkinof ly kffhth`ikac`aaocth`i `j krtojkcts, wd`so iuelor hs karokfy roakthvoay
akrno. Vdo iuelor `j krtojkcts c`uaf lo usof ks k stkrthin
p`hit j`r caksshjyhin tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos. Hj tdoro hs k shto
tdkt c`uaf lo c`ishforof t` dkvo dkf k 'coitrka' juicth`i
hi tdo \`orstroob, ht w`uaf lo tdo akrnost kif rhcdost shto,
jhif a`ckth`i ;: kt Ahiio-E`rtoasd`j. Hi ;846 tdo Hist htuut
v``r Wrodhst`rho porj`reof k tost oxckvkth`i `j tdhs shto.
I` jokturos woro a`cktof kif _ttao krcdko`a`nhcka ektorhka
wks oic`uitorof. Vdo Ehcdoaslorn kssoelakno hicaufof
`iay <? nuhfo j`sshas, kif e`ro`vor, tdo krok `j tdo shto
wks roakthvoay sekaa, i`t e`ro tdki >777 eY Ekfsoi
(;84;) osthektos tdo shzo `j k ckusowkyof oica`suro t` lo
kt aokst sovorka tois `j td`uskifs `j squkro eotors. Ht hs
pr`lklao tdkt tdoro kro i` ckusowkyof oica`suros hi tdo
\`orstroob kif tdkt jhif a`ckth`i ;: wks `iay k vory hitoi-
shvoay survoyof sp`t.
Worekioit roshfoithka shtos kro cdkrkctorhzof ly roakthvoay
e`ro ektorhka kif nroktor vkrhklhahty hi typos `j ektorhkas
(sucd ks ehaahin st`ios kif corkehcs). Vdo pr`p`rth`i `j
tdo Ehcdoaslorn shtos tdkt eky lo hitorprotof ks roshfoithka
shtos hs fhjjhcuat t` fotorehio. Hi tdo ehffao pkrt `j tdo
sorhktof tklao kro k iuelor `j shtos whtd e`ro vkrhklao
ektorhkas kif whtd kppr`xhektoay ;7 nuhfo j`ssha krtojkcts.
Vdoro kro <; shtos tdkt c`uaf, `i tdo lkshs `j tdo prosoico
`j ehaahin st`ios kif corkehcs kif e`ro tdki 4 nuhfoj`sshas, lo c`ishforof ks roshfoithka shtos. Vdo sekaa iuelor
`j krtojkcts ekbos shinao d`uso shtos e`ro pr`lklao tdki
dkeaots `r vhaaknos. Hj ht woro kccoptof tdkt okcd shto
roprosoitof `io d`uso kif tdkt tdo kvorkno furkth`i `j
`ccupkth`i `j k d`uso wks 3? yokrs (Añihin, ;84<), tdoi,
shico ht hs bi`wi tdkt tdo Ehcdoaslorn porh`f akstof kl`ut
477 yokrs, kppr`xhektoay `io d`uso wks `ccuphof kt kiy
`io theo hi tdo c`ro krok. Vdhs osthekto sooes k ahttao a`w
j`r ki krok `j ?; be'. Hi kffhth`i t` tdo <; 'd`uso shtos'
tdoro kro 36 sekaaor shtos. Vdoso c`uaf dkvo looi j`reofks k rosuat `j kcthvhthos `utshfo `j tdo 'd`uso shtos' (dui-
thin, c`aaocthin, cuathvkth`i), lut kas` tdoy c`uaf lo tdo
rosuat `j aoss c`epaoto roc`vory `j ektorhkas.
Vdhs e`foa tdkt pr`p`sos tdkt kt aokst `io d`uso shto kif
kttoifhin sekaaor shtos j`r kfmuict kcthvhthos woro
`ccuphof/usof tdr`und`ut tdo Ehcdoaslorn pdkso hs `iay ki
oxkepao. Sucd k fotkhaof e`foa sd`uaf lo ekfo j`r okcd
cuhturka pdkso hi `rfor t` lo klao t` j`aa`w ca`soay tdo
cdkinos hi tdo sottaoeoit pkttori kif tdoroly cdkinos hi
tdo sulshstoico oc`i`ey. Iovortdoaoss, ht sooes roks`iklao
tdkt ronh`ika hivosthnkth`i hi tdo Eouso Zkaaoy lo c`i-
thiuof. Vdo bi`waofno kl`ut tdo io`ahtdhchzkth`i pr`coss
hi tdo Iotdorakifs cki cortkhiay lo oxpkifof ly crhthcka
kikaysos `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka skepao kif ly ushin
stkthsthcka tocdihquos.
Kcbi`waofnoeoitsH tdkib D. J`bbois, D. Bkeorekis, kif A.W. A`uwo
B``hmekis j`r rokfhin kif hepr`vhin okrahor frkjts `j tdhs
pkpor. H ke kas` eucd `lahnof t` H. St`opbor j`r ekbhin
tdo frkwhins kif t` S. A`vhin j`r trkisakthin tdo toxt hit`
Oinahsd. ^htd`ut tdo whaahinioss `j tdo eoelors `j tdo
Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin \`orstroob, kif M. Seoots, V.
Fzhurkwsbh, D. Scdehtz, W. N``tzoi kif \. Vdouihssoi hipkrthcuakr, t` pakco tdohr bi`waofno kif jhifs kt `ur
fhsp`ska, tdo rosokrcd c`uaf i`t dkvo tkboi pakco.
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<? E. ^KISAOOLOI - SWKVHKA KIKAXSHS @J S_\JKCO SCKVVO\S
rojoroicos
Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 J`ur Ahiokrlkifborkehb Soataoeoihs kif Hdohr Oivhr`ieoit= k Wkao`oc`a`nhcka Stufy `j
Shtakrf, Saohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Aohfoi ( 5 Kika. W rkod . Aohfoishk TH).
;84< Vdo Sottaoeoit Systoe `j tdo Futcd Ahiok rlkifborkehb , Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ,
3;-63.
L`nucbh, W.H. ;84< Okray Io`ahtdhc Sulshstoico kif Sottaoeoit hi hdo W`ahsd A`wakifs, @xj`rf ( 5 LK\-
hitorikth`ika sorhos ;?7).
Lrkfaoy, \.
M. Nkrfhior (of.)
;846 Io`ahtdhc Stufhos= K \ovhow `j s`eo Curroit \osokrcd, @xj`rf (5 LK\- Lrhthsd sorhos
;33).
Focbors, W.D. ot ka. ;847 Mknor s, vhssors oi l`oroi hi ooi prodhst`rhscd nothmfoinolhof lhm Swhjtorlkit, ].^.@. Mkkr
l`ob ;847, ;;;-;6?.
F`rki, M.O.
J.\.D`fs`i
Jhofaor, A.
;8>? Ektdoekthcs kif C`eputors hi Krcdko`a`ny, Ofhilurnd.
;8>8 J`reoi uif Vocdihboi io`ahtdhscdor Stohinorkto kus foe \dohiakif, hi= Lohtrkno zur
_rnoscdhcdto fos \dohiakifos // /, Lkif ;8, ?3-;87.
Noifoa, W. ;84< Vdo Fhstrhluth`i kif _thahzkth`i `j ^`eeors`e [ukrtzhto furhin tdo Eos`ahtdhc, hi= K.
N`l ot J. Sphor, Ao Eos`ahthquo oitro \dhi ot Eouso, Auxoel`urn, <;-?7.
Nrkdke, H.
W. Nkaa`wkyH. Sc`aakr
Dke`uf, J.^.
;8>? E`foa Stufhos hi Sorhkth`i Vocdihquos, C`eputor Kppahckth`is hi Krcdko`a`ny ;8>?,
;4-<6.
;8>4 Vdo Sheuakah`i `j Okray Io`ahtdhc Sottaoeoit Fovoa`peoit hi tdo A`wor \dhio Lkshi,
Ckelrhfno.
;847 Vdo Hitorprotkth`i `j Krcdko`a`nhcka Fhstrhluth`i Ekps= Lhksos Hidoroit hi
Krcdko`a`nhcka Jhoafw`rb, Krcdko`-Wdyshbk >, ;83-<;:.
D`ffor, H.
C. @rt`i
D`woaa, M.E.
;8>: Spkthka Kikayshs hi Krcdko`a`ny, Ckelrhfno.
;843 Sottaoeoit kif Oc`i`ey hi Io`ahtdhc I`rtdori Jrkico, @xj`rf (5 LK\- hitorikth`ika
sorhos ;?>).
Haott, E.
C. C`istkithi
K. C`ufkrtM.-W. Foe`uao
;84< Vdo Akto Lkifborkehb `j tdo Khsio Zkaaoy= Oivhr`ieoit kif Spkthka @rnki hskth`i, Kika.
Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ, 6?-:;.
Brub, M.
Aúdr, D.
;847 Vdo Io`ahtdhc Sottaoeoit `j S`utdori W`akif, @xj`rf ( 5 LK\- hitorikt h`ika sorhos 83).
;8>6 hi= Bupor, \. ot ka (;8>6), _itorsucduinoi zur io`ahtdhscdor Loshofauin for Kafoid`voior
Waktto HZ, L`iior Mkdrlñcdor, lkif ;>6, 6<6-?74.
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<: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
A`uwo
B``hmekis, A.W.
Añihin, M.
Ekfsoi, V.
E`fforeki, W.M.\.
Iowoaa, \.\.
@rt`i, C.
Whoa`u, O.C.
SKS Histhtuto Hic.
^dkaa`i, \.
;8>:Y Vdo Io`ahtdhc kt tdo A`wor \dhio, Fhssorakah`ios Krcdko`a`nhcko Nkifoisos, Z`a. TZH,
;?7-;>3.
;8>:*' A`cka Fovoa`peoits hi k L`rforakif , @ufdohfb. eofof. uht dot \hmbseusoue vki
@ufdofoi to Aohfoi AZHH, <<>-<8>.
;843 Vussoi S@E oi V\L, oihno nofkcdtoi `vor dot akkt- Io`ahtdhcue hi Ioforakif oi Loanhâ
Luaaothi vki fo B`ihibahmbo Eusok v``r buist oi noscdhofoihs ?6.; , ??-:>.
;84? Sp`roi hi dot akif, Kestorfke.
;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb Sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktt o hi tdo \dhioakif,
Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk TZ, ;-<8.
;84; Vdo Sottaoeoit Systoe `j tdo Okray Knrhcuaturka S chothos hi Okst Mut akif . K \onh`ika
Stufy. proprhit _ihvorshty `j Kkrdus, Foiekrb.
;84< Sottaoeoit Systoes `j Okray Knrhcuaturka S`chothos hi Okst Mut akif, Foiekrb . K \onh`ika
Stufy `j Cdkino, M`urika `j Kitdr`p`a`nhcka Krcdko`a`ny H, ;8>-<3:.
;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkrihb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Aohfoi ( 5 Kika. Wrkod. Aohfoishk ah a).
;8>3 Vdo W`st-nakchka Kfkptkth`is `j tdo Hifhnoi`us W`puakth`i `j tdo I`rtdwost Our`poki
Wakhi, hi= S.B. B`za`wsbh, Vdo Eos`ahadhc hi Our`po, ^krskw, 388-66;.
;847 Ektdoekthcs hi Krcdko`a`ny, Ckelrhfno.
;8:8 Ki Hitr`fucth`i t` Ektdoekthcka Oc`a`ny, A`if`i.
;84? SKS _sor's Nuhfo= Stkthsthcs, Zorsh`i ? Ofhth`i, Ckry.
;8>3 Spkthka Kikayshs `j @ccupk th`i Ja``rs H= tdo Kppahck th`i `j Fheoish`ika Kikayshs `j
Zkrhkico, Keor. Kithquhty 34, <::->4.
E. ^kisaooloi
Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho
W`stlus 8?;?
IA-<377 \K Aohfoi
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E. O. Vd. fo Nr``td Vdo @rnkihskth`i `j Jahit V``a Ekiujkcturo hi tdoFutcd Lkifborkehb
Hi tdo jhrsa pkrt `j tdhs stufy k e`foa j`r tdo pr`coss `j
Lkifborkehb jahit t``h ekiujkcturo what lo prosoitof. Vdo
s`ch`-oc`i`ehc structuro `j jahit bikpphin hi tdo Futcd
Lkifborkehb Cuaturo whaa lo fhscussof hi tdo soc`if
pkrt.
Hi Oasa`` kif Loob tdo f`eosthc e`fo `j pr`fucth`i
provkhaof. E`ro`vor, k Wrhichpka C`ep`ioits Kikayshs
pr`vhfof ovhfoico j`r tdo oxhstoico `j spochkahsof jahit
bikppors, w`rbhin hi k a``so e`fo `j pr`fucth`i. Jhikaay,
tdo `ccurroico `j k suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucth`i c`uaf
lo hijorrof.
V` W.M.\.E`fforeki
;. Hitr`fucth`iVdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits j`re tdo i`rtd-wostorie`st pkrt `j tdo cuduro's t`tka sottaoeoit krok.Vdoy kro prof`ehikitay shtuktof `i tdo a`oss-c`vorof rhvortorrkcos hi tdo pr`vhico `j Ahelurn, tdo s`utdorie`st pkrt`j tdo c`uitry. Hidklhtkth`i stkraof doro kt kl`ut 6677 lchi rkfh`ckrl`i yokrs, h.o. kt kl`ut ?377 L.C. kjtor ckhhlrk-th`i (E`fforeki ;84<). Hi `tdor w`rfs = tdo @afost ALBp`ttory (tdo s`-ckaaof [uhttk Stujo ; ektorhka) dks i`t looij`uif. Vdo ronh`i wks sottaof ly po`pao whtd tdo sulso-quoia Ja`el`ri wkro (E`fforeki ;8>7, ;84?). Vdoso sottaoeoits woro tdoroj`ro stkraof kt kl`ut tdo skeo theo kstd`so `i tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto (Añihin ;84<), kif c`i-shforklay okrahor tdki td`so hi tdo Loanhki Doslkyo (Ckdoi,Ckspkr, @tto ;84:). Dklhtkth`i akstof j`r kppr`xhektoay3?7 yokrs kif oifof rktdor klruptay. Oxtroeoay ahttao hsbi`wi `j tdo succoofhin cuaturos (A`uwo B``hmekis ;847,Lr`uioi ;84?).
Ka tdo e`eoit tdhrty-jhvo ALB shtos kro bi`wi, twoity-
ohnda `j wdhcd kro caustorof `i tdo s`-ckaaof Nrkotdohfo, ka`oss paktoku shtuktof lotwooi tdo Noaooi lr``b kif tdorhvor Eouso. Vdo tw` shtos `i tdo wost lkib `j tdo rhvorEouso loa`in t` ki`tdor sottaoeoit nr`up, wdhcd dks htscoitro hi Loanhue. Vdo iokrost iohndl`urs t` tdo oksa kroa`ckaof kt k fhstkico `j s`eo 37 be, `i tdo Kafoid`voiorWaktto (Lkboas ;8>4, Añihin ;84<). Vdo jhvo shtos hi tdoi`rtd aho `i k fhjjoroit suls trkto, h.o. skify kif a`key
s`has, hi k rhvor vkaaoy akifsckpo. Vdoso eky p`sshlay roprosoit sd`rt-tore kcthvhthos `utshfo tdo i`reka shto torrht`rhos(Lkboas ;84<).
J`ur `j tdo sottaoeoits `i tdo Nrkotdohfo woro oxtoishvoayoxckvktof= Shttkrf, Noaooi, Oasa``, kif Stohi (E`fforeki;8?4-;8?8, ^ktorl`ab ;4?4-;8?8, E`fforeki ;8>7). Vdo`tdors kro bi`wi `iay jr`e survoys kif sekaa-sckao roscuooxckvkth`is. E`st `j tdo shtos kro a`cktof ka`in tdo ofnos`j tdo paktoku. Hi tdo s`utdori pkrt k caokr pkttori `j shtotorrht`rhos hs vhshlao. Vdoy vkry hi shzo jr`e :7 t` ;>7 doc
tkros kif kro surr`uifof ly ikturka l`uifkrhos sucd kswktor c`ursos kif fry vkaaoys (Lkboas ;84<,//n. 6).
Vdo vhaaknos kif tdo jhoafs loa`inhin t` tdoe woro shtuktofhi k prheovka j`rost, wdoro aheo wks tdo e`st c`ee`ispochos (Lkboas ;8>4). Hi Shttkrf, Noaooi, kif Stohilotwooi tdroo kif shx d`usos woro hidklhtof kt tdo skeotheo. Hi Oasa``, tdo akrnost kif lost-kikaysof vhaakno, k fhj
joroit shtukth`i provkhaof, hi wdhcd oaovoi t` sovoitooid`usos st``f t`notdor c`itoep`rkio`usay (E`fforeki;8>7, Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8, E`fforeki ;84?).E`st rkw ektorhkas woro kvkhaklao whtdhi tdo shtos' torrht`rhos. I`tklao oxcopth`is woro tdo r`cbs usof j`r kfzos(wdhcd c`uaf i`t lo j`uif whtdhi k shx d`urs' wkabhinfhstkico) kif jahit (wdhcd `ccurrof must t` tdo s`utd `j tdoNrkotdohfo paktoku (Lkboas ;8>4, ;843). \ojor t` E`fforeki (;84?) kif Fo Nr``td kif Zorwors (;846) j`r k e`rofotkhaof sueekry.
<. Vdo fktkJ`r tdo prosoit stufy jahit ektorhka jr`e tw` Futcd Lkifborkehb shtos wks kikaysof= Loob-Borbovoaf kif Oasa``.Hi Loob jhjtooi rullhsd phts kif sovorka p`std`aos woroj`uif hi tdo sprhin `j ;8>: furhin sekaa-sckao roscuooxckvkth`is kt k iow luhafhin ostkto ly eoelors `j tdo'Dooebuifo Zoroihnhin Loob'. Vdoy cki kaa lo fktof hi
E`fforeki's (;8>7) Wdkso ahc, h.o. hi k akto pdkso `j tdoX`uinor ALB.
Vw` `j tdo rullhsd phts c`itkhiof k shinuakray hkrnoke`uit `j jahit wksto. Wht L-b > wks ki oa`inktof a`kepht sucd ks ronuakray j`uif ka`inshfo Lkifborkehb d`usos.Vdo `tdor, pha L-b 4, shtuktof kt kl`ut <,? eotors t` tdoi`rtd-okst, dkf ki hrronuakr sdkpo. L`td woro c`vorof whtdkl`ut >? ce `j c`aauvhue. Furhin tdo roscuo oxckvkth`i
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<4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
tdo fhstrhluth`i `j tdo jhifs whtdhi pht 4 c`uaf uij`r-tuiktoay i`t lo `lsorvof. Hi pht > e`st `j tdo rullhsd wks
j`uif hi tdo i`rtd-wostori pkrt, hi tdo t`pe`st <7 ce j
tdo pht jhaahin. S`ha skepaos jr`e l`td phts c`itkhiof dui-
frofs `j cdhps (phocos sekaaor tdki ;? ee), hifhckthin tdktjahit wks w`rbof hi tdo heeofhkto surr`uifhins `j tdo
phts, pr`lklay hi tdo `poi spkco lotwooi tdoe. I`t
hicaufhin tdo cdhps tdoro woro 6488 jahit krtojkcts j`uif hi
l`td phts t`notdor, whtd k t`tka wohndt `j kae`st ?; bn.
V``as (dkeeorst`ios kif dkeeorst`io jrkneoitshicaufof) j`reof kl`ut ;% `j tdo kssoelakno.Vdo ektorhka wks oehioitay suhtklao j`r rojhtthin. Noiorkafoscrhpth`is `j tdhs eotd`f kro pr`vhfof ly Ckdoi (;8>:)`r Czhosak (;84:), j`r oxkepao. Doro ht wks ekhiay usof t`
roc`istruct tdo `rhnhika rofucth`i soquoicos `j tdo fhj
joroit i`fuaos w`rbof. Vdo eotd`f kas` pr`vhfof doapjuaHij`rekth`i `i tdo j`rekth`i pr`coss kif tdo sulsoquoittrkisj`rekth`is `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka roc`rf (Scdhjjor;8>:, ;84?). Jhrst, ht sd`wof tdkt tdo tw` phts woro `poikt tdo skeo theo, ks l`td c`itkhiof folrhs jr`e tdo skeo
i`fuaos (k t`tka `j toi sucd rojhts woro j`uif). Ht kas`ekfo caokr tdkt l`td phts c`itkhiof ektorhka tdkt dkf
`rhnhikaay looi fhsckrfof hi tdo skeo wky= Hi noiorka,wksto jr`e kaa stknos `j pr`fucth`i wks fhsckrfof hi ohtdor`j tdo tw` phts. @ccksh`ikaay k shinao jakbo `r c`ro oifofup hi tdo kfmkcoit pht. Vdo qukithtkthvo fhstrhluth`i `j
wksto `vor tdo tw` phts kt jhrst sooeof t` hifhckto k fhj
joroit pkttori= c`ro propkrkth`i tkbhin pakco ekhiay ca`sot` pht > kif lakfo pr`fucth`i kt pht 4 (tklao <).
Vklao 3, d`wovor, nhvhin tdo kvorkno wohndt `j tdo wkstockton`rhos, sd`ws tdkt wdhao ekhiay lhn propkrkt h`i jakbos,`rhnhikthin jr`e tdo jhrst bikpphin stknos, woro c`aaoctofjr`e pht 4, pht > yhoafof i`t `iay tdoso lhn phocos, lut kas`
ekiy sekaa propkrkth`i jakbos, stoeehin jr`e sulsoquoitc`rrocth`is furhin lakfo pr`fucth`i.Vdus, tdo fhjjoroico f`os i`t sooe t` lo tdo rosuat `j
j`reor fhjjoroithka fhsckrf pkttoris, lut `j `ur rocoitoxckvkth`i eotd`f. Wht > c`uaf lo oxckvktof hi k s`eo-wdkt e`ro aohsuroay wky tdki wks pht 4, t` tdo fotrheoit`j tdo akttor's sekaa jhifs. S`, uij`rtuiktoay, tdo Loobektorhka hs `j ahehtof fhroct qukithtkthvo uso.
Knkhi, rojhtthin pr`vhfof ki oxcoaaoit roeofy, ks ht kaa`wofj`r osthektos `j tdo ke`uit `j i`fuaos w`rbof kif tdo
rkto `j prosorvkth`i `j tdo jhif c`epaox. Vdo tw` Loobrullhsd phts c`itkhiof tdo wksto `j kt aokst twoity-jhvo fhj
joroit i`fuaos, whtd k t`tka `j shxtooi c`ros (hicaufhin
dkeeorst`ios) sthaa prosoit.
Loob-borbovoaf wks tdo jhrst Futcd Lkifborkehb sottao-eoit bi`wi wdoro, loshfos tdo c`ee`i '\hm cbd`at ' jahit,tdo c`krso nrkhiof Zkaboilurn jahit wks w`rbof ks woaa(Lkboas o.k. ;8>>, soo loa`w j`r k juaaor foscrhpth`i `j
tdoso tw` typos `j rkw ektorhka). Vdo tw` jahit typos worouiovoiay fhstrhlutof hi tdo phts= pht L-b 4 c`itkhiof 88''>`
Vklao H
typo pht L-b > pht L-b 4
\ Z @ \ Z @
c`rosdkeeorst`iosdkeeorst`iojrkneoits
propkrkth`i jakbospropkrkth`i lakfosromuvoikth`i jakbosromuvoikth`i lakfosla`cbsjakboslakfos, oithrolakfos, pr`xhekalakfos, eofhkalakfos, fhstkakrr`wdokfsl`rorsoif-scrkporsshcbao lakfosoif-rot`ucdof lakfos
shfo-rot`ucdof lakfosshfo-scrkporsspahitorof phocosrot`ucdof jakbos
t`tka
6
3
>
:<8;;47;83?
48;;7:;;;6:4;
;
6 ;
3
<
<;7 3:66 ;>
<8 :8
;: ;?
;6 3>
67< 4:>
>; ;;>
;7? ;84
3? :?
:<<<8<;
:;
84
<73< ;> 4 847 ;4?> ?
;<73;>?4
<;:<86<;6<6
<
648
Vklao ; Loob-borbovo af, jahit kssoelakno jr` e phts > kif 42
\ 5 \hmcbd`at j a hit , Z 5 Zkaboilurn ja hit, @ 5 `tdor jah it t ypo s
(ekhiay \uaaoi kif 'ahndt nroy Loanhki', whtd s`eo phocos `j
uihfoithjhof ja hit), I 5 r`w t`tkas.
Vklao <
typo Wht L-b > Wht L-b 4
\hmcbd`at \hmcbd`at Zkaboilurn
I % I % I %
c`ros/dkeeorst`ios > 7.6 > 7.> ; 7.;
propkr kth`i phocos :67 3<.3 <;6 <<.> 34; <<.7
romuvoikth`i phocos 88 ?,7 6? 6.8 46 6.:
jakbos 48; 6?.7 67< 6<.> 4:> 6>.8
lakfos 366 ;>.6 <>3 <8.7 6>4 <:.6
t`tka ;84; ;77.; 86; ;77.7 ;4;; ;77.7
Vklao < Loob-borbovoaf= fhstrhluth`i `j j a hit wksto
Vklao 3
typo Wht L-b > Wht L-b 4
\hmcbd`at \hmcbd`at
^ kv.^ ^ kv.^
Zkaboilurn
^ kv.^c`ros/dkeeorst`iospropkrkth`i phocosromuvoikth`i phocosjakboslakfos
;>8? <?:.6 <;;: 37<.3 :7 :7.7
8>3< ;?.< ?>6? <:.8 ;744; <4.:
3>6; 3>.4 ;?:: 36.4 6?8< ?6.>
<;7: <.6 >4? <.7 <6:8 <.4
;7:4 3.; ;7:7 3.8 ;4:6 3.8
t`tka ;466< n ;;<>< n ;844: n
Vklao 3 Loob-borbovoaf= wohnd t `j j a hit wksto
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<8 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
`j tdo Zkaboilurn vkrhoty ks `pp`sof t` 3<"% `j tdo\hmcbd`at jahit. \ojhtthin sd`wof tdkt l`td typos `j jahitworo w`rbof whtd tdo skeo eotd`fs. Vdo ojj`rts hi rojhtthin woro c`icoitrktof `i tdo \hmcbd`d ektorhka, htsi`fuhos lohin e`ro okshhy hfoithjhklao tdki tdo voryuihj`re Zkaboilurn `ios. Vdus shx i`fuhos c`uaf loroc`ist htutof t` k nrokt oxtoit. Vdoy pr`fucof lotwooi @kif 47 lakfos. I`t hicaufhin tdo cdhps tdo osthektof t`tka
folhtkno `j tdoso c`ros vkrhof lotwooi ;7 kif <?7, whtd ke`fo `j ;?7-<77.
Fhroct oxtrkp`akth`i `j tdoso jhnuros j`r tdo ehiheue `jtwoity-jhvo i`fuhos bikppof ca`so t` tdo tw` phts, w`uafsunnost tdkt kaa tdo ektorhka `rhnhikaay prosoit wks pro-sorvof kif roc`vorof `i tdo sp`t, ks twoity-jhvo i`fuhosw`uaf dkvo nhvoi k t`tka folhtkno `j 3>?7-?777 krtojkcts.Vdo kctuka rkto `j prosorvkth`i ks forhvof jr`e tdoiuelor `j wksto phocos loa`inhin t` tdo roc`isthtutofc`ros, d`wovor, hs kl`ut ?7%. Vdus, tdo ehiheueosthekto `j twoity-jhvo i`fuhos hs eucd t`` a`w. Ht sooespr`lklao tdkt tdo roekhis `j pordkps ks ekiy ks jhjty
i`fuhos, ca`soay rosoelahin okcd `tdor kif tdoroj`rouihfoithjhklao, kro prosoit hi tdo folrhs.Vdo n``f stkto `j prosorvkth`i sooes t` lo fuo t` tdotdhcb c`aauvhka akyor tdkt provoitof or`sh`i. Vdo fkto `j htsj`rekth`i hs uibi`wi, lut hi tdo a`wor pkrt `j ht k jrkneoit `j k Ehffao Io`ahtdhc p`ahsdof kxo wks j`uif.Sucd n``f prosorvkth`i c`ifhth`is fhf i`t provkha hiOasa``. Doro, `whin t` or`sh`i kif akrno-sckao eocdkihckaoxckvkth`i eotd`fs, ?-;7% kt tdo e`st `j tdo ektorhka`rhnhikaay prosoit wks roc`vorof. Vdhs jhnuro sooes s` loc`istkit kaa `vor tdo shto.
Hi tores `j tdo roakthvo hep`rtkico `j jahit w`rbhin, c`e-pkrhs`is lotwooi Oasa`` kif Loob (`r e`ro noiorkaay
spokbhin lotwooi kaa Lkifborkehb shtos `r ovoi lotwooifhjjoroit phts whtdhi tdo skeo shto) kro `iay vkahf hj tdosofhjjoroicos hi roc`vory c`ifhth`is kro tkboi hit` kcc`uit.Vdo t`tka krok `j tdo Oasa`` shto hs osthektof t` lo toi doctkros, `j wdhcd `io-tdhrf dks looi oxckvktof, oxp`shin tdoroekhis `j 8? d`usos. Vwoity-shx `j tdoso cki lo fktof hi
tdo @afor ALB, ?: hi tdo X`uinor Worh`f. Oxtrkp`akthinj`r tdo wd`ao shto, s`eo <77-<?7 d`usos eust dkvo looiluhat hi tdo c`urso `j theo. Hi tdo @afor ALB tdo vhaakno`ccuphof ki osthektof krok `j <-3 doctkros, kae`st c`e-paotoay uic`vorof, whtd up t` oaovoi d`usos stkifhin kt tdoskeo theo. Hi tdo X`uinor ALB tdo sottaoeoit oxpkifof`vor k eucd akrnor krok, `j wdhcd `iay kl`ut `io-tdhrfdks looi oxckvktof. Hi tdo y`uinor pdksos ks ekiy kssovoitooi d`usos eust dkvo st``f c`itoep`rkio`usay(E`fforeki ;8>7, ;84?). Vdo hitorik! roakthvo cdr`i`a`ny,lksof `i strkthnrkpdhcka `lsorvkth`is, tdo fovoa`peoit `jd`uso pakis, kif p`ttory foc`rkth`i, wks jhrst `utahiof lyE`fforeki (;8>7). Aktor, Zki fo Zoafo's (;8>8) kikayshsaof t` k sulfhvhsh`i hi toi ehcr`pdksos, okcd roprosoithin`io d`uso noiorkth`i. Ks tdo t`tka ahjospki `j tdo vhaakno
Vklao 6
typo corkehc pdkso t`tka
; < 3k 3l 6 ?
c`ros <> 8 4 4 ;? ;; >4dkeeorst`ios 3: ;3 > 33 ;3 <7 ;<<dkeeorst .jrkneoits ?; <: 37 :< ;3 3; <;3propkrkth`i phocos ?67 ;8: 46 6<3 >: ;78 ;6<4romuvoikt h`i phocos ;37 68 6; ;37 36 :< 66:jakbos >8; 677 <?6 4>< <36 6?7 377;lakfos ;>> ;;? 8> 6;3 ;68 <?4 ;<78la`cbs 34 <6 4 3? ;> <3 ;6?krr`wdokfs 6 ; 3 ;7 < 6 <6l`rors 6 ; > 4 > : 33oif-scrkpors ?8 38 33 ;:: 34 >3 674shcbao lakfos ;: : 8 3? ;: <; ;73oif-rot`ucdof lakfos ; < 3 : ? < ;8shfo-rot`ucdof lakfos > < < ;: 3 > 3>spahitorof phocos 8 ; > ? < > 3;lurhis 7 7 7 ; 7 7 ;
rot`ucdof jakbos 3 ; 7 7 7 7 6shfo scrkpors ;7 6 < 6 < 3 <?dokvy hepaoeoits ; 7 7 7 7 7 ;
t tka ;876 448 ?8? <<<> :<: ;74> >3<4
Vklao 6 Oasa``, jroquoich os `j krtoj kcts jr` e fktof phts
Vklao ?
aypo corkehc pdkso t`tka; < 3k 3l 6 ?
c`ros ;.6 ;.7 ;.3 7.6 <.6 ;.7 ;.;dkeeorst`ios ;.8 ;.? ;.< ;.? <.; ;.4 ;.>dkeeorst.jrkneoits <.> <.8 ?.7 <.4 <.; <.8 <.8propkrkth`i phocos <4.6 <<.; ;6.; ;8.7 ;<.; ;7.7 ;8.?romuvoikth`i phocos :.4 ?.? :.8 ?.4 ?.6 ?.> :.;jakbos 6;.? 6?.7 6<.> 38.< 3>.6 6;.6 6;.7
Vklao ? Oasa` , por coi tkn os `j lakfos 8.3 ;<.8 ;:.3 ;4.: <3.4 <3.> ;:.?ekhi krtoj kct ckt on`r hos jr`e la`cbs <.7 <.> ;.3 ;.: <,> <.; <.7fktof phts. t``as* :.7 :,6 ;;.; ;;.3 ;<.7 ;;.3 8.3*t``as `tdor tdki dkeeorst`ioskif - jrkne oits t`tka ;77.7% a@@.@j/ 88.8% ;77.<% ;77.7% 88.8% ;77.;%
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37 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
wks 377-3?7 yokrs, ovory d`uso noiorkth`i c`uaf dkvoakstof <?-3? yokrs, k theo tdkt c`rrosp`ifs voy woaa whtdosthektos lksof `i tdo furklh_ty `j luhafhin ektorhkas(Lkbohs ;8>4, Añihin ;84<).
Hi dhs hihthka cdr`i`a`nhcka `rforhin Zki fo Zoafo fhvhfoftdo ektorhka hit` shx corkehc pdksos, lut hi dhs jurtdorrosokrcd do w`rbof whtd jhvo pdksos (iuelorof ; tdr`und?),
wdoroly tdo tw` ehffao pdksos woro nr`upof t`notdor .Hi tdhs porh`fhskth`i tdo trkfhth`ika fhvhsh`i lotwooi @aforkif X`uinor ALB jkaas s`eowdoro hi tdo ehffao `j Wdkso3. Ks tdhs fhvhsh`i eky lo eokihinjua hi tores `j jahitw`rbhin tocdihquos, H whaa uso tdo `rhnhika shx-j`af fhvhsh`ihi tdhs stufy, rofhvhfhin Wdkso 3 hit` 3k kif 3l kcc`rfhint` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8, jhn. ;>, j`r tdo noiorka prosoitkth`i`j tdo fktk, kif tdo ;7 ehcr`pdksos (iuelorof 7-8) hi tdoe`ro fotkhaof kikaysos.
Vdo d`usos kt Oasa`` kro caustorof hit` tdroo `r j`ur d`usonr`ups, `r wkrfs, sd`whin c`ithiuhty `vor theo. Okcdwkrf c`ishstof `j d`usos j fhjjoroit bhifs. Vdoro wkskawkys `io trhpkrthto a`ind`uso prosoit (E`fforeki's
(;8>7) typo ;= Nr`sslkutoi), ks woaa ks sovorka lhpkrthto(typo <= Lkutoi) kif shinao-uiht (typo 3= Baohilkutoi)d`usos. Hi tdo c`urso `j theo tdo d`uso nr`ups e`vofnrkfukaay, s`eo `j tdoe vkihsdhin jr`e tdo oxckvktof pkrt`j tdo sottaoeoit, kif `tdors c`ehin hi. Vd`so d`usonr`ups ehndt roprosoit tdo fwoaahin kroks `j fhjjoroitahioknos whtdhi tdo s`chka j`rekth`i. Vdus, Oasa`` sooes t`dkvo looi hidklhtof ly tdroo `r j ur fhjjoroit ahioknos,wdoroks tdo sekaaor shtos `i tdo Nrkotdohfo cki lo hitor-protof ks sottaoeoits `j k shinao ahiokno (Zki fo Zoafo;8>8, ;84:). Ovory d`uso wks surr`uifof ly hts `wikcthvhty krok. Ks tdo kvorkno fhstkico lotwooi d`usoswhtdhi tdo caustors wks <? e, tdo kvorkno jkrestokf c`uaf
dkvo dkf k rkfhus `j ;< e kr`uif tdo d`uso. Dklhtkth`ihi Oasa`` wks ovoi foisor kif e`ro caustorof tdki hiAkinwohaor 4 `i tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto, wdoro kiosthektof rkfhus `j <? e wks j`uif (Añihin ;84<). Hi`tdor Lkifborkehb sottaoeoits, d`wovor, eucd e`ro spkcowks kvkhaklao j`r ovory jkrestokf= hi Fkrh`i `iay tw` `rtdroo d`usos `ccuphof c`itoep`rkio`usay k sottaof krok `jkppr`xhektoay ;.4 doctkros (Ckdoi ;84?). Supp`rthin tdhstdo`ry `j k vory foiso dklhtkth`i hs tdo jkct tdkt hi Oasa``,uihhbo Fkrh`i `r Akinwohaor 4 kif `tdor Kafoid`voiorWaktto shtos, e`st `j tdo rojuso wks j`uif hi phts funka`inshfo tdo d`usos.
Vdo fktk sot usof hi tdhs stufy c`ishsts `j tdo jahitektorhka j`uif hi <;4 rullhsd phts, loa`inhin t` >? d`usos,fktof kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo. @io duifrof tdhrty-j`uruiksshniklao kif uifktof phts whtd jahit woro i`t kikaysof.Vdoy c`itkhiof aoss jhifs tdki fhf tdo d`uso-phts (d`usophts= eofhki ;7, ekxheue ?;; 2 uifktof phts= eofhki :,ekxheue ;<<2 phts whtd`ut jahits hi l`td cksos oxcaufof.Vdo eofhki wks cd`soi ks eoksuro `j coitrka toifoicy
lockuso `j tdo ekrbofay sbowof jroquoicy fhstrhluth`is).Hi tklaos 6 kif ? tdo fhstrhluth`i `j tdo fhjjoroit krtojkctckton`rhos hs sueekrhzof ( t` lo fhscussof e`ro juaay hitdo sulsoquoit pkrknrkpds).
3. Vdo pr`coss `j Lkifborkehb jahit w`rbhinVdo ekiujkcturo `j jahit t``as hs k rofucthvo pr`coss tdkt
cki lo sueekrhzof hi k ja`w e`foa hi tdo j`aa`whin wky(soo jhn. H, e`fhjhof kif kfkptof jr`e C`aahis ;8>?, jhn.;). Sovoi kcthvhty sots cki lo fhsthinuhsdof (`utahiof whtdroctkinaos). Ovory kcthvhty pr`fucos hts `wi cdkrkctorhsthcpr`fuct nr`ups. Vdoso kro `utahiof whtd pkrkaaoa`nrkes.Lakibs hitoifof j`r jurtdor rofucth`i kro ahstof `i tdo aojtwksto phocos `i tdo rhndt. Hi prkcthco, d`wovor, ekiystknos hi tdo pr`coss cki lo sbhppof. Foc`r thckth`i jakbos,j`r oxkepao, woro sdkpof hit` t``as, ekiy lakfos worouthahsof whtd`ut jurtdor trheehin kif c`ros `jtoi sorvof ksdkeeorst`ios.
Vw` rktdor hep`rtkit jooflkcb a``ps oxhst hi tdhs e`foa=tdo c`rrocth`i kif romuvoikth`i `j c`ros, kif tdo rocycahin
`j w`ri hepaoeoits. Vdoso cki ohtdor lo ekhitkhiof hitdohr `rhnhika juicth`i `r e`fhjhof hit` `tdor t``as.Vrkisp`rtkth`i hs p`sshlao kjtor okcd stkno hi tdo pr`coss,o.n. tdo trkisp`rt `j i`fuaos jr`e ki oxtrkcth`i shto hit`tdo sottaoeoit, `r `j rot`ucdof t``as t` tdo pakcos wdorotdoy woro usof.
Lockuso ovory stop hi tdo pr`coss pr`fucof hts `wicdkrkctorhsthc wksto, tdo stufy `j tdo folrhs j`uif kt knhvoi shto kaa`ws us t` roc`istruct tdo ekiujkcturhin stopsporj`reof tdoro, pr`vhfof tdo roakth`i lotwooi tdo j`reorkcthvhty krok kif tdo fhsckrf krok hs bi`wi, ks woaa kswdkt dkppoiof t` tdo ektorhka kjtor fhsp`skh (Scdhjjor;8>:, Scdhjjor ;84?).
Ly stufoits `j Lkifborkehb sottaoeoits ht hs noiorkaaykssueof tdkt e`st `j tdo ektorhka j`uif hi tdo phts `j kjkrestokf wks soc`ifkry rullhsd, fhsckrfof ca`so t` tdopakcos `j `rhnhi furhin tdo theo tdo jkre wks hi uso.Kpkrt jr`e tdhs fhroct fhsckrf tdo phts w`uaf dkvo c`itkhiof hi tdo a`wor akyors s`eo kcchfoitkaay wksdof-hi sur-jkco ektorhka jr`e kaa stknos provh`us t` tdo fhnnhin kif,hi tdo t`p `j tdo jhaa, k ehxturo `j c`itoep`rkry, okrahorkif aktor prhekry kif fo jkct` rojuso, wdhcd wks fhsckrfof`i tdo surr`uifhin surjkco kif dkf sahppof f`wi furhintdo jhaahin-hi pr`coss (Scdhjjor ;8>:, Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8,Fo Nr``td hi pross k).
Vdo kikayshs `j tdo fktk jr`e Loob kif Oasa`` ekfo htp`sshlao t` nhvo j`r Futcd Lkifborehb jahit w`rbhin tdoj`aa`whin stop-ly stop foscrhpth`i `j tdo rofucth`i pr`coss.;. Kcquhshth`i `j rkw ektorhka.
Vdo iokrost s`urcos `j rkw ektorhka woro tdo nrkvoa lofs`j tdo rhvor Eouso. Vdo dokvhay-r`aaof i`fuaos j`uif tdoroworo juaa `j dhffoi crkcbs kif woro c`isoquoitay rkroayusof. E`st jahit wks kcquhrof hi tdo aheost`io krok s`utd
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3; E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
kcquhshth`i
`j rkw ektorhka
;'r kw ektor hka/ romoctof la`cbs
proc`ros
H
lakfos/
jakbos
Hrot`ucdof
t``as .
jhrst soaocth`i
3 k propkrkth`i
l c`rrocth`i/
romuvoikth`i
rofucth`i
sdkphin/rot`ucdhinY
romoctof proc`ros
folrhs
foc`rthckth`i jakbos
foc`rthckth`i jakbos k,lpropkrkth`i jakbos k,l a-
romuv oikth` i jakbos l /
romoctof jakbos
romoctof lakfos
rofucof c`ros
>-sdkphin jakbos
t``h romocts
'w` ri t`` a s / / usof t`` a s /
Y
H kcthv hty / pr`fu ct /
Jhn. ; Ja`w e`foa j`r lkifborke hb jahit ekiu jkct uro
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3< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
YYL'
^
y2
Jhn. < Loob. Fhjjor oit rofuc-th`i stknos jr`e roc`isthtutof
i`fuao ;.732 t`p. jhrst propkrk-
t h`i2 l`tt`e. jhrst romuvoikth`i,
soc`if romuvoikth`i, jhika c`ro.
;=<.
`j tdo rhvor Noua, kt k fhstkico `j ;7-;? be, h.o. lotwooitw` kif tdroo d`urs' wkabhin fhstkico jr`e tdo vhaaknos.Ks tdohr sahndtay woktdorof c`rtox sd`ws, ekiy i`fuaosworo c`aaoctof jr`e roshfuka sa`po fop`shts. @tdors,p`ssosshin k jrosdor c`rtox, eky dkvo looi lr`boi `ut `j
tdo cdkab hi s`eo j`re `j `poi-ckst ehihin (Lkboas ;8>4).I` Lkifborkehb oxtrkcth`i shtos kro bi`wi, d`wovor.Hi tdhs krok tw` typos `j jahit woro c`aaoctof= tdo woaa-bi`wi \hmcbd`at jahit jr`e tdo Nuapoi J`rekth`i kif tdoZkaboilurn jahit jr`e tdo Ekkstrhcdt J`rekth`i `vorayhintdo Nuapoi cdkabs. L`td loa`in t` tdo X`uinor Crotkco`us'Ekkstrhcdthki' kif dkvo e`ro `r aoss tdo skeo fhstrhlu-th`i (Joafor ;8>?k). \hmcbd`at jahit vkrhos hi c`a`ur
lotwooi ahndt nroy kif nroyhsd lakcb, tdo c`a`ur lohinsoaf`e uihj`re, ovoi hi tdo sekaaor phocos. ^htdhi tdorkino `j tdo nroys tdoro kro akrnor kif sekaaor la`ts kifseokrs. Hi kffhth`i, tdo nroy c`itkhis ekiy wdhto f`ts. Kstdo woktdorhin `j tdo phocos hicroksos, tdo c`a`ur loc`eos
ahndtor. Vdo kspoct `j tdo jrkcturos vkrhos jr`e se``td t`sahndtay nrkiuakr (Lkboas ;8>4). Vdo Zkaboilurn jahit hsahndt nroy t` lauhsd nroy hi c`a`ur kif c`epaotoay `pkquo,tdo nroy `jtoi c`itkhihin wdhto f`ts. Zkaboilurn jahit hsc`krsor nrkhiof tdki tdo \hmcbd`at ektorhka. Jrkcturosnoiorkaay dkvo k vory nrkiuakr a``b, td`und tdoy eky loroakthvoay se``td t` tdo t`ucd (Joafor ;8>?l). Hi e`stFutcd Lkifborehb shtos \hmcbd`at jahit wks usof kae`st
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33 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
Jhn. 3 Loob. \oc`is thtut of i`fuao ;.7 <. ;=<.
oxcaushvoay. Ks stktof kl`vo, hi Loob-borbovoaf Zkaboilurnjahit wks w`rbof oxtoishvoay, whtd tdo skeo tocdihquos tdktworo usof `i tdo \hmcbd`at ektorhka. K sekaa pr`p`rth`i `jZkaboilurn jahit wks j`uif hi Oasa`` (7.>%, cj. tklao :) kswoaa ks kt `tdor Nrkotdohfo shtos. Vdo skeo kppahos t` tdoKafoid`voior Waktto (]heeorekii ;84; kif hi pross).<.Jhrst soaocth`i.
Vdo soaocth`i `j la`cbs suhtklao j`r jurtdor rofucth`i t``bpakco kjtor tdoy dkf looi lr`undt lkcb t` tdo sottaoeoits,ks hs sd`wi ly tdo prosoico tdoro `j uiw`rbof la`cbs kifi`fuaos tdkt woro fhsckrfof kjtor `io `r tw` jakbos dkflooi strucb `jj.3.k Wropkrkth`i.
Vdo ke`uit `j propkrkth`i wksto caokray sd`ws tdktpropkrkth`i `j pro-c`ros wks cortkhiay f`io hi tdo sottaoeoits. S`eotheos k r`und crost wks propkrof `i tdoc`ro jkco t` nuhfo tdo jhrst lakfo (jhn. 6= ;.7;). Strhbhin
paktj`res woro ekfo ly roe`vka `j `io `r sovorka akrnofoc`rthckth`i jakbos. Hi `io ckso hi Loob, oaovoi propkrkth`i jakbos woro ioofof loj`ro k suhtklao strhbhin paktj`reoeornof (jhn. := <.7;). Crost propkrkth`i wks i`t kawkysiocosskry, propkrkth`i `j tdo c`ro jkco `jtoi c`ishsthin`iay `j roe`vka `j luanos kif foc`rthckth`i, whtd jakbosstrucb jr`e sovorka fhrocth`is (jhn. <). Kt tdhs stkno k akrnoke`uit `j ektorhka wks roe`vof, caokray hifhckthin tdkt
jahit wks iovor hi sd`rt suppay. Kaa propkrkth`i wks f`iohi tdo dkrf dkeeor e`fo.6. \ofucth`i.
Vdo projorrof lakibs woro lakfos, whtd k aointd `j 4 - ;<ce. Jakbos woro pr`fucof rktdor `jtoi kt tdhs stkno, d`w-ovor (aklao 6, ?) . Jahit-w`rbhin tocdihquos hepr`vof whtdtheo, ks hs whtiossof ly tdo jkct tdkt lakfos j`reof kl`ut8-;:% `j tdo kssoelakno hi tdo @afor ALB, hicrokshin t``vor <3% hi tdo X`uinost ALB pdksos (tklao ?). Kt tdhsstkno `j tdo pr`coss tdo s`jt dkeeor e`fo wks usofoxcaushvoay.
Vdo tw` Loob rullhsd phts c`itkhiof wksto `j kt aoksttwoity-jhvo fhjjoroit i`fuaos, whtd k t`tka `j shxtooi c`ros(hicaufhin dkeeorst`ios) sthaa prosoit. Vdo roc`istructofi`fuaos pr`fucof ki kvorkno `j 67 lakfos okcd, s` kehiheue `j ;777 lakfos c`uaf dkvo looi prosoit. Sovoiduifrof sovoitooi `j tdoso lakfos (c`epaoto kif pr`xheka
jrkneoits) woro fhsckrfof, wdhcd aokvos kt aokst 377lakfos, `r twoavo lakfos t` ovory i`fuao, wdhcd worotrkisp`rtof kif usof oasowdoro. Hj bikpphin sucd k i`fuaot``b ki kvorkno `j 37 ehiutos (Ckdoi ;846), tdo tw`Loob-borbovoaf phts w`uaf roprosoit ;7-<? d`urs `j w`rb.3.l \omuvoikth`i.
Vdo jakbhin kinao `j tdo c`ros wks ronuakray hepr`vof lys`jt dkeeor roe`vka `j thiy jakbos jr`e tdo strhbhin sur-
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36 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Jhn. 6 Loob. \oc`ist htutof
i`fuaos ;.7; kif ;.76. ;=<.
jkco (jhn. >= <.7?). Hj tdkt fhf i`t sujjhco, tdo wd`ho strhbhin paktj`re c`uaf lo romuvoiktof ly dkrf dkeeorroe`vka `j k c`ro tklaot.Vdo skeo c`ro jkco roekhiof hi
uso, lut tdo lakfos pr`fucof woro ;-< ce sd`rtor (jhn. <).
Vdo roe`vka `j tklaots kas` t``b ckro `j fkeknos `i tdouppor pkrt `j tdo c`ro jkco wdoi, `whin t` k wr`in strhbhin kinao `r hrronuakrhthos hi tdo jahit, dhino jrkcturhin dkf`ccurrof (jhn. := <.7?). @tdor fkekno `j tdo c`ro jkco wksc`rroctof whtd kxhka `r aktorka jakibs (Ckdoi ;846) (jhn. 3).
^htd l`td typos `j c`ro romuvoikth`i rktdor k a`t `j
ektorhka wks wksaof. Hi tdo c`urso `j oxtoishvo c`rrocth`isk soc`if strhbhin paktj`re `i ki`tdor pkrt `j tdo c`ro wkss`eotheos propkrof (jhn. 6= ;.76). @jtoi hi tdoso rofucth`i
stknos k soc`if c`ro jkco wks w`rbof ks woaa, kfmkcoit `r`pp`shto t` tdo `rhnhika `io. Ckrojua propkrkth`i `j tdofhstka pkrts `j tdo c`ros `ccurrof hi tdoso stknos ks woaa, s`ks t` hicrokso tdo `utput `j n``f c`ros. @io `j tdo rojht-tof Loob c`ros sd`wof shx sulsoquoit romuvoikth`i stknos.Vdo rofucth`i `j toi c`ros wks oifof wdoi jurtdor c`rroc-th`i w`uaf ckuso tdo c`ro jkco t` loc`eo t`` sd`rt. @io
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3? E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
²
Jhn. ? Loob. \oc`isthtutofi`fuaos ;.7? kif ;,7:. ;=<.
c`ro wks t`` tdhi t` kaa`w jurtdor rofucth`i {jhn. 6= ;.76),
kif j`ur c`ros woro w`rbof thaa tdoy pr`fucof `iay sd`rtjakbos.?. Sdkphin.E`st rot`ucdof t``as sd`w k fhroct stoop rot`ucd, `iaykrr`wdokfs s`eotheos fhspakyhin lhjkchka `r hivorso jaktsurjkco rot`ucd. \ocycahin `j w`ri t``as wks i`t k c`e-e`i prkcthco.
:._so.
Kt tdo e`eoit vory ahttao hs bi`wi kl`ut tdo wky t``asworo usof. Hi Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb rullhsd phts tdoj`aa`whin e`rpd`a`nhcka t``h typos kro j`uif= krr`wdokfs,l`rors, oif-scrkpors, shfo-scrkpors, truicktof lakfos,rot`ucdof lakfos, shcbao lakfos, spahitorof phocos, kif dke-eorst`ios. @tdor j`res, ahbo lurhis, foithcuaktos, 'qukr-thors f'`rkino' (Ckdoi, Ckspkr, @tto ;84:) kif 'phocos
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3: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Jhn. : Loob. C`im`hiofkrtojkcts jr`e fhjjoroit stknos.;=<. V`p= <.73, <.7?2 ehffho=<.7:, <.78, <.7>2 l`tt`e=<.7;, <.76
scuaptèos' (_arhx-Ca`ssot kif \`ussoaao ;84<) kro kaaoxtroeoay rkro hj i`t c`epaotoay klsoit (K juaa, td`undrktdor `vor-fotkhaof typ`-e`rpd`a`nhcka foscrhpth`i `j tdoektorhka hs nhvoi ly Iowoaa ;8>7).Kt aokst pkrt `j tdo t``as woro usof ca`so t` tdo pakco `j
ekiujkcturo. Kae`st kaa tdo t``as j`uif hi tdo tw` rul-lhsd phts hi Loob loa`inof t` i`fuaos rofucof `i tdo sp`t,ovoi td`und i`io c`uaf kctukaay lo rojhttof. E`ro`vor,tdroo `ut `j shx rojhttof c`ros dkf looi usof ks dke-eorst`ios loj`ro lohin fhsckrfof. Vdo soc`ifkry juicth`i
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3> E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
Jhn. > Loob. C`im`hiofkrtojkcts jr`e k shinao pr`fucth`i stkno. ;=<. V`p= ;.7?2 l`t-t`e= 3 .7 ;, 3.73, 3.<8
ks dkeeorst`ios `j `tdor c`ros provoitof rojhtthin, td`undtdo wksto loa`inhin t` tdoe wks prosoit. Vdo skeo d`afstruo j`r Akinwohaor 4 `i tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto,wdoro kioif-scrkpor kif k dkeeorst`io j`uif t`notdor c`uaf lorojhttof. (Hitorosthinay tdo c`ro dkf looi usof ks k dkeeorst`io loj`ro tdo jakbo tdkt sorvof ks lakib j`r tdo oif-scrkpor wks strucb `jj. Kjtor jurtdor rofucth`i tdo c`rowks `ico e`ro turiof hit` k dkeeorst`io). Hi ki`tdorckso rojhtthin wks p`sshlao lotwooi k fhstka lakfo jrkneoitkif k c`ro sulsoquoitay usof ks k dkeeorst`io kif
fhsckrfof hi tdo skeo pht. Hi tdhs ckso kl`ut < ce `j jahitworo roe`vof furhin uso (Fo Nr``td ;84; kif hi pross k).K proahehikry ehcr`-wokr kikayshs `j pkrt `j tdo Oasa``jahit kssoelakno lohin porj`reof ly K.vki Nhmi kif dorstufoits kt tdo Aohfoi Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry whaa sd`rtaypr`vhfo k lottor hishndt hi tdo t``as ' juicth`is.>. Fhsckrf/A`ss.Vdo ekiujkcturhin wksto wks fhsckrfof hi rullhsd phts
ca`so t` tdo krok wdoro jahit bikpphin t``b pakco. S`eo `jtdo t``as pr`fucof akifof hi td`so skeo phts kjtor uso. Kswks eoith`iof okrahor, ahttao cki lo skhf kl`ut t``as a`st `rfhsckrfof ks prhekry rojuso hi tdo j`reor cuaturka akyor.
6. Vdo `rhnhis `j tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb jahithifustry
Loj`ro turihin t` k fhscussh`i `j tdo s`chka c`itoxt `jekiujkcturhin s`eotdhin eust lo skhf `i tdo `rhnhis `jtdo hifustry. C`epkrhs`i `j tdo Futcd ektorhka whtd
rocoitay pulahsdof kssoelaknos jr`e `tdor ronh`is,ospochkaay hi Coitrka Our`po, o.n. Lkvkrhk (Fkvhs ;8>?, FoNr``td ;8>>), W`akif (Bkczki`wsbk kif Aocd ;8>>) kifDuinkry (Lhró hi pross) sd`ws tdkt kaa `j tdoso hifustrhoskro lkshckaay vory shehakr. Hi tdo ahndt `j tdhs jkct htloc`eos caokr tdkt tdo oxcopth`ika p`shth`i `j tdo Futcd,`r e`ro noiorkaay spokbhin, tdo \dhio-Eouso hifustry kspr`p`uifof ly Iowoaa (;8>7) eust lo roc`ishforof. H soo
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34 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
i` roks`i t` kfdoro t` Iowoha's `phih`i tdkt tdhs hifustryhs tdo rosuat `j tdo eoothin `j h`cka Akto Eos`ahtdhc nr`ups(i`w krcdko`a`nhckaay bi`wi ks tdo Fo Aohmoi-^krtoikc`epaox) kif ehnrkthin Lkifborkehb po`pao.
?. S`ch`-oc`i`ehc `rnkihskth`iVdhs rosokrcd `i tdo s`ch`-oc`i`ehc structuro `j FutcdLkifborkehb jahit w`rbhin lonki whtd tdo stufy `j tdotw` rullhsd phts hi Loob-borbovoaf. Vdo akrno ke`uit `jwksto ektorhka, c`elhiof whtd tdo sekaa iuelor `j t``as(aoss tdki ;%) w`uaf sooe t` hifhckto tdkt t``as kiflakfos c`uaf dkvo looi ekfo doro tdkt juajhaaof tdo ioofs`j tdo wd`ao sottaoeoit (Fo Nr``td ;8>:, Lkboas o.k.;8>>). K jhrst tost `j tdhs dyp`tdoshs hi Loob, d`wovor,pr`vof t` lo ionkthvo= tdo t``as kif lakfos j`uif hi tdoshto's `tdor rulhsd phts woro i`t roaktof t` tdo wksto hi tdo'rhcd' phts. @i tdo c`itrkry, e`st phts c`itkhiof propkrk-th`i kif romuvoikth`i wksto ks ovhfoico tdkt jahit dkf looibikppof hi tdohr surr`uifhins ks woaa.Ks `iay k sekaa pkrt `j tdo Loob-borbovoaf shto wks
oxckvktof, tdhs jhrst rojutkth`i wks i`t iocosskrhay c`i-caushvo. Vdo Ahäno- Wakco St.Akelort shto, wdoro `io pht,c`itkhihin s`eo ?; bn `j oxtoishvoay rojhttof folrhs, wksfoscrhlof ks ki 'ktoahor fo tkhaao' `r w`rbsd`p sorvhin tdowd`ao sottaoeoit (Ckdoi ;846), sooeof t` `jjor supp`r thinovhfoico. Doro t``, d`wovor, `iay k sekaa pkrt `j tdo shto(ki krok `j ck <? x <? e, whtd ohndt Lkifborkehb rullhsdphts) wks oxckvktof, s` tdkt ahttao hs bi`wi kl`ut tdo roak-th`isdhp lotwooi tdo fhjjoroit kcthvhty kroks whtdhi tdo shto.Hi jkct, tdhs bhif `j pr`laoe sd`uaf hfokaay lo stufhof hic`epaotoay uic`vorof, a`in-ahvof sottaoeoits, ks tdoy krotdo `iay `ios wdoro structurka pkttoris, h.o. pkttoris tdktrocur tdr`und`ut theo, cki lo fhsthinuhsdof jr`e hichfoi-
tka `ios. Sucd shtos, uij`rtuiktoay, kro i`t kvkhaklao `i tdoNrkotdohfo. Vdo oxckvktof pkrt `j Oasa``, d`wovor, sooest` lo oxtoishvo oi`und t` sorvo `ur purp`so. Hi tdhs soc-th`i, tdoroj`ro, ki kikayshs hi s`ch`-oc`i`ehc tores `j tdojahit jr`e Oasa`` whaa lo nhvoi.
Vdo s`ch`-oc`i`ehc systoe `j k s`choty cki lo fojhiof lytdo fhjjoroit e`fos j pr`fucth`i bi`wi t` ht. J`r c`eeuihty s`chothos (Jrhof ;8>?), h.o. s`chothos whtd k io`ahtdhcaovoa `j tocdi`a`nhcka fovoa`peoit. Zki fo Zoafo dks foscrhlof j`ur roaovkit e`fos `j pr`fucth`i. Vdoy kro i`teutukaay oxcaushvo kif kaa j`ur kro td`undt t` dkvo oxhstofhi Lkifborkehb vhaaknos hi noiorka kif hi Oasa`` hi pkr-
thcuakr (Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8). Ahbo `tdor oc`i`ehokcthvhthos, tdo ekiujkcturo `j jahit t``as c`uaf dkvo looi`rnkihsof kcc`rfhin t` kaa j`ur e`fos `j pr`fucth`i. Okcd`io w`uaf rosuat hi k fhjjoroit spkthka fhstrhluth`i `j jahitwksto kif t``as hi tdo sottaoeoit kif tdus c`uaf loroc`nihsof hi tdo krcdko`a`nhcka roc`rf, hj tdo trkisj`rek-th`is hi tdo krcdko`a`nhcka roc`rf (Scdhjjor ;8>:) krokcc`uitof j`r.
;. Hi tdo f`eosthc e`fo `j pr`fuct h`i tdo jkehay, ahvhinhi k shinao d`usod`af, hs tdo uiht `j pr`fucth`i kif c`i-suepth`i. Fhvhsh`i `j akl`ur hs lksof `i kno kif soxka`io. Hj tdo f`eosthc e`fo `j pr`fucth`i provkhaof hi ksottaoeoit, ovory d`usod`af (td`und i`t iocosskrhay ovoryd`usod`af eoelor) ekfo hts `wi jahit t``as, kcc`rfhin t`hts ioofs. Vdhs w`uaf dkvo rosuatof hi ki ovoi fhstrhluth`i`j jahit wksto kif t``as `vor tdo t`tka sottaoeoit krok,td`und whtdhi ovory shinao jkrestokf rullhsd eky dkvolooi c`icoitrktof hi spochjhc kcthvhty kroks (cj. tdo pkttori`utahiof j`r tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto sottaoeoits hi Añihin;84<).
<. Hi tdo ahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucth`i tdo uiht `j pr`fucth`i kif c`isuepth`i hs j`reof ly k nr`up `j roaktofjkehahos loa`inhin t` tdo skeo ahiokno `r 'caki'. I`t ovorypors`i whtdhi k nhvoi kno `r sox nr`up dks tdo skeo rhndtskif `lahnkth`is. Hj jahit w`rbhin woro ekhiay `rnkihsof hitdhs wky, `io w`uaf oxpoct t` jhif j`r ovory sottaoeoitpdkso systoekthc fhjjoroicos hi tdo ke`uit `j jahit wkstopor jkrestokf whtdhi tdo d`usod`af caustors.
3. Vdo a``so e`fo `j pr`fucth`i hs cdkrkctorhsof ly tdooxhstoico `j 'kf d`c' spochkahsts, juicth`ihin lockuso `jkcchfoitka, i`i-dorofhtkry sbhaas. Vdo prosoico `j tdhs bhif`j spochkahsof jahit bikppor hi k c`eeuihty w`uaf rosuat hik vory dhnd c`icoitrkth`i `j jahit wksto loa`inhin t` kshinao jkrestokf hi ovory dklhtkth`i pdkso.
6. Jhikaay, tdo suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucth`i wks prkc-thsof wdoi s`eo ioofs c`uaf i`t lo eot a`ckaay kif `iodkf t` turi t` roakthvos hi `tdor sottaoeoits, iokrly `r fhs-tkit, j`r doap. Hi tdkt ckso, i` pr`fucth`i wksto w`uaf`ccur hi tdo rullhsd phts, lut `iay jhihsdof t``as kifsuhtklao lakibs.
Vdoro hs kepao ovhfoico j`r tdo f`eosthc e`fo `j pr`fucth`i hi Oasa``. @vor >377 jahit krtojkcts dkvo looi j`uifhi tdo rullhsd phts ksshniof t` fktklao d`usos, 4:% `jwdhcd wks folrhs kif ;6% t``as. Hi ovory sottaoeoitpdkso, tdo phts `j e`st d`usos c`itkhiof jahit wksto jr`ekaa pr`fucth`i stknos. Ovoi wdoi ahttao jahit hs prosoit hi kd`uso's rojuso phts wo jhif propkrkth`i kif romuvoikth`iphocos kif c`ros, tdo e`st cdkrkctorhsthc ekiujkcturhinwksto. Hi tdhs rospoct tdoro oxhst i` `lvh`us fhjjoroicoslotwooi sottaoeoit pdksos (tklao ?).
Vdo fhjjoroit e`fos `j pr`fucth`i kro i`t eutukaayoxcaushvo. S`, tdo trkcos aojt hi tdo krcdko`a`nhcka roc`rfly tdo ahiokno kif tdo a``so e`fos `j pr`fucth`i c`uaf lo
c`vorof kif pkrtay `lscurof ly rojuso pr`fucof hi tdof`eosthc e`fo . Vdo rosuat w`uaf lo k euathvkrhkto pkttor-ihin wdhcd ckii`t lo rokfhay fhsthinuhsdof ly vhsukahispocth`i `r shepao stkthsthcka khfs. Wrhichpka C`ep`ioitsKikayshs (WCK) wks cd`soi ks k suhtklao tocdihquo t` hfoi-thjy sucd p`sshlao uiforayhin pkttoris `j c`-vkrhkth`i hi tdofktk-sot, ks WCK 'rokrrkinos tdo fktk t` k sekaaor sot `jJkct`rs `r C`ep`ioits tdkt eky lo tkboi ks s`urco
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38 E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\@KIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
vkrhklaos kcc`uithin j`r tdo `lsorvof hitorroakth`is hi tdofk tk ' (F`rki & D`fs`i ;8>?2 soo Dkreki ;8:> j`r ktocdihcka foscrhpth`i).Vdo WCK wks porj`reof `i tdo HLE ekhijrkeo kt tdoAohfoi _ihvorshty C\H whtd tdo W\HIC@EW kif JKCV@\ pr`cofuros kvkhaklao hi SKS.Lockuso wo kro hitorostof doro hi tdo vkrhklhahty lotwooid`usos kif lockuso i` hifhckth`i `j fhjjoroithkth`i hi tdohitoishty `j jahit bikpphin whtdhi tdo jkre-ykrfs c`uaf loj`uif, tdo c`itoits `j kaa rullhsd phts kss`chktof whtd kdut woro auepof t`notdor t` pr`vhfo lottor skepaos. K jro-quoicy fhknrke `j tdo iuelor `j jahit krtojkcts por phtsd`ws k W`hss`i-Hhbo fhstrhluth`i j`r phts whtd jowor tdki :phocos, sucd ks w`uaf lo tdo rosuat jr`e kcchfoitka wkstokccueuakth`i. V` ehihehzo tdo hijauoico `j sucd 'i`hso',`iay phts whtd kt aokst ? jahit krtojkcts woro hicaufof. Vdus,sovoity-`io d`usos c`uaf lo usof ks tdo cksos hi tdokikayshs.
Spochkahskth`i hi jahit w`rbhin ks `utahiof kl`vo w`uaf lovhshlao ohtdor hi k lhp`akr Wrhichpka C`ep`ioit (WC), whtd
propkrkth`i/romuvoikth`i wksto kif t``as/lakfos sd`whin`pp`shto dhnd h`kfhins2 `r hi spochjhc WC's j`r tdo wkstoektorhka `i `io dkif kif lakfos kif t``as `i tdo `tdor2`r hi k c`elhikth`i `j l`td pkttoris. Hj sucd WC's (hitor-protklao hi tores `j pr`fucth`i vs c`isuepth`i `j jahitt``as) c`uaf lo hfoithjhof, tdoi hi k sulsoquoit stop, tdo
cksos tdkt sd`w ekiy `j tdo cdkrkctorhsthcs c`ep`uifofly tdoso WC's c`uaf lo j`uif tdr`und c`eputhin tdohr s`-ckaaof 'jkct`r-sc`ros'. Vdo jhika stop hs t` try kif hitorprottdo rosuats hi tores `j dklhtkth`i pdksos kif d`uso-nr`upskif soo d`w tdoy jht hi whtd tdo dyp`tdosos.Hihthkaay tdo WCK wks porj`reof whtd kaa vkrhklaos. VdoSKS fojkuat ehiohnoi crhtorh`i soaoctof 4 WC's, whtd óóY/``j tdo vkrhkth`i kcc`uitof j`r. Vdo scroo pa`t hifhcktof kekm`r muep lotwooi tdo 6td kif ?td WC (6< % `j tdovkrhkth`i). Ht wks fochfof t` rotkhi tdo jhrst 6 WC's, ks tdorost dkf `iay shinao vkrhklaos a`kfhin `i tdoe. Vdkt nkvotdo j`aa`whin sueekry `j tdo jkct`r pkttori=
WC ; WC < WC 3 WC 6
c`ros -7.7? -7.<6 7.34 -7.7;dkeeorst`ios 7.>< 7.?< -7.7: 7.;:dkeeorst. jrkneoits 7.<; 7.;: -7.36 7.<<la`cbs -7.3? 7.;? -7.6< -7.78krr`wdokfs -7.7> -7.76 7.6< 7.7>l`rors -7.<< 7.3: 7.;8 -7.?4
oif-scrkpors -7.?3 7.;4 7.<; 7.<<shcbao lakfos -7.<? -7.78 7.7? 7.6>oif-rot`ucdof lakfos -7.<4 7.6> 7.;? -7.?3shfo-rot`ucdof lakfos 7.?: 7.:3 7.73 7.7>spahitorof phocos -7.<3 7.<< -7.3< 7.78lurhis -7.;; 7.74 7.<6 7.74
H HH H H H
H H HHH
' a ' a "
;; 'ha'
' a'a,
H HH
H H
H h=
H H H
H HH ;;; H
HH
" j ' ,HH H H HH HH
H HH H
H HHH
HHH
H HH H
i-o F`s-w c
HH H HHH H H
H H HHHH H
;; HHH H
HHH aha!
a " a "
' a ' a h .
H HH
H H
H H
-3 -< -;
i-o =s-wh
jkct`r sc`ros `i WC ; jkct`r sc`ros `i WC < jkct` r sc`ros `i WC 3
Jhn. 4 Oasa``. Fhstrh luth` i `j jkct `r sc`ros `i tdo jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka C`e p`io its , por d`uso nr`up kif ehcr`pdkso. Soaoctof sot
`j vkrhklaos2 d`uso nr`ups kif ehcr`pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8 kif hi pross.
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67 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
w H
S `
s A
e
rrjr
e k
• fd
H D H e iM
m H H ; H ; H m,
S `A
jkct`r sc`ros `i WC ;
F F F
e
e
fa
F F
a
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F
L i
i i
Y ` H
;
e i i
; F
i R DhE
'A e V i
lk
Aha
[
VVVH
'A F F •
"A r e i
6 F i [mm F
jkct`r sc`ros `i WC < jkct`r sc`ros `i WC
Jhn. 8 Oasa``. Fhstr hluth` i `j jkct `r sc`ros `i tdo jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka C`ep `io its, por iihcr` hidkl htkth `i pdkso. Soaoctof sot `j
vkrhklaos2 ehcr` pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ;8>8 kif hi pross.
rot`ucdof jakbos 7.67 7.7< -7.7: 7.7:shfo-scrkpors -7.;< 7.73 -7.7> 7.68
dokvy hepaoeoits 7.78 -7.<< 7.;6 -7.;;
propkrkth`i phocos 7.<8 -7.?? 7.:? -7.7<
romuvoikth`i phocos 7.?> 7.<: 7.;? -7.;8
jakbos 7.7< -7.?> -7.:7 -7.3:
lakfos -7.?6 7.:< 7.<< 7.;6
Vdo jhrst tdroo W C's kaa sooe t` hifhckto tdo oxpoctof fhj-joroithkth`i lotwooi krtojkct cakssos c`iioctof whtd t``hpr`fucth`i (romuvoikth`i phocos, propkrkth`i phocos kifp`sshlay dkeeorst`ios) kif t``h uso ( shfo-rot`ucdoflakfos, oif-scrkpors, p`sshlay dkeeorst`ios kif lakfos).Ks s`eo vkrhklaos a`kf `i e`ro tdki `io c`ep`ioit kZK\HEKT r`tkth`i wks porj`reof, nhvhin tdo j`aa`whinks tdo dhndost a`kfhins=
\@VKVOF JKCV@\ ;= shfo-rot`ucdof lakfos 7.8dkeeorst`ios 7.4
\@VKVOF JKCV@\ <= lakfos 7.4jakbos -7.:
\@VKVOF JKCV@\ 6= propkrk th`i phocos 7.4(Vdo shinao vkrhklao a`kfhin `i jkct`r 3 wks rot`ucdofjakbos2 ks tdoy kro vory lkfay roprosoitof hi tdo fktk sot,tdhs jkct`r hs aojt `ut `j c`ishforkth`i).
Vdo hitorprotkth`i `j tdo soc`if r`tktof jkct`r hs pordkpstdo okshost. Ht sooes t` rojaoct tdo tocdi`a`nhcka cdkinoaokfhin t` ki hicrokso hi tdo pr`p`rth`i `j lakfosekiujkcturof hi tdo X`uinor ALB.Vdo jhrst r`tktof jkct`r dks t` f` whtd fhjjoroicos hi tdofhstrhluth`i `j t``as. Shfo-rot`ucdof lakfos kif dkeeorst`ios kcc`uit j`r kae`st kaa vkrhklhahty2 oif-scrkporsf` i`t a`kf `i kiy `j tdo jhrst r`tktof jkct`rs. Vdo j`urtd
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6; E. O. V D. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
H H kaa d`usos
H H pdksos ; - <
Y D pdksos 3k -3 l
D pdksos 6 - ?
«-<.7-''Y,7 -·3Y,` ·D`jkct`r sc`ros `i WC ;
;?
;7
jcrYhihh CAS-<,7 ;.7 / 8<,7 * <,;
jkct`r sc`ros `i WC <
Jhn. ; 7 Oasa``. Fhst rhlut h`i `j jkct` r sc`ros `i tdo jhrst tw ` Wrhichpka C`ep `io its , por corkehc pdkso. Soaoctof sot `j vkrhklaos2
corkehc pdksos kcc`rfhin t` Zki fo Zoafo ; 8>8 .
r`tktof jkct`r, whtd propkrkth`i phocos ks tdo `ihy h`kfhinvkrhklho, sooes t` roprosoit tdo s`undt-j`r fhjjoroicos hitdo `ccurroico `j ekiujkcturhin wksto lotwooi d`usos.
V` not k caokror phcturo `j tdo vkrhkth`i hi pr`fucth`i, kiow WCK wks rui whtd k Dehtof sot `j vkrhklaos, c`itkhi-hin td`so krtojkct cakssos tdkt a`kfof dhnd hi tdo `rhnhikakikayshs kif woro woaa-roprosoitof hi tdo fktk sot. @jtdoso, propkrkth`i kif romuvoikth`i phocos j`re typhckapr`fucth`i wksto. Dkeeorst`ios, oif-scrkpors, lakfoskif, t` k aossor oxtoit, jakbos kro krtojkct ckton`rhos tdktc`uaf lo trkisp`rtof kwky jr`e pr`fucth`i shtos t` louthahsof oasowdoro.
Vdhs soc`if kikayshs rosuatof hi tdo j`aa`whin jkct`rpkttori=
WC ; WC < WC 3 WC 6 WC ? WC :
dkeeorst`iosoif-scrkporspropkrkth`i phocosromuvoikth`i phocosjakboslakfos
-7.;4 7.>>7.:4 -7.;7
-7.6: 7.;7-7.34 7.:3-7.68 -7.>77.4: 7.;>
-7.6< -7.;47.;: 7.:<7.4: -7.;;-7.74 7.?6-7.66 7.;<-7.7? -7.<4
7.38 7.;<7.3< 7.747.7: 7.;>
-7.73 7.<;-7.73 7.<;-7.33 7.;8
Vdo SKS fojkuat ehiohnoi crhtorh`i rotkhiof 3 WC's,kcc`uithin j`r >:% `j tdo vkrhkth`i (WC ; 3;%, WC <<:%, WC 3 ;8% rospocthvoay).
Vdoso jhrst tdroo Wrhichpka C`ep`ioits knkhi sooe t` loc`iioctof whtd spochkahskth`i. @i tdo jhrst WC wo jhif dhndp`shthvo a`kfhins j`r vkrhklaos c`iioctof whtd t``h uso(lakfos kif oif-scrkpors) kif e`forkto ionkthvo a`kfhinsj`r tdo ckton`rhos c`iioctof whtd pr`fucth`i (propkrkth`iphocos, romuvoikth`i phocos). Jakbos kro ahibof whtd tdoekiujkcturhin wksto. Vdus, tdhs WC hifhcktos ki hivorsoroakth`isdhp lotwooi 'pr`fucth`i' kif 'c`isuepth`i' `jt``as.
@i tdo soc`if WC dkeeorst`ios kif romuvoikth`i phocossd`w `pp`shto a`kfhins t` jakbos. ^doro romuvoikth`i `jc`ros pakyof ki hep`rtkit r`ao, jowor jakbos (romoct lakfos)
`ccurrof. Hi td`so cksos, e`ro`vor, oxdkustof c`ros woroe`ro `jtoi ro-usof ks dkeeorst`ios, hifhckthin nroktoroc`i`ey, `r ovoi pkrshe`iy hi tdo uso `j rkw ektorhka.Vdo tdhrf WC sd`ws k dhnd p`shthvo H`kfhin j`r propkrkth`i phocos kif tdus, ahbo tdo jhrst WC, dks s`eotdhin t`f` whtd t``h pr`fucth`i.
Ks k ioxt stop tdo jkct`r sc`ros woro c`eputof, nhvhin tdovkauos `j tdo d`usos `i tdo WC's (Vdhs pr`cofuro dks ks k
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6< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
frkw-lkcb tdkt, hi tdo ckso `j ehsshin vkauos, tdo eokij`r tdkt vkrhklho hs usukaay oitorof hi tdo c`eputkth`i,tdoroly hitr`fuchin oxtrk i`hso. Ks hi tdhs WCK tdovkrhklaos `ccur rktdor jroquoitay, H f`i't tdhib ht k rokapr`laoe doro).
Vdo vkrhkth`i hi jkct`r sc`ros j`r kaa `j tdo tdroo WC's wksuiroaktof t` tdo fhjjoroit d`uso typos.^htdhi sovorka d`uso nr`ups kif ehcr`pdksos k c`i-shforklao fhjjoroithkth`i hi jkct`r sc`ros j`r WC ; kif WC< cki lo sooi. Vdoro hs, d`wovor, i` rocurrhin ksyeeotrhofhcd`t`ey ohtdor whtdhi tdo shinao wkrfs, ks wks oxpoctofuifor tdo ahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucth`i (jhn. 4= k,l), `rwhtdhi tdo ehcr`pdksos, hi kcc`rfkico whtd tdo a``so e`fo`j pr`fucth`i {Mhn. 8= k,l). \ktdor uioxpoctofay, tdo `iaywky t` ekbo soiso `j tdo jhrst tw` WC's wks t` hitorprottdoe hi cdr`i`a`nhcka kif tocdi`a`nhcka tores (jhn. ;7). Kstheo woit `i, jowor propkrkth`i phocos woro ioofof t`propkro c`ros tdkt yhoafof k dhndor pr`p`rth`i `j lakfos.Ahibof t` tdhs wks ki hicrokshin ioof j`r oif-scrkpors (WC;). @i tdo `tdor dkif, tdo X`uinor ALB pdksos skw k
roakthvo hicrokso hi pkrshe`iy hi tdo uso `j rkw ektorhka,ks romuvoikth`i kif tdo hitoishvo soc`ifkry uso `joxdkustof c`ros ks dkeeorst`ios lockeo e`ro hep`rtkit(WC <).
WC 3, d`wovor, rokaay sooes t` rojaoct spochkahskt h`i.^htdhi tdo wkrfs i` rocurrhin pkttori (p`hithin t` kahiokno e`fo `j pr`fucth`i) hs j`uif (jhn. 4= c), lut hiihio `ut `j toi ehcr`pdksos tdo jkct`r sc`ros sd`w kiksyeeotrho fhstrhluth`i, `io `r tw` d`usos kt tdo e`stdkvhin ekrbofay dhnd vkauos (jhn. 8= c). Vdhs pkttori hsc`ishstoit whtd tdo a``so e`fo `j pr`fucth`i. Oephrhckaaytdo d`usos `j tdoso 'kf d`c' spochkahsts cki lo foscrhlof ksdkvhin jkct`r sc`ros `j `vor ;.7. E`ro`vor, ihio `ut `jtwoavo cksos kas` sc`ro dhnd `i WC < (jhvo `j tdoe kroovoi hi tdo uppor qukrthao `j tdo fhstrhluth`i). Vdus, tdoycki lo hitorprotof ks d`usod`afs, wdoro k a`t `j jahit wksw`rbof hi ki ojjhchâit wky. Wkrt `j tdo lakibs kif t``asekiujkcturof doro woro trkisp`rtof kwky, t` lo usof kiffhsckrfof ly tdo `tdor d`usod`afs `j tdo sottaoeoit. Vdhsa``so e`fo `j pr`fucth`i wks, d`wovor, `j ehi`r hep`r-tkico c`epkrof t` tdo f`eosthc `io, ks tdo ke`uits `jt``as kif wksto por d`usod`af kro dhnday c`rroaktof (FoNr``td hi pross l).
Vdo caokrost hifhckth`i `j tdo oxhstoico `j k suprka`cka
e`fo `j pr`fucth`i hi tdo Futcd Lkifborkehb hs pr`vhfof
ly tdo kfzos, wdhcd woro `ltkhiof ks jhihsdof t``as jr`eNorekiy ks woaa ks Loanhue (Lkboas ;8>4, ;84>). Vdoprosoico hi tdo aktor pdksos `j tdo X`uinor ALB `j vorya`w iuelors `j jhihsdof t``as kif lakibs ekfo jr`e i`i-a`cka jahits, ikeoay tdo \uaaoi kif s`-ckaaof 'ahndt-nroyLoanhki' ektorhka (Aúdr o.k ;8>>), eky p`hit t` tdhs e`fo`j pr`fucth`i ks woaa (cj tklao :). E`st `j tdo Zkaboilurnjahit j`uif hi Oasa`` loa`ins t` tdo skeo pdksos. _p t`
tdo ?td ehcr`pdkso tdoso hijroquoitay-usof, 'ox`thc ' jahittypos `ccur hi porcoitknos `j <"% kt e`st, hicrokshin t`?.3% hi pdkso ?, 4.>% hi pdkso :, tdoi focrokshin t`3.;% kif 3.>% kif oifhin kt 4.4% hi ehcr`pdkso 8.Vw` `lsorvkth`is ehndt lo `j hitorost doro= e`st Zkaboilurn jahit `ccurrof hi phts c`itoep`rkio`us t` tdo Loob-borbovoaf sottaoeoit kif tdo dhndost ke`uit `j 'ox`thc'jahit hs t` lo j`uif hi td`so ehcr`pdksos wdoro d`usoswhtd dhnd sc`ros `i WC <, (tdo 'pkrshe`iy' c`ep`ioit)provkha. Ht tdoroj`ro sooes ahboay tdkt furhin tdo X`uinostALB pdksos tdo pr`curoeoit `j jahit rkw ektorhka hiOasa`` lockeo s`eowdkt strkhiof. (K shehakr c`icaush`iwks rokcdof ly ]heeorekii (;84; kif hi pross) j`r tdoKafoid`voior Waktto).
@i tdo `tdor dkif, ht hs vory ahboay tdkt Oasa`` ks k wd`ao,ahbo tdo `tdor Nrkotdohfo sottaoeoits, pr`fucof k surpaus`j lakibs kif t``as j`r tdo loiojht `j bhi nr`ups hironh`is wdoro jahit wks hi sd`rt suppay. Vdo prop`iforkic`j lakfos kif t``as hi tdoso ronh`is' rullhsd phts w`uaftosthjy t` tdo suprka`cka e`fo `j pr`fucth`i (Nklrhoa ;8>6
Aúdr o.k. ;8>>).
Vklao :
pdkso tr wr td wd HZ wv t` ^@
; ; 7 < 6 7 ;7 7 7 ;< 7 ; ; ;; 7 6 7 7 ;3k 7 7 7 ; 7 ; 7 7 3l > 6 <7 <> 7 : 7 7 :6 < 3 ? ;; < ;: ; ? 6? ; : 8 ;4 3 : ; 6 6
t`tka HH ;6 3> >< 63 ;8
Vklao : Oasa `, fhstrhluth`i `j "o x` th c" ja hit typos.
t= t``as2 w= wksto2 r= \uaaoi jahit2 d= ahndt nroy Loanhki jahit2v= Zkaboilurn jahit2 `= `tdor jahit typos
Kcbi`waofnoeoitsH sd`uaf ahbo t` tdkib tdo j`aa`whin po`pao j`r tdohr doaphi propkrhin tdhs krthcao= tdo eoelors `j tdo DooebuifoZoroihnhin Loob j`r ekbhin tdo Loob ektorhka kvkhaklaoj`r oxtoishvo stufy ly nhvhin ht `i a`ki t` tdo L`i-iojkitoieusoue Ekkstrhcdt2 tdo stkjj `j tdo \hmbseusouevki @ufdofoi Aohfoi j`r oiklahin eo t` stufy tdo Oasa``jahits2 N. Dubboad`voi (L`iiojkitoieusoue) j`r ekbhintdo pd`t`nrkpds2 \. A`uslorn (L`iiojkitoieusoue) kifH.S. St`opbor (HWA) j`r frkwhin tdo jhnuros2 D.Bkeorekis
kif E. ^kisaooloi (HWA) j`r porj`rehin tdo WrhichpkaC`ep`ioits Kikayshs kif doaphin whtd hts hitorprotkth`i2M.Aocd (^krskw), A.W.A`uwo B``hmekis kif W.vki foZoafo (Aohfoi) kif K.]heeorekii (Jrkibjurt) j`r tdohrstheuakthin fhscussh`is kif doapjua c`eeoits2 kif F.^oll (Ekkstrhcdt) j`r hepr`vhin tdo Oinahsd toxt. @jc`urso tdoy ckii`t lo doaf rosp`ishlao j`r kiy rullhsd sthaaaojt.
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66 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
paktj`re j`reof whtd ; lhn jakbo (rojh ttof).
Wr`fucth`i=
Kt jhrst jakbos kif sd`rt lakfos whtd c`rtox `itdo f`rska jkco (: rojhttof, kt aokst > ehsshin),tdoi ck. 3 akyors `j lakfos, ekxheue aointd ;7ce, tdo c`ro jkco oxtoifhin `vor 3/6 `j tdoc`ro's surjkco.
\omuvoikth`i=
_isuccosjua kttoept t` c`rroct strhbhin kinaowhtd doap `j cdhps strucb `jj jr`e tdo paktj`re, j`ah`wof ly roe`vka `j tw` tklaots (;rojhttof) kif c`rrocth`i `j tdo c`ro jkco (<propkrkt h`i jakbos rojhttof). Jhikaay ; lhn tklaot(rojhttof) sorvof t` j`re k iow strhbhinpaktj`re.
Wr`fucth`i=3 akyors `j lakfos, :-> ce a`in. ; pr`xheka
lakfo jrkneoit c`uaf lo rojhttof. K soc`if c`rojkco `i tdo lkcb `j tdo i`fuao nkvo `iay <
jakbos.
\omuvoikth`i=Hi tdhs tdhrf pr`fucth`i stkno tdo c`ro's l`tt`ewks c`rroctof.
Wr`fucth`i=
@i tdo skeo c`ro jkco. < jakbos (rojhttof) tor-ehiktof hi dhino jrkcturos dkajwky f`wi tdoc`ro jkco. I` succosjua lakfo pr`fucth`i wksp`sshlao.
\omuvoikth`i/Wropkrkth`i=Vdo c`ro wks turiof upshfo f`wi, < propkrk
th`i jakbos j`reof k iow strhbhin paktj`re(rojhttof).
Wr`fucth`i=Wkrtay `i tdo `af c`ro jkco, lut jr`e k fhj
joroit fhrocth`i. Ekhi pr`fucth`i `i iow c`rojkco kt tdo j`reor lkcb shfo `j tdo c`ro. 3/6td`j tdo c`ro's surjkco usof j`r lakfo pr`fucth`i
\omuvoikth`i=
C`rrocth`i `j strhbhin kinao ly roe`vhin cdhpsjr`e tdo strhbhin paktj`re.
Wr`fucth`i=C`ithiuof `i tdo skeo c`ro jkco, ck ? akyors `lakfos, ;7 ce a`in.
\omuvoikth`i=\oe`vka `j tklaot (rojhttof).
Jhika c`ro=> x : x : ce.Vdo c`ro eky dkvo pr`fucof 3?-67 lakfos.
;.76 @iay tdo aointd `j tdo `rhnhika i`fuao hs
bi`wi= ;: ce.Shzo `j roc`isthtutof c`ro= ;? x ;7 x 4 ce,wohndt >77 n.8 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. 6).
C`ro hi pht 4, folhtkno hi pht >.
Wropkrkth`i=Vdo jhrst strhbhin paktj`re wks croktof lyroe`vka `j H foc`rthckth`i jakbo (rojhttof). I`spochka propkrkth`i `j tdo c`ro jkco t``b pakco.
Wr`fucth`i=
3 lakfos, ; jakbo, kaa pkrtay c`vorof whtd c`rtox.
\omuvoikth`i=Kjtor kttoepts kt hepr`vhin tdo strhbhin kinaowhtd cdhps strucb `jj tdo strhbhin paktj`re,roe`vka `j lhn tklaot (rojhttof).
Wr`fucth`i=Ks loj`ro.
\omuvoikth`i=
Vrheehin `j tdo c`ro's l`tt`e whtd sekaa
jakbos (; rojhttof).
Wr`fucth`i=
Ks loj`ro. Knkhi 3-? akyors `j lakfos, aointd c4,? ce. Wr`fucth`i st`ppof kjtor s`eo dhinojrkcturos `ccurrof wdoi tdo c`ro wks t` tdhij`r jurtdor c`rrocth`i.
Jhika c`ro=4,? T 6 T 3,? ce.Vdhs c`ro eky dkvo pr`fucof :7 - 47 lakfos.
;.7? Shzo `j `rhnhika i`fuao uibi`wi.Shzo `j roc`isthtutof c`ro= ;8 x ;: x ;: ce,wohndt ;7?7 + ??7 n.;6-;-33 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. ?).
`io lakfo hi pht 4, tdo rost `j tdo folhtkno kiftdo c`ro hi pht >.
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6? E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
Wropkrkth`i= <.; vory lhn (;< x ;6 x 6 ce) propkrkt h`i jakbo <.7;
kif s`eo sekaaor `ios (< rojhttof) wororoe`vof t` j`re tdo jhrst strhbhin paktj`re.
<.7<Wr`fucth`i=Sooes t` dkvo stkrtof whtd`ut spochka propkrk- <.73th`i `j tdo c`ro jkco. < c`im`hiof foc`rthckth`ijakbos jr`e tdo jhrst akyor, < lakfos jr`e tdoehffao kif < lakfos jr`e tdo oif `j tdo sorhos <.76
c`uaf lo rojhttof whtd tdohr strhbhin paktj`res <.7?uifor tdo jhrst propkrkth`i jakbo.
\omuvoikth`i= <.7:^ks iocosskry lockuso tdo c`ro dkf loc`eo t``curvof. Jhrst < romuvoikth`i jakbos strucb jr`e <.7>tdo l`tt`e `j tdo c`ro kif tdoi ki kxhka c`ro <.74jakib sorvof t` hepr`vo tdo c`ro jkco. Sekaa- <.78sckao c`rrocth`i `j tdo strhbhin paktj`re por-
j`reof ks woaa. <.;7
C`im`hiof krtojkcts jr`e fhjjoroit stknosK sorhos `j > foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`ijakbos jr`e tdo propkrkth`i `j `io strhbhinpaktj`re kif ; tklaot (jhn. :)
K sorhos `j 4 foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`ijakbos kif < pr`fucth`i jakbos3 propkrkt h`i jakbos, < lakfos, ; c`ro jakib kif< lakfos jr`e tdo ioxt pr`fucth`i stkno (jr`etdo skeo i`fuao ks <.7<) {jhn. :)
K propkrkth`i jakbo kif k tklaot (jhn. :)
< pr`xheka lakfo jrkneoits kif tdo romuvoikth`i tklaot usof t` roe`vo tdo r`und sp`t wdhcdckusof tdo lakfos t` jrkcturo (jhn. :)
< propkrkth`i jakbos kif < romuvoikth`i tklaots(jhn- :)
K crostof lakfo `i k c`ro (jhn. :)
< propkrkth`i jakbos kif 3 tklaots< jakbos kif < crostof lakfo jrkneoits `i ktklaot (jhn. :)
< jakbos strucb jr`e fhjjoroit strhbhin paktj`res
Wr`fucth`i= 3.Lakfo pr`fucth`i c`ithiuof (; rojhttof).Vdo rost `j tdo soquoico hs uibi`wi. 3.7;Vdo j`aa`whin sorhos `j c`im`hiof krtojkcts 3.7<loa`in t` tdhs i`fuao= 3.73< pkhrs `j foc`rt hckth`i jakbos 3.76; pkhr kif k sorhos `j 3 propkrkt h`i jakbos 3.7?-7:< propkrkth`i jakbos kif k c`ro jakib3 jakbos, < `j wdhcd whtd propkrkt h`i crost 3.7>-74; lakfo kif ; pr`fucth`i jakbo 3.78-;;3 pr`fucth`i jakbos (jhn. >)
< sorhos `j 6 lakfos kif pr`fucth`i jakbos (jhn. 3.;<-;?>) 3.;:-<<< lakfos 3.<3Vdo c`ro pr`lklay loa`inhin t` tdhs i`fuao hs 3.<6c`epaotoay oxdkustof, hi hts jhika stknos ht `iay 3.<?-<>pr`fucof jakbos. Shzo= :.? x ? x 3 ce. 3.<4Ke`uit `j lakfos uibi`wi. 3.<8
C`im`hiof krtojkcts jr`e k shinao pr`fucth`istkno
4 foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`i jakbos (jhn. >): foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`i jakbos? propkrkth`i jakbos (jhn. >)
6 foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`i jakbos
< sorhos `j 3 foc`rthckth`i kif propkrkth`ijakbos
< sorhos `j 3 propkrkt h`i jakbos3 pkhrs `j ; foc`rthckth`i kif ; propkrkt h`ijakbo
6 pkhrs `j < foc`rt hckth`i jakbos
> pkhrs `j < propkrkt h`i jakbos< tklaots3 pr`fucth`i jakbos3 pkhrs `j < pr`fucth`i jakbos3 pr`xheka lakfo jrkneoits< lakfos (jhn. >)
;.7: Shzo `j `rhnhika i`fuao= ;> x 8 x 8 ce. 6.Shzo `j roc`ist htutof c`ro= ;> x 8 x 8 ce, ;;77 6.7;n. 6.7<4 krtojkcts rojhttof (jhn. ?).
; `j tdo foc`rt hckth`i jakbos hi pht >, tdo rost `j 6.73
tdo folhtkno kif tdo c`ro hi pht 4. 6.76Vdhs i`fuao dks looi roc`isthtutof kae`st c`e- 6.7?paotoay. ats seka! whftd ekfo ht rktdor 6.7:
uisuhtklao ks k c`ro. Vdo soc`if propkrk th`i 6.7>-74jakbo wks eucd t`` akrno, ht roe`vof kl`ut ;/3`j tdo i`fuao. Kttoepts t` propkro k strhbhinpaktj`re `i tdo `tdor shfo woro hi vkhi ks woaa.Jr`e tdhs i`fuao i` suhtklao lakibs forhvof.
C`im`hiof Zkaboilurn krtojkctsK propkrkth`i jakbo kif k c`ro jakib< propkrkth`i jakbos jr`e fhjjoroit strhbhin
paktj`resK foc`rthckth`i kif k propkrkth`i jakbo
< foc`rthckth`i jakbos< akrno propkrkth`i jakbos< c`ro jakibs< pkhrs `j romuvoikth`i tklaots
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krr`wdokfs
l`rors
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68 E. O . VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
rojoroicos
Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 J`ur Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif Hdohr oivhr`ieoit , k pkako`oc`a`nhcka stufy `j
Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaoctk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;;.
;84< Vdo sottaoeoit systoe `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifbor kehb, Kikaoctk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk
;?, 3;-66.;84> @i tdo kfzos `j tdo i`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk
<7.
Lkboas, C.C.E.O.Vd, fo Nr``tdW.vki fo Zoafo
;8>> Loob, hi= M. D. J. La`oeors, Krcdo`a`nhscdo br`ihob vki Ahelurn `vor fo mkroi ;8>?-;8>:,Wulahckah`is fo ak S`chètè Dhst`rhquo ot Krcdè`a`nhquo fkis Ho Ahel`urn ;;3 (>-33), >-;7.
Lhró, B.V. hi pross Cdhppof St`io Hifustrhos `j tdo Ahiokrlkif W`t tory Cuaturo (ALC) hi Duinkry , hi=S.B.B`za`wsbh (of), Vdo cdhppof st`io hifustrhos `j tdo jhrsa jkrehin c`eeuihthos hi
Our`po (Syep`shue E`nhakiy ;84?).
L`deors, K.
K.Lruhmi
;8?4/ Stkthsthscdo uif nrkpdhscdo Eotd`foi zur _itorsucduin v`i Jahitb`epaoxoi HZ. Fks
;8?8 ahtdhscdo Ektorhka kus foi lkifborkehscdoi Shofauinoi hi foi Ihoforakifoi,
Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, ;43-<;3.
Lrkfaoy, L.K. ;8>? Ahtdhc \ofucth`i Soquoicos= K Na`sskry kif Fhscussh`i, hi= O.D.Swkis`i (of), Ahadhc
Vocdi`a`ny, Ekb hin kif _shin St`io V``as, Vdo Dknuo, ?-;6.
Lr`uioi, J. ;84? DZ\-;43, vr`on-, ehffoi- oi akktio`ahtdhscdo v`ifstoi to Ocdt-Kiioifkoa, Krcdo`a`nho
hi Ahelurn <6, ::->;.
Ckdoi, F. ;8>: Fks ]uskeeoisotzoi noscdaknoior Stohikrto jkbto, Krcdk`a`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoizlaktt :,4;-83.
;846 Vocdi`a`nho fu fèlhtkno akehikhro, hi= E.@tto (of). Aos j`uhaaos fo ak Wakco Skhit-
Akelort k Ahäno H, Ahäno, ;>;-;84.;84? @rnkihskth`i fu vhaakno rulkiè fo Fkrh`i (pr`vhico fo Ahäno, Loanhquo), Luha. S`c. r`y.
lohno Kitdr`p. Wrèdhst. 8?, 3?-6?.
Ckdoi, F.M.W. CkspkrE.@tto
;84: Aos Hifustrhos ahtdhquos fkiulhoiios fo Loanhquo, Ahäno.
C`aahis, E.L. ;8>? Ahtdhc Vocdi`a`ny ks k Eokis `j Wr`cossuka Hijoroico, hi= O.D.Swkis`i (of.), Ahtdhc
Vocdi`a`ny, Ekbhin kif _shin St`io V``as, Vdo Dknuo, ;?-3?.
Czhosak, O. ;84: Ñlor fks ]uskeeoipkssoi noscdaknoior Stohikrtojkbto, Krcdk`a`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoiz
laktt ;:, <?;-<::.
Fkvhs, J.F. ;8>? Fho D`ristohinorkto fos katoroi uif ehttaoroi Io`ahtdhbues he F`ikurkue, L`iior
Doj to zur Z`rnoscdhcdto ;7.
F`rki, M.O.J.\.D`fs`i
;8>? Ektdoihkahcs kif C`eputors hi Krcdko`a`ny, Ofhilurnd.
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?7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Joafor, ^.E. ;8>?k Ahtd`strkthnrkjh o vki dot L`voi-Brhmt oi dot Fki`-E`it hoi hi ]uhf-Ahelurn oi dot
kkinroizoifo nolhof, hi= ^.D.]k nwhmi/C .M.vki Stkkafuhioi, V`oahcdahin lhm fo
no`a`nhscdo `vorzhcdtsbkkraoi vki Ioforakif, Dkkraoe, :3-><.
Joafor, ^.E. ;8>?l Fo Zkaboilurn vuurstooi hifustrho hi ]uhf-Ahelurn, hi= Soc`if Hitorikth`ika Syep`shue
`i Jahit, Stkrhinhk 3, 4;-4?.
Jrhof, E.D.
Nklrhoa, H.
;8>? Vdo I`th`i `j Vrhlo, Eoih` Wkrb otc.
;8>6 ]ue \`dektorhka for Shaoxkrtojkbto he Io`ahtdhbue ^ostjkaois uif I`rfdossois,Jostscdrhjt Burt Vkcboilorn zue >7. Nolurtstkn, L`ii, <?-6?.
Nr``td, E.O.Vd, fo ;8>: Fo pr`fubt ho vki vuurstoioi worbtuhnoi f``r fo Lkifborkehobors, fo Iuutslkobor ;8>:HH , ;7-;;.
;8>> Shaox for Lkifborkehb, hi= W.M .\. E`fforeki , fho io`ahtdhscdo Loshofauin loh Dhoidohe,Afbr. Boadohe H. Fho Kusnrkluinoi ke ^ohilorn ;8:?-;8>7, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck
Aohfoishk ;7, ?8->;.
;84; Jhtthin t`notdor Lkifborkehb jahit, hi= Vdhrf Hitorik th`ika Syep`shue `i Jahit, Stkrhinhk
:, ;;>-;;8.;84: Zuurstooiloworbhin oi vuurstooiloworbors hi fo Ahelurnso Lkifborkehob, hi= W. M. D.
_lkcds (of). Euistors hi fo Ekksn`uw, joostluifoa v``r pktor K.M.Euistors,
Ekkstrhcdt, ;>-38.
hi pross k ]uskeeoisotzuinoi v`i Shahcos, hi= _.L`oahcbo o.k.. For lkifborkehscdo ShofauinspaktzAkinwohaor 4, Noe. Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi.
hi pross l Vdo Jahit Hifustry `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb, hi= S.B. B`za`wsbh (of), Vdo cdhp-
pof sa`io hifustrhos `j tdo jhrst jkrehin c`eeuihthos hi Our`po.
Nr``td, E.O.Vd, foN.M.Zorwors
;846 @p n`ofo nr`ifoi, fo oorsto l`oroi hi I``rfwost-Our`pk, Aohfoi.
Dkreki, D.D.
Hde, W.
Bkczki`wsbk, EM.Aocd
;8:> E`fori Jkct`r Kikayshs, Cdhckn` kif A`if`i.
;8>4 Stkthsthb hi for Krcdk`a`nho, Krcdko`-Wdyshbk 8.
;8>> Vdo jahit hifustrhos `j Fkiulhki C`eeuihthos I`rtd `j tdo Ckrpktdh kis, Kctk
Krcdko`a`nhck Ckrpktdhck ;>, ?-<4.
Bupor, \.D.AúdrM.AñihinK.]heeorekii
;8>> For lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 8, Noe. Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi,
\dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;4.
Aúdr, D..K. ]heeorekii,M. Dkdi
A`uwo B``hmekis, A.W.
;8>> Jouorstohikrtojkbto, hi= Bupor o.k. (;8>>), ;3;-<::.
;847 Dot `iforz`ob vki io`ahtdhscdo ioforzotthinstorrohioi hi Ioforakif kii` ;8>8,^ostordooe <8, 83- ;3:.
Añihin, M. ;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktto hi tdo \dhioakif, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;?, ;-37.
E`fforeki, W.M.\. ;8?4/;8?8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Shofauin v`i Shttkrf, Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, 33-;<;.
;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkehb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk 3.Fho \kfh`bkrl`ifkthoruinoi for Lkifborkehb hi= Shofauinoi for Buatur eht
Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Hitorikah`ikaos B`aa`quhue I`vè Z`z`bkiy, ;>.-<7. I`v.
;84;, Ihtrk, ;>>-;43.Fho Lkifborkehb he Nrkotdohfonolhot, Ihoforakifhscd Ahelurn, Lorhcdt for \úehjcd-
Norekihscdoi B`tiehssh`i ::, <?-;<<.
;84<
;84?
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?; E. O. VD. FO N\@@VD - VDO @\NKIHSKVH@I @J JAHIV V@@A EKI_JKCV_\O
Iowoaa, \.\.
SKS
Scdhjjor, E.L.
;8>7 Vdo Jahit hifustry `j tdo Futcd Ahiokrlkifborkehb hi= E`ffor eki (;8>7), ;66-;46.
;84? _sor's nuhfo= Stkahsthcs, Zorsh`i ? (;84?), Ckry IC _SK.
;8>: Lodkvh`rka Krcdko`a`ny, Iow X`rb.
;84? Hs tdoro k 'W`epohh proehso' hi Krcdo`a`ny0, M`urika `j Kitdr`p`a`nhcka \osokrcd 6;,;4-6;.
_arhx-Ca`ssot, E.\.\`ussoaao
;84< rhifust rho ahtdhquo fu shto rulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck <68,Lruxoaaos.
Zoafo, W. vki fo ;8>8 @i Lkifborkehb S`chka Structuro, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;<.
;84: S`chka Hioqukahty hi tdo Our`poki Okray Io`ahtdhc= Lkifborkehb Aokforsdhp, hi = E.K.vki
Lkboa, \.\. Dknostohmi kif W.vki fo Zoafo (ofs). Wrhvkto W`ahthcs, k euath- fhschpahikry
Kppr`kcd t` 'Lhn-Eki' systoes, Aohfoi, ;<>-;67.
hi pross Lkifborkehb S`chka Hioqukahty, k ckso stufy, Norekihk.
^ktorl`ab, D.V.
]heeorekii, K.
;8?4/;8?8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Shofauin v`i Noaooi, Wkako`dhst`rhk :->, ;<;-;:<.
;84; kif Fks Stohiektorhka fos lkifborkehscdoi Shofauinspaktzos Akinwohaor 4, Fhssortkth`i Vñl-hi pross hinoi kif hi= _.L`oahcbo o.k.. For lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 4, Noe.
Kafoid`voi, Br. Furoi, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi.
E. O. Vd. fo Nr``tdL`iiojkitoieusoue
W`stlus ><4IA-:<77 KS Ekkstrhcdt
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C. C. Lkboas @i tdo Kfzos `j tdo I`rtdwostori Ahiokrlkifborkehb
Vdo kfzo wks ki hep`rtkit eoelor `j tdo Ahiokrlkif
borkehb t``abht. Ht wks k t``h j`r eoi, ht nkvo tdoe stktus
kif kcc`epkihof tdoe hi tdohr nrkvos. Vdo ekm`rhty `j tdo
lakfos wks ekfo jr`e j`rohni r`cbs kif eust dkvo looi
`ltkhiof tdr`und oxcdkino.
;.
Hitr`fucth`i
Vdo kfzo hs `io `j tdo e`st cdkrkctorhsthc kttrhlutos `j tdo
okrahost jkrehin c`eeuihthos `j Coitrka Our`po, i`tklay
td`so loa`inhin t` tdo s`-ckaaof Ahiokrlkifborkehb `r
Ahiokr W`ttory Cuaturo. Vdo t``h hs ekfo `j crystkaahior`cb. Ht hs pr`vhfof whtd k sdkrp cutthin ofno. @io shfo hs
f`eof, tdo `tdor jakt. Ks k rosuat, tdo krthjkct dks `iay
`io pakio `j syeeotry (jhn.a). Kfzos kro j`uif hi sottao-
eoits kif hi coeotorhos.
Vdo stufy prosoitof doro c`icoris tdo kfzos jr`e tdo
i`rtdwostori pkrt `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb w`raf. Ht
c`vors jhifs jr`e tdo a`ossloat `j tdo Noreki \dhioakif,
Vdo Iotdorakifs kif Loanhue. Vdo strotcd `j akif hi quos-
th`i hs l`uifof hi tdo okst ly tdo rhvor \dhio, hi tdo i`rtd
ly k loat `j skify s`has kif hi tdo s`utd ly tdo Ohjoa kif
tdo Krfoiios. Vdo wostori l`rfor hs no`nrkpdhckaay i`t
woaa fojhiof. J`r prkcthcka roks`is tdo ahio hs frkwi kt tdo
jr`ithor lotwooi Loanhue kif Jrkico (jhn.<).
Vdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb `j tdo krok tdus foscrhlof hs c`i-
shforof t` prosoit k shinao cuaturka uiht. @ccupkth`i stkrtof
hi tdo okstori pkrt, hi tdo krok lotwooi C`a`nio kif
\`seoor. Sottaoeoits hi tdhs krok fkto jr`e ?677 LC
(ckahlrktof) `iwkrfs. Vdo wostori pkrt wks `ccuphof s`eo
noiorkth`is aktor. Vdo oif `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb hs sot
kt 6877 LC.
Vdo sottaoeoits kro i`t fhstrhlutof ovoiay `vor tdo loat `j
a`oss, lut toif t` caustor. Vdo uidklhtof kroks lotwooi tdo
shtos eky lo quhto sekaa, lut whfor z`ios kas` `ccur. Vdo
whfost hs tdo z`io lotwooi tdo rhvors Eèdkhnio kif Foifro
hi Loanhue. Vdo caustorhin dks k c`epaox s`chka, oc`i`ehokif oc`a`nhcka lkcbnr`uif.
Ht hs td`undt tdkt tdo sottaoeoits `j k pkrthcuakr caustor
dkvo e`ro hi c`ee`i whtd okcd `tdor tdki whtd sot
taoeoits `j tdo `tdor caustors. Hi `io ckso ht dks looi pr`
voi tdkt k caustor wks j`reof jr`e k e`tdor sottaoeoit.
Vdhs hs tdo caustor `i tdo Kafoid`voi Waktoku hi Norekiy
(Añihin ;84<), wdhcd hs ckaaof tdo Eorzlkcd caustor hi tdhs
pkpor lockuso hts sottaoeoits kro shtuktof `i tdo lkibs `j
tdo rhvuaot Eorzlkcd. D`wovor, tdhs ioof i`t t` lo tdo
ckso ovorywdoro.
Lockuso tdo kvkhaklao fktk c`icorihin kfzos kro sckity `i
sottaoeoit aovoa, tdo hivosthnkth`is ckrrhof `ut j`r tdhs
pkpor `jtoi rojor t` tdo aovoa `j tdo caustor. J`ur caustors
kro eoith`iof hi tdo toxt= tdo Eorzlkcd caustor, tdo
Nrkotdohfo caustor, tdo Dooswktor caustor kif tdo Foifro
caustor. Vdoso kro hifhcktof hi jhn.<. @j tdo Eorzlkcd
caustor jhvo sottaoeoits kif k coeotory dkvo looi kikaysof,
vhz.Akinwohaor < (A^<), Akinwohaor 4 (A^4), Akinwohaor 8(A^8), Akinwohaor ;: (A^;:), Akuroizlorn > (AL>) kif
Ihoforeorz. Vdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hs roprosoitof ly tdo
shtos Oasa``, Stohi, Shttkrf, Noaooi-_re`iforlkki, Loob-
E`aoistoon kif tdo coeotory `j Oasa``. Vdo Dooswktor
caustor c`eprhsos \`seoor, Zahmthinoi, Cklorn kif
Ekkstrhcdt-Ckiiorlorn. Ht hs k vory sckttorof caustor. Vdo
Foifro caustor c`ishsts `j tdo rocoitay oxckvktof shtos `j
Kulocdhos-C`r`i Ekt`i, Lahcquy-Wothto \`shäro kif
Lahcquy-W`rto @uvorto.
Fktk `ltkhiof jr`e caustors hs i`t tdo `iay j`re `j Hij`r
ekth`i c`ishforof doro. S`eo oxckvkth`is `j shtos jr`e
uihfoithjhof caustors `r jr`e caustors wdhcd dkvo i`t looifoscrhlof hi sujjhchâit fotkha yhoafof oi`und kfzos t` lo
vkauklao `i tdohr `wi kcc`uit. Vdoso kro Búai-Ahifoitdka,
Eñfforsdohe kif tdo coeotory `j D`a`nio-kux-Whorros.
Kikayshs dks looi rostrhctof t` akrnor-sckao oxckvkth`is.
C`aaocth`is `j kfzos j`uif kt tdo surjkco `j pa`undof
sottaoeoit shtos dkvo i`t looi stufhof.
<. Fojhihth`i `j typos
Hi das `utahio 'For F`ikuakifhscdo uif for wosthscdo
Buaturbrohs for mñinoroi Stohizoht' ^.Luttaor caksshjhos tdo
kfzos hit` tw` ekhi typos. Do ckaas tdo krthjkct k jakt d`o
(Jakcddkcbo) hj hts tdhcbioss hs eucd aoss tdki hts whftd. K
tdhcbor e`foa hs rojorrof t` ks sd`o akst ooat(Scdudaohstoiboha), k tore karokfy hi uso loj`ro Luttao r's
theo (Luttaor ;834 p.36). ^htdhi tdhs nr`up `j krthjkcts do
fhsthinuhsdos tw` sultypos= k Ja`el`rior Boha, wdhcd hs
i`t oxcopth`ikaay tdhcb, kif k eucd tdhcbor kif saoiforor
Dhiboastohi Boha. Vdo caksshjhckth`i sd`ws tdkt tdo
tdhcbioss vorsus tdo whftd hs ki `lvh`us crhtorh`i `i wdhcd
t` lkso ki kfzo typ`a`ny.
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?6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Z . 9' ; j
Jhn. ; Ahiokrlkifbor kehb kfzos. 6= ?
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?? C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
B.Scdhotzoa, tdo oxckvkt`r `j Eñfforsdohe, wks tdo jhrst
t` uso tdo oxkct eoksuroeoits `j tdo krthjkcts ks k stkrthin
p`hit j`r k typ`a`ny. Do fhvhfof tdo kfzos jr`e dhs shto
hit` tw` nr`ups, tdkt hs, hit` tdhcb kfzos
(Scdudhohstoibohao) kif jakt kfzos (Jakcddkcboi). Vdo ahio
wks frkwi kt k ;7 x ekxheue whftd/ekxheue tdhcbioss
hifox vkauo `j <7. Dhs tdhcb kfzos dkvo hifox vkauos
lotwooi 4 kif ;> kif dhs jakt kfzos vkauos lotwooi <3 kif34 (Scdhotzoa ;8:? pp.37-3;).
^doi W.M.\. E`fforeki trhof t` uso tdhs crhtorh`i hi
nr`uphin kfzos jr`e tdo Oasa`` coeotory, do fhsc`vorof
tdkt ht jkhaof. Vdo roks`i j`r tdhs, do td`undt, aky hi tdo
jkct tdkt ht wks lksof `i ki hisujjhchâit iuelor `j kfzos
kif do tdoroj`ro stkrtof kjrosd whtd k akrnor nr`up kif
c`elhiof kaa eoksurklao kfzos jr`e tdo Iotdorakifs
bi`wi kt tdo theo. Vdhs rosuatof hi shx fhjjoroit typos
lksof `i tdroo crhtorhk= tdo ;77 tdhcbioss/whftd hifox, tdo
kls`auto whftd, kif tdo ;77 whftd/aointd hifox (E`ffor
eki ;8>7 pp. ;4:-;4>). Vdo shx typos kro nhvoi hi tklao H.
Vklao ; Kfzo typ`a`ny kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki.
V 5 Vdhcb ioss, ^ 5 h ft d, A 5 Aoindt.
typo a@@V/^ ^YmhY.ee a@@^/A foscrhpth`i
H 9 ;77 9 <; - akrno, tdhcb
HH 9 >7 1 <7 - sekaa, tdhcb
HHH ??-8? 9 <> - whfo, tdhcb
HZ 1 ?7 1 ?7 1 >? a`in, jakt
Z 1 ?7 1 ?7 9 >? sd`rt, jakt
ZH 1 ?7 9 ?; - whfo, jakt
Vklao < Kfzo typ` a`n y kcc`r fhin t` Jkrrunnhk. V 5 Vdhc bioss ,
^ 5 ^hftd.
h'po ^/ V ^|Y3m,eti foscrhpth`i
H 1 < .Y <7 sekaa, saoifor
HH 9 < 1 67 sekaa, jakt
HHH 9 < 9 67 akrno, jakt
HZ 1 < 9 <7 akrno, saoifor
M.W. Jkrrunnhk ropoktof tdo kikayshs whtd :3 kfzos jr`e
tdo sottaoeoits Akinwohaor <, Akinwohaor 8 kif `ico knkhi
Eñfforsdohe (Jkrrunnhk ;8>> p.<><). Do c`icaufof tdkt
tdo hifox sunnostof ly Scdhotzoa hs hifoof kppahcklao,
Jhn. < Vdo krok `j tdo i`r tdw ost ori Ahiokrlkif borkehb.
Sdkfof= a`oss2 lr`boi ahios= caustors eoith`iof hi tdo toxt2
lakcb f`ts2 hifhvhfuka sottaoeoits. ;. Lahcquy <. Kulocdhos
3. Akifoi-^kino 6. D`aa`nio-kux Whorros ?. Zahmthinoi
:. \`seoor >. Ekkstrhcdt- Ckiiorlorn 4. Cklorn 8. Loob-
E`aois toon ; 7. Oasa`` ;; . Stohi ;<. Noao oi-_re`ifor lkki
;3 . Shttkrf ;6. Akinwohaor < ;?. Akinwohaor ;: ;:.
Akinwohaor 8 ;>. Akinwohaor 4 ;4. Akuroizlorn > ;8.
Ihoforeorz <7. Eñfforsdohe < ; . Búai-Ahifoitdka.
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?: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. 3 Vdo kfzos jr `e
Ihoforeorz.
;77 V
^;?7
Ihoforeorz I 5 6
;77• •
•
•
•
•
•
•• •• •
; •
?7
H R ;
•
* • * •! •• • S
;
•
• ••
;
:7 ee ^
;77 V
^
;?7
•
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Oasa`` I-6:
;77
• ••
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•
• ••
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?7 • •
• • • .= •.=
; ; ;
• •
;
t
;
Jhq. 6 Vdo kfzos jr `e Oasa``.
;77 V^
Jhn. ? Vdo kfzos jr `e
D`aa`nio-kux-Waorros.
;?7
•
•
D`aa`nio kux Whorros I-;>
;77 • •
•
•
•
•
?7
; ;
•t •
•
•
;
•
;
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?> C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Jhn. : Vdo kfzos jr `e tdo
Eorzlkcd caustor.
;77 V
w;?7 -
;77
Akinwohaor < I 5 ;7 ,A ^4 I .4 , A^ 8 I.;?.A ^;: I 5 ? . Akuroizlorn > I . 4
Jhn. > Vdo kfzos jr` e tdo
Nrkotdohfo caustor.
;77 V
^
;:7
;77
Ohs h`` I.;: ,Sh t tkr f I.;3 .Sto hi I. >
:7 ee^
Jhn. 4 Vdo kfzos jr `e tdo
Dooswktor caustor.
;77 V
w;?7
;77
\`seoor I . ;3 , Ckiio rlor n I 5 6,Ck lorn I .;7 , Zahmthinoi I.;7
;7
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?4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
;77 V
^
Jhn. 8 Vdo kfzos jr`e Eñf-forsdohe.
;?7
;77 •
•
•
•
••
•
•
•• •
••
•• • •
•
Eufforsdohe I.
?7
;
•
;
•
;
• ••
;
•
td`und aoss c`ivhichin hi tdo ckso `j Akinwohaor <. Do
tdoroj`ro kffof k soc`if crhtorh`i, tdo kls`auto whftd kas`
usof ly E`fforeki {tklao <).
hi ;843 E. F`dri-adehn oxprossof `phih`is `i tdo
typ`a`ny `j tdo kfzo, i`w lksof `i tdo ektorhka jr`e tdo
coeotory kt Ihoforeorz wdhcd sdo dkf oxckvktof (F`dri-
adehn ;843). Sdo sd`wof tdkt tdoro hs i` soiso hi hiv`av-
hin tdo aointd `j kfzos hi k typ`a`ny. Ks k sorvhcoklao
t``h, ki kfzo hs `jtoi rosdkrpoiof furhin hts ahjo, tdo rosuat
lohin tdkt ht lockeo sd`rtor kif sd`rtor. Vdhs sdo dks c`i-
vhichinay foe`istrktof. Vdo ekxheue whftd kif tdhcbioss
kro i`t eucd kjjoctof ly tdo rosdkrpoihin kif tdoroj`ro
F`dri-adehn mufnos tdoso eoksuroeoits, kif ospochkaay ki
hifox lksof `i tdoe, t` lo `j uso j`r k typ`a`ny. Kcc`rf-
hin t` dor, k shepao fhvhsh`i hit` tdhcb kif jakt kfzos whaa
sujjhco wdoro tdo coeotory `j Ihoforeorz hs c`icoriof. K
nrkpdhcka roprosoitkth`i `j tdhcbioss vorsus whftd sd`ws
tw` caustors. Vdo fhvhfhin ahio hs frkwi kt k tdhcbioss `j
<7 ee. @iay `io jakt kfzo dks k tdhcbioss `j <; ee kif
`io kfzo fojhiof ks tdhcb eoksuros ;3 ee. Vdo akttor hs
ki oxcopth`i kiyd`w, lockuso ht hs kas` eucd saoiforor
tdki tdo `tdors.
Kfzo typ`a`ny tdoroj`ro stkrtof whtd tdroo typos, wks tdoi
hicroksof t` shx typos, t` fr`p lkcb t` tw` typos. Vdhs
lowhaforhin dhst`ry nhvos eo roks`i t` a``b hit` tdo e`r-
pd`a`ny `ico e`ro.
K nrkpdhcka roprosoitkth`i `j kaa eoksuroeoits kvkhaklao
jr`e tdo ronh`i uifor hivosthnkth`i rosuhts hi k p`hit sckt-
tor wdhcd c`itrhlutos i`tdhin t`wkrfs k lottor hishndt hit`
tdo uiforayhin typos. Vdo Hij`rekth`i sooes rktdor laur-
rof, pordkps ly tdo ehxhin `j fktk jr`e coeotorhos kif
sottaoeoits, `r ly tdo ehxhin `j fktk jr`e fhjjoroit sottao-
eoit caustors. Vdoroj`ro, fktk whaa lo ronkrfof sopkrktoay
hi tdo j`aa`whin.
S` jkr tdroo coeotorhos kro bi`wi jr`e tdo krok uifor
rovhow, vhz.Ihoforeorz, Oasa`` kif D`aa`nio-kux-Whorros
(F`dri-adehn ;843, E`fforeki ;8>7, Vdhsso-
For`uotto/Vdhsso ;8?<). Kaa tdroo yhoafof kfzos wdhcd dkv
looi lurhof ks nhjts j`r tdo fokf. Jhnuros 3, 6 kif ? sd`w
tdo roakth`i lotwooi tdohr kls`auto whftd kif ;77
tdhcbioss/whftd hifox (V^ hifox). Vdhs bhif `j nrkpd dkf
karokfy looi usof ly E`fforeki kif nhvos tdo lost
heprossh`i `j tdo caustors. Ks dks karokfy looi roekrbof
kl`vo, tdo roakth`i lotwooi tdo tdhcbioss kif tdo whftd
sooes t` lo k fhsthinuhsdhin jokturo `j kfzos. Vdo kls`auto
ekxheue whftd eust kas` lo c`ishforof hi `rfor t`
fhsthinuhsd k cortkhi cakss `j sekaa kfzos. H kccopt tdo
krnueoits put j`rwkrf ly F`dri-adehn kif sdkaa i`t
ekbo uso `j tdo aointd `j kfzos.
Ihoforeorz (jhn.3) `j c`urso sd`ws tdo tw` caustors karokfyfoscrhlof ly F`dri-adehn. @io nr`up dks k V^ hifox
lotwooi <7 kif ?7 kif ki kls`auto whftd rkinhin jr`e <>
t` :7 ee. Vdo soc`if nr`up dks k V^ hifox kl`vo ?7
kif ki kls`auto whftd wdhcd loc`eos aoss ks tdo hifox
hicroksos. @iay `io kfzo f`os i`t jht hit` tdhs pkttori= ht hs
k sekaa, saoifor yot tdhcb kfzo.
Vdo coeotory `j Oasa`` (jhn.6) c`uits kt aokst tdroo p`hit
sckttors. @io yhoafof kfzos whtd k V^ hifox lotwooi <7
kif ?7 kif ki kls`auto whftd `j 37-:3 ee. Vdo soc`if
sd`ws kfzos whtd ki hifox `j `vor ?7 kif whftds jr`e <?
`iwkrfs. Doro t`` tdo whftds hicrokso ks tdo kfzos loc`eo
c`epkrkthvoay jakttor. Vdo tdhrf caustor c`ishsts `j k nr`up
`j vory saoifor kfzos whtd k V^ hifox `j e`ro tdki :7.Vdo tdhrf coeotory, D`aa`nio-kux-Whorros, dks tw` caustors
`io `j kfzos whtd V^ hifhcos lotwooi <7 kif ?7 kif `io
whtd tdhcb spocheois whtd V^ hifhcos kl`vo ?7. Vdoro hs k
fhjjoroico hi kls`auto whftd ks woaa. Jakt kfzos sd`w
vkauos lotwooi 6; kif ?4 ee kif tdhcb kfzos vkauos
lotwooi <6 kif 3? ee.
^doi tdo fktk jr`e tdo tdroo coeotorhos kro c`elhiof.
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:7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Y• ' " - • ' ' • 'K rEZà h ‖-'"'
•ZS,
==2v.w
Jhn. ;7 Aojt= kfzo wh td F-sdkpof socth`i (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 64)
tkinuakr socth`i (Akinwohaor < I`. ; 74 ;) . ; =; .
rhndt = kfzo whtd roc-
thin ofno. Vdo jow phocos bi`wi jr`e tdo ronh`i uifor
c`ishforkth`i kro jakt porj`rktof kfzos.
3. Vypo kif tdo kspoct `j theo
Hi tdo j`ron`hin tdo kfzos dkvo looi fhvhfof hit` typos
whtd`ut c`ishforhin tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdohr sdkpo cdkinof
whtd theo. Vdo`rothckaay, tdo tdroo typos c`uaf roprosoit
tdo fovoa`peoit `j `iay `io bhif `j kfzo lakfo. Ca`sof
jhifs, d`wovor, sd`w tdkt tdhs hs ki uihhboay p`sshlhahty.
N``f oxkepaos c`eo jr`e hitoreoits. Nrkvo I`.38 jr`e
Ihoforeorz, j`r histkico, c`elhiof k saoifor kif k tdhcb
kfzo kif nrkvo I`.:7 jr`e tdo skeo coeotory k jakt kif k
tdhcb kfzo. Kaa tdroo typos woro j`uif hi nrkvo 43 kt
Oasa``. Vdo fhjjoroit kfzo typos sooe t` j`re pkrt `j k
t``h bht. Iovortdoaoss wo eky w`ifor wdotdor kaa tdroo
typos woro c`ithiu`usay hi uso furhin tdo oithro porh`f `j
Ahiokrlkifborkehb `ccupkth`i. K pkrthcuakr e`foa eky
dkvo vkihsdof jr`e tdo t``h bht hi tdo c`urso `j theo, `r,
tdo `tdor wky r`uif, eky dkvo looi kffof t` ht. Jurtdor-
e`ro, ht hs quhto p`sshlao tdkt tdo ekhi typos woro prosoit
kaa tdo theo, lut tdkt cdkinos hi e`rpd`a`ny, j`r histkico
hi tdo V^ hifox, t``b pakco whtdhi tdoso typos.
Shico tdo pulahckth`is ly E`fforeki (E`fforeki ;8>7)
kif F`dri-Hdehn (F`dri-Hdehn ;8>6) tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb ork hs usukaay fhvhfof hit` tw` porh`fs, vhz. porh`f H -
tdo @afor Ahiokrlkifborkehb - kif porh`f HH -tdo X`uinor
Ahiokrlkifborkehb.
Vdoso porh`fs dkvo looi spaht up hit` pdksos= tdroo pdksos
j`r porh`f ;, ckaaof Hl, Ho kif af (Hk hs ehsshin hi tdhs
ronh`i) kif j`ur pdksos j`r porh`f HH, ikeoay Hak tdr`und
ahf. J`rtuiktoay tdo pdksos pr`p`sof ly E`fforeki j`r
tdo Iotdorakifs kif td`so fovoa`pof ly F`dri-Hdehn j`r
tdo \dhioakif rui c`icurroitay. Vdo fhvhsh`i hs kas`
kppahcklao t` Loanhue (C`istkithi ot ka. ;847 j`r histkico)
J`r tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo caustors ovoi ikrr`wor
sulfhvhsh`is dkvo looi pr`p`sof, lksof `i tdo fovoa`p
eoit `j p`ttory typos kif foc`rkth`i, lut tdoso whaa i`t l
usof doro. Vdo kfzos dkvo looi kikaysof `i tdo ehffao
aovoa, i`tklay tdkt `j pdkso.
V` lo ksshniof t` k pdkso, ki kfzo eust loa`in t` k
ca`sof jhif kssoelakno, wdhcd, e`ro`vor, eust lo fktklao
`i tdo lkshs `j tdo prosoico `j k sujjhchâit ke`uit `j p`ttory. @j kaa eoksurof kfzos `iay td`so jr`e tdo Eorzlkcd
kif Nrkotdohfo caustors eoot tdhs roquhroeoit. Ks j`r tdo
rost `j tdo kfzos, tdo woaa-fktof spocheois c`uaf i` a`inor
lo eoksurof kif tdo eoksurklao kfzos c`uaf i`t lo woaa
fktof.
Vdo Eorzlkcd caustor c`uitof ?> suhtklao kfzos kif tdo
Nrkotdohfo caustor ?6. Vdo coeotorhos `j Ihoforeorz kif
Oasa`` yhoafof k sulstkithka porcoitkno `j tdhs iuelor.
Vdohr hijauoico hs caokray vhshlao hi tklao 3, wdoro tdo kfzo
typos kif tdohr kno kro lr`undt t`notdor. Vdo Nrkotdohfo
fktk nhvo ki uilkakicof heprossh`i `i kcc`uit `j tdo jkct
tdkt tdo Oasa`` coeotory c`itkhiof hitoreoits jr`e pdksos
ahc kif ahf `iay. Vdo coeotory `j Ihoforeorz, `i tdo c`itrkry, wks hi uso jr`e pdkso Hc up t` kif hicaufhin pdkso
ahc.
Ht hs caokr jr`e tdo tklao tdkt tdo tdroo kfzo typos `ccurrof
hi kaa `j tdo sovoi pdksos. I` iow typo wks kffof t` tdo
t``h bht i`r fhf kiy `j tdo ekhi typos jkaa hit` fhsuso.
Aot us i`w roturi t` typ`a`ny. E`fforeki stktos tdkt `io
`j dhs typos pr`vhfos fkthin vkauo. Vdhs hs dhs typo H, tdo
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:; C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
vory tdhcb kfzo whtd k V^ hifox `vor ;77. Hi dhs `phih`i,
ht fktos oxcaushvoay jr`e pdkso ahf. Do foscrhlos tdo pr`-
coss hi wdhcd dhs typo H ropakcos dhs typo HHH (E`fforeki
;8>7 p.;48). Ks ; wr`to kl`vo, ; ckii`t jhif oi`und
ovhfoico j`r frkwhin k ahio kt V^5 ;77. Iovortdoaoss, ht
eky lo truo tdkt ki ov`auth`i t``b pakco whtdhi tdo cakss
`j tdhcb kfzos rosuathin hi hicrokshinay tdhcbor kfzos. Hi
t`tka, 3? woaa fktof tdhcb kfzos kro kvkhaklao jr`e tdo
Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo caustors whtd wdhcd tdhs
dyp`tdoshs cki lo tostof (tklao 6). K i`ipkrkeotrhc tost
j`r troif hi tdo V^ hifhcos `j tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos, hi
wdhcd tdo pdksos Ho + af, Ha k kif ahc woro c`epkrof,
sd`wof i` shnihjhckit hicrokso `j tdo V^ hifox whtd theo
(V() 5 7.?). Vdo dhndost V^ vkauo wks j`uif hi pdkso Hak
(Ihoforeorz nrkvo >, hifox ;;4) kif tdo soc`if dhndost
loa`inof t` pdkso Ho (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 8;, hifox ;7:).
Vdo skeo tost kppahof t` kfzos jr`e pdkso ahc kif ahf `j
tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor, `i tdo c`itrkry, sd`wof k shnihjh
ckit hicrokso `j tdo hifox (V`5 ;.88). @j tdo ektorhka jr`e
tdo `afor pdksos t`` ahttao roekhiof tdkt c`uaf lo tostof.
Vdo rosuats kro hijauoicof ly tdo prosoico `j j`ur vorytdhcb spocheois j`uif hi pdkso ahf nrkvos.
Vdo c`itrkfhcth`i lotwooi tdo fktk jr`e tdo tw` caustors
ekbos ht fhjjhcuat t` frkw c`icaush`is kl`ut tdo stktus `j
tdo vory tdhcb kfzo. Vdo iuelor `j eoksurklao kif
fktklao kfzos eky sthaa lo t`` a`w. Hi tdhs rospoct ht hs k
phty tdkt tdo kfzos jr`e D`Ha`nio-kux-Whorros ckii`t lo
fktof `i kcc`uit `j tdo p``r chrcuestkicos hi wdhcd tdoy
woro roo`vorof.
Kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki, tdo saoifor kfzos whtd dhnd V^
hifhcos kro akto t``. @j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hivosthnktof
ly dhe tdhs hs hifoof truo (tklao ?), lut knkhi tdo skeo
f`os i`t kppay t` tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. K spocheoi whtd k
Vklao 3 Vdo roakth`i lotwooi kfzo typo kif pdkso.
Vklao 6 V^ Hifox `j woaa-fktof tdhcb kfzos
Eorzlkcd caustor=
coeotory I 5 <?
saoifor
jakt
tdhcb
sottaoeoits I 5 3<
saoifor
jakt
tdhcbNrkotdohfo caustor=
coeotory I 5 3<
saoifor
ikt
tdhcb
sottaoeoits I 5 <6
saoifor
jaka
tdhcb
Hl Hc af Hak Hal ahc ahf
;
< ; < ; 6
3 < : - 3
Eorzlkcd caustor=
Hc :<,8;,;7:
af >8, 47
Hak ?>, :;, :;, :3, :>, :>, >:, 8>,;;
Hal ::
ahc >3, >?, 83
Nrkotdohfo caustor=
Hl >:
Hc 43
af 43
ahc :6, :8, ><, >3 , >3, >?, 47
ahf ?6, >6, 46, ;78, ;;:, ;<?, ;<?
Vklao ? V^ hifox `j vQ/oaa-fktof saoifor kfzos.
Eorzlkcd caustor2
Hc >?, 48, ;7:
Hak >3, 4>, 83, ;;<
Hb :8, 86
Nrkotdohfo caustor=Hl 44
Hl-c ::
H >:
ahc 4<, 4:
ahf :4, 4>, ;7:, ;<?
Vklao : ^hftd hi ee `j woaa-fktof jakt kfzos.
Eorzlkcd caustor=
Hl <:
Hc <8, 33, 6?, ?7, ?7
af 67
Hak <6, <>, <>, 33, 34, 67, 6>, 6>, ??
Hal <8 ,6; ,6< ,6? , 68, ?<
ahc 37, 3<, 3?, 6<, 63, :7
ahf <4, 6;
Nrkotdohfo caustor=Hl <>, 3>, 3>Hak 36ahc <8, 33, 36, 3:, 3:, 6<, 63, 6>, 68, ?;, ?3, ?:ahf 37, 36, 3?, 3>, 67, 6;, 6<, ?;, ?3, ?>, :3, :4
V^ hifox `j `vor ;77 dks looi j`uif tdoro whtd k fkto ks
okray ks pdkso Hc.
Jakt kfzos cki lo tostof j`r ov`auth`i `j whftd. Hi t`tka,
<: phocos loa`inhin t` tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kif fktof t`
pdksos Hc, Hak, Hal kif HHc dkvo looi kikaysof hi tdhs wky(tklao :). I` cdkinos c`uaf lo ostklahsdof (V` 5 7.7:). Vdo
rosuat wks tdo skeo wdoi tdo Nrkotdohfo kfzos woro
oxkehiof (V` 5 7.<>? j`r <6 kfzos jr`e pdksos ahc kif
Haf).
Jhikaay, tdo fkthin `j tdo kxo-kfzo kif tdo porj`rktof kfzo
fosorvos s`eo kttoith`i. Ks eoith`iof kl`vo, l`td typos
kro sckrco. Hi jkct, `iay `io kxo-kfzo wks j`uif, I`.?<6-
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:< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
4-?? jr`e Akinwohaor 8 fkthin jr`e pdkso ahf. @j tdo por-
j`rktof kfzo `iay jhvo `r shx oxkepaos woro roc`vorof. K
seka! jrkneoit wks j`uif kt Akinwohaor 4, I`.?733. Vdhs
phoco loa`inof ohtdor t` k porj`rktof kfzo `r t` k ekco-
dokf. Ht hs jr`e pdkso Hl. K soc`if Akinwohaor 4
spocheoi, I`.<:7>-;8, hs t` lo pakcof okray hi porh`f HH.
@iay `io `j tdo tw` Nrkotdohfo caustor kfzos dks looi
fktof. Ht wks j`uif kt Stohi kif fktos jr`e pdkso ahf.Vdo `tdor hs kas` jr`e Stohi. K tdhrf jrkneoit , jr`e
Oasa`` kif foscrhlof ly E`fforeki, hs hi ey `phih`i pkrt
`j k \`ssoi t``h. Vdo Dooswktor caustor yhoafof k por
j`rktof kfzo, i`tklay I`.3< jr`e Cklorn. Vdhs t`` akcbs k
fkto. Vdo jhjtd n``f oxkepao hs k strky jhif jr`e Dkoaoi,
k vhaakno hi tdo Iotdorakifs ayhin kt k c`ishforklao fhstkico
t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo a`oss-loat.
Vdo fkto `j tdo Akinwohaor 4 kfzos sd`w tdkt tdo por
j`rktof t``h oxhstof karokfy hi rktdor okray pdksos `j tdo
Ahiokrlkifborkehb. Ht fhf c`eo hit` v`nuo kjtor tdo
Ahiokrlkifborkehb ork.
6. Vypos kif pdksos hi roakth`i t` tdo rkw
ektorhkas
Kfzos kro i`t ekfo jr`e tdo jahits kif cdorts s` c`e-
e`iay usof j`r tdo ekiujkcturo `j t``as whtd cutthin
ofnos. J`r tdo kfzo, ektorhka wks cd`soi `ut `j k rktdor
ikrr`w, lut woaa-fojhiof rkino `j crystkaahio r`cbs.
Vdo jhrst systoekthc ehiorka`nhcka-potr`nrkpdhcka hivosthnk-
th`is n` lkcb t` ;83:, wdoi A.B`cd pulahsdof dhs kikaysos
`j tdo kfzos jr`e Búai-Ahifoitdka (B`cd ;83:). M.Jrocdoi
j`ah`wof hi ;8:? whtd tdo ektorhka jr`e Eñfforsdohe kif
C.O.S.Krps hi ;8>4 whtd tdo kfzos jr`e Oasa``, Stohi kif
Shttkrf (Jrocdoi ;8:?, Krps ;8>4). Ks ronkrfs tdo Loanhki
shtos, tdo w`rb `j E. kif N.V`usskhit fosorvos eoith`i(V`usskhit/V`ussk hit ;84<). C.O.S.Krps kif C.C.Lkboas
kikaysof tdo kfzos jr`e \`seoor, Zahmthinoi, Lahcquy,
Kulocdhos kif td`so `j tdo Eorzlkcd caustor (Krps/Lkboas
;847, Krps/Lkboas ;84<, Lkboas ;8>3 kif uipul_sdof
ektorhka).
Vdo e`st hep`rtkit r`cb hs kepdhl`ahto, k tore usof doro
hi hts lr`kfost soiso. Ht hs k jhio-nrkhiof, t`und r`cb
noiorkaay fhspakyhin k j`ahktof `r lkifof structuro. Vdo
r`cb hs noiorkaay c`ep`sof `j k ahndt-c`a`urof lauhsd-nrooi
kcthi`ahthc d`rilaoifo hi kss`chkth`i whtd ki `pkquo
ehiorka (haeoihto), paknh`cakso kif/`r qukrtz, lh`thto,
cda`rhto, ophf`to kif thtkihto ks ehi`r c`isthtuoits `r
kccoss`rhos (jhn.;<). Vdo eotke`rpdhc nrkfo noiorkaay
rkinos jr`e uppor nrooiscdhst jkchos t` a`wor kepdhl`ao
jkchos.
Vdo ioxt nr`up `j r`cbs hs k sorhos `j foiso lkskats. Vdoso
kro jhio-nrkhiof p`rpdyrhthc c`epkct r`cbs hi wdhcd
`ahvhio, thtkikunhto, fkrb-lr`wi d`rilaoifo, ekniothto
kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, lh`thto kif paknh`cakso `ccur ks
pdoi`crysts. Vdo nr`uifekss hs c`ep`sof `j tdo skeo
ehiorkas. Vdo r`cb fhspakys k wokb jauhfka structuro
(j'n-;3).
Vdo tdhrf nr`up hs k nr`up `j jhio-nrkhiof shahchcaksthc
r`cbs wdhcd c`eprhsos sovorka fkrb-c`a`urof qukrtzhthc
r`cbs kif ayfhto (jhn.;6).
Jhikaay, tdoro hs tdo usuka nr`up `j '`tdor ektorhkas'. E`st
`j tdoso kro oic`uitorof `iay `ico. Foscrhpth`is `j
hifhvhfuka kfzos cki lo j`uif hi tdo kl`vo-eoith`iofahtorkturo.
Vdo jhrst quosth`i wdhcd dks t` lo kisworof hs wdotdor
tdoro hs kiy roakth`i lotwooi kfzo typ`a`ny kif rkw
ektorhkas. Vdo kiswor cki lo j`uif hi tklao > wdhcd sd`w
kaa `j tdo kfzos rojorrof t` hi pkrknrkpd <. Ht hs caokr tdkt
okcd typo c`uaf lo sdkpof jr`e ovory bhif `j r`cb eoi-
th`iof. Jakt kfzos kro i`t ekfo `j `io pkrthcuakr bhif kif
tdhcb kfzos jr`e ki`tdor. Vdhs hs kaa tdkt cki lo c`icaufof
jr`e tdo jhnuros nhvoi hi tdo tklao, lockuso tdo fktk usof
kro i`t rokaay qukithtkthvo. @iay eoksurklao kfzos cki lo
ahstof. Okshay jrkneoitof r`cbs cki lo uiforroprosoitof,
wdhast r`cbs whtd dhnd stktus vkauo eky lo `vorroprosoitof
lockuso `j tdo akrno sdkro `j nrkvo-nhjts.Ovoi hj tdoro hs i` truo roakth`isdhp lotwooi rkw ektorhka
kif typo, ht hs k bi`wi jkct tdkt r`cb kif e`rpd`a`ny kro
roaktof. Vdo structuro `j tdo r`cb fhctktos tdo `rhoitkth`i
`j tdo krthjkct. Hi kepdhl`ahthc t``as tdo a`inhtufhika kxhs
kawkys ruis pkrkaaoa t` tdo j`ahkth`i `r lkifhin `j tdo
`rhnhika st`io, wdhcd hs quhto a`nhcka, lockuso tdhs nhvos tdo
aokst rhsb `j lrokbkno. Vdo nroktost rhsb tdroktoihin ki
kfzo hs `j ht sikpphin kcr`ss.
Vdo ekiujkcturors `j kfzos jr`e lkskats t``b fuo kcc`uit
`j tdo jauhfka structuro, hj prosoit. Vdo wky hi wdhcd tdo
sdkpo `j tdo krthjkct hs kawkys fotorehiof ly tdo structuro
`j tdo r`cb hs lost `lsorvof hi tdo ckso `j kfzos ekfojr`e shahchcaksts. Vdo cutthin ofnos `j jakt lakfos aho hi tdo
skeo pakio ks tdo `rhnhika r`cb akyors. Hi tdhcb kfzos tdo
lkifhin ruis porpoifhcuakr t` tdo cutthin ofno.
Wrosueklao tdhs cdkrkctorhsthc hs k rosuat `j tdo sdkpoihin
`j tdo r`und-`ut. Vdo akrnost surjkco `j tdo kfzo hs j`reof
ka`in k ikturka pakio `j caokvkno. Kfzos hi wdhcd tdo lki
fhin `j tdo r`cb ruis kcr`ss tdo lakfo kro, `j c`urso,
iovor oic`uitorof. Jurtdor fotkhas `i kfzo ekiujkcturo
kro nhvoi hi pkrknrkpd :.
K soc`if quosth`i hs wdotdor tdo cd`hco `j rkw ektorhka
cdkinof hi tdo c`urso `j theo. V` kiswor tdhs quosth`i,
woaa-fktof jrkneoits eky i`w lo kffof t` tdo fktk-lkso.
Hi sphto `j tdhs suppaoeoit, ht hs sthaa `iay tdo Eorzlkcd
caustor kif tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor wdhcd kt tdo e`eoit
pr`vhfo sujjhchâit fktk. Vdo Eñfforsdohe kfzos sd`uaf
pr`vo suhtklao t`` `ico tdo ca`sof jhifs dkvo looi c`r-
roctay ksshniof t` tdo rocoitay ostklahsdof pdksos. Vdhs dks
i`t yot looi f`io j`r wkit `j theo.
Vklao 4 kif jhnuro HH sd`w tdo roakth`i lotwooi r`cbs kif
pdksos. Vdo Nrkotdohfo ektorhka dks looi suppaoeoitof ly
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:3 C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Vklao > Kfzo typo kif rkw ektorhka (eoksurklao kfzos `iay).
kepd. lkskat shahc. `tdors
Vklao 4 \kw ektorhkas kif pdksos (hi tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor
tdo pdksos Dk kif aal dkvo looi c`elhiof).
Eñfforsdohe I5 <3saoifor
ikt
tdhcb
Eorzlkcd caustor I 5 4?
saoifor
ikttdhcb
Nrkotdohfo caustor I 55 4<
saoifor
ikttdhcb
Dooswktor caustor I 5 <8
saoifor
ikt
tdhcb
D`aa`nio-kux-Whorros I 5 ;>
saoifor
ikttdhcb
83;;>
4<?;<
?;7
<;;;7
;68
tdo kfzos jr`e tdo shikaa oxckvkth`is kt Loob-E`aoistoon
kif Noaooi-_re`iforlkki. Iovortdoaoss, tdo fktk ronkrf-
hin porh`f H kro s` sckrco tdkt tdoy dkf t` lo c`elhiof.
Vdo skeo dkf t` lo f`io j`r pdksos Hak kif Hal. J`r tdo
skeo roks`i, tdo Eorzlkcd caustor porh`f H dks looi
ronkrfof ks `io uiht. Shahchcaksthc kif '`tdor' r`cbs dkvo
looi c`elhiof ks woaa. K jow troifs kro `lsorvklao. ^o
soo tdkt kt jhrst kepdhl`ahto f`ehiktos hi l`td caustors.
Kjtor porh`f H tdo rúao pakyof ly tdhs r`cb hs tkboi `vor ly
lkskat, hi s` jkr ks tdhs c`icaush`i eky lo frkwi `i tdo
lkshs `j tdo rktdor eoknro fktk (pkrthcuakray `i tdo
Nrkotdohfo). Hi tdo oif ht hs tdo nr`up `j `tdor r`cb typos
wdhcd provkhas, ekhiay lockuso `j tdo hicroksof uso `j
shahchcaksthc r`cbs.
Vdo prof`ehikico `j tdo shahchcaksts hi pdkso ahf hs c`i-
jhreof ly tdo jhifs jr`e Ekkstrhcdt-Ckiiorlorn. Hi kaa
pr`lklhahty tdoso fkto jr`e pdkso ahf kif c`eprhso `iay
`io kfzo ekfo `j kepdhl`ahto, tw` kfzos `j ayfhto kif
`io `j k qukrtzhthc skifst`io. Vdo prof`ehikico `j
kepdhl`ahto hi pdkso ; hs oepdkshzof ly tdo kfzos jr`e
Noaooi h.o. tdo caksshc shto, i`t tdo shto Noaooi-_re`iforlkki, wdhcd woro sthaa kvkhaklao j`r hivosthnkth`i.
Vdo ohndt spocheois woro `j kepdhl`ahto.
Ht w`uaf sooe tdkt ; eky c`icaufo, whtd s`eo ckuth`i,
tdkt tdo soaoctof r`cb typos cdkinof whtd theo. Vdhs ckii`t
lo k ekttor `j tdo fhsc`vory `j lottor ektorhkas. Hifoof, ht
hs rktdor tdo rovorso, shico kepdhl`ahto hs tdo lottor r`cb.
Ht hs t`undor kif toifs t` spahitor aoss tdki kiy `j tdo
aak aal ahc Ef
Eorzlkcd caustor=coeotory kepd.
lkskat
`tdorssottaoeoits kepd.lkskat`tdors
Nrkotdohfo caustor=coeotory kepd.
lkskat`tdors
sottaoeoits kepd.lkskat`tdors
3 8 ; ? -6 - - < -
< - - - -<7 ;; ? > <
;7 4 ;; ? <
< < 3 < :
4 4
- - - : 6
- - - - >
;8 < ;; 6
3 > : ;
< - < >
Eorzlkcd
a ak l ahc ahf
Jhn. ; ; Vdo roakta`i lot wooi r`ob- typo kif pdkso.
shahchcaksthc r`cbs j`r histkico, ks hs quhto kppkroit hi sottao-
eoit wksto. E`ro`vor, tdo kepdhl`ahtos woro row`rbof
kif rousof ekiy theos, wdhcd sd`ws tdkt tdoy woro dhnday
vkauof. Ht hs e`ro ahboay tdkt tdo fovoa`peoits kro tdo
rosuat `j cdkinos hi tdo ahios `j suppay, wdhcd lrhins us t`
tdo quosth`i `j tdo `rhnhi `j tdo r`cbs tdoesoavos.
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:6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
c=?ShY-rY10?'2 =v*v=Y*Y• Y . . v , * Y
P ' • , , M , "²
=
= 5 t * Y '••-.
e
. ’ -hs.',P-m=£hsj àS*tms#0= B1A', . . Y , . m h ,
²
hm* ... . . ,. ,,. P
¥e
Jhn. ;< Oxkepaos `j kepdh l`aht o, tdhi socth`is, sckao uiht a@@ pe . ;. Akinwohaor 8, ; 6: -3 38 , lkifof kepdh l`aht o rhcd hi `pkquo
ehiorkas2 tdo kcthi` ahthc d` rilaoifo crystk as kro pkrtay krrkinof hi sdokvos <. ks ;. cr`ssof ihc`as 3. Akinwohaor 8 , ; 7; 7- 4, d`r i
laoifo hi sdokj-ahbo caustors 6. ks 3, cr`ssof ihc`as ?. Zah mt hinoi B68.;:->4, kepdhl`ahto whtd woaa-crystkaa hzof lauhsd-nrooi d`ri
laoifo :. Akinwohaor 4, 37>4-?, kepdhl`ahto whtd typhcka sdokvos `j kcthi`aht hc d`rilaoifo crystkas.
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:? C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Jhn. ;3 Oxkepaos `j lkskats , tdhi socth` is, sckao uiht a@ @pe . ;. Akinwohaor 8, ; ;: 7- :, lkskat `j Ayinslorn typo w ht d
pdoi`crysts `j pyr`xoio, `ahvhio kif kae`st c`epaotoay katorof d`rilaoifo <. Zahmthinoi B<:-;7 lkskat `j Ayinslorn typo, lkskathc
d`rilaoifo pkrtay katorof 3. \`seoor ;<4? 6. Akinwohaor 4, 38:;-: ?. \`seoor <<;3, lkskat whtd pdoi`crysts `j `ahvhio, pyr`x
oio kif aktds `j paknh`cakso :. Akinwohaor 8, 4 ;< -3 , lkskat wh td akrno `ahvhio pdoi`c ryst s kif k caustor `j pyr` xoio .
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:: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. ;6 Oxkepaos `j shahchcaksthc r`cbs, tdhi socth `is, sckao uiht ;77YMe. ;. Kulocd hos C`r`i -Ekt `i J 6, ayfhto <. ^kin o, ayfht o,
rhcdor hi crypt`-crystkaahio qukrtz 3. Lahcquy Wothto \`shäro ; >-3 4: nros fo D`rh`i-D`zèe`it 6. Akinwohaor 4, ; >7< -: wokbay
foj`reof qukrtzhto.
?. Vdo pr`voikico `j rkw ektorhkas
Ks k ruao, kfzos woro i`t ekfo hi tdo sottaoeoits. C`i-
trkry t` shnis `j tdo w`rbhin `j jahit, roeikits `j tdo
worbhin `j r`cb kro sckrco. Wrkcthckaay i`io `j tdo
jrkneoits j`uif kro `j uiw`rbof prhekry r`cb. Vdo
krthjkcts eust dkvo krrhvof hi tdo sottaoeoits hi jhihsdof `r
kae`st jhihsdof stkto.
Vdo `rhnhi `j tdo kepdhl`Dthc kfzos hs i`t yot bi`wi. Vdo
`utcr`ps ch`sost t` tdo sottaoeoits uifor c`ishforkth`i kro
sekha lkifs `r hoisos `ccurrhin hi tdo h`w-nrkfo eotke`r-
pdhc r`cbs `j s`utdokstori Lohnhue. Vdoy woro skepaof ly
Krps wd` ckeo t` tdo ionkthvo c`icaush`i tdkt tdoy ckii`tdkvo looi `io `j tdo kepdhl`hhthc s`urcos. Ki`tdor
`lvh`us p`sshlhdty hs k pr`voikico jr`e a`ckh nrkvoa
fop`shts, lut tdo \dhio kif Eouso nrkvoa lofs kro bi`wi
t` c`itkhi kepdhl`ahto `iay vory rkroay kif tdo
kepdhl`ah to hi quosth`i hs fhjjoroit jr`e tdo typos s`undt
j`r.
Iovortdoaoss, B`cd dks oxkehiof \dhio nrkvoas hi `rfor t`
jhif tdo `rhnhi `j tdo Búai-Ahifoitdka ektorhka. Do ckeo
t` tdo c`icaush`i tdkt tdo kepdhl`Dthc kfzos ckii`t lo
trkcof t` a`cka pollaos. Kepdhl`ahto f`os `ccur hi tdo
frkhikno-lkshi `j tdo \dhio, lut tdo pollaos wdhcd dkvo
rokcdof tdo \dhioakif kro jkr t`` sekaa t` kaa`w tdo sdkp-
hin `j kfzo lakfos. Aktor F`dri-Hdehn fhsc`vorof k phoco
`j tdo rhndt shzo hi k nrkvoa pht iokr Ihoforeorz. D`wovor,
tdhs hs ki oxcopth`ika jhif. E`ro`vor, tdo kepdhl`ahto hi
quosth`i hs rhcd hi qukrtz kif lokrs i` rosoelakico t` tdo
typo `j r`cb usof j`r kfzos (F`dri-Hdehn ;843). Vdo c`i
caush`i eust lo tdkt tdo s`urco `r s`urcos `j kepdhl`ahto
kro `i i` kcc`uit a`cka.^doro tdo r`cb kctukaay ckeo jr`e hs sthaa k sulmoct wdhcd
oinknos tdo kttoith`i `j sovorka schoithsts. Vdo pr`laoe
kttrkcts eucd hitorost lockuso kepdhl`ahto wks tdo ekhi
r`cb usof j`r kfzos tdr`und`ut tdo oithro krok `ccuphof ly
tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaors kif wks hifoof i`t c`i-
jhiof t` tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt `iay.
E`st kttoith`i dks looi pkhf t` tdo e`uitkhis `j tdo
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:> C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Zkrhscki Lksoeoit `j Coitrka Our`po (Sposskrt, @foi-
wkaf, Dkrz, tdo L`doehki Eksshj, j`r histkico) kif tdo
Ckrpkthkis (Krps ;8>4, Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi/Scdiohfor
;843) ks p`sshlao no`a`nhcka s`urco. Vdo uiforayhin roks`i
hs tdkt tdoso ronh`is aky whtdhi rokcd `j tdo usors `j tdo
r`cb. Vdo [uktorikry ti`rkhios `j I`rtdori Our`po kif
tdo Kaps sooe t` lo aoss pr`lklao s`urcos.
Jrocdoi c`iioctof tdo Eñfforsdohe kfzos whtd k r`cb
s`urco iokr S`lótbk hi W`ahsd Shaozhk (Jrocdoi ;8:? p.38),
lut tdhs p`sshlhahty dks looi rojutof ly Krps ks woaa ks
Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi kif Scdiohfor. Krps sunnostof tdoro
eky lo s`urcos hi tdo Dkrz, Sposskrt kif @afoiwkaf.
Vdoso kro 'iokr' tdo ronh`i uifor rovhow, lut do jkhaof t`
jhif tdo rhndt bhif `j r`cb. Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi kif
Scdiohfor kas` pr`vof tdo Dkrz t` lo ki uiahboay s`urco.
Vdo fhscussh`i `i tdo `rhnhi `j tdo kepdhl`ahthc kfzos hs
sthaa lohin c`ithiuof. @io `j tdo ekhi pr`laoes dkeporhin
tdo pr`nross hs tdo jkct tdkt kaa p`sshlao `utcr`ps dkvo t`
lo spochkaay skepaof j`r tdo purp`so. Eusoue c`aaocth`is
toif t` hicaufo ekhiay tdo kepdhl`ahtos `j typhcka
eotke`rpdhc hep`rtkico. Vdo jhio-nrkhiof vkrhothos usofly tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb po`pao kro noiorkaay i`t
roprosoitof. @io jkct, d`wovor, hs cortkhi kif tdkt hs tdkt
tdo kepdhl`ahthc kfzos hivosthnktof doro ckeo jr`e tdo
`tdor shfo `j tdo \dhio kif jr`e k ronh`i jkr kwky, s`eo-
wdoro hi tdo kkst `r s`utdokst. Vdo kfzos eust dkvo looi
trkisp`rtof hi s`eo systoe `j a`in-fhstkico oxcdkino.
Vdo `rhnhi `j tdo lkskat hs aoss pr`laoekthc. L`td Jrocdoi
kif Krps p`hit t` tdo v`acki`s `j tdo Sholoinolhrno kif
tdo Ohjoa (@lorbkssoa, Wkpoaslorn, Ayinslorn t` eoith`i k
jow). Vdo Vorthkry kif [uktorikry v`acki`s kro tdo
prhekry s`urco, lut ioof i`t iocosskrhay lo tdo heeofhkto
s`urco `j tdo kfzo ektorhka. B`cd stktos tdkt lkskathc pol-
laos kro j`uif quhto jroquoitay hi tdo nrkvoas `j tdo \dhiokif ovoi e`ro s` hi tdo nrkvoas `j tdo rhvors c`ehin
fhroctay jr`e tdo e`uitkhis, tdo rhvor Kdr j`r oxkepao.
C`isoquoitay, tdo rkw ektorhka ioof i`t dkvo tdo hfoka
`rhnhi hi tdo j`re `j k shinao no`nrkpdhcka s`urco. Jollaos
eky dkvo looi c`aaoctof jr`e kaa bhifs `j nrkvoa fop`shts,
ovoi hi sooehinay uiahboay pakcos. Ki oxkepao hs tdo
fhsc`vory `j k akrno jrkneoit `j k lkskat c`auei `j
Ayinslorn typo hi k \dhio nrkvoa fop`sht cut ly tdo rhvor
Eouso, ;< be i`rtd `j Shttkrf. Vdo jrkneoit hs akrno
oi`und t` lo cut up hit` f`zois `j kfzos.
Iovortdoaoss, tdo jkct tdkt dkrfay kiy lkskathc pollaos `r
`tdor shnis `j lkskat w`rbhin dkvo looi j`uif hi tdo sot-
taoeoits p`hits t` tdo oxhstoico `j spochka pakcos `r sot-
taoeoits wdoro kfzos woro ekfo. Vdo `iay la`cb `j rkw
ektorhka bi`wi hs k spocheoi jr`e Búai-Ahifoitdka . Vdo
`iay r`und-`uts tdkt dkvo s` jkr looi foscrhlof kro jr`e
Akinwohaor < (I`. ;?;6-46, k phoco sdkpof jr`e k pollao)
kif \`seoor (I`. ;<4>). Vdo kctuka w`rbsd`ps, d`wovor,
kro yot t` lo fhsc`vorof.
Ks stktof kl`vo, tdo roekhihin r`cbs j`re ki ovoi e`ro
dotor`noio`us nr`up tdkt tdo kepdhl`ahtos kif lkskats.
^dkt tdoy dkvo hi c`ee`i hs tdkt tdoy kro jhio-nrkhiof,
c`epkct, t`und, fkrb-c`a`urof sofheoitkry r`cbs. @tdor
bhifs `j ektorhka kro oxcopth`ika, j`r histkico tdo f`aorhto
jr`e Stohi, I`.<;4, wdhcd hs fhjjoroit kiyd`w lockuso ht
hs k porj`rktof kfzo.
Búai-Ahifoitdka, Eñfforsdohe kif tdo Eorzlkcd caustor
yhoafof k rkino `j kfzos `j fkrb-nrky qukrtzhthc r`cbs. Vdo
vkrhoty hs sucd tdkt ht hs hep`sshlao t` sulfhvhfo tdo nr`up,
oxcopt hi td`so spochka cksos wdoro tw` kfzos woro caokray
ekfo jr`e `io kif tdo skeo phoco `j r`cb. Oxkepaos kro
Búai-Ahifoitdka I`s Daa kif D>> kif Akinwohaor 4, I`s
34;<->7 kif 34;<-<<4. Vdo ektorhkas kppokr t` dkvo looi
phcbof up s`eowdoro. Iovortdoaoss, l`td B`cd kif
Jrocdoi stkto tdkt s`eo r`cbs woro hep`rtof.
B`cd dks a``bof j`r k p`sshlao `rhnhi `j j`ur Búai-
Ahifoitdka kfzos ekfo jr`e fkrb shahchjhof sdkao hi tdo
a`cka nrkvoas fop`shtof ly tdo \dhio. Vdhs 'Bhosoascdhojor'
c`isthtutos ;.<% `j tdo A`wor Vorrkco iokr Búai-
Lhcboif`rj. Kcc`rfhin t` ;. Eusk, K. Scdiñtnoi kif D.Kateoyor, tdhs eky lo ovoi e`ro, p`sshlay ovoi ?% (Eusk
;8>6, Scdiñtnoi ;8>6, Kateoyor ;8>?). B`cd, d`wovor,
strossos tdkt tdo kfzos kro i`t ekfo `ut `j tdo i`reka
shahchjhof sdkaos, lut `ut `j k ckrojuaay soaoctof
d`e`noio`us lakcb vkrhoty. Vdo kppr`prhkto pollaos do
fhf jhif, soaf`e dkf tdo rhndt shzo2 e`st woro t`` sekaa.
Do tdoroj`ro sunnosts hep`rt, p`sshlay jr`e tdo _ppor
Akdi `r tdo Krfoiios (B`cd ;83: p.;3:). Vdoso hep`rts
c`icori `iay tdroo phocos `j r`cb kiyd`w, shico tw` `j tdo
kfzos kro tdo tw` eoith`iof kl`vo. Vdo tw` roekhihin
Búai-Ahifoitdka kfzos `j sofheoitkry `rhnhi kro
nrkywkcbos, wdhcd eky vory woaa dkvo c`eo jr`e tdo a`cka
\dhio nrkvoa.
Jrocdoi ckeo t` tdo c`icaush`i tdkt tdo tw` kfzos ekfo
jr`e shahchcaksthc r`cb j`uif kt Eñfforsdohe c`uaf i`t lo
a`cka. L`td kro ekfo `j k shahchjhof sdkao wdhcd, kcc`rfhin
t` hts foscrhpth`i, hs fhjjoroit jr`e tdo Búai-Ahifoitdka
r`cb. J`r hts typo a`ckahty Jrocdoi sunnosts Zhoaskae hi tdo
Krfoiios.
Vdo ekm`rhty `j tdo ;> hivosthnktof kfzos jr`e tdo Eorz
lkcd caustor kro `j foiso qukrtzhtos. Kaa sottaoeoits
c`uitof pollaos `j pyrhto-lokrhin qukrtzhto ke`in tdohr
rullhsd, sovorka `j wdhcd sd`w trkcos `j dkvhin looi
sdkpof hit` s`eotdhin rosoelahin ki kfzo r`und-`ut.
Iovortdoaoss, i` jhihsdof kfzos ekfo jr`e tdhs ektorhkadkvo looi j`uif. Vdo `iay r`und-`ut, Akinwohaor 4
I`. ;>7<-:, wks ekfo jr`e k fhjjoroit bhif `j pollao. Vdo
pr`voikico `j tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos hs sthaa uicaokr. Ki
`rhnhi hi tdo a`cka kccosshlao nrkvoas hs i`t uiahboay. @ut
cr`ps jr`e l`td \dhio kif Eouso fop`shts kro t` lo c`i-
shforof. Hep`rt, d`wovor, hs i`t oithroay oxcaufof, lockuso
c`krso nrkvoas whtd kccoptklao c`icoitrkth`is `j tdo rhndt
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:4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
FHFHH
Jhn. ; ? S`urcos `j rkw ektorhk a. Ekp lksof `i Vdo Ktaks `j
Vdo Iotdorakifs 2 Wakto ;;-;, Foajt, ;8 >< .
bhif `j qukrtzhtos kro sckrco. Vdo nr`up `j r`cbs hs hi kiy
ckso dotor`noio`us. Hj tdoy woro hep`rtof, tdoy eust dkvo
looi phcbof up hifhvhfukaay ly po`pao wkiforhin loy`if
tdohr fkhay rkino.
Vdo nr`up `j sofheoitkry r`cbs `j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor
hs kas` dotor`noio`us (Krps ;8>4). Sovorka roakthvoay ahndt-
c`a`urof qukrtzhthc hepaoeoits eky dkvo `rhnhiktof hi tdo
nrkvoa lofs `j tdo rhvor Eouso. Ovhfoico `j tdhs tdo`ry `j
k a`cka s`urco hs kas` pr`vhfof ly tdo prosoico `j k r`und-
`ut, Oasa`` I`.:46, loa`inhin t` tdhs nr`up. D`wovor, i`
wksto hifhckthin tdo w`rbhin `j tdoso r`cbs dkf looi
j`uif hi tdo sottaoeoits. Loshfos, tdo prosoico `j k r`und-`ut f`os i`t iocosskrhay pr`vo tdkt st`io wks w`rbof
iokrly2 ks whaa lo p`hitof `ut loa`w, `tdor r`und-`uts
woro caokray hep`rtof.
Kpkrt jr`e prosueklao a`cka r`cbs, tdo caustor yhoafof
phocos wdhcd ckii`t lo `j a`cka `rhnhi. Vdkibs t` Loanhki
hivosthnkth`is, tdo `rhnhis `j tw` typos dkvo i`w looi
trkcof. @io hs tdo r`cb foscrhlof ks 'nros k ehcks fo
D`rh`i-D`zèe`it' kif tdo `tdor hs tdo ayfhto `r 'pdtkihto'
`j Cèr`ux-E`usty.
Vdo jhrst-eoith`iof hs k fkrb-nroy t` fkrb-lr`wi qukrtzhthc
'pdyaahto' c`itkhihin k vkryhin lut c`isphcu`us ke`uit `j
`rnkihc ekttor. Vdo r`cb sd`ws k fhsthict lkifhin.
C`krsor lkifs whtd kinuakr qukrtz nrkhis katorikto whtd
jhior-nrkhiof lkifs c`itkhihin e`ro fkrb ekttor. Vdo
ikeo 'nros k ehcks' hs forhvof jr`e tdo eusc`vhto prosoit.
Vdo r`cb loa`ins t` tdo Ckrl`ihjor`us kif dks sovorka
`utcr`ps ka`in tdo Eouso kif hts trhlutkrhos. Iovortdoaoss,
hts pollaos kro `iay rkroay j`uif hi Eouso nrkvoas. Hi ;8:>
E.N. Frkf`i fhsc`vorof k shto quhto iokr `io `j tdo `ut
cr`ps wdoro tdo r`cb dkf kctukaay looi sdkpof hit` kfzos.
Shto kif `utcr`p kro ikeof kjtor tdo iokrost vhaakno,
D`rh`i-D`zèe`it, hi Loanhue (Frkf`i ;8:>). _itha k
shehakr shto hs fhsc`vorof, tdhs shto hs c`ishforof t` lo tdo
s`urco `j kaa 'D`rh`i-D`zèe`it' kfzos.
Vdo soc`if r`cb hs k lakcb t` fkrb-nroy rkfh`akrhki cdort,k truo ayfhto (hi jroicd pdtkihto). Ht c`itkhis aoisos `j
crypt`crystkaahio qukrtz oica`shin ruthao crystkas. Vdhs ayfhto
hs bi`wi jr`e tdo vkaaoy `j tdo rhvuaot \y-Kin`i hi tdo
euihchpkahty `j Cèr`ux-E`usty hi Loanhue. Ht hs j`uif ks
i`fuaos kif lkibs hi k woktdorof ektrhx loa`inhin t` tdo
\ovhihki (Ckelrhki) (Cue`it H48>-H484). Wkrt `j tdo
i`fuaos dkvo looi hic`rp`rktof hi [uktorikry sofheoits
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:8 C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
`i tdo sa`pos `j tdo vkaaoy. Vdo r`cb hs foscrhlof hi tdo
ahtorkturo uifor tdo ikeo j ayfhto (`r 'pdtkihto' ) jr`e
Cèr`ux-E`usty `r ayfhto jr`e Jrkiquoihos `r @tthnihos,
kjtor tw` a`cka vhaaknos. I` shtos dkvo looi j`uif hi `r
iokr tdo vkaaoy wdoro Ahiokrlkifborkehb kfzos eky dkvo
looi ekfo. Ht hs bi`wi i`w tdkt tdoy woro ekiujkcturof
`i k e`ro tdki a`cka sckao hi tw` shtos ayhin 3? be jr`e
tdo vkaaoy, tdo shtos Akifoi-^kino kif Ahitoa-@vordospoi(A`fowhmcbx ;846). Vdo hivosthnkth`is `j M.W. Ckspkr sun-
nost tdkt tdoro eky hifoof lo `tdor shtos loshfos tdoso tw`
(Ckspkr ;846).
Kfzos `j Cèr`ux-E`usty ayfhto dkvo iot yot looi
oic`uitorof hi tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kif tdo sottaoeoits t`
tdo okst `j tdhs. @io kfzo tdkt eky dkvo `rhnhiktof hi
D`rh`i-D`zèe`it wks j`uif kt Akinwohaor 8, i`tklay
I`.?<6-4.
Hi pkrknrkpd 6 ht dks looi foe`istrktof tdkt tdo porcoi
tknos `j tdo fhjjoroit r`cb typos hi tdo t`tka c`aaocth`i `j
kfzos katorof whtd theo. Hi porh`f ; kepdhl`ahto
prof`ehiktof, kt aokst hi tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo
caustors. Kt tdo lonhiihin `j porh`f HH lkskathc r`cbs t``b`vor. Vdhs fovoa`peoit oifof whtd ki hicroksof uso `j
shahchcaksthc r`cb. Hi vhow `j tdo `rhnhi `j tdo r`cb typos,
tdhs w`uaf eoki tdkt hihthkaay kfzos, h.o. tdo jhihsdof pr`-
fucts, ckeo jr`e tdo okst `r s`utdokst. Vdhs eust lo c`i-
ioctof whtd tdo 'r``ts' `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb p`puak-
th`i. Aktor `i tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo \dhioakif stkrtof t`
oxpa`ht k a`cka s`urco, tdo lkskats. Lkskat ckeo hit` uso
doro furhin porh`f H, ks hs `lsorvof i`t `iay hi tdo Eorz
lkcd caustor, lut kas` hi Eñfforsdohe'. Hi tdhs rospoct ht hs
ronrottklao tdkt tdo ektorhka jr`e Búai-Ahifoitdka hs i`
a`inor kccosshlao j`r stufy. Vdo lkskathc kfzos ekiujkc
turof s`eowdoro iokr `r `i tdo l`uifkry `j tdo
\dhioakif j`uif tdohr wky t` tdo ronh`is hi tdo wost. Hi
porh`f HH tdoy jhrst lockeo c`ee`i hi tdo Nrkotdohfo
krok. Ovoitukaay tdoy ovoi rokcdof tdo Foifro caustor.
Hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo ronh`i stufhof doro, kepdhl`ahto
kif lkskat kro quhto c`ee`i, lut i`t ks c`ee`i ks hi
tdo krok okst `j \`seoor. Vdhs wostori pkrt wks `iay
`ccuphof furhin porh`f HH. Wo`pao sooe t` dkvo looi
rktdor quhcb hi fhsc`vorhin suhtklao a`cka r`cbs kif hi
oxpa`hthin tdoe. E kif N. V`usskhit foscrhlof tdo kfzos
j`uif lotwooi tdo rhvors Noor kif Eouso. Vdoy ckeo t`
tdo c`icaush`i tdkt tdo kfzos jr`e shtos hi tdo surr`ui-
fhins `j D`rh`i-D`zèe`it hicaufo k akrno porcoitkno `j
tdo nros ä ehcks typos. V` tdo wost, hi tdo fhrocth`i `jCèr`ux-E`usty, ayfhto prof`ehiktos (V`usskhit/V`usskhit
;84<). _ij`rtuiktoay, e`st `j tdoso kfzos woro c`aaoctof
jr`e tdo surjkco `r ckeo jr`e `afor oxckvkth`is. Vdoro-
j`ro, ht ckii`t yot lo fotorehiof wdoi tdo s`urcos D`rh`i-
D`zèe`it kif Cèr`ux-E`usty woro oxpa`htof j`r tdo jhrst
theo. Vdo rosuats `j tdo hivosthnkth`is ly tdo tw` V`us-
skhits, j`r tdkt ekttor, sooe t` portkhi t` sottaoeoit shtos
`iay. Vdo `iay coeotory bi`wi jr`e tdhs krok, D`aa`nio-
kux-Whorros, yhoafof `iay jow kfzos `j a`cka ektorhka. @j
tdo ;> spocheois j`uif, ohndt kro `j kepdhl`ahto, sovoi `j
lkskat, `io `j ayfhto kif `io `j ki`tdor bhif `j `rhnhikaay
sofheoitkry r`cb. Vdhs uiusuka c`ep`shth`i eky lo k
quosth`i `j stktus.
Jurtdor t` tdo wost ahos tdo karokfy-eoith`iof Foifro
caustor. Ht hs quhto hs`aktof, lohin sopkrktof jr`e tdo `tdorsly k whfo z`io fov`hf `j sottaoeoit trkcos. Fosphto `j tdhs,
ht wks i`t cut `jj jr`e tdo ekhi iotw`rbs `j oxcdkino.
Vdo r`cbs wdhcd dkvo k fhstkit s`urco, tdo kepdhl`ahtos
kif lkskats, kro sckrco, lut prosoit. E`st ektorhka, d`w-
ovor, hs shahchcaksthc r`cb (akl/o 8). Surprhshinay oi`und, tdo
sottaoeoits Kulocdhos-C`r`i Ekt`i kif Lahcquy-Wothto
\`shäro sooe t` fhjjor hi tdohr projoroicos. Kfzos woro
ekiujkcturof `i l`td shtos, whtioss tdo prosoico `j wksto
kif jkhaof r`und-`uts, lut kt Kulocdhos tdoy woro ekfo
e`stay jr`e ayfhto jr`e Cèr`ux-E`usty wdoroks Lahcquy
sd`ws k projoroico j r r`cb jr e D`rh`i-D`zèe`it,
loshfos tdroo `tdor typos. D`wovor, tdo fhjjoroico eky lo
focopthvo. Vdo ektorhka hs t`` sckrco t` poreht kiy c`icau-sh`is. E`ro`vor, tdo jrkneoits `j D`rh`i-D`zèe`it r`cb
j`uif kt Lahcquy eky kaa dkvo c`eo jr`e tdo skeo phoco.
Vdhs dks looi pr`voi ly tdhi socth`ihin hi tdo ckso `j tw`
`j tdo jrkneoits, Lahcquy-W\ 3.3>; kif >.38<.
Hi tdo jhrst soitoico `j tdhs pkrknrkpd ht wks stktof tdkt,
ks k ruao, kfzos krrhvof hi tdo sottaoeoits ks jhihsdof `r
kae`st jhihsdof pr`fucts. Vdoro eust dkvo looi ki
oxcdkino `j jhihsdof kfzo lakfos, e`stay `j kepdhl`ahto
kif lkskat. Aoss jhihsdof woro pordkps tdo kfzos ekfo
jr`e shahchcaksthc r`cbs. Vdo Cèr`ux-E`usty kif D`rh`i-
D`zèe`it r`cbs, j`r histkico, woro kas` fhstrhlutof ks
uijhihsdof pr`fucts, whtioss tdo prosoico `j r`und-`uts kt
shtos ks jkr roe`vof ks Noaooi (Cèr`ux-E`usty r`und-`ut)
kif Oasa`` (Oasa`` I`.>;, k D`rh`i-D`zèe`it r`und-`ut)
(jhn.;:). Vdo r`cbs eky ovoi dkvo looi trkisp`rtof ks
la`cbs `j uiw`rbof ektorhka, ks hs sunnostof ly tdo jhifs
jr`e Kulocdhos, s`eo :? be kwky jr`e tdo s`urco
Cèr`ux-E`usty. Ht w`uaf sooe tdkt kfzos jr`e fhstkit
r`cb s`urcos kro oic`uitorof ks jhihsdof lakfos kif tdkt
kfzos ekfo jr`e iokrly s`urcos ioof i`t dkvo looi
trkisp`rtof `r oxcdkinof ks jhihsdof pr`fucts. Vdhs c`i
caush`i hs hi kcc`rfkico whtd wdkt hs `jtoi `lsorvof hi tdo
fhstrhluth`i pkttori `j eucd s`undt-kjtor bhifs `j jahits
kif cdorts.
Vklao 8 Kfzos kif rkw ektorhka jr`e tdo Foifro caustor.
kepd. lkskat ayfhto D`r.D`z. `tdors
Kulocdhos C`r`i Ekt`iLahcquy W`rto @uvortoLahcquy Wothto \`shäro
;8;
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>7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. ;: \`und-`uts jr` e
D`rh`i-D`zèe`it (aojt) kif
Cèr`ux-E`usty (rhndt) ektorhka.
;=<.
:. Vdo kfzo kif hts ahjo
Vdo ahjo `j ki kfzo lonhis whtd k suhtklao phoco `j r`cb. Hi
pkrknrkpd ? wo aokriof wdkt hs t` lo uiforst``f ly 'k
suhtklao typo `j r`cb', lut wo sthaa f` i`t bi`w wdkt
oxkctay hs t` lo uiforst``f ly 'k suhtklao phoco `j r`cb'.
Vdo roks`i j`r tdhs hs tdkt wo f` i`t bi`w eucd kl`ut
w`rbsd`ps.
Vdo phoco eky dkvo looi k jrkneoit qukrrhof jr`e ki
`utcr`p. K soc`if p`sshlhahty hs k la`cb a``soiof hi k
ikturka wky, ly woktdorhin. Sucd ektorhka ahos kt tdo j``t
`j `utcr`ps. Ht eky kas` dkvo looi hic`rp`rktof hi k
y`uinor j`rekth`i, ks hs tdo ckso whtd tdo Cèr`ux-E`usty
ayfhto. Vdo tdhrf p`sshlhahty hs k pollao `r l`uafor jr`e k
nrkvoa lof. J`r wkit `j bi`waofno j Ahiokrlkifborkehb
qukrryhin (oxcopt wdoro jahit hs c`icoriofY) tdo `rhnhika
phoco eust lo trkcof ly tdo kikayshs `j tdo wksto pr`fucof
hi sdkphin kfzo r`und-`u ts. Ht hs `jtoi fhjjhcuat t`
fhsthinuhsd lotwooi qukrrhof `r ikturkaay a``soiof
ektorhka. Vdo akttor eky sd`w caokror shnis `j woktdorhin
`i hts surjkco, i`t `iay lockuso ht lr`bo ka`in kichoit
crkcbs, lut kas` lockuso ht eky dkvo akhi oxp`sof j`r s`eo
theo. ^ksto jr`e tdo w`rbhin `j kepdhl`ahto hifoof
sd`ws tdhs bhif `j woktdorhin ([uhttk ;8??, Lkboas ;84:),
lut shico kepdhl`ahto wks i`t w`rbof hi tdo ronh`i fos-
crhlof doro, tdhs Hij`rekth`i hs kt prosoit i`t roaovkit.Lkskat hs i`t suhtklao j`r sucd kikayshs lockuso ht woktdors
t`` okshay. Ovoi jhihsdof kfzos kif tdohr jrkneoits sd`w k
rkt dor tdhcb crust wdoi tdoy kro j`uif.
E`ro roaovkit t` `ur stufy kro tdo r`cbs `j D`rh`i-
D`zèe`it kif Cèr`ux-E`usty. Kcc`rfhin t` tdo `lsorvk-
th`is ly Frkf`i, tdo `rhnhi `j ki kfzo ekfo kt D`rh`i-
D`zèe`it hs k sakl `j r`cb kif i`t k pollao (Frkf`i
;8:>). \`und-`uts j`uif oasowdoro, Oasa`` I`.>; j`r
histkico, c`ijhre tdhs. Sakls p`hit t`wkrfs k prhekry
s`urco tdkt hs ohtdor tdo `utcr`p htsoaj `r k c`aaocth`i `j
folrhs hi hts heeofhkto surr`uifhins. Shnis `j woktdorhin
kro i`t rop`rtof kif ht hs i`t caokr wdotdor tdoy kro pros
oit `r i`t. Vdhs r`cb typo f`os i`t woktdor rokfhay, s` ht
eky lo fhjjhcuat t` fochfo wdotdor tdo r`cb wks qukrrhof
`r i`t.
Kcc`rfhin t` Ckspkr, tdo `rhnhi `j ki kfzo `j Cèr`ux-
E`usty ektorhka hs k i`fuao `r pkrt `j k lkib fun `ut
jr`e ohtdor tdo woktdorof ektrhx `r tdo [uktorikry
fop`shts `i tdo sa`pos `j tdo \y-Kin`i vkaaoy (Ckspkr
;846).
Wollaos woro usof t`` hi kfzo ekiujkcturhin.
Vdo`rothckaay, wksto rosuathin jr`e tdo sdkphin `j pollaos
sd`uaf lo oksy t` roc`nihzo. D`wovor, hi `iay `io ckso
c`uaf k pollao lo hifhcktof ks tdo s`urco `j ki kfzo= tdo
jkhaof r`und-`ut jr`e Akinwohaor < wks ekfo jr`e k
lkskathc pollao. Vdo Búai-Ahifoitdka ektorhka hicaufos k
pollao `j lkskat wdhcd eky dkvo looi fosthiof t` loc`eo
ki kfzo. Vdo skeo kppahos t` tdroo phocos `j shahchcaksthc
r`cb jr`e Akinwohaor 4 kif Akuroizlorn >. Hi ey `phi-
h`i, d`wovor, tdoso jow oxkepaos f` i`t prosoit ki
kccurkto heprossh`i `j tdo kctuka shtukth`i. Lkskathc kif
qukrtzhthc kfzos eky hifoof dkvo quhto c`ee`iay looiekfo jr`e pollaos. Vdhs hs fhjjhcuat t` pr`vo, d`wovor, j`
akcb `j tdo rhndt bhif `j wksto.
Vdo phoco `j r`cb dkf t` lo sdkpof hit` k r`und-`ut. Hi
tdo ckso `j jhsshao r`cbs tdhs wks f`io ly spahtthin `jj k
sakl `j tdo roquhrof tdhcbioss, hj sucd k sakl wks i`t
karokfy kvkhaklao. Vdhs hs, kt aokst, tdo wky hi wdhcd tdo
r`cb `j D`rh`i-D`zèe`it wks w`rbof. Vdo skeo eotd`f
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>; C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
dks looi sunnostof j`r kepdhl`ahto. Vdo tdhcbioss `j tdo
sakl tdoi e`ro `r aoss oqukaof tdo hitoifof tdhcbioss `j
tdo kfzo hj k jakt typo wks roquhrof, kif tdo hitoifof
whftd hj k tdhcb typo wks t` lo ekfo. Vdo `tdor shfos woro
`ltkhiof ly bikpphin `r, hj tdo r`cb spahitorof t`` rokfhay,
ly skwhin (Frkf`i ;8:>, Lkboas ;84:). Vdo lutt kif cut-
thin ofno woro sdkpof hi sovorka la`ws, uihoss skwhin wks
knkhi iocosskry.
Lkskats kif ayfhto woro sdkpof ly tocdihquos roaktof t`
td`so kppahof hi jahit w`rbhin. Ospochkaay ayfhto dks jahit-
ahbo pr`porthos. Ckspkr dks stufhof hts wksto kif r`und-
`uts. Do foscrhlos d`w sekaa i`fuaos, `r jakbos `j akrnor
i`fuaos woro sdkpof hit` kfzo lakfos. \hfnos, tdo rosu_ `j
bikpphin kif rot`ucdhin, woro se``tdoiof ly pocbhin
(Ckspkr ;846). Vdo r`und-`ut tdus jksdh`iof wks jhihsdof
ly nrhifhin. Vdo oithro krthjkct wks nr`uif, i`t `iay tdo
cutthin ofno, e`saay rosuathin hi k se``td surjkco kaa
r`uif. @iay tdo lutt fhf i`t kawkys rocohvo tdo skeo
ke`uit `j kttoith`i ks tdo rost kif foop trkcos `j jakbhin
woro i`t kawkys c`epaotoay ojjkcof. Hi ey `phih`i e`st
`j tdo jkcottos eoith`iof hi pkrknrkpd < kro tdo rosuat `jnrhifhin. S`eo jkcottos woro karokfy prosoit hi tdo lkshc
sdkpo d`wovor. Jakt shfos kro tdo rosuat `j tdo sdkphin
eotd`fs, wdoi tdo krthjkct hs skwi j`r histkico. Jakt shfos
kro ekhiay `lsorvof `i kfzos sdkpof jr`e sakls.
Nrhifhin kawkys aojt scrktcdos. Vdoso kro okshay `lsorvof
`i tdo kfzos ekfo `j D`rh`i-D`zèe`it kif Cèr`ux-
E`usty r`cb. Vdo surjkco `j tdoso krthjkcts hs tdo aokst
woktdorof wdhcd eky kcc`uit j`r tdo scrktcdos sthaa lohin
vhshlao.
Vdo rosuat `j sdkphin kif nrhifhin hs ki `la`in lakfo whtd
k f`eof uppor shfo, k jakt a`wor shfo, k lutt kif k cutthin
ofno. Vdo shfos tkpor sahndtay t`wkrfs tdo lutt. F`dri-
Hdehn dks sd`wi tdkt tdo ekxheue V^ hifox hs t` lo
j`uif hi tdo coitro `j tdo krthjkct (F`dri-adehn ;843
p.>6). Vdo cutthin ofno ahos oxkctay hi tdo kxhs `j tdo lakfo
{jhn. ;>). Vdo trkishth`i jr`e tdo f`eof shfo t` tdo cutthin
ofno hs sdkpof ahbo k se``td curvo. Vdo trkishth`i jr`e
tdo a`wor shfo t` tdo cutthin ofno hs aoss nrkfuka2 s`eo-
theos ht hs k rhfno. Vdo a`wor pkrt dokrhin tdo cutthin ofno
eky dkvo looi nr`uif d`aa`w, k cdkrkctorhsthc ekhiay
`lsorvof `i dhnd kfzos.
Vdo cutthin kinao `j jakt kfzos ahos kr`uif ??·. K c`aaoc-
th`i `j 67 eoksurof spocheois dks k eoki kinao `j ?6·
kif k Stkifkrf fovhkth`i `j 8·. Vdo sekaaost kinao
eoksurof hs 37·, tdo whfost >?·.
Vdo cutthin kinao `j tdhcb spocheois ahos kr`uif :7·-:?·2
tdo eoki kinao hs :3· (I 5 37) kif tdo Stkifkrf fovhkth`i
6·. Vdo sekaaost kinao `lsorvof hs ??· kif tdo whfost >7·.
Vdo ioxt stop wks tdo dkjthin `j tdo lakfo. Vdo hivosthnk-
th`i `j tdo trkcos `j dkjthin dkvo looi tdo sulmoct `j
fotkhaof stufhos ly F`dri-adehn. Vdo prosoico `j k dkjt hs
roc`nihzof ly ki kffhth`ika austro `r k fhjjoroico hi c`a`ur
`i tdo lutt dkaj `j tdo lakfo. Ht cki lo sooi lost `i lakfosjr`e hitoreoits. F`dri-adehn kscrhlos tdo austro t` tdo
cdkjhin kif p`ahsdhin ojjoct `j k dkjt `r s`cbot tdkt fhf
i`t jht t`` thndtay `r tdohr s`jt (aoktdor 0)ahihin. Sdo
loahovos tdkt tdo lakfo wks sot hi w``f kif i`t hi k s`cbot
`j l`io `r kitaor, shico trkcos `j tdo akttor dkvo iovor
looi j`uif hi sottaoeoits, i`t ovoi hi td`so wdoro klui
fkit l`io ektorhka dks looi oxckvktof'. K fhjjoroico hi
c`a`ur hs kscrhlof t` tdo kcth`i `j cortkhi sulstkicos hi tdo
ektorhka usof j`r tdo dkjt (F`dri-adehn ;8>4-;8>8, ;8>8-
;847 kif ;843). S`eotheos tdo dkjt wks cut t` tdo rhndt
shzo wdoi tdo lakfo wks karokfy hisortof. Vdhs rosuatof hi
trkisvorso scrktcdos `i tdo kfzo lakfo (jhn. ;4). Vdo dkjt `r
Jhn. ; > K 'io w' kfzo (Ihoforeorz nrkvo :7) kif ki kfzo ekiy theos rosdkrpoiof (Ihoforeorz nrkvo 86). Fr kwhi n kjtor F`dri-
adehn ;843, p. >> . ;=<.
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>< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
s`cbot c`vorof dkaj `j tdo lakfo, kt aokst hi iow
hepaoeoits.
Kjtor dkjthin, tdo kfzo wks rokfy j`r uso. Vdo quosth`i hs
wdhcd uso. Vdo sdkpo kif aoindt `j tdo dkjt kro uibi`wi
ks hs tdo purp`so `j tdo t``h. Vdo dyp`tdoshs kfdorof t`
e`st hs tdkt ht hs k t``h whtd k cutthin ofno kt rhndt-kinaos
t` k dkifao, hitoifof j`r cutthin kif w`rbhin w``f,
wdhcd hs wdy ht hs rojorrof t` ks ki kfzo. Hi tdo pkst, tdo
lakfos dkvo looi hitorprotof ks tdo lakfos `j d`os `r tdo
thps `r krfs, lut tdhs tdo`ry dkf t` lo klkif`iof, lockuso
tdo lakfos iovor sd`w tdo trkcos `j dokvy wokr wdhcd
w`uaf lo tdo rosuat `j w`rbhin tdo okrtd. Vdo hitorprotk-
th`i `j tdo t``h ks k w``f-w`rbhin hepaoeoit hs sunnostof
ly iueor`us otdi`a`nhcka pkrkaaoas, j`r histkico
hepaoeoits jr`e I`rtdori Keorhck `r Iow-Nuhiok. E`ro-
`vor, tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb t``h bht f`os i`t c`itkhi kiy
`tdor t``h suhtklao j`r tdo purp`so. Vyphcka kxos kro
klsoit. Vdo oxkct ikturo `j tdo t``a's uso hs i`t yot
uiforst``f. Vdo kfzos eky dkvo looi usof j`r cutthin
f`wi troos, sdkphin thelor kif ekiujkcturhin w``foi
`lmocts. Fhjjoroit typos eky dkvo looi usof j r fhjjoroit
purp`sos. F`dri-adehn hitorprots sd`rt lakfos ks phkios.
Akrno tdhcb kfzos w`uaf dkvo looi usof j`r dokvhor w`rb.
Ki kikayshs `j trkcos `j wokr sd`uaf pr`vhfo e`ro Hij`r
ekth`i. K pr`laoe hs tdkt e`st kfzos kro lkfay woktdorof,
lut s`eo kepdhl`ahtos kif kaa shahchjhof sdkaos sthaa sd`w
tdo strhkth`is kt rhndt-kinaos t` tdo cutthin ofno wdhcd kro
typhcka `j kfzos, kcc`rfhin t` Soeoi`v (Soeoi`v ;8:6).
Vdoro kro kas` fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo a`wor kif uppor
pkrts `j tdo cutthin ofno. K systoekthc stufy `j sucd kif
`tdor trkcos `j wokr whaa lo ckrrhof `ut hi tdo iokr juturo.
Ovoi hj tdo oxkct uso `j tdo t``as hs ks yot uibi`wi, `io
`j tdo ojjocts `j hts uso hs caokr, ikeoay tdkt tdo cutthin
ofno lockeo lauit kif dkf t` lo rosdkrpoiof. Vdhsrosdkrpoihin kjjoctof tdo a`wor shfo e`ro tdki tdo uppor,
f`eof, shfo. Vdo rosuat hs tdkt tdo rhfno ekrbhin tdo trki-
shth`i jr`e tdo pkrt dokrhin tdo cutthin ofno t` tdo jakt,
a`wor shfo, lockeo e`ro kif e`ro pr`i`uicof kif tdkt,
c`isoquoitay, tdo kinao lotwooi tdo tw` phkios lockeo
ikrr`wor. Vdo cutthin ofno htsoaj sdhjtof jr`e tdo ekhi
kxhs t` k p`shth`i kl`vo tdo ekhi kxhs (jhn.;>). Vdo cdkino
hi sdkpo dks looi kepay haaustrktof ly F`dri-adehn
(F`dri-adehn ;843 p.>>). Vdo lakfos woro rosdkrpoiof
e`ro tdki `ico, tdus loc`ehin sd`rtor kif sd`rtor. Vdo
s`cbot `r dkjt dkf t` lo cut lkcb `r lo ropakcof. Vdo
sd`rtoihin `j kfzo lakfos furhin tdohr sorvhcoklao ahjo eust
lo `io `j tdo roks`is wdy kfzos jr`e sottaoeoits kroshnihjhckitay sd`rtor tdki kfzos jr`e coeotorhos, tdkt hs, kt
aokst tdo jakt typo (tklao ;7). Ks j`r tdhcb kfzos, tdhs kspoct
c`uaf i`t lo hivosthnktof lockuso hisujjhchâit spocheois
dkvo looi j`uif hi sottaoeoits. Vdo saoifor typo hs t``
sckrco kiywky.
K p`sshlao soc`if ojjoct `j uso hs tdo j`rekth`i `j a`p-
Jhn. ;4 Oasa`` ?7 6 , k lakfo wh td k scrkt cd (krr`w), ekfo
wdo i tdo dkjt wks jhtt of. ;=;
shfof kfzos. Vdhs pdoi`eoi`i hs i`t rkro. Ovory shzklao
oxckvkth`i dks yhoafof tdoe kif tdoy `ccur ovoi hi
coeotorhos. Cutthin ofnos cki lo sbow t` ohtdor tdo aojt `r
t` tdo rhndt (jhn.;8). @j tdo ;> kfzos ; eoksurof, ihio
hicahiof t` tdo aojt kif ohndt t` tdo rhndt. A`p-shfofioss hs
`lsorvof lost hi tdo ckso `j jakt kfzos kif e`stay `i
kepdhl`ahthc kfzos. @j tdo ;> eoith`iof spocheois, ;<
woro `j kepdhl`ahto, `io `j lkskat, tw` `j Cèr`ux-E`usty
ayfhto kif tw` `j qukrtzhthc r`cbs. Ht dks looi sunnostof
tdkt tdo pdoi`eoi`i hs c`iioctof whtd tdo dkifofioss `j
tdo usor (fo Nr``td ;8>> p.>3). D`wovor, shico ks ekiy
kfzos kppokr t` lo a`pshfof t` tdo aojt ks t` tdo rhndt wo
eky w`ifor wdotdor tdhs hs truo.
Hi tdo oif, tdo kfzo woit `ut `j uso. S`eo sooe t` dkvo
shepay looi a`st, lut e`st `j tdo lakfos must lockeo t``
sd`rt `r lr`bo. Vdoy sooe t` dkvo lr`boi kcr`ss e`stay
(jhn.<7). @ccksh`ikaay, kfzos spaht aoindtwhso. K lr`boi
kfzo lakfo wks, d`wovor, jkr jr`e w`rtdaoss. Lakfos
lr`boi kcr`ss woro shepay rodkjtof wdoro p`sshlao (jhn.<;)Vdo jrkcturo wks s`eotheos rot`ucdof lut i`t ronr`uif,
ks cki lo c`icaufof jr`e s`eo lakfos j`uif hi nrkvos,
j`r histkico Oasa`` nrkvo ;;;. K iow cutthin ofno c`uaf lo
sdkpof `i tdo jrkneoits dokrhin tdo lutt. Vdhs jkhaof
s`eotheos, ks hs kppkroit jr`e fhsckrfof phocos (jhn.<<).
\ow`rbhin lr`boi lakfos `jtoi rosuatof hi kfzos `j strkino
sdkpo (jhn.<3).
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>3 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Jhn. ;8 A`p-shfof kfzos. V`p, aojt t` rhndt= Akinwohaor 4 I` .34 ; <-K-; ; 3, Akinwohaor 8
I`. 6; -: kif Oasa`` ;<8 . L`tt `e, aojt t` rhndt = Akinwohaor 8 I` .6 68 -: , Oasa ` ;? 3 kif Oasa``
<;7. ;=;.
\ocycaof ektorhka hs ly i` eokis sckrco. @j tdo 3< lkskathc
kfzos j`uif kt \`seoor, j`ur woro soc`if-dkif2 hi tdo
ckso `j tdo kepdhl`ahthc `ios tdhs wks tdroo `ut `j <3. Vdo
c`aaocth`i `j :; kfzos jr`e Akinwohaor 4 c`itkhiof kt aokstshx kif prosueklay e`ro soc`if-dkif kfzos. @ccksh`ikaay
ki kfzo jrkneoit wks i`t row`rbof lut rousof ks k dke-
eorst`io.
_athektoay, tdo kfzo `r hts roekhis oifof up ke`in tdo
wksto jhaahin tdo phts j`uif kluifkitay `i okcd sottaoeoit
shto. Strhctay spokbhin, ht hs roekrbklao tdkt s` ekiy
eoksurklao kif ovoi c`epaoto t``as kro roc`vorof jr`e
tdhs wksto. Ovoi tdo cutthin ofno eky sthaa lo rktdor sdkrp.
S`eo scd`akrs kro `j tdo `phih`i tdkt sucd uifkeknof
lakfos hi jkct c`eo jr`e nrkvos tdkt dkvo i`t looi roc`n-
ihzof ks sucd. Strky nrkvos kro bi`wi jr`e sovorka Ahiokr-lkifborkehb sottaoeoit shtos kif tdoy eky kcc`uit j`r k
jow `j tdo jhifs. Iovortdoaoss, ht hs ki ostklahsdof jkct tdkt
c`epaoto kfzos hifoof `ccur ke`in c`ee`i f`eosthc
wksto. Shico e`st `j tdoso kro sd`rt jakt kfzos, tdoy eky
dkvo loc`eo t`` sd`rt j`r rodkjthin kif looi fhsckrfof
lockuso `j tdhs.
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>6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Vklao ;7 Aoindt `j jakt kfzos jr`e sottaoeoits c`epkrof whtd td`so jr`e coeotorhos2 aointd
hi ee.
Eorzlkcd caustor2 sottaoeoits I 5 ;7 3< 3? 6? 6? 6? 68
coeotor y I 5 << 38 6; 6; 6: ?; ?<
:7 :; :? >7 >? 47
?? ?4 :7 :3
?< ?4 ?4 :7 :
4< 46 4? ;7? ;
Nrkotd ohfo caustor= sottaoeoits I 5 ;4 6< 66 6? 6> 64 68 ?; ?6 ?: ?: ?
?4 :< :6 >3 46 8< ;7?coeotory I 5 ;> 6< 66 6> 68 ?< :: >7 >? >? >4 4
46 4? 88 ;7; ;7: ;6;
Jhn. <7 Vw` kfzos lr`boi kcr`ss, Oasa` >< 6 kif S h ttk rf ;88 /36 ?, kif `io spa ht aoindtwhso, Shttkrf 37? /3 7> . Vdo uppor pkrt
`j td o spaht spocheoi dks looi rosdkpof hit` k jakt kfzo. ; =; .
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>? C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Jhn. <; Kfzos `lvh` usay rodkjtof kjtor dkvhin looi lr`bo i. Aojt= Oasa`` 6 : 6 , j`uif hi k
nrkvo. \hndt= Oasa`` ; 8 whtd k austro `i tdo jrkc turo , td`un dt t` dkvo rosuatof jr`e rodkj thin.
;=;.
Jhn. << Fhsckrfof lutt oifs whtd trkcos `j hitoit h`ika jakbhin . Jr`e aojt t` rhndt
3; >, Akinwohaor 4 I` .< ;> :- ;7 kif \`seoor ? > ; . ;=;
\`seoor
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>: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
mWj*9YY%"9YYj
Jhn. <3 Kfzo lakfos ekfo
jr`e lr`boi spocheois. Aojt=
Akinwohaor 8 I`. ;3 <7 -4 . \hndt=Shttkrf ;7?. ;=;.
>. Vdo kfzo kif hts pakco hi s`choty
Vdo kfzo eust dkvo looi k vkauof t``h. Hj ht wks hifoof
tdo `iay w``fcutthin kif w``fw`rbhin eoelor `j tdo
Ahiokrlkifborkehb t``h bht, ht eust dkvo looi k prhcoaoss
htoe j`r po`pao ahvhin hi foisoay j`rostof ronh`is. Ht hs
bi`wi t` dkvo pakyof k rúao hi oxcdkino kif ovoi hi truo
a`in-fhstkico oxcdkino. Hi tdo j`aa`whin ; whaa try t` c`e-
phao kaa tdkt hs bi`wi kl`ut tdhs hep`rtkit hepaoeoit hi
c`iiocth`i whtd hts pakco hi s`choty.
Hi tdo procofhin pkrknrkpds tdo jkct tdkt kfzos woro
lurhof whtd tdo fokf dks `jtoi looi eoith`iof. Lockuso
nrkvo-nhjts pr`vhfo eucd Hij`rekth`i `i tdo s`chka p`sh-
th`i `j tdo focoksof, lut, tdo `tdor wky r`uif, kas` `i
tdo stktus `j tdo lurhof krthjkcts, H whaa stkrt whtd k survoy
`j wdkt dks looi wrhttoi kl`ut tdo kfzos jr`e tdo
coeotorhos j`uif whtdhi tdo ronh`i uifor rovhow. I`t
ovoryl`fy wks lurhof whtd ki kfzo. @j tdo ;;3 nrkvos
fhsc`vorof kt Oasa``, 33 c`itkhiof kfzos. Hi Ihoforeorz 33
nrkvos `ut `j k t`tka `j ;;? c`uitof kfzos. L`td
coeotorhos dkvo lurhkas whtd hitorrof l`fhos kif whtd
croekth`i roekhis. Vdo nhjt `j ki kfzo hs i`t c`iioctof
whtd `io `j tdoso rhtukas. Vdo tdhrf coeotory eoith`iof
kl`vo, D`aa`nio-kux-Whorros, hs i`t suhtklao j`r ki kikayshs
`j kfzos jr`e nrkvos lockuso hts nrkvos woro fhsc`vorof
`iay tdkibs t` tdo prosoico `j tdo kfzos.
I`io `j tdo coeotorhos yhoafof prosorvof sboaot`is, i`r
dks ht s` jkr looi p`sshlao t` hfoithjy tdo croekth`i
roekhis. Ks k rosuat, vhrtukaay i`tdhin hs bi`wi kl`ut tdo
sox `r kno `j tdo focoksof". W. vki fo Zoafo dks trhof t`
fotorehio tdo sox ly sulmocthin tdo nrkvo-nhjts t` k prhi-
chpka c`ep`ioits kikayshs (vki fo Zoafo ;8>8). Do ckeo t
tdo c`icaush`i tdkt tdo kfzos `j E`fforeki's typo HHH, h.o
tdhcb kfzos, eust dkvo loa`inof t` ekaos, lockuso tdoy
a`kf dhnd `i tdo prhichpka c`ep`ioit wdhcd c`rroaaktos
lost whtd krr`wdokfs. Krr`wdokfs kro hitorprotof ks
typhckaay ekao kttrhlutos (vki fo Zoafo ;8>8 p.48). E`f
foreki's typos HZ, Z kif ZH, tdo jakt kfzos, woro i`t
rokaay kss`chklao whtd ohtdor ekaos `r joekaos. Shx `j tdoso
turiof up hi nrkvos wdhcd do kttrhlutof t` ekaos kif sovoi
hi nrkvos wdhcd kro td`undt t` lo joekao (vki fo Zoafo
;8>8 p.;4? tklao ;?)-. @j typos H (tdo vory tdhcb kfzos) kif
HH (tdo saoifor kfzos) t`` jow roekhiof j`r dhs kikayshs. Hi
dor stufy `j tdo coeotory kt Ihoforeorz, E. F`dri-Hdehn
c`icaufos tdkt k nrkvo whtd ki kfzo, tdkt hs kiy kfzo,
e`st pr`lklay loa`ins t` k ekao (F`dri-Hdehn ;843 p.><)
@j tdo <6 nrkvos c`itkhihin krr`wdokfs, ;8 kas` yhoafof
kfzos. Ihio c`itkhiof tdhcb kfzos, ohndt jakt kfzos kif tw`
yhoafof l`td typos. Vdus, hi Ihoforeorz eoi woro hitorrof
i`t `iay whtd tdhcb kfzos, lut kas` whtd jakt kfzos. Hi tdo
nrkvos whtd`ut krr`wdokfs jakt kfzos kif tdhcb kfzos `ccu
hi prkcthckaay tdo skeo iuelors.
Ht cki lo c`icaufof jr`e tdo procofhin tdkt l`td kutd`rs
kro hi knrooeoit wdoro tdo stktus `j tdo tdhcb kfzo hs c`i-coriof= hs k ekao kttrhluto. Zki fo Zoafo kaa`ws j`r tdo
p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo jakt kfzo wks usof ly eoi kif w`eoi
kahbo.
Loy`if tdo i`rtdwostori rkino, Ahiokrlkifborkehb
coeotorhos kro bi`wi whtd prosorvof sboaot`is wd`so sox
dks looi hfoithjhof. A`cka lurhka cust`es eky dkvo looi
fhjjoroit tdoro, lut wo cki dkvo k sd`rt a``b, must `ut `j
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>> C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
curh`shty, kt tdo pakco `j tdo kfzo. Kfzos, l`td tdo tdhcb
kif jakt typos, kif krr`wdokfs kro rop`rtof t` dkvo looi
j`uif lurhof whtd eoi hi tdo woaa-bi`wi coeotory `j
Ja`el`ri, ^ost Norekiy. @ut `j k t`tka `j 4?, ;> nrkvos
c`itkhiof kfzos. Jhvo `j tdoso loa`inof t` ekaos, tw` t`
kssueof ekaos, `io t` k p`sshlao joekao, wdhast tdo `tdors
pr`vhfof uihfoithjhklao sboaotka ektorhka `iay. Vdo kutd`r
loahovos tdkt tdo p`sshlao joekao hs k ehshitorprotkth`i. Ht
eky lo kffof tdkt tdo kfzo jr`e tdhs nrkvo hs k tdhcb `io
(\hcdtor ;8:4-;8:8). B. \ohiocbo wrhtos tdkt tdo kfzo
j`res pkrt `j tdo hivoit`ry `j ovory 'n``f' ekao hitoreoit
hi tdo akrno coeotory `j Khtord`joi, Lkvkrhk, ^ost Nor
ekiy (\ohiocbo ;8>4 p.;<). Hi S`iforsdkusoi, Okst Nor
ekiy, nrkvos hi wdhcd l`td sboaot`is kif kfzos `ccurrof,
woro ekao (Bkdabo ;8?6). Hi tdo coeotory `j Ihtrk,
Vsmocd`sa`wkbhk, M. Wkvñb j`uif tdkt tdo kfzo `ccurs `iay
sp`rkfhckaay hi tdo nrkvos `j joekaos (Wkvñb ;8><, ;3.??).
Vdo kfzo hs k nrkvo-nhjt j`r eoi kif l`ys. Vdus j`ur
oxkepaos `j coeotorhos whtd prosorvof sboaot`is c`ijhre
tdo c`icaush`i tdkt tdo kfzo hs t` lo c`iioctof whtd tdo
kcthvhthos `j eoi. K joekao hitorrof whtd ki kfzo eky dkvolooi ki oxtrk`rfhikry pors`ikahty.
S`eo nrkvos c`itkhiof e`ro tdki `io kfzo. Vklao ;; nhvos
k survoy. Oasa`` sd`ws sots wdhcd kro c`ep`sof `j fhj-
joroit typos, sunnosthin tdo oxhstoico `j t``h bhts whtd okcd
typo hitoifof j`r fhjjoroit tksbs. _ij`rtuiktoay, tdo
ovhfoico jr`e Ihoforeorz f`os i`t c`rr`l`rkto tdhs. Vdroo
nrkvos dkvo sots wdhcd kro c`ep`sof `j `iay `io typo.
Vdo e`st oxtroeo ckso hs nrkvo 64 whtd tdroo kfzos `j
oquka kppokrkico kif ovoi ekfo jr`e tdo skeo bhif `j
r`cb (kepdhl`ahto).
Vdo quosth`i krhsos wdotdor tdo `ccurroico `j e`ro tdki
`io kfzo hs k ekttor `j spochkahzkth`i `r rktdor `j stktus.
Zki fo Zoafo hs c`ivhicof tdkt ht hs k ekttor `j stktus.
Stktus hs hifhcktof ly tdo iuelor `j kcthvhthos roprosoitof
ly tdo nrkvo-nhjts. Vdo nrkvos Oasa`` ;, 43 kif 4> kro tdus
foscrhlof ks nrkvos `j 'supor stktus', tdohr nrkvo-nhjts
roprosoithin shx `r sovoi fhjjoroit kcthvhthos. Vdoso kro tdo
`iay `ios `j 'supor stktus'. Nrkvo ;77 dks dhnd stktus kif
nrkvo >< eofhue stktus. Vdo focoksof wd` rocohvof e`ro
tdki `io kfzo kro hi Zki fo Zoafo's `phih`i cortkhiay i`t
po`pao hitorrof whtd tdo t``h bht loa`inhin t` tdohr trkfo.
F`dri-Hdehn foscrhlos Ihoforeorz nrkvo 83 ks tdo nrkvo
`j p`sshlay k 'c`epotoit crkjtseki', hj sucd k eki hifoof
oxhstof. Hi kffhth`i t` j`ur kfzos, tdo nrkvo c`itkhis tw`
krr`wdokfs kif k akrno iuelor `j jahit krthjkcts. Vdohivoit`ry `j nrkvo 64, d`wovor, roprosoits i` ekrbof
spochka kcthvhty. Loshfos hts tdroo kfzos, ht c`itkhiof k auep
`j rof `cdro, k thiy jrkneoit `j k jahit lakfo kif k jahit
jakbo. Kcc`rfhin t` eo, F`dri-adehn ehndt lo rhndt hi
c`icaufhin hi tdo oif tdkt tdo tdo`ry `j tdo crkjtseki hs
i`t c`rroct kif tdkt sucd k pors`i fhf i`t j`re pkrt `j k
i`reka Ahiokrlkifborkehb s`choty.
Vklao ; ; Nrkvos wht d e`ro tdk i `io kfzo.
Ihoforeorz=nrkvo 38=
nrkvo 6;=
nrkvo 64=
nrkvo :7=
nrkvo 87=
nrkvo 83=
Oasa``=
nrkvo ;=
nrkvo ><=
nrkvo 43=
nrkvo 4>=
nrkvo ;77=
tdhcb, kepdhl`ahtosaoifor, kepdhl`ahtojakt, kepdhl`ahtoikt, lkskatjakt, kepdhl`ahto
jakt, kepdhl`ahtojakt, kepdhl`ahtotdhcb, kepdhl`ahtojakt, kepdhl`ahtojakt, kepdhl`ahtojakt, lkskattdhcb, lkskattdhcb, kepdhl`ahtojakt, lkskatjakt, kepdhl`ahto
tdhcb, kepdhl`ahtosaoifor, kepdhl`ahtotdhcb, lkskatjakt, kepdhl`ahtotdhcb, ayfhtosaoifor, kepdhl`ahtojakt, kepdhl`ahtotdhcb, ayfhtojakt, kepdhl`ahtosaoifor, ayfhtojakt, ayfhto
Vdo tdo`ry `j tdo kfzo lohin ki hifhckt`r `j stktus hs
strointdoiof ly tdo `lsorvkth`i tdkt tdo coeotory `j
Oasa`` dks ks ekiy nrkvos whtd kfzos ks tdo `io kt
Ihoforeorz, ovoi td`und tdo oxckvkth`is `j tdo Nrkotdohfo
sottaoeoits dkvo pr`vhfof jowor kfzos tdki td`so `j tdo
Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo Nrkotdohfo sottaoeoits kro
shnihjhckitay p``ror hi kfzos, lut tdo kfzo wks caokray ki
ossoithka nrkvo nhjt `j hep`rtkit po`pao (soo pkno 4;
d`wovor).
Vdo roekrb `i tdo iuelor `j kfzos hi sottaoeoit wksto
lrhins us t` tdo hij`rekth`i pr`vhfof ly sottaoeoits. Jhrst
`j kaa ht sd`uaf lo i`tof tdkt tdo sottaoeoits sd`w nrokt
vkrhkth`i hi tdo c`ep`shth`i `j tdohr kfzo kssoelaknos
(tklao ;<). Vdo tklao kas` sd`ws tdkt tdhcb kfzos kro aoss
iueor`us hi sottaoeoits, kt aokst hi e`st sottaoeoits, tdki
tdoy kro hi coeotorhos. Eñfforsdohe, Akinwohaor 8 kif
\`seoor kro tdo oxcopth`is. Ht w`uaf sooe tdkt tdo tdhcb
kfzo hs uifor-roprosoitof hi sottaoeoit wksto. Sovorkackusos kro c`icohvklao. Vdo jhrst hs tdkt tdo hivoit`ry `j
coeotorhos nhvos k jkaso heprossh`i ks jkr ks tdo tdhcb kfzos
kro c`icoriof lockuso tdo akttor doaf oxtrk stktus `r rhtuka
shnihjhckico. Vdo soc`if p`sshlhahty hs tdkt tdhcb kfzos,
wdoi lr`boi, woro rosdkpof hit` jakt typos. _ij`rtuiktoay,
hisujjhchâit fktk `i rocycahin kro ks yot kvkhaklao t` tost
tdhs vhow. K tdhrf ckuso eky lo tdkt tdo tdhcb kfzo wks
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>4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Vklao ; < Kfzo typos hi porcoitkn os.
saoifor jakt tdhcb
otorhos=
Ihoforeorz 3 ?? 6<
Oasa`` ;; 63 6:
D`_`nio-kux-Whorros 7 6> ?3
oeoits=
Eñfforsdohe 8 <: :?
Akinwohaor < ;7 >7 <7
Akinwoaaor 4 <? :< ;3
Akinwohaor 8 <7 33 6>
Akinwohaor ;: 67 67 <7
Akuroizlorn > <? ?7 <?
Oasa`` ;3 4; :
Shttkrf ;? ?6 3;
Stohi 7 4: ;6
Cklorn ;; :> <<
\`seoor 7 ?6 6:
Vklao ; 3 Kfzos jr`e shtos woh! i`rtd `j tdo Ahiokrlkif-
borkehb sottaoeoit krok2 strky jhifs jr`e Vdo Iotdorakifs.
Vdhcb kfzos= Dortoi, frofnof jr`e tdo Eouso hi ;8><DoyadhhysoiIhmeonoi, DktortIhmeonoi, B`pso D`jW`stord`at
Jakt kfzos= NkssoaDkoaoi, C`aa.Ful`hsDkcaoi-D`utord`jD`ut, LonhmioilornA`ssorIuoioiStkpd`rst
VonoaoiZoia`Zoia`, ^ost-]wkrto ^ktor
i`t usof hi tdo sottaoeoits kif, c`isoquoitay, i`t
fhsckrfof tdoro ohtdor. Vdo akttor dyp`tdoshs cki lo tostof
ly ki hivosthnkth`i `j kfzos wdhcd kro j`uif, ks strky
jhifs, jkr kwky jr`e sottaoeoit shtos. J`r k jhrst, pr`vh-
sh`ika kikhyshs H dkvo stufhof tdo kfzos j`uif woaa i`rtd
`j tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hi ki krok akcbhin porekioit
sottaoeoit shtos. Vdo rosuats kro nhvoi hi tklao ;3. Ht hs
caokr tdkt tdo tdhcb kfzo f`os i`t prof`ehikto2 ht hs i`t
tdo `iay `jj-shto typo, tdo `iay t``h tkboi hit` iokr `r fhs-tkit j`rosts. Vdo jakt typo wks usof tdoro t``. Vdo tdhrf
dyp`tdoshs cki tdoroj`ro lo romoctof. @iay tdo saoifor kfzo
hs ehsshin. Vdo roks`i eky lo tdkt tdhs wks k truo
'f`eosthc' typo, lut ht eky kas` dkvo looi t`` rkro t` turi
up hit` k rktdor sekaa c`_octh`i `j strky jhifs.
Vdo ioxt quosth`i hs wdotdor tdo fhstrhluth`i pkttori `j
fhsckrfof kfzos hi sottaoeoits pr`vhfos kiy hifhckth`i `j
tdo stktus kif uso `j kfzos hi tdoso sottaoeoits. Vdo jhrst
kiswor hs tdkt tdo pa`tthin `j jhifs `i k shto paki f`os i`t
rovoka kiy caustorhin. Vdhs wks `iay t` lo oxpoctof,
lockuso sottaoeoit shtos kro bi`wi t` c`ishst `j tdo ehxof
roekhis `j sovorka `ccupkth`ika pdksos. Iovortdoaoss, ovoi
hj tdoso pdksos kro uirkvoaaof, k fhsthict pkttori jkhas t`
kppokr. Ht hs ovhfoit tdkt sottaoeoits fhf i`t dkvo kroks
rosorvof j`r spochka kcthvhthos roquhrhin tdo uso `j kfzoswdoro tdo krthjkcts eky c`isoquoitay dkvo looi fhsckrfof.
Vdhs c`icaush`i tkaahos whtd tdo fhstrhluth`i pkttori `j
`tdor bhifs `j wksto.
Vksbs woro porj`reof `i tdo lkshs `j 'd`usod`af hifustry
whtd tdo uiforstkifhin tdkt tdoso tksbs eky i`t dkvo looi
tdo skeo j`r kaa d`usod`afs. D`uso pakis kt aokst kro i`t
hfoithcka. Kcc`rfhin t` E`fforeki, tdroo ekhi typos
oxhstof= k akrno d`uso c`ep`sof `j tdroo structurka uihts `
fhjjoroit cdkrkctor (typo ;), k ehffao-shzof d`uso c`e
p`sof `j tw` uihts (typo <) kif k sekaa d`uso dkvhin `iay
`io uiht (typo 3). Vypo ; cki lo sulfhvhfof hit` ak , k
d`uso luhat `j w``f, kif Hl, k d`uso whtd tdo nroktor pkrt
`j hts wkaas luhat `j wkttao-kif-fkul (E`fforeki ;8>7).Vdo tdroo luhafhin uihts kro td`undt t` dkvo sorvof fhj-
joroit oc`i`eho juicth`is. D`uso typo 3, j`r histkico, hs
kssueof t` dkvo `iay k ahvhin r``e, wdhast typo < dks k
ahvhin r``e kif k pkrt tdkt hs c`ee`iay hitorprotof ks k
lkri.
Vdo oxhstoico j fhjjoroit d`uso typos hs ki hifhckth`i `j
s`eo bhif `j hioqukahty lotwooi tdo d`usod`afs `j `io
kif tdo skeo sottaoeoit. ^o eky ksb `ursoavos wdotdor
tdhs hioqukahty hs rojaoctof hi tdo fhstrhluth`i `j fhsckrfof
kfzos. Vklao ;6 nhvos tdo d`uso typos whtdhi jhvo sottao
eoits kif tdo kfzos kttrhlutof t` tdoe'. Vdoso jhvo dkvo
looi cd`soi lockuso tdoy dkvo k sujjhchâit iuelor `jd`uso pakis tdkt cki lo kss`chktof whtd k pkrthcuakr typo.
J`r tdo Akinwohaor sottaoeoits tdo systoe ly _. L`oahcbo
kif F. v`i Lrkift dks looi j`ah`wof (L`oahcbo
uipulahsdof ekiuscrhpt, v`i Lrkift ;847). Vdoy kheof kt
k ekxheka p`sshlao typo kttrhluth`i'. J`r tdo fktk c`icori-
hin Oasa`` kif Stohi, E`fforeki (;8>7) wks j`ah`wof.
K typhcka Ahiokrlkifborkehb d`uso wks surr`uifof ly
phts, wdhcd kro td`undt t` dkvo looi nrkfukaay jhaaof ly
tdo wksto fhsckrfof ly tdo hidklhtkits. Ht hs tdo kfzos
j`uif hi td`so phts tdkt dkvo looi c`iioctof whtd tdo
d`uso. Lockuso tdo kss`chkth`i d`usos - phts dks i`t looi
pulahsdof j`r Shttkrf, tdhs sottaoeoit, td`und dkvhin ekiy
n``f d`uso pakis, dkf t` lo aojt `ut `j c`ishforkth`i hitdhs rop`rt.
Vklao ;6 nhvos tw` vkauos j`r tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo
oxckvkt`rs `j tdoso sottaoeoits fhsc`vorof ykrfs kr`uif tdo
d`usos kif kss`chktof tdo phts (kif kfzos) tdoy j`uif tdoro
whtd tdo d`usos hi quosth`i (L`oahcbo ;84<). Hi tdo ckso `j
Oasa`` kif Stohi, `iay tdo phts j`uif ca`so t` tdo wkaas
dkvo looi kss`chktof whtd tdo d`usos. S` ks t` lo klao t`
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>8 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
Vklao ;6 Vdo kttrhluth`i `j kfzos t` d`uso typo. C`rr.eokis kfzos hi phts ka`in wkaas `iay.
i d 5 iuel or `j d `uso s, ik 5 iuel or `j kfz os, k/d 5 iuel or `j kfzos por d`u so.
ak Hl < 3
id ik k/d id ik k/d id ik k/d id ik k/d
Akinwohaor < 3 6 ;.3 > < 7.3 3 6 ;.3 ; 7 7
c`rr. ; 7.3 < 7.3 6 ;.3 7 7
Akinwohaor 4 4 : 7.>? 33 ;6 7.6 < < ;.7 3 ; 7.3
c`rr. < 7.<? > 7.< ; 7.? ; 7.3
Akinwohaor 8 < 7 7 ;< ? 7.6 ; 7 7 7 7 7
c`rr. 7 7 3 7.<? 7 7 7 7
Oasa`` : 7 7 ;6 3 7.< << 3 7.; ;; 3 7.3
Stohi > ; 7.; : < 7.3 ? 7 7 ? 7 7
c`epkro tdo .sottaoeoits, k soc`if sot `j fktk dkf t` lo
pr`vhfof whtd k c`rrocth`i j`r ykrfs. Vdo okshost wky wks
t` c`uit `iay tdo phts ka`in tdo wkaas (Akinsnruloi) `j tdo
Akinwohaor sottaoeoits.
Vdo tklao sd`ws i` hep`rtkit fhjjoroico lotwooi tdo
iuelor `j kfzos fhsckrfof ly tdo `ccupkits `j d`uso
typos ak tdr`und 3. Loj`ro wo kccopt tdhs rosuat, d`wovor,
`io e`ro `lsorvkth`i sd`uaf lo ekfo. Vdo jkct tdkt
d`usos `j typo ; kro a`inor tdki td`so `j typo < kif eucd
a`inor tdki td`so `j typo 3 (tdo structurka uihts kro m`hiof
hi k r`w) eky c`isthtuto k pr`laoe. Vdhs c`uaf hepay tdkt
tdo akrnor d`usos kro kcc`epkihof ly e`ro phts, wdhcd
w`uaf hicrokso tdo cdkico `j kfzos lohin j`uif. Vdo
iuelor `j phts oic`uitorof loshfo tdo d`usos `j okcd
ckton`ry hs nhvoi hi tklao ;?. Vdo iuelor `j kfzos j`uif
tdoro hs kas` sd`wi. Vdhs hs `iay `io, lut ly jkr tdo
okshost, wky `j a``bhin hit` tdo ekttor. Ht w`uaf lo ovoi
lottor t` ckacuakto tdo ckpkchty `j tdo phts `r c`rroakto tdo
iuelor `j kfzos whtd tdo `tdor bhifs `j wksto.
Vdo c`icaush`i hs tdkt tdo sekaaor d`usos, ospochkaay typo
3, toif t` lo kss`chktof whtd jowor phts. ^doi wo ckacuakto
tdo iuelor `j kfzos por pht, ht kppokrs tdkt tdoro hs i`
c`iiocth`i wdkts`ovor lotwooi tdo foishty `j jhifs kif
d`u.so typo (tklao ;?). H ke tdoroj`ro `j tdo `phih`i tdkt
kaa d`usod`afs p`ssossof kfzos kif usof kfzos hi tdo skeo
fonroo. Vdhs c`icaush`i fhjjors jr`e tdo jhifhins `j S.
Ehahskusbks c`icorihin dhs shto @aszkihck LH hi W`akif,
wdoro tdo kfzos woro j`uif ekhiay iokr tdo d`usos `j typo
ak (Ehahskusbks ;8>:). D`wovor, tdhs eky lo eoro cdkico.
Ht eky kas` p`hit t`wkrfs k fhjjoroico hi s`ch`-oc`i`ehc
cust`es. Vdo hidklhtkits `j @aszkihck ioof i`t dkvolodkvof hi oxkctay tdo skeo wky ks tdohr fhstkit roakth`is
wost `j tdo \dhio, lut tdhs pktd `j td`undt whaa i`t lo j`a
h`wof jurtdor doro.
Vdo prosoit c`icaush`i kas` fhjjors jr`e tdo c`icaush`i
frkwi ly Zki fo Zoafo `i tdo lkshs `j kae`st tdo skeo
fktk. Do soos ki 'oxcoss' `j kfzos iokr tdo Hl d`usos `j
tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor, d`usos wdhcd do hitorprotos ks tdo
fwoaahins `j tdo ahiokno dokfs. 'Hi tdo S`utdori Futcd Alb
tdo ahiokno dokfs doaf k e`i`p`ay `vor tdo uso `j kfzos,
wdhcd, lohin ekfo `j ox`thc ektorhka woro kppkroitay c`i-
shforof vkauklaos' (vki fo Zoafo ;84: p.;34). Vdo vhaakno
cdhoj hs td`undt t` dkvo roshfof hi tdo d`uso `j typo ak '.
'Do joha `utshfo tdhs e`i`p`ay'.Dhs rosuats kro fhjjoroit hi tdo ckso `j tdo Eorzlkcd
caustor. Doro do j`uif tdkt tdo ak d`usos woro kcc`e
pkihof ly e`ro kfzos tdki kcc`uitklao j`r ly k pr`p`r-
th`ika fhstrhluth`i.
Vdo fhvornoico lotwooi Zki fo Zoafo's c`icaush`is kif
ehio krhsos jr`e tdo dkifahin `j tdo fktk. Do kffof tdo
fktk jr`e Shttkrf kif Noaooi t` td`so jr`e Oasa`` kif
Stohi. ; doshtkto t` f` tdhs lockuso tdoro hs sthaa sahndt c`i-
jush`i c`icorihin tdo kttrhluth`i `j tdo kfzos jr`e Shttkrf
t` tdo d`usod`afs kif c`icorihin tdo iuelor `j kfzos
j`uif kt Noaooi. ^htdhi tdo sekaa kfzo kssoelaknos ovoi
sahndt fhjjoroicos hi kttrhluth`is kif iuelors eky rosuat hifhjjoroit hitorprotkth`is. Jurtdore`ro, Zki fo Zoafo lksof
dhs ckacuakth`is `i tdo caustor. Ks whaa lo sd`wi loa`w.
Vklao ; ? Vdo kttrh luth `i `j phts t` d`uso ty po kif tdo k e`ui t
`j kfzos j`uif hi tdoso phts (phts ka`in wkaas `iay).
ak Hl < 3iuelor `j phts
por d`uso=
Akinwohaor < <.: <.< ;.7 ;.7
Akinwohaor 4 ;.>? 3,; 3.? ;.7Akinwohaor 8 6.7 3.; ;.7 -Oasa`` <.4 6.? <.: <.<Saohi ;.: ;.4 7.4 ;.<
iuelor `j kfzos
por pht=
Akinwohaor < 7.;<? 7.;<? ;.33 7
Akinwohaor 4 7.;6 7.7> 7.;6 7.33
Akinwohaor 8 7 7.74 7 -Oasa`` 7 7.7? 7.7? 7.;<?Saohi 7.78 7.;4 7 7
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47 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
s`eo sottaoeoits kro rhcdor hi kfzos tdki `tdors2 c`iso-
quoi tay, ht hs fkinor`us t` shepay kff up tdo fktk jr`e
fhjjoroit shtos.
Vdo akst, lut p`sshlay e`st uij`rtuikto jkct H whaa eoith`i
hs tdkt tdoro kro hisujjhchâit kfzos t` stufy tdo hioqukahty
`j d`usod`afs hi c`iiocth`i whtd theo. Cust`es eky dkvo
cdkinof, ks woa! ks kccoss t` tdo kfzos.
Ki`tdor kppr`kcd hi stufyhin sottaoeoit ektorhka hs t`
a``b j`r fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo sottaoeoits `j `io caustor.
S`eo sottaoeoits eky dkvo looi wokatdhor tdki `tdors.
K. ]heeorekii j`r histkico, dks sd`wi tdkt Akinwohaor 4
lks k dhndor pr`p`rth`i `j uiw`rbof, hep`rtof jahit tdki
tdo `tdor Eorzlkcd shtos. Akinwohaor 4 hs ronkrfof ks k
bhif `j fhstrhluth`i coitro j`r tdhs c`ee`fhty (]heeor
ekii ;84<).
Vklao ;: nhvos tw` wkys `j sd`whin tdo wokhtd `j tdo
hifhvhfuka sottaoeoits. Vdo iuelor `j kfzos por sottaoeoit
cki lo hifhcktof l`td hi jhnuros kif hi wohndt. Vdo akttor
eotd`f hs kppahof doro t`` lockuso tdo Eorzlkcd caustor
oxckvkth`is pr`fucof e`ro sekaa jrkneoits tdki tdo
okrahor Nrkotdohfo oxckvkth`is. J`r tdo purp`so `j c`e-pkrhs`i, ht eky tdoroj`ro lo lottor t` c`epkro tdo wohndts
`j tdo kfzos. ^htdhi caustors, sottaoeoits kro rkinof
kcc`rfhin t` shzo. Shzo hs oxprossof ks tdo iuelor `j
d`usos j`uif. Vdhs hs k fkinor`us pr`cofuro, lockuso sot
taoeoits wdhcd sujjorof eucd jr`e or`sh`i kro uiforrktof
hi tdhs wky. Ki`tdor kppr`kcd hs t` oxpross tdo shzo `j tdo
sottaoeoit ks tdo t`tka krok c`vorof ly `ccupkth`ika folrhs,
lut tdhs kas` prosoits fhjjhcuathos. Hi s`eo sottaoeoits tdo
d`usos woro luhat ca`sor t`notdor tdki hi `tdors (Añihin
;84< j`r histkico). Doro H dkvo cd`soi tdo eotd`f `j
c`uithin tdo d`usos lockuso tdo or`sh`i `j tdo shtos cd`soi
hs i`t tdkt sorh`us ks t` kcc`uit j`r fhjjoroicos hi
kppkroit shzo. @iay \`seoor eky j`re ki oxcopth`i, shico
tdo dhaa up`i wdhcd ht wks luhat hs bi`wi t` dkvo sujjorof
jr`e foiufkth`i hi vkrhklao fonroos.
Knkhi, tdo kspoct `j theo p`sos k pr`laoe. Shtos eky sooe
akrno lockuso tdoy dkf k a`in ahjo. J`rtuiktoay, tdo shtoswdhcd kppokr akrno hi tdo tw` caustors prosoitof doro woro
hifoof akrno= ht dks, j`r histkico, looi pr`voi, tdkt
Akinwohaor 4 wks kt kaa theos tdo akrnost sottaoeoit hi hts
caustor. Akinwohaor ;: wks tdo e`st sd`rt-ahvof `j tdhs
caustor kif furhin hts sd`rt ahjo c`uitof `iay `io d`uso kt
k theo. Vdo rosuhts hi tklao ;: f` i`t kator wdoi spaht up
hit` pdksos.
Vklao ;: sd`ws tdkt sottaoeoits loc`eo rhcdor ks tdoy
focrokso hi shzo. Vdhs hs rojaoctof hi l`td tdo iuelors kif
tdo wohndts `j tdo kfzos. Vdo ckuso `j tdhs hs i`t yot caokr
t` eo. Fhjjoroicos hi tdo hijaux `j kfzos hi fhjjoroit
pdksos, ki`tdor kspoct `j tdo theo jkct`r, ckii`t lo tdo
ckuso `j tdhs. Akinwohaor < kif Akuroizlorn >, j`r oxke-pao, woro `ccuphof kae`st sheuatkio`usay (A^< jr`e a`cka
pdkso "Y t` ;6 kif AL> jr`e a`cka pdkso : t` ;3, kcc`rfhin
t` W. Stodah, qu`tof hi Añihin ;84<). @io oxpakikth`i eky
lo tdkt sekaa sottaoeoits dkf rhcdor d`usod`afs `r, tdo
`tdor wky r`uif, tdkt tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo sekaaor shtos
dkf t` c`itoit tdoesoavos whtd usof, karokfy w`ri
ektorhka c`ehin jr`e tdohr bhi hi tdo akrnor shtos, kif,
c`isoquoitay, dkf e`ro ektorhka t` fhsckrf.
K c`epkrhs`i lotwooi tdo Eorzlkcd kif Nrkotdohfo
Vklao ; : Vdo wokht d `j hifhvhfuka so tta oeoi ts, ks oxprossof hi kfzos por d`uso .
K 5 kepdh l`ah to, L 5 lkskat, @ 5 `tdor r`cbs, V 5 t`tka, I 5 iuelor `j d `usos 2 wohn dt hinrkeeos.
Akinwohaor 4I 5 84
Akinwohaor <I 5 <7
Akinwohaor 8I5;>
Akuroizlorn >I5 8
Akinwohaor ;:I5 3
Oasa``I 5 8?
StohiI 5 68
ShttkrfI 5 64
\`seoorI5;6
K
7.3?
7.6
7.4
;.3
;.7
7.<
7.<
7.3?
A:
iuelor / d`uso
L @ V
7.;7.;?
7.:
7.:
Q.<
;.3
7.;?
7.;
7.;
<.3
7.;
7.6
@
7.>
7.7?
7.;
7.7?
7.6
7.:
;.;
;.4
<.?
3.7
7.6
7.6
7.?
6.3
wohndt / d`uso
K L @ V
8.3 :.8 6.3 <7.?
;<.: 68.7 :.> :4.3
<<.6 6<.> ;7.8 >:.7
6?.? 36.: 7 47.;
6:.? 6.< 3:.8 4>.:
4.< 4.; :.: <<.8
;;.> ;;.4 :.? 37.7
<7.: ;<.> . <.8 3:.<
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4; C. C. LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
caustors aokris tdkt tdohr akrnost sottaoeoits, Akinwohaor 4
kif Oasa`` whtd 84 kif 8? d`usos, rospocthvoay, yhoafof tdo
skeo ke`uit `j kfzo ektorhka. Stohi kif Shttkrf c`eo
ioxt whtd 68 kif 64 d`usos, j`ah`wof ly tdo `tdor (Eorz-
lkcd) sottaoeoits. Vdo Nrkotdohfo caustor hs foscrhlof ks
dkvhin dkf aoss kfzos tdki tdo Eorzlkcd caustor. Vdo quos-
th`i krhsos wdotdor tdhs hs i`t lksof oithroay `i tdo shzo `j
tdo oxckvktof sottaoeoits. Hj tdhs hs truo, tdo hitorprotkth`i
tdkt tdo Nrkotdohfo caustor wks p``ror, hifoof tdroo theos
ks p``r ks tdo Eorzlkcd caustor kcc`rfhin t` vki fo
Zoafo, eky dkvo t` lo roc`ishforof (Zki fo Zoafo ;84:).
Vdo rhcdost shto H dkvo s` jkr oic`uitorof hs \`seoor hi
tdo Dooswktor caustor, lut, ks dks looi stktof kl`vo, tdhs
shto wks pkrtay fostr`yof ly or`sh`i. Vdhs eky kcc`uit j`r
ki oxcoss `j kfzos por d`uso, shico s`eo d`usos eky dkvo
fhskppokrof loy`if roc`nihth`i (_arhx-Ca`ssot/\`ussoaao
;84<).
4. C`icaush`i
Vdo kfzo sooes t` dkvo looi tdo `iay t``h usof ly tdo
po`pao `j tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb Cuaturo t` cut f`wi
troos kif fross thelor. E`st kfzo lakfos kro ekfo `ut `j
j`rohni r`cbs kif eust dkvo looi `ltkhiof tdr`und
oxcdkino. Vdo oxcdkino pkttori cdkinof whtd theo.
Hihthkaay ht wks k truo f`wi-tdo-ahio a`in-fhstkico oxcdkino,
c`icorihin kepdhl`ahto hi hts whfost soiso. Vdo fhrocth`i
`j tdo oxcdkino wks jr`e tdo okst `r s`utdokst t` tdo
wost. ^dkt wks nhvoi hi roturi hs i`t bi`wi, td`und jahit
hs k p`sshlhahty. Aktor `i, tdo oxcdkino pkttori n`t k
ehffao-rkino fhstkico c`ep`ioit suporhep`sof, lut tdo
hijaux `j kepdhl`ahto iovor fhof c`epaotoay. Vdo e`ro
ronh`ika r`cb-s`urcos sorvof po`paos ahvhin whtdhi k rkfhus
`j :7-;77 be. S`eo `j tdhs oxcdkino j`ah`wof k f`wi-tdo-
ahio systoe, lut tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt po`pao trkvoaaof t` tdo
qukrrhos tdoesoavos ckii`t lo oxcaufof. Vdhs hs hifoof k
ahboay p`sshlhahty hi tdo shtukth`is hi wdhcd `utcr`ps aky
whtdhi rokcd `j tdo usors hi quosth`i. Ht hs w`rtd c`epkr-
hin tdo kccoss t` jahit s`urcos hi tdhs rospoct. Vdo
hidklhtkits `j Akifoi-^kino `r ovoi Kulocdhos eky dkvo
trkvoaaof t` Cèr`ux-E`usty hi `rfor t` `ltkhi ayfhto hi tdo
skeo wky ks tdo hidklhtkits `j tdo Nrkotdohfo sooe t`
dkvo trkvoaaof t` tdo \hmcbd`at jahit krok iokr Ekkstrhcdt
(Lkboas ;8>4 p.;73). Vdo fovoa`peoit `j tdo oxcdkino pkt
tori `j kfzos rojaocts tdo noiorka troif `j tdo Ahiokrlki
fborkehb Cuaturo loc`ehin e`ro kif e`ro `rnkihzof `i
k ronh`ika sckao. Hi tdo lonhiihin tdo cuaturo dkfc`se`p`ahtki kspocts, kt tdo oif ht wks vory eucd
ronh`ikahzof.
Vdo kfzo wks k t``h j`r eoi2 ht nkvo tdoe stktus kif
kcc`epkihof tdoe hi tdohr nrkvos. ^`eoi kro `iay rkroay
j`uif lurhof whtd kfzos. Sucd joekaos eky dkvo doaf k
spochka p`shth`i hi s`choty. Vdo nrkvo-nhjts woro kfzos tdkt
woro sthaa jht j`r uso, i`t lrkif-iow, lut i`t t`` w`ri
ohtdor. Vdhs f`os i`t sooe t` dkvo looi tdo ckso ovory-
wdoro hi tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb w`raf. \. Nkisaeohor
jr`e Euihcd t`af eo tdkt hi Lkvkrhk kt aokst po`pao woro
hitorrof whtd lkfay w`ri spocheois.
K c`iiocth`i lotwooi stktus kif kfzos c`uaf i`t lo ostkl-
ahsdof hi tdo sottaoeoits, td`und tdo prosoico `j fhjjoroit
typos `j d`usos f`os sunnost tdo oxhstoico `j s`chka hio-
qukahty. Vdo fhstrhluth`i pkttori `j fhsckrfof kfzos, d`w-ovor, f`os i`t sd`w kiy caokr fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo
d`usod`afs. Vdo `iay fhjjoroico hs `lsorvof lotwooi sot
taoeoits `j fhjjoroit shzos. Vdo sekaaor tdo sottaoeoit, tdo
e`ro kfzos woro fhsckrfof. @io oxpakikth`i j`r tdhs c`uaf
lo tdo klsoico `j hitorik! `rnkihzkth`i hi k sekaa sottao
eoit, lut ht hs kas` p`sshlao tdkt tdo hidklhtkits dkf t`
ekbo f` whtd kfzos `j p``ror qukahty.
Jurtdor ovhfoico `j tdo juicth`i `j tdo kfzo ks k stktus
syel`a hs pr`vhfof ly tdo fhsc`vory `j kfzos wdhcd kro i`t
suhtklao j`r i`reka uso lockuso tdoy kro ekfo `j s`jt
r`cb. Vdoso eky dkvo dkf syel`ahc vkauo `iay. Hi tdo
ronh`i foscrhlof doro sucd kfzos dkvo s` jkr i`t looi roc-
`nihzof, lut n``f oxkepaos dkvo looi j`uif hi tdo Khsiovkaaoy sottaoeoits `j Jrkico, j`r histkico. D`wovor, s`eo
`j tdo kfzos j`uif hi `r iokr tdo i`rtdwostori caustors
eky dkvo dkf k shehakr juicth`i. H ke rojorrhin t` tdo
porj`rktof t``as. Kt aokst tw` `j tdoso kro ekfo `j k c`i-
sphcu`us kif kttrkcthvoay c`a`urof r`cb, i`tklay tdo
f`aorhthc kfzo Stohi I`.<;4 kif tdo sorpoithihthc kfzo
Akinwohaor 4 I`.?733.
Kfzos kas` kcc`epkihof eki `i dhs trhps `utshfo tdo
vhaakno. Vdhs hs `io `j tdo oxpakikth`is j`r tdo prosoico `j
kfzo lakfos hi `jj-shto shtukth`is. Shico trkisduekico hs
td`undt t` dkvo pakyof k róao hi tdo Ahiokrlkifborkehb
oc`i`ey, tdhs eky kcc`uit j`r pkrt `j tdo kfzo lakfosj`uif jkr jr`e sottaoeoits shtos. Oxcdkino whtd Eos`ahtdhc
po`pao eky lo ki`tdor p`sshlhahty, lut n``f ovhfoico `j
sucd c`itkcts hs yot t` lo j`uif.
Kcbi`waofneoits
Ks hs tdo ckso whtd kaa pkpors `j tdhs bhif, dkrfay kiytdhin
c`uaf dkvo looi wrhttoi whtd`ut tdo ektorhka ekfo
kvkhaklao ly `tdors. Jhrst tdoro kro kaa td`so wd` pr`vhfof
eo whtd kfzos. H w`uaf ahbo t` tdkib Wr`j. Fr M. Añihin
hi pkrthcuakr j`r oitrusthin tdo Eorzlkcd kfzos t` eo. @j
i` aoss vkauo woro tdo kfzos oxckvktof ly Fr C. C`istki-
thi kif A. Foekroz kt Kulocdhos kif Lahcquy. Ers Fr
_arhx-Ca`ssot kif Ehss \. \`ussoaao aoit eo tdo kfzosjr`e \`seoor. Ehss E.O.Vd, fo Nr``td kif Ehss D.
Ekrhcdka pr`vhfof eo whtd tdo fktk jr`e Cklorn kif Zahm-
thinoi, rospocthvoay. D. Wdhahppoi, D. Zr`eoi kif ^.
Doifrhx fhsc`vorof tdo kfzos kt Ekkstr hcdt-Ckiiorlorn
kif Noaooi-_re`iforlkki. O.K. vki Nooa j`uif tdo
Cèr`ux-E`usty r`und-`ut kt Noaooi.
Vdo foscrhpth`i `j tdo r`ob-typos hs ly Fr C.O.S. Krps.
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4< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
^htd`ut dhs doap hi tdo hivosthnkth`is, tdhs krthcao c`uaf
iovor dkvo looi wrhttoi. K e`ro fotkhaof rop`rt `j dhs
w`rb hs lohin propk rof j`r pula hckth` i.
H forhv of eucd loiojht jr `e fhscu ssh`is whtd Fr K. ]he -
eoreki, kif W. Stodah kt tdo ovor d`sphtklao Soehikr jñr
Z`r- uif Jrñdnoscdhcdto `j tdo _ihvorshty kt Jrkibjurt. H
w`uaf kas` ahbo t` tdkib Fr W. vki fo Zoafo j`r s`eo
n``f folktos.Vdo frkwhins kcc`epkiyhin tdhs pkpor woro ekfo ly H.
St`opbor kif tdo pd`t`nrkpds kro ly M. Wkuptht, l`td
jr`e tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry kt Aohfoi.
Akst lut i`t aokst, tdo Oinahsd `j tdhs pkpor wks c`rroctof
ly Ers S. Eoaa`r.
i`tos
; D`uso ; kt Eñfforsdohe fktos jr`e ki okray pdkso whtdhi
porh`f H. Wkrt `j ats wksto wks j`uif hi pht 6, wdhcd c`itkhis tw`
kfzos `j kepdhl`ahto. Ki`tdor pkrt `j tdo wksto wks p`sshlay
roc`vorof jr`e pht ??, lut tdhs c`uaf kas` loa`in t` d`uso <. Vdo
paki `j d`uso < sunnosts tdkt ht wks c`istructof hi k aktor pdkso
`j porh`f H. Wht ?? c`itkhis `io kfzo ekfo `j kepdhl`ahto kif
hdroo kfzos ekfo `j lkskat (Scdhotzoa ;8:? Waki H, Waki ?).
< Vdo qukrryhin kif ovoi tdo ehihin `j jahit hs bi`wi jr`e
W`akif (Aocd ;84;).
3 Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits ayhin `i wot nr`uif kro dkrfay
bi`wi. Doico tdo hni`rkito `i tdo sulmoct `j w``foi dkjts.
6 Czkriotzbh trhof t` hfoithjy t``td oikeoa jr`e Ihoforeorz.
Loshfos tdo shad`uottos `j l`fhos kif croektof l`io ekaorhka,
a``td oikeoa wks tdo `iay j`re `j dueki roekhis j`uif. Vdo
rosuaa hs rktdor kelhvkaoit. (Hi= F`dri-adehn ;843, ;7?-;;6)
? Kcc`rfhin t` vki fo Zoafo, kttrhlutos `j joekaos kro nrhifhin
st`ios kif rof `cdro. F`dri-adehn f`os i`t knroo wdoro rof
`odro hs c`icoriof, shico sdo loahovos tdhs hs k ekao kttrhluto.
: Ki kttoept wks ovoi ekfo t` c`rroakto tdo tdroo kfzo typos
whtd tdo j`ur d`uso typos, lut i` c`rroakth`i wks j`uif. D`w-
ovor, knkhi hisujjhchâit fktk woro kvkh aklao, shico vory jow
eoksurklao kfzos c`uaf lo kttrhlutof t` d`uso pakis.
> Lksof i `iay tdo e`st cortkhi kttr hlut h`is , tdo rosuats j`r
A^< kif A^8 kro=
A^< = d`usos a k i 5 <, kfzos 6, c`rroctof kfzos ;
d`usos Hl i 5 ?, kfzos @
d`usos < i 5 <, kfzos 6, c`rroctof kfzos 6
d`usos 3 i 5 7
A^8 = d`usos ak i 5 7
d`usos Hl i 5 8, kfzos <, c`rroctof kfzos @
d`usos < i 5 H, kfzos @
d`usos 3 i 5 @
4 I` e`ro tdki `io `j tdo w``foi ak d`usos wks luhat hi okcd
pdkso.
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43 C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO AHIOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
lhlah`nrkpdy
Kaaeoyor, D.
Krps, C.O.S.
;8>? \dohinorúaao fos Búaior \kueos, For Kujscdauss <:, ;7-;?.
;8>4 Wotr`nrkpdy kif p`sshlao `rhnhi `j kfzos kif `tdor krtojkcts jr e prodhst`rho shtos iokr
Dhoidohe (Lkvkrhk, Norekiy) kif Oasa``, Shttkrf kif Stohi (S`utdori Ahelurn, Vdo
Iotdorakifs). Hi = C.C. Lkboas, J`ur Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif Hdohr oivhr`i
eoit= k pkao`oc`a`nhcka stufy `j Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaocak
Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;;, <7<-<<4.
Krps, C.O.S.
C.C.Lkboas
;847 Hfoithjhckth`i pètr`nrkpdhquo fo foux r`cdos pr`voikit fo ak j`sso ? f'Kulocdhos (Loanh-
quo). Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso >>, 343.
Krps, C.O.S.C.C.Lkboas
;84< Fo fhssoas vki \`seoor. Hi = E. _arhx-Ca`ssot/\. \`ussoaao, A'hifust rhc ahtdhquo fu shtorulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck <68, 36-67.
Lkboas, C.C. ;8>3 Z`rakujhno Ektorhkauitorsucduin for Focdsoa. Hi= M. W. Jkrrunnhk/\ . Bupo r/M. Añih in/W .
Stodhh, For Lkifborkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor <, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;3,
;3:-;38.
Lkboas, C.C. ;8>4 J`ur Ahiokrlkifborkehb sottaoeoits kif tdohr oivhr`ieoit= k pkao`oc`a`nhcka stufy `j
Shttkrf, Stohi, Oasa`` kif Dhoidohe, Kikaocak Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk HH.
Lkboas, C.C. ;84: Focdsoai, Lohao, furcd l`drto Norkto, Ekaorhkadojho zur Lkyorhscdoi Z`rnoscdhcdto K ?>,
?<-:7.
L`cahcbo, _. ;84< Nruloi uif Dkusor = _itorsucduinoi zur Strubt ur lkifborkehscdor D`jpaktzo. Hi =
Shofauinoi for Buatur eht Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Ihtrk, ;>-<4.
L`oahcbo, _. uipula. Akinwohaor <, Akinwohaor 4, Akinwohaor 8, Akinwohaor ;:, Akuroizlorn >, ]uwohsuin for
Nruloi zu Dkusori.
Lrkift, F. v`i ;847 Fho ahiokrlkifborkehscdoi Dkusor fos Shofauinspaktzos Akinwohaor 4, Fhssortkth`i for
\dohihscd-^ostjkahscdoi Vocdihscdoi D`cdscduao Kkcdoi.
Luttaor, ^. ;834 For F`ikuakifhscdo uif for wosthscdo Buaturbrohs for mñinoroi Stohizoht, Dkiflucd for
_rnoscdhcdto Fouascdakifs <, Lcrahi kif Aohpzhn.
Ckspkr, M.-W. ;846 Jklrhckth`i ot rèkeèiknoeoit f'dorehiottos rulkièos oi pdtki hto. Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè
r`ykao lohno f'Kiadr`p`a`nho ot fo Wrèdhsa`hro 6>-?4.
C`istkithi, C.
M.W. Jkrrunnhk
A. Foekroz
;847 Kulocdhos= shto fo ak Cèrkehquo Ahiokhro oi Dkhikut `cffoitkQ,Luaaoahi fo ak S`chètè
Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso >>, 3:>-346
Cue`it, E. ;48>/;484 _thahskth`i fu pdtkihto ckelrhoi fos oivhr`is f'@tthnihos pkr a'd`eeo prèdhst`rhquo.
Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè f'Kiadr`p`a`nho fo Lruxoaaos ;:, <:?-<>;.
F`dri-Hdehn, E. ;8>6 _itorsucduinoi zur Lkifborkehb he \dohiakif, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;?, ?;-;6<.
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46
F`dri-Hdehn, E.
F`dri-adehn, E
F`dri-Hdehn, E.
Frkf`i, E.N.
KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
;8>4/;8>8 W`ahor- uif Scdihttspuroi ke Ikcboitoha v`i Scdudaohstoibohaoi io`ahtdhscdor
Nrklorjoafor, Krcdk`a nhscdo Nosoaascdkjt Búai Mkdrosnklo ;8>4-;8>8, 8-;:.
;8>8/;847 _loraonuinoi zur Zorwoifuin lkifborkehscdor Focdsoa kujnruif for Nolrkucdsspuroi,
Juiflorhcdho kus Dossoi ;8/<7. :8->4.
;843 Fks lkifborkehscdo Nrklorjo af v`i Kafoid`voi-Ihoforeorz, Brohs Furoi , Krcdk`a`nho
hi foi \dohihscdoi Aússlúrfoi, Búai, 6>-;87.
;8:> Fèc`uvorto f'ktoah ors fo tkhaao ot fo jhihth`i f'do rehio ttos `ekahoiios, Do_ihue >,
<?3-<?8.
Jkrrunnhk, M.-W.
Jrocdoi, M.
Nr``td, E.O.Vd, fo
Bkdabo, F.
B`cd, A.
Aocd, M.
A`fowhmcbx, E.
Añihin, M.
Ehahskusbks, S.
E`fforeki, W.M.\.
Eusk, H.
Wkvñb, M.
[uhttk, D.
\ohiocbo, B.
\hcdtor, H.
;8>> Fho Focdsoa. Hi = \. Bup or/ D. Aúdr /M. Añi hin /W. Stodah/K. ]heeore kii, For lkifbo
rkehscdo Shofauinspaktz Akinwohaor 8, \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;4, <::-<>4.
;8:? Eñfforsdohe= Wotr`nrkpd hscdo _itorsucduin v`i Stohinorkt lzw. fossoi \`dek torhk a. Hi
B. Scdhotzoa, Eñfforsdohe, Juifkeoitk Ka , 38-6<.
;8>> Noscdahjjoio Stohinorkto. Hi = W. M.\ . E`fforeki, Fho io`ahtdhscdo Loshofauin loh
Dhoidohe, Afbr. Boadohe H, Ektorhkadojto zur Lkyorhscdoi Z`rnoscdhcdto 33, ><->?.
;8?6 Fho Lostktauinsshatoi fos f`ikuakifhscdoi Buaaurbrohsos for mñinoroi Saohizoha, Lorahi.
;83: Wotr`nrkpdhscdo Lostheeuin for Stohinorkto. Hi= ^. Luttaor /^. Dkloroy, Fho lkif
borkehscdo Kishofauin loh Búai-Ahifoitdka, \úehscd-Norekihscdo J`rscduinoi ;;,
;36-;6:.
;84; Jahit ehihin ke`in tdo okray jkrehin c`eeuihthos `j Coitrka Our `po , Wkrt H, Wrzonakf
Krcdo`a`nhcziy <4, ?-??.
;846 Aos foux shtos rulkiès fo Akifoi-^kino ot fo Ahitor-@vordospoi kpräs ak ckepknio fo
j`uhaaos fo ;843, I ako Wrkodhsa`rhcko 6, 8>-;7>.
;84< \osokrcd hit` tdo Lkifborkehb Sottaoeoit `j tdo Kafoid`voior Waktt o hi tdo \dhioakif,
Kikaochk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk ;?, ;-<8.
;8>: Ki okray jkrehin vhaakno hi W`akif , Krcdko`a`ny <8, 37-6;.
;8>7 Ahiokrlkifborkehb kus Oasa`` uif Stohi, Kikaochk Wrkodhsa`rhck Aohfoishk 3.
;8>6 \dohi- uif Ohjoascdñttuinoi he Sñfoi for Ihoforrdohihscdoi Lucdt, S`iforvorúj-
joiaahcduin fos No`a`nhscdoi Hisahauts for _ihvorshtka Búai <3.
;8>< Io`ahtdhscdos Nrklorjoaf v`i Ihtrk, Sa`voisbf Krcdo`a`nhk <7, ?-;7?.
;8?? Ohi Zorwkdrjuif kus for lkifborkehscdoi Shofauin hi for Dkrtd loh ]woibku, Aohpzhnor
Lohtrkno zur Z`r- uif Jrñdnoscdhcdto ;, <7-?8.
;8>4 Fho Ahiokrlkifborkehb hi Ihoforlkyori , Lohtrkno zur Noscdhcdho Ihoforlkyoris wkdroif
for Muinstohizoha /, Lohakno zue Ketahcdoi Scdua-Kizohnor jñr foi \onhoruinslozhrb
Ihoforlkyori Ir ;., 6-<7.
;8:4/;8:8 Fho lkifborkehscdo Nrklor v`i Ja`el`ri, Brohs Kazoy, uif v`e Kfaorlorn loh ^`res,
Ekhizor ]ohascdrhjt :3-:6, ;?4-;>8.
Scdhotzoa, B. ;8:? Eñfforsdohe, Juifkeoiak Ka.
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4?
Scdiñtnoi, K.
Scdwkrz-Ekcboisoi, N.
^. Scdiohfor
Sotthoi`v, S.K. ;8:6
Vdhsso-For`uotto, \.o.M. ;8?<M.Vdhsso
V`usskhit, E. ;84<
N. V`usskhit
_arhx-Ca ssot, E. ;84<
\.\`ussoaao
Zoafo, W. vki fo ;8>8
Zoafo, W. vki fo
]heeorekii, K.
C . C . LKBOAS - KF]OS @J VDO _IOK\LKIFBO\KEHB
;8>6 Fho Dkupttorrkssoij`ano ke ahiboi Ihoforrdohi kuj nruif for Scd`t torpot r`nrkpd ho,
J`rscduinslorhcdto fos Akifos I`rfrdohi-^ostjkaoi Ir. <388.
;843 ^` ahonoi fho Dkuptdojornolhoto jñr fks \`dtiktorhka F`ikuakifhscdor Stohilohao uif
Kxto hi Ehtaoaour`pk 0, Krcdk`t`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoizlakaa ;3, 37?-3;6.
Wrodhst`rho Vocdi`a`ny, trkisa.E.^. Vd`eps`i. A`if`i
Fèc`uvorto f'ui cheothäro `ekahoi, k rhto juiorkhro oi foux toeps (crèekth`i otoij`uhssoeoit fo coifros oi Doslkyo ahèn`hso k D`aa`nio-kux-Whorros, Luaaothi fo ak
S`chètè Wrèdhst`rhquo Jrkickhso 68, ;>?-;87.
Wètr`nrkpdho ot pkao`no`nrkpdho fos dorehiottos `ekahoiios fo Doslkyo, Luaaothi fo ak
S`chètè \`ykao Lohno f'Otufos Nè`a`nhquos ot Krcdè`a`nhquos Aos Cdorcdours fo ak
^kaa`ihâ <?, ?73-?>7.
A'hifustrho ahtdhquo fu shto rulkiè fu Stklorn k \`seoor, Krcdko`t`nhk Loanhck <68.
@i Lkifborkehb S`chka Shructuro, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;<.
;84: S`chka Hioqukahty hi tdo Our`poki Okray Io`ahtdhc= Lkifborkehb Aokforsdhp. Hi = E.K.
vki Lkboa/\.\. Dknostohmi/W. vki fo Zoafo ofs. Wrhvkto W`ahthcs, Aohfoi, ;<>-;38.
;84< K. J ]ur @rnkihskt h`i for Dorstoaauin v`i Jouorstohikraojkbtoi hi lkifborkehscdoi
Shofauinoi. Hi = Shofauinoi for Buatur hiht Ahiokrborkehb hi Our`pk, Ihtrk, 3;8-3<<.
C. C. Lkboas
Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho
W`stlus 8?;?
IA-<377 \K Aohfoi
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W. M. \. E`fforeki Ahelurnor kkrfoworb uht Swohbduhzoi Noe. ScdhiioiWr`v. Ahelurn
Fhcda lhmooi zhmi scdorvoi vki ooi twootka Ahelurnor p`ttoi nov`ifoi, fho hi fo akktsto jkso vki fo ahiokhro lkif-corkehob `j woaahcdt hots aktor nofktoorf buiioi w`rfoi.Zki fozoajfo vhifpakkts zhmi kjb`esthn oiboao vr`onehffoi-io`ahtdhscdo scdorvoi, wkkr`ifor ooi eorbwkkrfhnorkifscdorj eot `pnoaonfo rhcdoa.
Hi dot v``rmkkr vki ;847 `itvhinoi fo pr`vhichkka
krcdo`a``n oi scdrhmvor fozos lorhcdt vki fo door O.K. vki
Nooa uht Noaooi, fkt f``r doe `p ooi nopa`onf wohakif
v`ifstoi wkroi nofkki, wkkr`ifor scdorvoi vki Ahe
lurnor kkrfoworb. Fo vhifpakkts ahnt `p fo Doh `ifor
Swohbduhzoi kki fo rkif vki dot d``ntorrks, wkkr`p fo
noeooito Scdhiioi zhcd uhtstrobt. Fo ohnoikkr vki dot
porcooa, fo door H. W`vsè uht Noaooi, wks z` vrhoifoahmb
t`ostoeehin to voraoioi t`t dot ekboi vki ooi pr`oj-
saoujmo hi kprha ;847 oi t`t dot f`oi vki ooi pr`oj`ifor-
z`ob f``r dot Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho to Aohfoi, wkkr
v``r doe dhorlhm nkkrio fkib nozonf w`rft. Vussoi ;4
kunustus oi ;7 soptoelor hs nofuroifo forthoi worbfknoi
nonrkvoi. Fkkrlhm voraooifoi fo doroi O.K. vki Nooa, E.
Vheeorekis oi D. Zr`eoi dui fkkfworboahmbo oi zoor
nowkkrfoorfo duap. Fo aohfhin lorustto lhm fo vorsaknnovor
noksshstoorf f``r fo door M.W. L``norf (H.W.A.) oi
kjwhssoaoif frho `j vhor stufoitoi.
Hi l`foebuifhn-no`a`nhscd `pzhcdt ahnt fo vhifpakkts `p
nrhifd`ufoifo zkifoi, fho hi dot Ehffoi Waohst`cooi f``r
fo Ekks zhmi kjnozot (t`oahcdthin L`foebkkrt p.3>). Fht hs
ooi uhtz`iforahmbo shtuktho, wkit fozo zkifoi zhmi kas ronoa
eot a`oss `vorfobt. @p fo porcoaoi fho nroizoi kki fo
``stzhmfo vki fo `pnrkvhin, hs ka sprkbo vki a`oss. ]kif
kki dot `pporvakb trojjoi wo hi dot Ahelurnso a`ossnolhof
kaaooi kki akins fo fkaoi `j hi torrksrkifoi. Hi `is novka
lovhift fo Noaooiloob zhcd `p :77 e kjstkif, ekkr eoi
e`ot woa 67 e `eakkn `e dot wktor to lorohboi.Fo akifscdkppoahmbo shtuktho wkkrlhm fo iklhmdohf vki fo
Noaooiloob oi zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b fo zkif`ifornr`if
ooi loakinrhmbo r`a vorvuaaoi, hs `p zoor uhtooia`poifo
thmfsthppoi kkitrobboahmb nowoost v``r fo eois. Lodkavo
dot Ahelurnor kkrfoworb zhmi f``r M.D. ^haaoes (;8>;) oi
O.K. vki Nooa fuhzoifoi vuurstoioi krtojkctoi vorzkeoaf
fho whmzoi `p eoisoahmbo kcthvhtohtoi, to lonhiioi hi dot
ehffoi-pkao`ahtdhcue (vki Dkkroi ;8:4) oi v``rts uht
m`in-pkao`ahtdhcue, eos`ahtdhcue oi ehffoi- oi akkt-
io`ahtdhcue. Dot hs `peorboahmb, fkt fo lkifcorkehob hi
fozo roobs ahmbt to `itlroboi, torwhma fo ioforzotthinoi vki
fozo cuatuur zhcd `p saocdts ;<77 e kjstkif lovhifoi.
Z``r fo `pnrkvhinsrosuatktoi vki vooa loakin hs fkt hi dot
ehiorka`nhscd lotrobboahmb rhmbo zkif ooi e`for-
p`az`anr`if hs `itwhbboaf. ^hm stoafoi vkst fkt zhm t`t ??
ce `ifor dot ekkhvoaf bki rohboi. Hi ooi ;<6 eY nr`to
put K, fho worf kkinoaonf `e ooi <,? e nr`to c`icoi
trktho vki Ahelurnor scdorvoi oi dkkr ikksto `enovhin to`iforz`oboi, b`ifoi whm nooi oiboao prodhst`rhscdo hinrk
vhin c`istktoroi, torwhma fkkrkki uhtorkkrf fo i`fhno kki
fkcdt worf lostoof. Z``r dot `itlroboi vki nr`ifsp`roi
buiioi vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi kkinov`orf w`rfoi. @j woa
zo zhmi or i``ht nowoost, fki woa zhm wkroi z` `ifhop fkt
zo hi fo 37 ce fhbbo l`uwv``r vorpa`onf zhmi. ^hm tr`jjoi
ocdtor scdorvoi oi vuurstooi kki t`t `ifor hi fo L-akkn,
z`fkt eoi zhcd e`ot kjvrknoi `j fo nr`ifsp`roi woaahcdt
f``r lh`a`nhscdo kcthvhtohtoi zhmi uhtnowhst. F``r
d`e`noihsktho vki fo l`foe buiioi zoor woa kaao sp`roi
vki eoisoahmbo vorst`rhinoi vorfwoioi zhmi.
_ht `is pr`oj`iforz`ob bki noc`icaufoorf w`rfoi, fkt
eot fo dofoi tor loscdhbbhin stkkifo ehffoaoi nooi
eoisoahmbo nr`ifsp`roi zhmi vkst to stoaaoi. Zorfor nrkvoi
lotoboit fki kaaooi i`n dot vorzkeoaoi vki v``rworpoi,
wkt nozhoi fo nr`to eoinoahin vki cuaturoi ihot orn zhiv`a
ahmbt. Fkkr b`et i`n lhm fkt fo ohnoikkr dot porcooa kas
wohakif whafo nolruhboi, wkkrf``r fo v`ifstoi rofoahmb
vorzoborf lowkkrf w`rfoi. Dot ahmbt ocdtor woa nowoist
dot torrohi v``r t`ob`esthn `iforz`ob to loscdoreoi.
Lodkavo put K worfoi i`n twoo baohio puttoi nonrkvoi.
Vor pakktso wkkr ooi Ahelurnor scdorj wks `pnorkkpt worf
ooi 6 e" nr``t putmo L noekkbt, wkkruht oiboao aksthn to
fktoroi v``rworpoi to v``rscdhmi bwkeoi, z`fkt vki uht
lrohfhin worf kjnozhoi. Oafors wks f``r fo door vki Nooaooi zoor eorbwkkrfhno rkifscdorj eot ooi rhcdoa kki fo
lhiioizhmfo (jhn. ;=;7) nov`ifoi. _ht fo fkkr noekkbto ;;
e- nr`to put C bwkeoi wkifscdorvoi to v``rscdhmi, fho
quk ekkbsoa zoor n`of to vornoahmboi zhmi eot fo rkif
scdorj. @p dui lourt vort`ioi fozo scdorvoi woor ooi zoor
nr`to `vorooib`est eot v`ifstoi uht put K, fho f``r
uhtsauhthin vki kiforo e`noahmbdofoi dot lost nopakktst
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44 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
VT r 2 ‖. . ?.
Y;P' ? ,,-YYY " >
>
? ,,-YYY " >
>
Jhn. ;. Swohbduhzoi. Oiboao vr`on ehffoi-io`ahtdhscdo scdorvoi. S`eo okray ehffao-io`ahtdhc sdorfs. <=3.
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48 W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FO^O\B
buiioi w`rfoi hi fo porh`fo wkkrhi fo Ehcdoaslornor
cuatuur ja`roorfo. Dot lotrojt `ifor eoor oiboao rkif-
scdorvoi, wkkrlhm or èèi hs eot `ifhopo hifrubboi `p fo
rkif (jhn. ;=?). ]hm dorhiioroi kki wkt vki Dkzoif`ib ;-<
oi Lornscdoid`ob loboif hs (A`uwo B``hmekis ;8>:).
Frho bahinbrklloramos pkssoi woaahcdt ``b hi fozo cuaturoao
c`itoxt. Vwoo bi`lloa``rtmos eot ooi nkktmo whmzoi `p
Ehcdoaslornor roakthos (jhn. ;=4,8). Fozo scdorvoi skeoieot ooi baohio d`ovooadohf wkifscdorvoi zhmi quk p`ttors
tocdihob nodooa hfoithob eot wkt uht put C to v``rscdhmi
bwke. Or hs fus kkiaohfhin v``r fo vor`iforstoaahin, fkt
fo rkifscdorj eot fo rhcdoa ovoioois hi ooi Ehcdoaslornor
ehahou hs `itstkki. Fo scdorj hs noekkbt vki storb eot
bwkrtsnruhs (7.?-? ee nr``t2 <7 b`rroas por ceY oi
scdorjnruhs (< ee nr``t2 <7 b`rroas por ceY) vorscdrkkafo
baoh. Fo `poi scdkka hs uht lkifoi `pnol`uwf, wkkrvki
twoo kkizottoi to zhoi zhmi. Luhtoi- oi lhiioi`pporvakb
zhmi nakf kjnoworbt. @p lroub hs fo scdorj ahcdt nose``rf
(>.? X\ >/;), fo luhtoibkit hs hots eoor `xyforoif nolkbboi (>.? X\ >/:) fki fo lhiioibkit (>.? X\ >/6).
Dot f`oa vki fozo pulahcktho hs `e loboifdohf to novoi
kki fo v`ifst vki Ahelurnor scdorvoi uht put K, wkkr`p
YÈ
Jhn. <k . Swohbdu hzoi. HZHot l`t vorscdrkkaf o scdorvoi vki ooi Ahelurnor p`t. L`io- toeporof sdorf s `j k Ahelurn p`t . ;=;
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87 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. <l . Swohb duhz oi. ]oajfo p`t kas hi jhn . <k. Skeo p`t ks hi jh n. <k. ;=;
dhorik w`rft hinonkki. Lhiioi fo f``r fo door vki Nooa
wkkrnoi`eoi c`icoitrktho zhmi f``r fo `pnrkvhin twoo
caustors to `iforscdohfoi, wkkrvki fo borioi ck < e
uhtooiahnnoi. F``r pa`onoi oi kiforo kcthvhtohtoi zhmi s`e
ehno scdorvoi vorsprohf norkkbt t`t ekx. 6e vki dui
bori. Dot stkkt v``r ehm vkst fkt wo eot saocdts twoo p`t
toi to ekboi dolloi. ]hm zhmi noekbboahmb to
`iforscdohfoi, `efkt fo ooi eot l`tnruhs vorscdrkkaf hs
oi fo kifor ihot. L`voifhoi zhmi fo vorshorhinoi `p lohfo
p`ttoi storb vorscdhaaoif, aoforo caustor `evkt èèi p`t. Dot
zhmi lohfo nr`to p`ttoi, woaahcdt e`ot eoi foiboi kki
b`eeoi z`kas fho lhm Bossoaohb nov`ifoi (E`fforeki
;8>6). N`ofo roc`istructhos zhmi ihot e`noahmb, `efkt fo
d`ovooadofoi scdorvoi to baohi zhmi. Dot eoost tkarhmb zhmi
fho vki fo eot l`tnruhs vorscdrkkafo p`t ia ?7 stubs (jhn.<). Fo l`tjrkneoitmos zhmi ekx. 6 ee nr``t, wkt ooi uht
z`iforhin hs. Fo fhcdtdohf lofrkknt ck <? por ceY @ifor
fo scdorvoi lovhifoi zhcd frho rkifjrkneoitoi eot ooi
vorfhbbhin kki fo lhiioizhmfo. Fo t`tkao rkifaointo
lofrkknt saocdts ;<.? ce, wkt to wohihn hs `e fo fhkeotor
vki fo p`t to lopkaoi. Vor vornoahmbhin fhoio fkt fo rkif
vki fo b`e uht Bossoaoyb ;34 ce eoot. @p fo wkif hs ooi
pktr``i kkinolrkcdt vki jakuwo rhcdoas. Dot `pporvakb hs
f``r vorthckao rhcdoas hi voafoi `iforvorfooaf, kjwhssoaoif
sekaao oi lrofo. Fo akktsto zhmi oorst `pnovuaf eotd`rhz`itkao rhcdoas, fho woaahcdt hi dot ehffoi ooi vorfhb
bhin vort`ioi. Fo rhcdoas zhmi toi sa`tto nokccoituoorf f``r
rhmoi histoboi eot oiboav`ufhno oi fulloao spktoapuitoi.
Z``r dot `vorhno zhm ikkr jhn. < vorwozoi. Dot luhtoi`p
porvakb hs `vorwonoif `xyforoif nolkbboi (>.? X\ :/6
ahndt lr`wi) ekkr or b`eoi ``b wkt f`iborfor scdorvoi
v``r (>.? X\ ?/< lr`wi)2 `p lroub hs fo scdorj nose``rf.
Zki fo twoofo Ahelurnor p`t rostoroi saocdts 36 scdorvoi,
wkkr`ifor twoo baohio rkifscdorvoi eot vorfhbbhin kki fo
lhiioizhmfo (jhn. 3). Fo p`t hs nobioof vki eot zkif
vorscdrkkafo baoh. Fo zkifb`rroas zhmi zoafoi ekx. < ee
nr``t. ]oor spkkrzkke zhmi lr`bmos scdorjnruhs wkkriooe
lkkr. D`o dot vorshorhinspktr``i hs nowoost, hs `izobor.
Dot hs `pnol`uwf uht zwkkrforo rhcdoas fki `p fo kiforo
p`t. ]hm zhmi hi Z-v`re kkinolrkcdt, wkkrik zhm nokccoi
tuoorf zhmi f``r rhmoi spktoahifrubboi tor woorszhmfoi.
L`voi fo rhcdoa hs eot ooi èèitkifhno spktoa noworbt, tor
whma or`ifor twoo rhmoi hifrubboi kkinolrkcdt eot ooi
Hwootkifhno spktoa to zhoi zhmi. @`b dhor w`rft vorwozoi
ikkr jhn. 3. Fozo p`t hs hots eoor `xyforoif nolkbboi fki
fo kiforo. Dot luhtoi`pporvakb vkrhoort vki ahndt roffhsd
lr`wi (? X\ :/6) t`t lr`wi (>.? X\ ?/<). Dot lhiioi`p-
porvakb hs ``b wkt ahcdtor ia. ahndt lr`wi (>.? X\ :/6).
_ht dot v``rnkkifo lahmbt fuhfoahmb fkt fo v`ifst`estki-
fhndofoi vki fo lohfo Ahelurnor p`ttoi nooi kkibi`
phinspuitoi lhofoi v``r ooi roakthovo fktorhin. Ooi
pakktslopkahin bki fus a`utor `p typ`a`nhscdo `vor
wonhinoi lorustoi. Kaaoroorst fhoit or`p nowozoi to
w`rfoi fkt fo lohfo p`ttoi ihot i``fzkboahmb thmfois èèi
nolruhbsporh`fo vki dot torrohi nolr`boi lod`ovoi to zhmi.
Eoi bki ik b`rtor `j akinor thmf torunnoboorf zhmi. V`cd
bki fho vor`iforstoafo tussoithmf ihot akinor fki ooi oouwnofuurf dolloi, `efkt fo vorshorhinswhmzo vki fo lohfo
p`ttoi ooi nr`to `vorooib`est vort``it. ]hm e`otoi
typ`a`nhscd cdr`i`a`nhscd t`t èèi jkso noroboif w`rfoi.
Dot kkrfoworb lod``rt `inotwhmjoaf lhm fo Ahelurnor
nr`op. Ooi jrkppkito noahmboihs vort``it fo vorshorhin `p
fo scdorvoi uht Swohbduhzoi eot wkt `p twoo p`t-
jrkneoitoi to zhoi hs, fho to v``rscdhmi zhmi nob`eoi `ifo
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8; W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FO^O\B
•Ma."
•tY'Y '
Jhn. 3. Swohbd uhzo i. Eot zkif vorscdrkkafo scdorv oi vki ooi Ahelurnor p` t. Skif-toep orof sdorfs `j k Ahelur n p`t. ; =; .
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8< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
ooi ckhri noikkef Ak D`nuotto lhm J`itoiky-ao-Ekreh`i
(Ckavkf`s, I`rekifhâ) (Ckhaakuf ;8><). Fo lohfo vhif
pakktsoi ahnnoi ck ?77 be uhtooi! Fo v`re vki fo p`ttoi
vorscdhat woa. Fo Ahelurnor zhmi wkkrscdhmiahmb `poi
scdkaoi nowoost, torwhma fo I`rekifhscdo eot zobordohf
nosa`toi p`ttoi zhmi. @`b uht fo Oazks oi fo Jrkicdo-
C`etè zhmi n`of vornoahmblkro scdorvoi loboif (Mouiosso
;84:). Fht nolhof hs `inovoor 3>? be vki Swohbduhzoi vor
whmforf, torwhma fo Jrkiso vhifpakktsoi z`'i :77 be uhtooi
ahnnoi.
Z``r fo @`stjrkiso v`ifstoi lostkki n`ofo fktorhinoi.
Frho ekka hs sprkbo vki ooi kss`chktho eot vorshorfo
scdorvoi uht fo akktsto jkso vki fo lkifcorkehob oi èèi
ekka f``rfkt ooi scdorj kjb`esthn hs uht ooi ihvoku fkt
kjnofobt w`rft f``r ooi Nr`ssnkrtkcdor akkn. Or hs nooi
rofoi `e v``r fo Swohbduhzor scdorvoi kki ooi kiforo
fktorhin to foiboi, `j dot e`ost zhmi fkt dot `itlroboi
vki lkifcorkehscdo sp`roi `p fo vhifpakkts ooi kkiwhm
zhin hs v``r eoisoahmbo kkiwozhndohf b`rt ik dot ohifo vki
fho cuatuur.
Eoi bki z`ifor `vorfrhmvhin vorwkcdtoi, fkt hi fob`eoifo mkroi eoor v``rlooafoi vki dot typo Ak
D`nuotto loboif zuaaoi w`rfoi. ]` t``ifo Wr`j. Fr. M.
Añihin thmfois ooi v``rfrkcdt to Nr`ihinoi `p < focoelor
;84: nodooa vornoahmblkro v`ifstoi uht Kazoy oi Jrhoflorn-
Lrucdoilrñcboi (^ost-Fuhtsakif). Fo akktstnoi`oefo zhmi
kkinotr`jjoi hi ooi vr`on lkifcorkehscd ehahou, wkt fus
hi tonoistoaahin hs eot fo akkt lkifcorkehscdo fktorhin uht
@`st-Jrkibrhmb, fho eoi ``b `p zuhvor typ`a`nhscdo
nr`ifoi vorwkcdtoi z`u.
Kki fo lospr`boi vorshorhinswhmzo typ`a`nhscd ikuw vor
wkito v``rlooafoi zhmi uht Ihoforeorz oi Akinwohaor <
loboif (Hdehn ;8><). Or hs fkkrlhm sprkbo vki ooi rhcdoa,
fho tor woorszhmfoi hs v``rzhoi vki hifrubboi kkinolrkcdt
eot ooi twootkifhno spktoa. Fo oorstnoi`oefo v`ifst
stket uht ooi akto lkifcorkehscdo buha.
^kt fo cuaturoao lotoboihs hs vki fo vor uhtooinoaonoi
fhroct vornoahmblkro vorshorhinoi akkt zhcd saocdts nhssoi z`
akin ihot vooa eoor `vor dot vr`onsto io`ahtdhcue tussoi
\hmi, Sohio oi dot Ikuw vki Ckakhs loboif hs. Lhm fo
duhfhno stkif vki dot `iforz`ob hs dot wohihn zhiv`a `e
vooa spocuakthos to ekboi `vor wkt zhcd hi fo twoofo doajt
vki dot zosfo ehaaoiihue hi I``rf-Jrkibrh mb oi dot zuhfoi
vki fo Loioaux doojt kjnospooaf.
Sueekry
Vdo Doh iokr Swohbduhzoi hs shtuktof `i tdo l`rfor `j tdo
dhnd torrkco `j tdo Eouso. S`eo 67 e a`wor ja`ws tdo
Noaooiloob. Vdo a`cka suls`ha `j skifs rhcd hi ehiorkas hs
rkro hi tdhs ronh`i, wdoro a`oss prof`ehiktos. Ekiy
td`uskifs `j jahit krthjkcts `ut `j iokray ovory porh`f
oxcopt tdo okray Io`ahtdhc Ahiokr W`ttory Cuaturo woro c`a-
aoctof. Vdhs klsoico hs tdo e`ro roekrbklao shico, kt k
fhstkico `j ;<77 e, k sottaoeoit c`epaox wks j`uif
loa`inhin t` tdhs cuaturo. Ht wks k surprhso wdoi Ahelurn
p`ttory sdorfs woro j`uif. K sekaa oxckvkth`i rovokaof
tw` caustors `j sdorfs, okcd loa`inhin t` `io p`t, ayhin
whtdhi k rkfhus `j <.? e. Vdo caky `j tdo p`t hi jhn. < hs
toeporof whtd l`io jrkneoits, wdoroks tdo `tdor, hi jhn.
3, c`itkhis ekhiay skif kif s`eo p`ttory nrht. Vdo foc`rk
th`i c`ishsts `j jakt rhfnos oidkicof whtd puictkth`is ekf
whtd shinao kif f`ulaè p`hitof spktuako. Vdo f`ulaè f`ts
paky k r`ao hi tdo fkthin, wdhcd hs oxcaushvoay typ`a`nhcka.
Lhj`rbof spktuako kro woaa bi`wi jr`e tdo akst pdkso `jtdo AWC. Ht sooes e`st ahboay tdkt tdoso sdorfs fkto jr`e
tdo skeo porh`f, lut `i tdo`rothcka nr`uifs k p`st-AWC
pdkso ckii`t lo oxcaufof.
Vdo foc`rkth`i `i tdo Swohbduhzoi p`ts lokrs ca`so
rosoelakico t` jhifs jr`e tdo Jroicd fopkrtoeoihs Lks-
\dhi, Dkut-\dhi, F`uls kif I`rekifhâ. S`eo `j tdoso
kro woaa fktof hi akto Ahiokr W`ttory c`itoxts. Vdoso jhifs
woro roc`vorof jr`e kroks ayhin 3>? kif ?77 be jr`e
Swohbduhzoi. Ht sooes eucd rosokrcd eust sthaa lo f`io
loj`ro wo eky nkhi k lottor uiforstkifhin `j wdkt t``b
pakco hi tdo okray Io`ahtdhc lotwooi tdo \dhio, tdo Sohio
kif tdo Cdkiioa.
Ke`inst tdo rkro p`tsdorfs jr`e tdo shto kro k jow wdhcd
cki lo kttrhlutof t` kcthvhthos furhin tdo okray Ehcdoaslorn-
Dkzoif`ib ;-<-Lornscdoi D`ob. Jhn.; sd`ws s`eo rhe-
sdorfs kif bi`ls. K e`st roekrbklao rhesdorf `j ki `poi
l`wa whtd k pr`i`uicof pr`trufhin rhfno `i tdo hishfo
cki, `i tocdi`a`nhcka nr`uifs lo kttrhlutof, t` tdo skeo
typo `j p`ttory. H f` i`t bi`w `j kiy pkrkaaoas.
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83 W. M. \. E@FFO\EKI - AHEL_\NO\ KK\FO^O\B
ahtorktuur
L`foebkkrt
vki Ioforakif.
;8>7 Lakf ?8, :7 ^ oi :7 @. ;8>7 Sthl`bk, ^knoihinoi.
Ckhaakuf, W.
O. Aknioa
;8>< Ao ckhri ot ao croekt`hro iè`ahtdhquos fo ak D`nuotto k J`itoiky-ao -Ekreh`i (Ckavkf`s),
Nkaahk Wrèdhsa`hro ;?, ;3>-;8>.
Dkkroi, D.E.O. vki ;8:4 Wkako`ahtdhc Krthjkcts jr`e Ahelurn, Lorhcdtoi \hmbsfhoist @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`ifor-
z`ob ;4, >-6:.
Hdehn, E. ;8>< Ihoforeorz. Hi= M. Ocbort / E. Hdehn / \. Bupor/ D. Aúd r/ M. Añihin (\of. )= _itor-
sucduinoi zur io`dtdhscdoi Loshofauin for Kafoid`voior Waktto HH. L`iior Mkdrl. ;><,
34:- 344.
Mouiosso, C. ;84: \kpp`rts kvoc ao iè`ahtdhquo kichoi f'Kaskco fo ak cèrkehquo 'Fkiulh oiio', \ovuo
Krcdè`a. fo a'@uost.
H.`uwo B``hmekis, A.W. ;8>: A`cka Fovoa`peoits hi k L`rforakif. K Survoy `j tdo Io`ahtdhc kt tdo A`wor \dhio,
@ufdohfbuifhno Eofof. \.E.v.7. ?>, <<>-<8>.
E`fforeki, W.M.\.
^haaoes, M.D.
;8>6 Fho Ahelurnor Borkehb v`i Bossoaoyb, Krcdñ`a`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoizlaktt 6, ?-;;.
;8>; @peorbhinoi `vor fo dorb`est vki dot ahtdhscdo ektorhkka vki fo prodhst`rhscdo vhif
pakkts to Swohbduhzoi (Noeooito Scdhiioi A.), Nr`ifl``r oi Dkeor 3, ;<7- ;37.
W. M. \. E`fforeki
Ke`rystrkkt ?
IA-:4;? NM Kridoe
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^hmikif vki for Skifoi Vdo _ssoi pr`moct= akrno-sckao sottaoeoit krcdko`a`ny`j tdo porh`f >77 LC-KF <?7, k proahehikry rop`rt
Vdo akrno-sckao krcdko`a`nhcka oxckvkth`is hi tdo
euihchpkahay `j @ss‖wdoro hi tdo c`urso `j ohndt yokrs c.
;<7 d`uso pakis, s`eo duifrofs `j sulshfhkry structuros,
e`ro tdki 677 foop phts kif woaas kif tw` akrno
coeotorhos v/oro uiokrtdof ‖dkvo c`itrhlutof shnihjhckitay
t` `ur uiforstkifhin `j tdo pr`coss `j \`ekihzkth`i hi
tdo s`utdori pkrt `j tdo Iotdorakifs.
;. Hitr`fucth`i
Hi tdo pkst <? yokrs oxtoishvo hivosthnkth`is `j Hr`i Kno
kif \`eki porh`f sottaoeoits dkvo looi ckrrhof `ut hi tdo
i`rtdokstori pkrt `j tdo skify ronh`i hi tdo s`utdori
Iotdorakifs, h.o. tdo c`vorskif paktoku hi tdo i`rtdokst `j
tdo pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit kif tdo rhvor fuios hi tdo
kfmkcoit rhvor-krok. Vdoso hivosthnkth`is woro c`ifuctof
ekhiay ly tdo Histhtuto `j Wrodhst`ry `j Aohfoi _ihvorshty
(HWA) kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, ly tdo Futcd Stkto Sorvhco
j`r Krcdko`a`nhcka Hivosthnkth`is (\@L). Shico ;8:<, tdo
yokr hi wdhcd tdo HWA wks sot up, tdo hivosthnkth`i `j tdo
kl`vo-eoith`iof porh`fs dks looi coitrof hi tdhs ronh`i.
Vdkt tdo rosokrcd wks stkraof hi tdhs pkrthcuakr krok hs i`
c`hichfoico= wdoi Fr. W.M.\. E`fforeki wks kpp`hitof
dokf `j tdo histhtuto, do lr`undt tdo hivosthnkth`is `i tdoBkeps Zoaf iokr Dkps, wdhcd do dkf looi fhrocthin wdhao
hi Keorsj``rt, ka`in whtd dhe t` Aohfoi. Furhin tdo
j`aa`whin <? yokrs, tdo hivosthnkth`i wks j`r tdo nroktor
pkrt c`ithiuof hi tdo skeo krok - ly N.M. Zorwors - kif
jhikaay cuaehiktof hi tdo 'Ekksbkit pr`moct' .
Jhnuro H sd`ws tdo krok fhscussof kl`vo kif tdo a`ckth`is
`j tdo sottaoeoits jr`e tdo porh`f >77 LC - KF <?7 tdkt
woro oxckvktof hi tdo porh`f ;8:7-;84?. Vdo oxckvkth`is
c`icoriof kro tdo j`aa`whin= ^hmcdoi-Fo Loroif`icb
{jhn.a.a), ^hmcdoi-Fo Wks (hf.= <Q Zki foi Lr`obo ;846),
Dkroi (hf.=3), @ss-_ssoi (hf.=6), @ss-]katl`eeoasowon
(hf.=?), @ss-aMssoastrkkt (hf.=:Q Zorwors ;8>4), Iuakif-
Bopboisf`ib (hf.=>), Oscdkroi {,hf.=4), Loors-Brkkhoilorn(hf.=82 ^.M.D. Zorwors ;8>4), Dkps (hf.=H@2 Zorwors ;8><),
Noiiop-Dohmoi (hf.=aa2 La`oeors ;843), Foi Fuinoi
(hf.=a<), Shit-@ofoir`fo-Ovorso Kbbors (hf.=;32 Doostors
;8>>2 Zki for Skifoi ;84;) kif S`i kif Lrounoh-
D``hf`ibscdo Kbbors (hf.=a6Q Zki foi Lr`obo ;847). K
jow `j tdoso hivosthnkth`is (^hmcdoi-Fo Wks, Dkroi)
yhoafof i` structuros, lut ekhiay p`ttory kif jkuik!
roekhis. Vdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor, fhf lrhin t` ahndt struc
turos, hi tdo j`re `j pakis `j d`usos kif `utd`usos kif
kas` woaas. Hi noiorka, tdo sckao `j tdo vkrh`us hivosthnk
th`is wks sekaa t` e`forktoay akrno kif hi i` ckso fhf ht
oxcoof ? doctkros.
Vdo hivosthnkth`i kt @ss-_ssoi c`isthtutof k rhn`r`us lrokb
whtd tdhs sekaa-sckao trkfhth`i. Furhin tdo c`urso `j ohndt
yokrs k t`tka krok `j c. 37 doctkros wks uiokrtdof kif sul-
ehttof t` krcdko`a`nhcka rosokrcd. Kr`uif tdhs akrno-sckao
hivosthnkth`i k ronh`ika pr`moct whaa lo coitorof, hi wdhcd
tdo, hi ekiy cksos uipulahsdof, oxckvkth`is fhscussof hi
tdhs hitr`fucth`i whaa kas` paky k pkrt.
Hi tdo j`aa`whin pknos k proahehikry rop`rt whaa lo nhvoi
`j tdo rosuats nkhiof furhin tdo _ssoi oxckvkth`i. Ht hs i`t
hitoifof t` lo k lkakicof syitdoshs. S`eo kspocts kro
`ehttof wdhao `tdors whaa lo strossof. Vdo jhika cdkptor
hifhcktos tdo tdo`rothc jrkeow`rb whtdhi wdhcd tdo fktk
whaa hi fuo theo lo ovkauktof'.
<. Shtukth`i, no`a`ny kif p`st-\`eki cdkinos `j
tdo shto
Vdo shto hs shtuktof hi tdo (j`reor) dkeaot `j _ssoi, t` tdo
i`rtdwost `j tdo t`wi `j @ss (t`p`nrkpdhcka ekp 6?O2 jhn.<). _itha ;8>: tdo `iay luhafhins hi tdo krok, shtuktof t`
tdo i`rtd `j tdo rkhawky-ahio 's-Dort`noil`scd-Ihmeonoi
kif t` tdo wost `j tdo r`kf t` Ahtd, woro k jow jkres.
Vdoso jkres woro `jtoi luhat `i k torp t` pr`toct tdoe
knkhist tdo fhskstr`us c`isoquoicos `j tdo Loorso @vorakkt,
wdhcd ckusof tdo hiuifkth`i `j k akrno krok kae`st
kiiukaay jr`e ;6>< thaa ;86<.
Jr`e k no`a`nhcka p`hit `j vhow, tdo shto hs a`cktof `i tdo
i`rtdori ofno `j tdo Wooad`rst, fhroctay t` tdo okst `j tdo
Wooarkif Jkuat (jhn. 3). Vdo suls`ha c`ishsts `j Waohst`coio
rhvorskifs (Brojtoidoyo/Zondoa j`rekth`is), `i t`p `j
wdhcd c`vorskif wks fop`shtof hi tdo akst pkrt `j tdo
^ohcdsoahoi porh`f (Vwoito j`rekth`i). Vdo tdhcbioss `j
tdhs ko`ahki fop`sht focroksos ly kl`ut k eotro jr`e tdo
s`utd - wdoro ht eoksuros c. ;.<7 e. - t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo
shto. I`rtd `j @ss tdo Waohst`coio skifs kro c`vorof ly
D`a`coio rhvor fop`shts, ekhiay j`reof jr`e tdo Ktakithc
porh`f `iwkrfs (Lotuwo j`rekth`i). Vdo j`rekth`i `j
hovoos kif ja``f- lkshis hi tdhs krok hs fktof t` tdo Sul-
l`roka (Zki Fhopoi ;8?<) `r tdo lonhiihin `j tdo
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8: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHF OIS_ < 7
Jhn. ;. I`rtd-ok st I`rtd Lrklkit= tdo a`ckth` is wdoro sott aoeo its `j tdo porh`f >7 7 LC -
KF <?7 woro hivosthnktof hi tdo porh`f ;8:7-;84?2 j`r tdo eokihin `j tdo iuelors soo tdo
toxt.
Sulktakithc porh`f (W`is ;8?>). Skify s`has c`vorof ly k
tdhi akyor `j caky sopkrkto tdo shto jr`e tdo lkshi fop`shts
pr`por. Vdo caky hi tdo t`p akyors `j tdhs trkishth`ika z`ioc`itkhis frhjt skif tdkt wks pr`lklhy la`wi tdoro jr`e
tdo s`utd hi dhst`rhcka theos.
Jr`e tdo Eofhovka porh`f `iwkrfs tdo shto wks nrkfukhhy
kif c`ephotohy c`vorof ly ki kichoit cuathvkth`i s`ha `r
«-akyor, c`ishsthin `j k ehxturo `j ekiuro kif ekhiay
nrkss s`fs. Vdhs akyor wks i`wdoro tdhcbor tdki 87 ce.
^doi tdhs krok wks lr`undt uifor cuathvkth`i hi tdo c`urso
`j tdo Ehffao Knos, tdo `rhnhika s`ha pr`jhao wks nroktay
fhsturlof ly fhnnhin kcthvhthos. Hi s`eo pakcos tdoro wks k
fkrb, duehc akyor loioktd tdo oY-akyor, wdhcd cki lo hitor-
protof ks ki haauvhkth`i d`rhz`i jr`e ki `af p`fs`a s`ha.
@jtoi d`wovor, tdo osKkyor aky fhroctay `i t`p `j tdo C-
d`rhz`i. Kaa tdhs eokis tdkt kae`st i`wdoro tdo `af sur-jkco `j tdo Hr`i Kno `r tdo \`eki porh`f wks prosorvof.
Vdo jhrst aovoa kt wdhcd jokturos sd`wof up caokray aky
r`unday 37 ce. loa`w tdkt.
Eofhovka trkcos kro vory sckrco kt _ssoi. K paki `j k lkri
c`uaf p`sshlay lo fktof hi tdo ;<td coitury {jhn. 6k2
Vdouws ;84?, :<-:3). K pht kif tw` woaas fkto lkcb t` tdo
H3td kif ;6td coiturhos (Fktoek ;846). Kas` `j Eofhovka
fkto kro hi kaa pr`lklhahty k jow roctkinuakr phts c`itkhihin
lutcdory rojuso. Kaa tdoso jokturos woro fhsc`vorof hi k
c`ijhiof krok hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo shto. Vdo rost `j_ssoi yhoafof `iay k jow strky sdorfs, e`stay roc`vorof
jr`e fhtcdos. Hi tdo p`st-Eofhovka porh`f iueor`us fht-
cdos woro fun t` fhvhfo tdo akif hit` a`ts. Vdoso fhtcdos,
pkrt `j wdhcd wks uitha jkhray rocoitay sthaa vhshlao hi tdo
akifsckpo, kif, t` k aossor oxtoit, tdo sulrocoit skif-
whiihin troicdos' dkvo `lahtorktof k c`ishforklao pkrt `j
tdo pro- kif pr`t`dhst`rhcka jokturos kif dkvo ekfo k
fojhihto hitorprotkth`i `j `tdors quhto hep`sshlao {jhn. 6d).
3. Dhst `ry , `rnkih zkth` i kif strktony `j tdo
hivosthnkth`i
Hi Soptoelor ;8>: tdo euihchpkahty `j @ss stkrtof tdo
'paki _ssoi', kcc`rfhin t` wdhcd, `vor k porh`f `j toi
yokrs, k jkrehin krok `j ;.? x ;.? be wks t` lo turiof
hit` k d`ushin-ostkto `j tdo t`wi `j @ss. ^doi tdo w`rb
wks stkrtof whtd tdo fhnnhin `j ki `rikeoitka p`if, ki
hep`rtkit pkrt `j tdo 'ikturka' c`ep`ioit `j tdo juturo
roshfoithka qukrtor, eoelors `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka toke `j
tdo S`choty `j tdo \onh`ika Dhst`ry `j Ekksakif
(Dooebuifobrhin Ekksakif) fhsc`vorof vkrh`us jokturos
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•«•(••vYhYYhehhm!!
8> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
Jhn. <. @ss= a`ckth` i `j tdo shto2 tdo Hivosthnk tof krok hs hifhcktof hi fkra1 nroy.
hifhckthin tdkt tdo krok dkf looi `ccuphof hi tdo \`ekiporh`f= k woaa kif pkrt `j k d`uso paki.
Fr. N.M. Zorwors, wd`, hi ;8>6-;8>?, dkf fhroctof tdo
oxckvkth`i `j k \`eki-porh`f sottaoeoit hi tdo HMssoastrkkt
hi @ss, wks wkriof kif do heeofhktoay stkrtof k tw`-woob
roscuo oxckvkth`i. Vdkibs t` tdo doap `j ekiy po`pao,
pkrthcuakray tdo c`itrkct`rs, tdo jhre A`uwors jr`e @ss,
pkrt `j k sottaoeoit fkthin jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f c`uaf
lo uiokrtdof. Ht wks heeofhktoay rokahzof tdkt hi _ssoitdoro wks k cdkico `j nhvhin tdo sottaoeoit rosokrcd hi tdo
s`utdori Iotdorakifs ki kffhth`ika spkthka fheoish`i= k
t`tka krok `j e`ro tdki <77 doctkros wks n`hin t` lo
turiof c`epaotoay upshfo f`wi, wdhcd (tdo`rothckaay)
`jjorof tdo `pp`rtuihty `j stufyhin j`r tdo jhrst theo tdo
roakth`is lotwooi c`itoep`rkry sottaoeoits kif lotwooi
sottaoeoits kif coeotorhos. Vdhs `phih`i wks sdkrof ly tdo
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84 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
6<8 6
rhvor krok
j skif c`v oro f ly k akyor `j caky up t` 6 7 ce tdh cb
H H os-aky ors
skif
Jhn. 3. @ss= no`a`nhcka kif pof`a`nhcka shtuk th`i 2 tdo hij`re kth` i wks `ltkhio f jr` e tdo s`ha
ekps 38 @ kif 6? @.
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88 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
`tdor eoelors `j tdo Histhtuto, Wr`j. Fr. W.M.\. E`ffor
eki kif Fr. C.C. Lkboas.
Hi tdo kutuei tdo jhrst fhscussh`is t``b pakco lotwooi tdo
HWA, tdo Eky`r kif Kaforeoi `j @ss kif tdo c`itrkct`rs.
Vdo HWA wks nhvoi tdo `pp`rtuihty t` suleht tdo troicd
tdkt dkf looi fun j`r tdo ekhi sowkno-phpo t` ki
krcdko`a`nhcka hivosthnkth`i loj`ro tdo phpo w`uaf lo akhf
hi ht. Vdo hivosthnkth`i `j tdhs troicd, wdhcd cuts kcr`ss
tdo oithro shto, wks tdoroup`i c`ifuctof hitorehttoitay
jr`e Aohfoi. Vdo rosuats `j tdo survoy woro s` pr`ehshin
tdkt ht lockeo foshrklao t` c`ithiuo tdo hivosthnkth`i hi tdo
skeo ekiior, lut whtd k juaa-theo w`rbor, `porkthin jr`e
k porekioit jhoaf lkso. Ki kppoka j`r jhikichka supp`rt
wks dkifof hi t` tdo Eky`r kif Kaforeoi `j @ss kif t`
tdo C`uity C`uicha `j I`rtd Lrklkit. Vdo tw` fopkrt-
eoits fochfof t` jurihsd dkaj okcd `j tdo skakry `j tdo
kpp`hitof 'schoithjhc pr`moct ksshstkit' j`r k porh`f `j tw`
yokrs. Ks jr`e Soptoelor ;8>> Frs. M.M. Kssoif`rp jhaaof
tdhs p`st. Vdo strktony j`ah`wof jr`e tdoi `iwkrfs wks ks
j`aa`ws= tdo pr`moct ksshstkit fhroctof tdo w`rb `i tdo r`kf
kif luhafhin troicdos - wdhcd wks p`sshlao lockuso tdoeuihchpkahty `j @ss dkf sthpuaktof tdkt tdo c`itrkct`rs
woro t` p`stp`io tdohr c`istructh`i kcthvhthos t` ekbo theo
j`r krcdko`a`nhcka hivosthnkth`is - furhin wdhcd do wks
ksshstof ly akl`urors pr`vhfof ly tdo Fhroctho Kkivuaaoifo
Chvhoatocdihscdo ^orboi kif aktor ly w`rbors pr`vhfof ly
tdo ^orbv``rzhoihinscdkp [email protected]``rf-Lrklkit. ^doro k
c`icoitrkth`i `j jokturos wks fhsc`vorof, tdo ksshstkico `j
k soc`if toke, fhroctof ly k jhoaf tocdihchki, wks ckaaof hi
jr`e Aohfoi t` oxtoif tdo oxckvkth`i loy`if tdo luhafhin
Jhn. 6k. @ss-_ss oi= p`st- \`eki fhsturlkicos `j tdo shto.
HZHofhovka `ccupkth`i trkcos hi tdo j`re `j k lkri hitorsocthin k
Akto Hr`i Kno d`uso paki.
Jhn. 6l. @ss-_sso i= p`st-
\`eki fhsturlkicos `j tdo shto.
Sulrocoit fhtcdos kif skif-
whiihin troicdos hitorsoct k
\`eki porh`f d`uso paki hi tdo
]`eord`j qukrtor.
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;77 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
troicdos, tdoroly f`cueoithin tdo d`rhz`itka oxtoit `j cor-
tkhi jokturos. Vdo stufoits' kiiuka trkhihin oxckvkth`i wks
kas` jhttof hit` tdhs jrkeow`rhc. Vdo ksshstkico `j tdo
soc`if toke `j w`rbors c`uhf lo ckhhof hi tdkibs `ihy t`
oxtrk crofhts jr`e tdo uihvorshty `j Aohfoi, wdhcd woro
usof t` c`vor tdo dhnd ekcdhio c`sts.
Hi tdo c`urso `j tdkt porh`f ht lockeo caokr tdkt tdo
hivosthnkth`i w`uhf dkvo t` lo c`iahiuof. Vdo pr`vhico,
tdo euihchpkahty kif tdo uihvorshty woro `ico e`ro
propkrof t` juif tdo hivosthnkth`i uitha tdo oif `j ;84;.
Hi tdo eokitheo, hi ;8>8, tdo curroia hivosthnkth`i hi tdo
ronh`i `j @ss dkf looi hic`rp`rktof hi tdo Ekksbkit
pr`moct. Vdo ekhi `lmoct `j tdhs pr`moct, hi wdhcd tdo
oxckvkth`i kt _ssoi wks t` `ccupy k boy p`shth`i, wks tdo
roc`istructh`i `j tdo `ccupkth`i dhst`ry `j tdo Ekksbkit
ronh`i, h.o. tdo krok t` tdo i`rtd `j tdo ahio
's-Dort`noil`scd - @ss - Dorpoi kif s`utd `j tdo Eouso.
@i Mkiukry Hst ;847 Frs. \.\. Fktoek succoofof Kssoi
f`rp ks tdo rosp`ishlao pr`moct ksshstoit. Vdo
krcdko`a`nhcka suporvhsh`i `j r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos
wks c`ithiuof, kif s` wks tdo hitoishjhckth`i `j tdohivosthnkth`i hi kroks wdhcd kppokrof t` lo rhcd hi
jokturos. Wkrt `j tdo Mkttor rosokrcd wks `ico e`ro ckrrhof
`ut furhin stufoit trkhihin oxckvkth`is. @i kcc`uit `j tdo
uiusuka ikturo `j tdo fhsc`vorof jokturos, tdo qukrtors
A``voat kif A`cbkort woro oxckvktof prh`r t` tdo fhnnhin
`j r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos. ^htdhi tw` yokrs tdo
s`utdori pkrt `j k akrno \`eki porh`f sottaoeoit sur-
r`uifof ly k f`ulaè fhtcd wks hivosthnktof. Hi Focoelor
;84; hdo oxckvkth`i kt _ssoi wks ca`sof, `i tdo `io dkif
lockuso tdoro ckeo ki oif t` tdo oxtorika juifs, `i tdo
`tdor lockuso Zorwors c`ishforof ht e`st urnoit t` stkrt
kikayshin tdo ly tdkt theo oi`re`us kssoelakno `j fktk.
_itha i`w kaa kttoith`i dkf looi j`cussof `i `io ekhi`lmoct, ikeoay c`aaocthin ks ekiy prhekry fktk ks p`ssh-
lao. Vdo c`isoquoico `j tdhs wks tdkt dkrfay kiy stkrt dkf
ks yot looi ekfo `i tdo kikayshs `j tdo fktk. I`r dkf tdo
survoy pakis `j tdo oxckvkth`i troicdos looi frkwi yot.
Vdhs w`rb wks stkrtof hi ;84<. Vdo Ioadorakifs @rnkihzk-
ah`i a`r tdo Kfvkicoeoit `j Wuro \osokrcd (]^@) nkvo
Frs. W.^. vki foi Lr`obo tdo `pp`rtuihty t` c`ep`so k
typ`cdr`i`a`ny `j tdo ikthvo dkif-sdkpof p`t tory jr`e
tdo s`utdori Iotdorakifs, j`cusshin `i tdo ektorhka jr`e
_ssoi2 tdo HWA c`itrkctof tdo kutd`r j`r tdo kikayshs `j
tdo jokturos kif tdo `tdor jhif ckton`rhos ks woaa ks tdo
c`epaoth`i `j vkrh`us pakis.
Vdkt skeo yokr ht wks fochfof t` ckrry `ut `io e`ro jhoaf
trkhihin oxckvkth`i kt @ss, whtd tdo khe `j fotorehihin tdo
i`rtdori aheht `j tdo `ccupkth`i hi noiorka, kif `j tdo
akrno oica`sof sottaoeoit hi pkrthcuakr. Vdhs t``b pakco hi
tdo porh`f Kprha - Eky. K jow e`itds aktor Wr`j. Zorwors
kccoptof k p`st hi tdo Ikth`ika Eusoue `j Kithquhthos hi
Aohfoi (\E@) kif kjtor eucd foahlorkth`i, fotorehiof t`
st`p pkrthchpkthin hi tdo pr`moct. Vdo HWA, c`isoquoitay,
bopt tdo schoithjhc rosp`ishlhahty. Hi tdo kutuei `j tdkt
yokr ht wks fochfof t` uic`vor tdo fhtcd-oica`sof sottao
eoit ks c`epaotoay ks p`sshlao. Hi Mki ukry ;843 tdo w`rb
c`uaf lo stkrtof wdoi tdo r`uto `j tdo r`kf ruiihin
i`rtdwost-s`utdokst kcr`ss tdo sottaoeoit, tdo
Nowkifowon, wks katorof. Hi tdo sueeor `j tdo skeo yokr
k akrno pkrt `j tdo i`rtdwostori c`rior `j tdo sottaoeoit
wks oxckvktof. Jhikichka kif tocdihcka supp`rt woro pr`-
vhfof ly tdo \E@. Ht wks oxpoctof tdkt tdo hivosthnkth`i
`j tdkt pkrt `j tdo shto w`uaf lo ca`sof hi ;846, lut tdkt
tdo i`rtdokstori c`rior, wdoro k jkre wks sthaa hi `pork-
th`i, w`uaf ks yot roekhi hikccosshlao. Hi tdo okray pkrt `j
;846, d`wovor, tdo luhafhin kcthvhthos woro kccoaorktof kif
ht sooeof p`sshlao t` oxtoif tdo hivosthnkth`i t` tdkt c`r
ior kjtor kaa. Hi Ekrcd k toke `j kektour krcdko`a`nhsts
kif v`auitoors, fhroctof ly Frs. K.L. Fúlboi, stkrtof t`
hispoct tdo r`kf troicdos loj`ro tdo sowors kif cklaos woro
akhf. Vdhs `jtoi eokit k rkco knkhist theo. Oxckvkth`i
troicdos woro fun kt ronuakr hitorvkas hi pakcos wdoro tdhs
wks td`undt usojua, h.o. pkrts `j tdo hishfo `j tdo sottaoeoit wdhcd, furhin tdo pkst yokrs, dkf i`t looi fhsturlof
ly tdo j`uifkth`is `j `utd`usos kif tdo c`isoquoicos `j
i`reka jkrehin kcthvhthos (j`ffor st`rkno phts, rullhsd phts
otc). Hi pakcos wdoro tdo yhoaf `j iya`is kif oepty skuco
l`ttaos lockeo t`` pr`ahjhc, tdo w`rb wks st`ppof. Hi Muay
tdhs hivosthnkth`i, wdhcd c`uaf lo ckrrhof `ut tdkibs pkrtay
t` k sulshfy jr`e tdo 'oeornoicy juif' `j tdo Wr`vhico `j
I`rtd Lrklkit, wks ca`sof. Vdhs kas` eokit tdo `jjhchka
- kif tdhrf - oif `j tdo _ssoi oxckvkth`i.
Hi tdo kutuei eoelors `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka toke `j tdo
S`choty `j tdo \onh`ika Dhst`ry `j Ekksakif ekfo sup-
paoeoitkry `lsorvkth`is hi tdo wostori pkrt `j tdo _ssoi
paki kif ekiknof t` roc`rf, ke`in `tdor tdhins, `ioc`epaoto d`uso paki kif vkrh`us jrkneoits `j `tdor pakis.
Vdhs toke's c`itrhluth`i t` tdo hivosthnkth`i dks, jr`e tdo
jhrst fky `iwkrfs, looi `j hickacuaklao vkauo. ^doiovor
p`sshlao tdoy ksshstof tdo oxckvkth`i toke jr`e Aohfoi,
lut e`ro `jtoi tdoy w`rbof hi tdo ovoihins kif wooboifs.
Vdoy ekiknof t` oxckvkto kif f`cueoit wdkt w`uaf
`tdorwhso dkvo looi a`st `i kcc`uit `j tdo nrokt rkto kt
wdhcd tdo hivosthnkth`i dkf t` tkbo pakco. Vdoy wkabof tdo
jhoafs kif c`aaoctof surjkco jhifs, hispoctof luhafhin troi
cdos kif frow tdo Histhtuto's kttoith`i t` hep`rtkit ekt-
tors wdhcd w`uaf `tdorwhso dkvo looi fostr`yof uii`t hcof.
Ovoi i`w, kjtor hdo `jjhchka oif `j tdo oxckvkth`i, tdoy
boop k ca`so wktcd `i tdo fhnnhin kcthvhthos hi _ssoi kifsohzo ovory `pp`rtuihty `j sotthin up ki krcdko`a`nhcka hi
vosthnkth`i. ^htd`ut tdo c`itrhluth`i `j tdoso oitdushksthc
kif oxport a`cka kektour krcdko`a`nhsts tdo rosuat `j tdo
_ssoi pr`moct w`uaf i`t dkvo looi wdkt ht hs t`fky.
V` c`icaufo tdhs pkrknrkpd, k jow eotd`fhcka kspocts. Vdo
shzo `j tdo oxckvkth`i troicdos wks, j`r k akrno pkrt `j tdo
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;7; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
shto, fotorehiof ly tdo aointd kif tdo whftd `j tdo r`kf
kif luhafhin troicdos. \`kf troicdos j`r oxkepao, woro
`ihy soaf`e e`ro tdki shx eotros whfo (jhn. ?). Vdo
oxckvkth`i troicdos tdkt woro fun hi kffhth`i t` tdo
karokfy oxhsthin r`kf kif luhafhin troicdos woro nhvoi k
Stkifkrf whftd `j ;7 e kif k vkrhklao aointd (s`eotheos
up t` 377 eotros). Hi e`st cksos tdoso troicdos woro fun
katoriktoay, kjtor wdhcd, `ico tdo jhihsdof troicdos dkf
looi lkcb-jhaaof, tdo hitoreofhkto `ios woro fun `ut. K
fhskfvkitkno `j tdhs systoe wks tdkt ekiy a`in d`uso
pakis, wdhcd kae`sh kawkys aky kt rhndt kinaos t` tdo
a`inhtufhika kxhs `j tdo troicd, c`uaf iovor lo `lsorvof
kif roc`rfof ks k wd`ao.
Kae`st kaa foop phts kif woaas woro skepaof, `jtoi sovorka
theos, j`r tdo purp`so `j soof kikayshs (< ahtros), lut `iay
`ccksh`ikaay j`r p`aaoi kikayshs. W`st-d`aos kif j`uifkth`i
troicdos woro `i tdo `tdor dkif i`t systoekthckaay
skepaof. E`st `j tdo woaas woro skepaof j`r w``f
kikayshs. Skepaos woro tkboi `j tdo roekhis `j tdo hitorika
r``j-p`sts `j tdo \`eki porh`f d`usos t` fotorehio tdo
typo `j w``f kif, `iay rocoitay, j`r tdo purp`so `j foi-fr`cdr`i`a`nhcka kikayshs kif roc`rfhin t``a-ekrbs. Hi
;843 k jow d`uso pakis woro skepaof j`r tdo purp`so `j
pd`spdkto kikayshs t` oiklao c`icaush`is (hj kiy) t` lo
frkwi ronkrfhin tdo juicth`ika fhvhsh`i `j tdo jkres. Kaa
jokturos woro oxckvktof whtd k spkfo2 hi i` ckso woro tdo
c`itoits `j tdo phts `r woaas shovof. @iay furhin tdo akst
yokrs `j tdo hivosthnkth`i wks k eotka fotoct`r usof.
Vdo oxckvkth`i wks ckrrhof `ut kt k theo wdoi tdo HWA fhf
i`t yot dkvo hts `wi c`eputor. Hi tdo jhoaf tdo fktk woro
tdoroj`ro i`t suhtof t` kut`ekthc pr`cosshin. ^doi tdo
systoekthc stufy `j tdo fktk wks stkrtof (;84<), tdo
jokturos kif tdo jhifs roc`vorof jr`e tdoe dkf loc`eo s`
iueor`us kif tdo kvkhaklao theo kif ekip`wor wks s`
hhehtof, tdkt ht wks fochfof i`t t` kfkpt tdo fktk kjtor kaa.
Vdo fktk woro tdoroj`ro kikaysof c`epaotoay hi tdo trkfh
th`ika wky.
6. Vdo krcdko`a`nhcka ovhfoico
6.; W\ODHSV@\X
6.;.;. Sottaoeoits.
Jrkneoits `j tw` jahit kxos kif k tkinof kif lkrlof jahit
krr`wdokf kro tdo `afost krtojkcts roc`vorof jr`e tdo iow
t`wi fhstrhct. @j tdoso Io`ahtdhc `lmocts tw` cki lo okshay
fktof typ`a`nhckaay, rospocthvoay hi tdo Zakkrfhinoi kif
Loaa Lokbor porh`f. Kaa tdroo krtojkcts woro j`uif hi tdo
i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo shto. Vw` woro roc`vorof jr`e
jokturos fkthin lkcb t` tdo Hr`i Kno, tdo tdhrf krtojkct hs
k strky jhif. Vdoso `lmocts woro ohtdor a`st hi tdo Io`ahtdhc
furhin cortkhi kcthvhthos `i tdo sp`t - duithin, johahin troos
- `r woro j`uif oasowdoro ly Hr`i Kno po`pao wd` t``btdoe ka`in whtd tdoe ks k curh`shty.
Vdo jhrst trkcos hifhckthin `ccupkth`i j`uif whtdhi tdo
ahehts `j tdo iow d`ushin ostkto fkto jr`e tdo Okray/Ehf-
fao Lr`izo Kno. Vdoso kro tw` nr`ups `j jokturos hi tdo
i`rtd `j _ssoi. Hi tdo jhrst pakco tdoro hs k sorhos `j jhvo
woaas, `io `j wdhcd yhoafof tdhcb-wkaaof p`ttory, toeporof
whtd qukrtz-nrht. Kaa woaas woro thelor-ahiof structuros - k
d`aa`wof-`ut troo-truib whtd k sekaa fhkeotor - ks woro
kas` j`uif hi `tdor, c`itoep`rkry shtos hi tdo krok (@ss-
Jhn. ?. @ss-_ssoi= tdo fhnnh in
`j k r`kf troicd whtd k whftd `j
c. : e.
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;7< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
HMssoastrkkt kif Dorpoi2 Zorwors ;84;). Jr`e `io `j tdo
jhvo woaas k C;6-fkto `j <88? » 3? LW (NrI-884;) wks
`ltkhiof. Vdo soc`if nr`up `j jokturos wks fhsc`vorof
`iay rocoitay, wdoi k troicd wks lohin fun j`r wktor-
phpos, kif c`eprhsos k akrno pkrt `j, hi kaa pr`lklhahty, k
r`uifof roctkinuakr fhtcd kif k jow phts, ayhin l`td whtdhi
kif `utshfo tdo fhtcd. C`krsoay toeporof p`ttory kif
uiluriof jkuika roekhis woro roc`vorof jr`e tdosojokturos. Vdkh tdhs nr`up `j jokturos kas` loa`ins hi k
sottaoeoit c`itoxt sooes pakushlao2 k fojhihto hitorprotkth`i
wha!, d`wovor, dkvo t` kwkht e`ro oxtoishvo rosokrcd. Vdo
qukahty `j tdo jokturos, wdhcd kro shtuktof loioktd k tdhi
akyor `j caky, kif `ur sckrco bi`waofno `j sottaoeoits
jr`e tdhs porh`f cortkhiay sooe t` musthjy k pr`a`inof
hivosthnkth`i.
Vdo ioxt porh`f, tdo Akto Lr`izo Kno, aojt i` sottaoeoit
trkcos hi _ssoi. I`t uitha tdo lonhiihin `j tdo Okray Hr`i
Kno f` `ccupkth`i c`icoitrkth`is stkrt t` kppokr `vor
akrno pkrts `j tdo torrkhi, kif ht hs doro tdkt tdo _ssoi pr`
moct stkrts t` c`itrhluto hep`rtkit hij`rekth`i t` tdo
sottaoeoit krcdko`a`ny `j tdo s`utdori Iotdorakifs. Vdo
ekhi caoeoits wo kro c`icoriof whtd hi tdo j`aa`whin
sovoi coiturhos kro tdo pakis `j jkres kif nrkikrhos, foop
phts kif (thelor-ahiof) woaas. Vrkcos `j pa`undhin kif jhoaf
l`uifkrhos woro i`t j`uif hi _ssoi, s` tdkt ht cki iovor
lo kscortkhiof wdoro tdoso kcthvhthos woro ckrrhof `ut.
Vdo kikayshs `j tdhs kssoelakno `j fktk - kif `j tdkt `j
Hdo \`eki porh`f - whaa lo klao t` j`cus `i j`ur fhj
joroit, succosshvo aovoas=
k. tdo vkrh`us sopkrkto structuros
l. tdo ykrf
c. tdo sottaoeoit
f. tdo ehcr`-ronh`i (h.o. _ssoi)J`r kaa aovoas tdo _ssoi pr`moct whaa lo klao t` pr`vhfo iow
hij`rekth`i. Akto Hr`i Kno d`uso pakis woro j`r oxkepao
uic`vorof doro j`r tdo jhrst theo. Vdoso pakis fhjjor caokray
jr`e tdo procofhin Dkps typo `j d`uso paki, wdhcd, uitha
i`w, wks kssueof t` dkvo c`ithiuof uikatorof uitha woaa
hi tdo \`eki porh`f (Zorwors ;8><, ;<;). @i tdo aovoa `j
tdo ykrf wo whaa lo klao t` j`re k phcturo `j tdo ikturo
kif tdo fhvorshty `j tdo kiioxos, tdohr spochjhc a`ckth`i (cj.
\`yekis ;84?), tdo `ccurroico `j ykrf-oica`suros kif tdo
a`ckth`i `j woaas hi tdo ykrf.
J`r tdo tw` dhndost aovoas ht whaa lo p`sshlao t` frkw c`i-
caush`is ronkrfhin tdo iuelor `j ykrfs c`isthtuthin k
sottaoeoit kif tdo spkthka fhstrhluth`i `j tdoso c`e-
euihthos= tdo sottaoeoit pkttori. Vdoso kspocts dkvo s` jkr
i`t `r dkrfay looi stufhof hi tdo s`utdori Iotdorakifs.
Ikturkaay sovorka 's`auth`is' (e`foas) kro c`icohvklao j`r
tdo akst tdroo aovoas, lockuso `ur prosoit eotd`fs `j fkthin
luhafhin pakis f` oiklao us t` fotorehio 'krcdko`a`nhcka
c`itoep`rkiohty', lut i`t truo c`itoep`rkiohty. Sopkrkto
caustors `j jkres, wdhcd, `i tdo lkshs `j tdo jhifs
roc`vorof jr`e tdo p`st-d`aos, wo w`uaf hitorprot ks c`i-
toep`rkry sottaoeoits, eky kctukaay roprosoit tdo jhika
kccueuakthvo pkttori rosuathin jr`e k fyikehc cycao `j k
shinao sottaoeoit. Vdo c`isoquoicos j`r tdo foe`nrkpdhc
hitorprotkth`i kro `lvh`us. Hi tdo ioxt pkrknrkpd s`eo
kttoith`i whaa lo pkhf t` vkrh`us kspocts `j tdo sottaoeoits
hi _ssoi jr`e tdo Okray Hr`i Kno (>td coitury) `iwkrfs.
Hi tdo jhika rop`rt tdo structurka ks woaa ks tdo spkthkakspocts kif tdohr vkrhklhahty whaa lo fokat whtd hi e`ro
fotkha.
@io `j tdo e`st strhbhin kspocts `j tdo `ccupkth`i `j
_ssoi hs tdkt tdo jurtdor wo pr`nross hi tdo Hr`i Kno, tdo
rhcdor kif e`ro c`epaox tdo phcturo loc`eos. Ks `pp`sof
t` tdo tdroo `r j`ur d`uso pakis jr`e tdo Okray Hr`i Kno
tdoro kro f`zois fkthin jr`e tdo Ehffao kif Akto Hr`i
Kno, sckttorof `vor k eucd akrnor krok. @io `j tdo roks`i
j`r tdhs fhscropkicy eky shepay lo tdkt tdo `afor k d`uso
paki hs, tdo nroktor tdo cdkico `j ht lohin `lahtorktof,
pkrthcuakray hj - ks hi tdo ckso `j Okray Hr`i Kno jkres -
i` oxcopth`ikaay foop d`aos woro fun j`r tdo pkhrs `j r``j-
p`sts. Hi s`eo pakcos woaas `j k cortkhi porh`f ks woaa ks
trkcos `j aktor `ccupkth`i woro fhsc`vorof, lut i` d`uso
pakis c`itoep`rkry whtd td`so woaas. Vdoso woaas kppokrof
t` c`itkhi tdo usuka sottaoeoit folrhs, s` tdkt tdo c`icau-
sh`i tdkt o.n. aktor `ccupkth`i kif/`r cuathvkth`i cki ckuso
pakis `j jkres t` fhskppokr sooes musthjhklao. Vdhs hs ly i`
eokis k s``tdhin td`undt.
Hi tdo porh`f >77-?77 LC tdo `ccupkth`i wks c`ijhiof t`
tdo wost, i`rtdwost kif i`rtd `j _ssoi. Vdo rost `j tdo
shto hs fov`hf `j `ccupkth`i trkcos `j tdkt porh`f. Hi tdo
okrahost pdkso tdroo c`icoitrkth`is `j jokturos cki lo hfoi-
thjhof2 hi tw` cksos k d`uso paki wks fhsc`vorof. Kjtor k
sdhjt, wo `ico knkhi soo tdroo coitros, ayhin kt e`st ?77eotros kpkrt, kppokrhin hi tdo c`urso `j tdo :td coitury. K
d`uso paki wks `iay j`uif hi `io `j tdo coitros2 tdo `tdor
tw` c`itkhiof `iay woaas, phts kif nrkikrhos. ^dkt ki
Okray Hr`i Kno jkre a``bof ahbo hs sd`wi hi jhn. :=k. Ht hs
`io `j tdo `afost pakis `j _ssoi, fkthin jr`e tdo >td coi
tury LC. Vdo fheoish`is kro ;>.? x 4 e. Vdo a`ckth`i `j
tdo oica`shin wkaa hs ekrbof ly k sdkaa`w fhtcd. Hi tdo
a`in wkaas tdo fhtcd hs hitorruptof ly tdo tw` `pp`shin
oitrkicos. @utshfo tdo wkaa wíro iueor`us d`aos wdhcd kt
`io theo c`itkhiof tdo p`sts supp`rthin tdo dhppof r``j.
Hishfo tdo d`uso wo f` i`t soo tdo roakthvoay foop d`aos `j
coitrka r``j-p`sts, ks wo usukaay jhif hi tdo d`usos hi tdoso
s`utdori skify ronh`is, lut sdkaa`w d`aos j`r sovorka r`ws
`j r``j-p`sts. Vdo j`ur-khsaof aky`ut pr`vhfos k ahib whtd
tdo shehakr paki j`uif hi Ihmisoa, wdhcd Loox kif Duast
c`iioctof whtd tdo Frkboistohi pdkso `j tdo Dhavorsue
cuaturo (tdhs fkto hs d`wovor lksof `i jhifs roc`vorof jr`e
k jow st`rkno phts hi tdo surr`uifhins `j tdhs paki2 cj.
Loox kif Duast ;8:4, ;<>). Hj tdhs kss`chkth`i hs c`rroct,
tdhs eokis tdkt tdo j`ur-khsaof d`uso jr`e _ssoi hs tdo
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;73 ^HMIKI F ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
nj`ka [ Q8>7' /;7>68M ah`rs ` H '@ "" a'·*Y3 | .7>7« |1`rk Qh`iY
Jhn. :. @ss _ssoi= d`uso
pakis `j k. tdo Okray Hr`i Kno,
>td coitury LC2 l. tdo Ehffho
Hr`i Kno, 6td coitury LC2 c.
tdo Akto Hr`i Kno, 3rf-;st coi
tury LC2 sckao ; =< 77.
"n ·7 e . ² •
`.Yt
7·
`« k`'
2 . t r. · * ` -
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;76 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
jhika pdkso hi tdo fovoa`peoit `j k trkfhth`i tdkt akstof
j`r `vor ?77 yokrs'.
hi tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo Ehffao Hr`i Kno tdo `ccupkth`i
roekhiof c`icoitrktof hi tdo skeo krok wdoro ht dkf looi
c`icoitrktof hi tdo provh`us coiturhos. K strkino c`hi-
chfoico hs tdo jkct tdkt wo ckii`t kscrhlo k shinao paki `j k
jkre t` tdhs porh`f. Vdo shtukth`i hs lottor hi tdo soc`if
pkrt `j tdhs porh`f. Vdr`und`ut kae`st tdo oithro iow
d`ushin ostkto, h.o. j`r tdo jhrst theo kas` hi tdo s`utdori
kif okstori pkrt, wo jhif trkcos `j tdhs porh`f (akrno pkrt
`j tdo 6td coitury kif jhrst pkrt `j tdo 3rf coitury LC).
Kt fhjjoroit p`hits hi tdo torrkhi vkrh`us d`uso pakis woro
uic`vorof, lut iovor e`ro tdki j`ur `r jhvo t`notdor. @ur
jhrst heprossh`i hs tdkt tdoso woro i`t kaa hi uso kt tdo
skeo theo. Ht hs kas` roekrbklao tdkt pkrthcuakray hi tdo
coitrka pkrt `j _ssoi e`iueoits hitorprotof ks nrkvos kif
'c`itoep`rkry' d`uso pakis `ccur hi okcd `tdor's
heeofhkto surr`uifhins.
Vdoso d`usos fhjjor caokray hi shzo, c`istructh`i kif `rhoi-
tkth`i jr`e td`so fkthin jr`e tdo Okray Hr`i Kno (jhn.
:=;}). @i tdo `tdor dkif wo i`to k str`in shehakrhty whtd
tdo jkres uiokrtdof ly N.M. Zorwors hi Dkps hi tdo H8:7s
(Zorwors ;8><). Vdoso jkres kro cdkrkctorhzof ly k tw`-
khsaof paki, k f`ulaè r`w `j wkaa-p`sts, `j wdhcd tdo hiior
r`w dkf ki oica`shin juicth`i, wdoroks tdo `utor r`w sup-
p`rtof tdo r``j, kif oitrkicos oxcaushvoay hi tdo a`in
wkaas. Vdo aointd wks iovor e`ro tdki <7 eotros - k
rostrhcth`i tdkt fhf i`t kppay t` tdo d`usos `j tdo Okray
Hr`i Kno. Kt s`eo p`hit furhin tdo ?td coitury LC tdo
cdkino t` tdo kl`vo-foscrhlof Dkps d`usos eust dkvo
tkboi pakco `i tdo s`utdori skify s`has. J`r tdo theo
lohin, d`wovor, wo dkvo i` oxkepaos jr`e tdkt porh`f.
Vdo pkttori hi tdo Akto Hr`i Kno sd`ws iow sdhjts whtd
rospoct t` tdo procofhin pdkso. Hi tdo s`utdokstori pkrt `j
_ssoi tdo `ccupkth`i ckeo t` ki oif kt tdo lonhiihin `j
tdhs porh`f kif sd`ws k ekrbof oxpkish`i hi tdo i`rtd-
okst, wdoroks hi tdo rost `j tdo krok tdo `ccupkth`i sooes
t` dkvo c`ithiuof i`rekaay. I`wdoro f` wo jhif e`ro
tdki tw` `r tdroo jkres hi okcd `tdors heeofhkto vhchihty
kif tdoi ht hs sthaa k ekttor `j f`ult wdotdor tdoso woro hi
uso kt tdo skeo theo. K roekrbklao pdoi`eoi`i hs tdkt
jkres woro roluhat `i tdo skeo sp`t, `jtoi whtd k cdkino
hi `rhoitkth`i. Furhin tdhs porh`f tdo d`eostokf uifor-
woit k cdkino= tdo Dkps d`usos woro ropakcof ly tw`-
khsaof jkres whtd wkaa-p`sts sot hi pkhrs (Jhn. :=c). Vdoso
wkaa-p`sts woro pakcof ca`so t`notdor, sunnosthin k wkaa rkilotwooi tdo p`sts. L`td p`sts eky tdoi dkvo dkf k sup-
p`rthin juicth`i. Vdo sd`rt wkaas sd`w s`eo vkrhkth`i=
hdoy kro `jtoi ehsshin, s`eotheos f`ulaè p`sts kro vhshlao
`i tdo a`inhtufhika kxhs `j tdo d`uso, s`eotheos tdoro hs k
soeh-chrcao `j f`ulaè p`sts, hi wdhcd hi `io histkico k
(stklao) oitrkico hs vhshlao. Vdo aointd `j tdo d`usos `jtoi
oxcoofs tdkt `j tdo Ehffao Hr`i Kno d`usos2 pakis whtd k
aointd `j `vor 37 eotros `ccur. Hi `io `j tdo pakis `j tdhs
typo sdorfs `j k c`rb uri woro j`uif, wdhcd eky hifhckto
tdkt tdo y`uinost roprosoitkthvos woro sthaa j`uif hi tdo
jhrst coitury KF.
Kt k jkhray akto fkto hi tdo Akto Hr`i Kno tdo s`-ckaaof
j`uifkth`i troicd d`usos suffoiay kppokr ka`inshfo tdo
typo fhscussof kl`vo. Vdoso kro pakis hi wdhcd tdo a`ckth`
`j tdo porheotor wkaa hs ekrbof ly k e`ro `r aoss foopfhtcd. @io `j tdo okrahost oxkepaos - jhrst dkaj `j jhrst coi
tury LC - hs sd`wi hi jhn. >. Vdo tw`-khsaof d`uso
eoksuros ;6 x > e. kif dks tdroo oitrkicos hi tdo a`in
wkaas, tw` `j wdhcd jkco okcd `tdor. Vw` `j tdo j`ur
foopay j`uifof coitrka r``j p`sts kro hi ahio whtd tdo sd`r
wkaa. Kt tdo l`tt`e `j ekiy `j tdo foop coitrka phts tdo
roekhis `j roctkinuakr `kb p`aos, caokray sd`whin t``h
ekrbs, woro j`uif. Ht sooes quhto roks`iklao t` kssueo
tdkt tdhs typo `j d`uso wks c`vorof ly k nklao-r``j. K
spochka jokturo `j tdhs d`uso hs tdo pkrthth`i wkaa fhroctay t`
tdo okst `j tdo f`ulaè oitrkico. Vdhs heeofhktoay rkhsos
tdo sthaa uikisworof quosth`i `j hts shnihjhckico. Ht hs
dkrfay ahboay tdkt tdo ahvhin qukrtor `r tdo stklao wks c`i-jhiof t` tdhs sekaa krok. ^o eky ovoi w`ifor wdotdor
f`eosthc kihekas woro bopt hi tdhs typo `j d`uso kt kaa.
Vdoro kro caokr fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo okray j`uifkth`i
troicd d`usos jr`e tdo vkrh`us 'c`itoep`rkry' sottaoeoits
ayhin hi okcd `tdors heeofhkto surr`uifhins - ki kspoct
kl`ut wdhcd, uitha jkhray rocoitay, wo dkf i` hij`rekth`i.
Jhikaay k jow proahehikry roekrbs c`icorihin tdo
`utd`usos hi tdo Hr`i Kno sottaoeoits. Vdoso structuros,
`jtoi j`uif hi tdo heeofhkto vhchihty `j tdo jkres, sooe
t` lo akrnoay ahehtof t` tdo luhafhins karokfy bi`wi t` us
jr`e hivosthnkth`is oasowdoro= nrkikrhos whtd ohtdor j`ur,
shx `r ihio p`sts. D`wovor, tdoro sooes t` lo k caokr
fovoa`peoit hi tdoso structuros hi tdo soiso tdkt tdo akstckton`ry hs tdo y`uinost hi tdo r`w. Hi s` jkr ks tdoy kro
fktklao, ovory `io `j tdoe fktos jr`e tdo Akto Hr`i Kno.
Vdo \`eki porh`f st`rkno structuros pr`vhfo ahibs whtd
tdhs ikthvo fovoa`peoit `j wdhcd tdoy kro tdo a`nhcka c`i-
thiukth`i.
6.;.<. Vdo coeotory.
@io `j tdo jokturos t` wdhcd - hi rotr`spoct - t`` ahttao
kttoith`i dks looi pkhf, hs tdo oxtoishvo prodhst`rho
coeotory. Vdhs coeotory, `j wdhcd kl`ut jhjty sopuacdrka
e`iueoits dkvo looi oxckvktof, hs uiusuka j`r tdroo
roks`is2 hi tdo jhrst pakco tdoro hs tdo sckttorof fhstrhluth`i
`j tdo nrkvos. _iahbo e`st urijhoafs, tdo coeotory rovokaof
kae`st i` caustors `j nrkvos. Katd`und tdo coeotory eust
`rhnhikaay dkvo c`itkhiof e`ro nrkvos - hi quhto k jow
cksos `iay ihio `r toi coitheotros `j tdo nrkvo phts kif k
jow nrkeeos `j croekth`i roekhis dkf survhvof -, tdhs
sckttorof fhstrhluth`i f`os i`t sooe t` lo `iay heknhikry.
K soc`if cdkrkctorhsthc hs tdo roakthvoay akrno iuelor `j
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;7? ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
Jhn. >. @ss-_ssoi= Akto Hr`i Kno d`uso paki, Hst coitury LC2 tdo wdhto roctkinuakr kroks hi
tdo coitrka p`st-d`aos hifhckto tdo roiikhis `j tdo r``j-lokrhin p`sts2 sckao ;=<77.
sopuacdrka e`iueoits whtd akrno fheoish`is, `jtoi
oxcoofhin td`so `j e`iueoits jr`e tdo (`afor) urijhoafs.
K tdhrf kspoct hs tdo jkct tdkt tdo coeotory c`itkhis nrkvos
rkinhin `vor k a`in porh`f `j theo, p`sshlay jr`e tdo
Okrhy/Ehffho Lr`izo Kno up t` kif hicaufhin tdo Akto
Hr`i Kno (C;6-fkto NrI-;7>3;= <74? » 37 LW).
Vdo porhpdorkh structuros sd`w nrokt fhvorshty= k rhin `j
tdhi p`sts, ki oahhpso `j dokvy p`sts, rhin-fhtcdos kif
squkro fhtcdos whtd pkahskfos ohtdor whtdhi tdo fhtcdos `r
`utshfo tdoe. Ekiy nrkvos dkvo i` porhpdorkh structuros kt
kaa2 tdoso kro tdo s`-ckaaof jakt nrkvos. @iay k sekaa pkrt `j
tdo nrkvo structuros cki lo fktof ly eokis `j p`ttory `r k
cdkrkctorhsthc porhpdorkh structuro2 tdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor,
ckii`t lo fktof kccurktoay. Ki oxkepao `j tdhs akst
ckton`ry kro k jow porhpdorkh structuros whtd k fhkeotor
rkinhin jr`e ;< t` << eotros, c`ishsthin `j ca`soay-sot
p`sts hi k sdkaa`w fhtcd. Hi `iay `io ckso wks k sekaa
qukithty `j croekth`i roekhis roc`vorof jr`e tdo coitro
`j tdo e`iueoit. Vdo porhpdorkh structuros `j tw`
e`iueoits yhoafof k jow jrkneoits `j \`eki p`ttory.
D`wovor, tdoro hs i` f`ult kl`ut ht tdkt tdoso sdorfs n`t
hit` tdo jokturos kt k aktor fkto, furhin tdo `ccupkth`i `j
tdkt pkrt `j tdo shto hi tdo jhrst coitury KF. Shico tdosoe`iueoits kro shtuktof `i tdo porhpdory `j tdo coeotory,
hi tdo heeofhkto vhchihty `j ki `vka rhin `j shinao p`sts
wdhcd cki lo fktof oxcaushvoay t` tdo Akto Lr`izo Kno `r
Okray Hr`i Kno (Zorwors ;8><, <?), k fkto hi ohtdor tdo
Okray/Ehffao Lr`izo Kno `r tdo Okray Hr`i Kno sooes
e`st pakushlao. Jr`e l`td `j tdoso porh`fs r`uif
sopuacdrka e`iueoits whtd k shehakr fhkeotor kro bi`wi.
@j `tdor e`iueoits wo `iay bi`w tdkt tdoy fhf i`t
`ccur loj`ro tdo Ehffao Hr`i Kno. Vdhs kppahos j`r
histkico t` tdo nrkvos whtd k squkro fhtcd ks porhpdorkh
structuro, ohtdor whtd `r whtd`ut k pkahskfo. S`eotheos,
d`wovor, k shehakr e`iueoit cki lo fktof s`eowdkt
e`ro kccurktoay ly eokis `j tdo rojuso j`uif hi tdo fht
cdos (jhn. 4).
Zkrh`us jkct`rs roifor tdhs coeotory uisuhtklao j`r k
foe`nrkpdhc kikayshs=
k. d`w ekiy nrkvos dkvo i`t looi oxckvktof cki i`t `r
dkrfay lo kscortkhiof2
l. ekiy `j tdo nrkvos kro prkcthckaay uifktklao2
c. ekiy nrkvos kro oepty, h.o. i` lurhkas woro fhsc`vorof,
kif
f. tdo croekth`i roekhis tdkt woro fhsc`vorof kae`st kaa
c`icorof `iay sekaa ke`uits.
Kaa tdhs hepahos tdkt kt Ahssoi ht hs hep`sshlao t` nkhi ki
hishndt hit` prodhst`rho s`chka structuro vhk pdyshcka-
kitdr`p`a`nhcka rosokrcd, h.o. ly eokis j, j`r oxkepao,
c`rroakth`is lotwooi tdo vkrhklaos kno kif sox `i tdo `io
dkif kif tdo sdkpo kif shzo `j tdo nrkvo `i tdo `tdor.
Hi tdo coeotory fhscussof doro tdoro hs k structuro kl`ut
wdhcd tdoro hs s`eo f`ult ks t` wdotdor `r i`t ht hs t` lohitorprotof ks k nrkvo. Vdo structuro hi quosth`i hs k c`e
paox e`iueoit, wd`so ekhi oaoeoit c`ishsts `j k squkro
fhtcd whtd k ikrr`w oitrkico hi tdo s`utd-okst. Vdo fheoi
sh`is `j tdo fhtcd kro 33.? x 3< e2 `i tdo `utshfo tdoro hs
k pkahskfo `j whfoay-sot p`sts. Kfm`hihin tdo fhtcd `i tdo
wost shfo hs ki kiiox, c`ishsthin `j k ikrr`w fhtcd whtd k
pkahskfo `i tdo `utshfo. Vdo fheoish`is `j tdhs sekaaor
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;7: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Jhn. 4. @ss-_ssoi= squkro nrkvo e`iueo it jr`e tdo oif `j tdo Ehkkho hr`i Kno , wh td k
thelor sotthin `i tdo hishfo `j tdo fhtcd2 tdo fheoish`is `j tdhs e`iueoit kro ;4 x ;4 e.
structuro eoksuro ;8 x ;> e. Croektof l`ios woro
`lscrvof hi tdo coitro, s` tdkt wo bi`w j`r cortkhi tdkt
wo kro fokahin whtd k sopuacdrka e`iueoit doro. K lr`kf,
foop p`st-Eofhovka fhtcd wks fun fhkn`ikaay kcr`ss tdo
akrno okstori pkrt, wdhcd dks c`epaotoay fhsturlof tdo
coitro= ht hs tdoroj`ro uicortkhi wdotdor croekth`i roekhis
woro lurhof doro kif tdoroj`ro wdotdor tdhs hs hifoof k
juiorkry structuro. Vdo p`sshlhahty tdkt, ks jkr ks tdo
Iotdorakifs kro c`icoriof, wo kro fokahin whtd ki oxcop-
th`ika e`iueoit, eky cortkhiay i`t lo oxcaufof. Vdo
fheoish`is nroktay oxcoof tdoso `j kaa sopuacdrka
e`iueoits `j tdkt porh`f, tdo Ehffao Hr`i Kno. Vdo
structuro hs roehihscoit `j tdo s`utd Noreki
Zhorocbscdkizo kif i`rtd Jroicd skictukrhos, katd`und wo
eust tdoi heeofhktoay i`to tdkt tdoro kro caokr fhjjoroicos
hi sckao kif c`epaoxhty. Hi tdo sekaaor Futcd vkrhkit
iohtdor k toepao i`r k skcrhjhchka sdkjt i`r akrno qukiththos
`j `jjorhins woro j`uif (cj. Scdwkrtz ;8:72
Lruikux/Eoihoa ;8>3). Vdo roks`i j`r tdhs eky aho pkrtay
hi tores `j c`isorvkth`i - shico tdo s`ha hs fojhchâit hi
aheo, i` sboaotka roekhis dkvo looi prosorvof -, lut ht hs
e`ro ahboay tdkt cuaturka jkct`rs paky k pkrt doro.
6.;.3. Vdo ektodka cuaturo
Vdo jkct tdkt hi tdo td`uskif yokrs tdkt tdo _ssoi shto wks
`ccuphof k akrno iuelor `j foop phts wks fun, hs tdo
roks`i wdy wo kro roakthvoay woaa hij`reof kl`ut tdo
ektorhka cuaturo kif hts fovoa`peoit= kjtor tdoy dkf a`st
tdohr prhekry juicth`i, ekiy `j tdo woaas kif phts woro
hitoith`ikaay usof ks rojuso phts. J`r k eucd a`inor porh`f
`j theo tdo iokr-jhaaof phts whaa dkvo kctof ks 'krtojkct-
trkps', hi wdhcd ektorhka oifof up ly cdkico. Hi t`tka
kppr`xhektoay ;?7,777 jhifs woro roc`vorof jr`e tdoso
jokturos.
Vdo luab `j tdo ektorhka c`ishsts j dkif-sdkpof p`ttory,
e`st `j wdhcd wks pr`fucof a`ckaay. Ks rovokaof ly tdo
fhkt`e kikayshs, `iay k roakthvoay sekaa porcoitkno wks
caokray pr`fucof oasowdoro, hi kaa pr`lklhahty hi tdo c`kstka
krok `j tdo Iotdorakifs. Vdo p`ttory whaa i`t lo fhscussof
hi kiy fotkha doro. Vyp`a`ny, vkrhklhahty, tocdi`a`ny kif
pr`voikico ks woaa ks tdo cdr`i`a`nhcka fovoa`peoits whaa
lo troktof kt aointd oasowdoro (Zki foi Lr`obo hi propkrk-
th`i2 j`r tdo c`kstka p`ttory soo Zki foi Lr`obo ;84<).
Sujjhco ht t` eoith`i tdkt tdo kikayshs `j tdo p`ttory pr`
fucof k fhvhsh`i hi ;< pdksos j`r tdo Hr`i Kno okrtdoi-
wkro, k eucd e`ro rojhiof fhvhsh`i tdki tdo oxhsthin
systoe (Zorwors ;8><). J`r cortkhi ckton`rhos `j jhifs tdo
porh`f hi wdhcd tdoy `ccurrof cki i`w, j`r tdo jhrst theo,
lo nhvoi whtd s`eo prochsh`i. Vdhs kppahos j`r oxkepao t`
tdo truicktof pokr-sdkpof kif trhkinuakr a``e wohndts,
sahin-st`ios, nakss lrkcoaots kif tdo topdrhto skffho quoriskif ehaa-st`ios. Sahin-st`ios j`r oxkepao, f` i`t `ccur
loj`ro tdo Ehffao Hr`i Kno, rokcd tdohr dhnd p`hit furhin
tdo Akto Hr`i Kno kif fhskppokr c`epaotoay hi tdo c`urso
`j tdo jhrst coitury KF. Vdhs fovoa`peoit hs syicdr`i`us
whtd tdo shtukth`i fophctof hi tdo dhst`rhcka s`urcos=
hicrokshin uirost hi tdo akst coiturhos LC, j`ah`wof ly tdo
\`eki pkchjhckth`i hi tdo okray pkrt `j tdo Wrhichpkao. Vd
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;7> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
fovoa`peoits hi tdo uso `j Ekyoi lkskat, usof j`r nrhi
fhin c`ri, cki kas` lo j`ah`wof lottor i`w, katd`und tdo
ektorhka dks `iay survhvof jrkneoitkrhay2 furhin tdo
hivosthnkth`i akrno phocos cruelaof wdoi t`ucdof. Jr`e
hivosthnkth`is oasowdoro wo bi`w tdkt lkskat `ccurrof hi
tdoso ronh`is jr`e tdo Akto Lr`izo Kno `iwkrfs (Zki for
Skifoi ;84;, 3<62 Zki Doorhinoi ;84?, 3>4)2 jr e tdo
Ehffao Hr`i Kno `iwkrfs tdo a`wor st`ios woro sdkpof
ahbo k skffao', k sdkpo wdhcd, hi _ssoi, wks i`t ropakcof
ly tdo r`uif ehahst`ios uitha tdo jhrst coitury LC. D`w-
ovor, `tdor quoris roekhiof hi uso ka`inshfo tdoso topdrhto
`ios.
I` c`ijhrekth`i wks j`uif kt _ssoi j`r tdo `phih`i tdkt
jahit c`ithiuof t` paky k pkrt hi tdo Hr`i Kno'. @iay `io
shaox `lmoct wks j`uif, k lurit jrkneoit `j k shcbao, wdhcd
wks roc`vorof jr`e k pht c`itkhihin Okray Hr`i Kno p`t-
tory. Vdhs c`itoxt hs i`t uiusuka j`r tdhs typo `j `lmoct hi
tdo S`utdori skify ronh`i. Vdroo `tdor jrkneoits dkf
provh`usay looi j`uif hi ^hmcdoi-fo Wks (Zki foi Lr`obo
;846, 8<r.
Eotka `lmocts woro `iay j`uif sp`rkfhckaay. K (prosueof)
okr-rhin fkthin jr`e tdo :td coitury kif `io Ikudohe
jhluhko fkthin lkcb t` tdo jhrst coitury LC woro tdo `iay
lr`izo `lmocts roc`vorof. Hr`i `lmocts kro kas` sckrcoay
roprosoitof= tdroo jhluhko kif k jow bihvos. Furhin tdo
oithro Hr`i Kno tdoro kro caokr hifhckth`is `j a`cka hr`i
w`rbhin kif - hifhroctay - `j lr`izo cksthin. Ks t` tdo
jhrst kcthvhty, wo cki `iay eoith`i tdo `ccurroico `j sakns,
s`eotheos oicrustof `i shitorof a`ke2 ks ronkrfs tdo
soc`if kcthvhty, tdoro kro tdo cruchlaos, wdhcd cki dkrfay
lo c`iioctof whtd kiytdhin lut lr`izo-cksthin.
K ckton`ry `j jhifs tdkt dks pr`fucof eucd iow kif
hitorosthin Hij`rekth`i hs tdkt `j tdo `lmocts ekfo `j
`rnkihc ektorhka. Vdoso woro j`uif woaa prosorvof loioktd
tdo nr`uif wktor tklao hi tdo foop phts kif woaas. Ke`in
tdo e`st roekrbklao jhifs kro=
- k stop akffor, c`ishsthin `j k ;.>7 e a`in troo-truib tdkt
dkf looi cut t` k p`hit kif hi wdhcd tdroo stops dkf looi
ckrvof (Okray Hr`i Kno)2
- k 87 ce dhnd vossoa whtd tw` s`ahf dkifaos, ekfo `j k
d`aa`wof `ut kafor (okray Ehffao Hr`i Kno)2
- tdo coitro phoco `j k trhpkrthto `kb fhsc-wdooa, wd`so
ikvo dks kas` looi prosorvof (oif `j Ehffao Hr`i Kno) (cj.
La`oeors o.k. ;84;, ;73)'2
- k lucbot whtd s`ahf dkifaos (Akto Hr`i Kno)2
- k 87 ce dhnd `kb pakib sdkpof ahbo k dhnday styahzofdueki jhnuro (Akto Hr`i Kno)2
- jrkneoits `j k vory jhio whcbor lksbot `j whaa`w twhns
(Akto Hr`i Kno).
Vdoso rkro w``foi `lmocts wkbo us up t` tdo jkct tdkt wo
dkvo k vory hic`epaoto kif fhst`rtof phcturo `j tdo
ektorhka cuaturo `j tdo Hr`i Kno hi tdo skify ronh`i, k phc
turo hi wdhcd `iay p`ttory kppokrs t` paky k pkrt.
6.;.6. Oc`a`ny kif oc`i`ey
_ij`rtuiktoay ht hs i`t p`sshlao t` roc`istruct tdo oivhr`i
eoit `j _ssoi furhin tdo td`uskif yokrs tdkt tdo shto wks
`ccuphof `i tdo lkshs `j fhroct ovhfoico= i` pokt tdkt
c`uaf lo skepaof j`r p`aaoi kikayshs dks ks yot looi j`uif
hi tdo heeofhkto surr`uifhins. Hij`rekth`i `i tdo
pdyshcka oivhr`ieoit cki `iay lo `ltkhiof tdr`und tdo
kikayshs `j p`aaoi kif soofs jr`e tdo foop phts kif woaaskif tdo kikayshs `j tdo w``f tdkt wks usof t` ahio tdo
woaas. D`wovor, tdoro kro caokr ahehts t` tdo rosuats tdkt
cki lo nkhiof hi kaa ckton`rhos.
W`aaoi kikayshs `j tdo c`itoits `j woaas kif phts nhvos
dkrfay kiy hishndt hit` , j`r oxkepao, tdo oxtoit `j j`rost
hi tdo iohndl`urd``f. Dorls `jtoi prof`ehikto hi tdoso
spoctrk2 dorls, wd`so p`aaoi eky dkvo n`t hit` tdo pht `r
woaa ohtdor tdr`und tdo khr `r tdr`und dueki hitorvoith`i
(Lkboas ;847, ;<:). ^o kro jkcof whtd tdo skeo pr`laoe,
tdo fhvorshty `j s`urcos, hi tdo ckso `j tdo soofs (`tdor
tdki `j cr`ps). Soof kikayshs pr`fucos k ahst `j spochos tdkt
cki lo hitorprotof hi vkrh`us wkys. K akrno pkrt `j tdo
soofs `jtoi `rhnhiktof hi tdo heeofhkto surr`uifhins `jtdoso woaas, h.o. ckeo jr`e pakits kif troos tdkt nrow
kr`uif tdo woaa `r oasowdoro hi tdo ykrf. Wkrt `j tdo soofs
eky dkvo looi hitoith`ikaay fop`shtof hi tdo woaa `r pht,
j`r oxkepao hi tdo j`re `j aojt-`vors, nrooi j``f, ahttor
otc. Hi ekiy cksos tdoro hs r``e j`r f`ult (Lkboas ;847,
;846). K fhskfvkitkno `j tdo tdhrf kppr`kcd, tdo kikayshs
`j tdo w``f usof t` ahio tdo woaas, hs tdkt wo f` i`t not
ki kccurkto heprossh`i `j tdo `rhnhika kssoelakno `j troos,
lut kro aojt whtd k eki-ekfo soaocth`i lksof `i prkcthcka
`r syel`ahc c`ishforkth`is (cj. Vdorb`ri ot ka. ;846). @j
tdo vkrh`us spochos j`uif kt _ssoi, Kaius, Skahx kif
[uorcus kro prof`ehikit. Kafor `ccurs hi tdo j`re `j k
d`aa`wof `ut troo-truib, lut e`ro `jtoi f` wo jhif kafortwhns - ka`in whtd whaa`w twhns - hi tdo wkttaof woaas. @i
`io `ccksh`i tdo d`aa`wof `ut troo-truib `j ki `kb wks
j`uif2 tdo `tdor `kb jhifs woro p`sts kif tdo pakibs tdkt
woro usof t` ahio tdo woaas. Kaa spochos woro kvkhaklao hi
tdo heeofhkto surr`uifhins= `kb hi tdo skify ronh`i, kafor
kif whaa`w hi tdo vkaaoy `j tdo Ekks jurtdor i`r td.
Vdoro kro tw` s`urcos j`r tdo hivosthnkth`i `j tdo cr`ps kt
_ssoi= tdo (ckrl`ihzof) soofs jr`e tdo woaas, phts kif
(`ccksh`ika) p`st-d`aos kif tdo soof-heprossh`is j`uif hi
p`ttory. Sha`s ks kro j`uif hi tdo dhndor skify ronh`i woro
iovor usof hi _ssoi `i kcc`uit `j tdo dhnd wktor-tklao, s`
tdkt wo sdkaa dkvo t` ekbo f` whtd`ut wdkt c`uaf dkvo
looi tdo e`st hij`rekthvo s`urco hi tdhs rospoct. Wkrthcu-
akray tdo heprossh`is hi p`ttory, t` wdhcd systoekthc kttoi-
th`i wks pkhf, kro k roakthvoay rhcd s`urco. S` jkr cksts
dkvo looi ekfo kif hfoithjhof `j e`ro tdki :7 (`ut `j k
t`tka `j c. ;77,777 sdorfs). Vdo phcturo oeornhin jr`e tdhs
kikayshs knroos jkhray woaa whtd tdo `io pr`fucof `i tdo
lkshs `j tdo `iay rkroay `ccurrhin ckrl`ihzof soofs j`uif
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;74 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
hi tdo vkrh`us jokturos. Vdhs sckrchty hs roehihscoit `j, j`r
oxkepho, tdo shtukth`i hi k shto Dbo S`i oi Lrounoa-
D``hf`ibscdo Kbbors (Lkboas/Zki for Dke ;847). Ht hs,
d`wovor, hi vh`aoit c`itrkst whtd, j`r oxkepho, tdo iuelor
`j ckrl`ihzof soofs roc`vorof jr`e tdo Eofhovka sottao-
eoit kt F`eeoaoi. Hi `io d`uso paki e`ro ckrl`ihzof
soofs `j cr`ps woro fhsc`vorof doro tdki woro j`uif hi tdo
oith ro shto `j _ssoi (Zki Zhastoroi ;846). L`td s`urcos, tdo
heprossh`is kif tdo ckrl`ihzof soofs, c`ijhre tdo jkehahkr
phcturo `j tdo s`utdori skify ronh`i, hi wdhcd D`rfoue
kif Vrhthcue kro prof`ehikit. Ht hs, d`wovor, w`rtd
i`thin tdkt i`w, j`r tdo jhrst theo, ht cki lo foe`istrktof
tdkt tdo Coathc loki (Zhchk jklk) wks cuathvktof hi tdoso
ronh`is loj`ro tdo \`eki porh`f.
Ks karokfy eoith`iof hi tdo hitr`fucth`i, hi tdo jhoaf `iay
tdo jkuik! roekhis j`uif furhin tr`woaahin woro c`aaoctof.
Vdo klsoico `j sboaotka roekhis `j lhrfs' kif jhsd hs tdoro-
j`ro i`t surprhshin. D`wovor, tdo jkct tdkt i` l`ios `j
tdoso sekaa kihekhs woro `lsorvof wdoi tdo duifrofs `j
skcbs `j s`ha skepaos woro shovof, sunnosts tdkt tdhs wks
i`t ki hep`rtkit c`ep`ioit `j tdo t`tka spoctrue `jkiheka sboaotka roekhis.
Vdo krcdko`z``a`nhcka hivosthnkth`i `j tdo roc`vorof jkuika
roekhis hs yot t` lo ckrrhof `ut. Foitka roekhis kro, j`r
uiforstkifklao roks`is, `vorroprosoitof hi tdkt jkuika
ektorhka. Vdo kssoelakno `j l`ios j`uif loa`w tdo wktor-
tklao kas` hicaufof `tdor sboaotka pkrts. Vdo t`tka v`aueo
`j tdo roc`vorof z``a`nhcka ektorhka hs ronrottklay sekaa
kif, ahbo tdo pkako`l`tkihcka ovhfoico, t`` ahttao t` kaa`w
qukithtkthvo c`icaush`is t` lo frkwi. Sphifao-wd`ras kif
a``e wohndts kro hifhroctay hifhckthvo `j tdo `ccurroico `j
k cortkhi spochos `j kihekhs= l`td krtojkcts hepay tdo
prosoico `j sdoop.
6 .< \@EKI WO\H@F
6.<.;. Sottaoeoits
Vdroo \`eki porh`f sottaoeoits woro fhsc`vorof hi tdo
oxckvktof pkrt `j _ssoi. Vdoso sottaoeoits woro
hivosthnktof t` k vkryhin oxtoit. @j tdo s`utdorie`st
sottaoeoia, shtuktof hi tdo ]`/ior /h` /qu krto r, prosueklay
`iay tdo i`rtdori pkrt wks oxckvktof. Vdo sottaoeoit ayhin
t` tdo i`rtd, fhsc`vorof wdoi tdo p`if (vhmvor) wks lohin
fun kif tdoroj`ro doicoj`rtd toreof tdo Zhmvor sottaoeoit,
wks kas` `iay pkrtay oxckvktof. Hi tdhs ckso wo kro fokahin
ekhiay whtd strky `lsorvkth`is ekfo hi r`kf kif luhafhin
troicdos. E`st kttoith`i wks pkhf t` tdo akrno ^ostorvoafsottaoeoit shtuktof t` tdo i`rtd-okst `j tdo Zhmvor sottao
eoit. K c`isch`us kttoept wks ekfo t` oxckvkto tdhs
sottaoeoit ks c`epaotoay ks p`sshlao2 kt prosoit tw` tdhrfs
`j tdo `ccuphof krok dks looi hivosthnktof.
Vdo fhjjoroico hi tdo fonroo `j c`epaotoioss `j tdo vkrh`us
sottaoeoit pakis kif tdo wky hi wdhcd tdoy woro skepaof
-strky `lsorvkth`is vorsus akrno oxckvktof kroks - kcc`uit
j`r tdo jkct tdkt quosth`is ronkrfhin, j`r oxkepho, tdo shz
aky-`ut, hitorika fhjjoroithkth`i kif c`ithiuhty jr`e
prodhst`rho theos `iwkrfs ckii`t lo kisworof ks
skthsjkct`rhay j`r kaa tdroo sottaoeoits. Vdhs whaa loc`eo
caokr hi tdo j`aa`whin.
@j tdo s`utdorie`st sottaoeoit {jhn. 8=k) ki hep`rtkit
pkrt `j k t`tka krok `j kppr`xhektoay ;<? x ;<? e wks
hivosthnktof. Furhin tdo oxckvkth`i tdo i`rtdori kif
okstori ahehts `j tdo sottaoeoit woro fotorehiof. Vdoro hs
i` roks`i t` kssueo tdkt tdo s`utdori kif wostori ahehts
`j tdo oxckvkth`i c`hichfo whtd td`so `j tdo sottaoeoit.
Vdoro hs i` kffhth`ika Hij`rekth`i - hi tdo j`re `j sur-
jkco jhifs `r provh`us jhif roc`rfs - wdhcd cki lo usof t`
fotorehio, hj `iay ly kppr`xhekth`i, tdo `rhnhika shzo `j
tdo sottaoeoit. Vdroo fhjjoroit jkrestokfs, ayhin kpkrt
jr`e okcd `tdor kif okcd whtd hts `wi oica`sof ykrf kif
kiiox(os), woro fhsc`vorof hi tdo oxckvktof pkrt `j tdo
shto. Vdoso eky woaa dkvo looi hi uso kt tdo skeo theo.
Vdo jkres dkf kaa looi roluhat `i tdo skeo sp`t. S`eo
jkres dkf ovoi looi roluhat sovorka theos, pr`fuchin
`la`in pakis ahbo td`so j`uif hi I``rflkrno, `j wdhcd htcki `jtoi i`t lo kscortkhiof wdhcd pkrts kro c`itoep`rkry
(Dkrsoek ;847, 67-63). Vdo j`uifkth`i troicd d`usos kro
ohtdor tw`-khsaof `r pkrtay tw`-khsaof, pkrtay tdroo-khsaof.
Vdo heprossh`i croktof ly tdhs sottaoeoit hs `io `j
shepahchty= k rostrhctof rkino `j p`ttory typos (ke`in tdo
torrk shnhaaktk `iay paktos kif l`was), jow nakss jrkneoits
kif i` luhafhin ektorhka sucd ks r``j-thaos otc.
Vdo typhcka Akto Hr`i Kno pakis `i tdo i`rtdori porheotor
`j tdhs ikthvo \`eki sottaoeoit, k d`uso paki whtd `iay
ikthvo p`ttory hi tdo fhtcdos kif tdo fhsc`vory `j k shavor
jhluak `j Kaenroi << typo" sunnost c`ithiuhty `j `ccupk-
th`i. D`wovor, tdhs hs c`itrkfhctof ly tdo hep`rtof p`t
tory. I` corkehc pr`fucts woro j`uif tdkt cki lo fktofoxcaushvoay hi tdo jhrst coitury KF. Kt tdo e`eoit ht hs
e`st ahboay tdkt tdhs sottaoeoit (`r pkrt `j ht0) ckeo hit`
lohin kr`uif tdo oif `j tdo Hst/lonhiihin `j tdo <if coi
tury KF. @i tdo `tdor dkif, tdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo pkrt
fkthin lkcb t` tdo Hst coitury aky e`ro t`wkrfs tdo s`utd
hi tdo fhrocth`i `j tdo Kestoaohifstrkkt, eky i`t lo
oxcaufof. Vdo ]`eord`j sottaoeoit wks klkif`iof
kat`notdor hi p`sshlay tdo lonhiihin `j tdo 3rf coitury.
J`r tdo Zhmvor sottaoeoit (Màn. 8=l) tdo shtukth`i hs ovoi
e`ro uicortkhi. @iay k vory hic`epaoto foscrhpth`i cki lo
nhvoi `j tdhs sottaoeoit. \oekhis fkthin jr`e tdo \`eki
porh`f woro roc`vorof jr`e ki krok `j `vor ?77 x <?7 e.
@j tdhs t`tka krok kl`ut ;.3 doctkros dkvo looi hivosthnkto
ly eokis `j ronuakr oxckvkth`i troicdos. @tdor Hij`rek
th`i wks `ltkhiof jr`e strky `lsorvkth`is ekfo ly
eoelors `j tdo S`choty `j \onh`ika Dhst`ry. Vdoso `lsor
vkth`is c`ishst `j ;. Akifoskujikdeoi, <. oxckvkth`is `j
hs`aktof, c`isphcu`us jokturos sucd ks woaas hi o.n. r`kf
kif cklao troicdos, kif 3. oxckvkth`is `j (pkrts `@
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;78 ^HMIKI F ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
Jhn. 8. @ss= a`ckth`i `j \`eki porh`f jhif -sp`t s2 tdo ahndt nroy kif fkrb nroy kroks hifhckto
skif, rospocthvoay caky.
k. ]`eord`j sottaoeoit2 l. Zhmvor sottaoeoit2 c. ^ostorvoaf sottaoeoit2 f. ]katl`eeoasowon
sottaoeoit2 o. Ohboil``enkkrf sottaoeoit2 j. HMssoastrkkt sottaoeoit2 n. coeotory2 d. jhif-sp`t
`j, ke`in `tdor tdhins, c`his kif iot wohndts.
luhafhin troicdos, furhin wdhcd `i sovorka `ccksh`is
nr`ups `j jokturos, sucd ks o.n. k d`uso paki, c`uaf lo
roc`rfof.
@i tdo lkshs `j tdo i`w kvkhaklao fktk ht hs dkrfay p`sshlao
t` j`re k skthsjyhin phcturo `j tdhs sottaoeoit. Hi tdo pkrt
oxckvktof ly tdo HWA tdoro hs k <? e a`in d`uso paki whtd
k akrno d`rroue ayhin k sd`rt fhstkico kwky jr`e ht. Ht hs
toepthin t` hitorprot tdo tw` structuros ks loa`inhin
t`notdor, lut tdo jhifs roc`vorof jr`e tdoe woro uiklao
t` c`ijhre tdhs. Kl`ut ?7 e wost `j tdhs c`icoitrkth`i
tdoro hs k paki `j k c`epaotoay fhjjoroit typo `j d`uso,
eucd sekaaor kif eucd e`ro r`lust. K shehakrhty lotwooi
tdo tw` hs tdkt tdo okstori pkrts `j tdo d`usos sd`w i` phts
j`r tdo coitrka r``j p`sts. Hi tdo jhrst d`uso tdo p`sts sotknkhist tdo wkaas eky dkvo sorvof tdhs purp`so. K_ tdo
`tdor (shx) pkrtay `r oithroay hivosthnktof d`uso pakis hi tdo
Zhmvor sottaoeoit kas` sd`w caokr structurka fhjjoroicos2 i`
hfoithcka pakis woro j`uif.
Vdo pr`laoe ronkrfhin tdo dhst`rhcka c`ithiuhty cki lo
s`avof i` e`ro tdki tdkt c`icorihin tdo aky-`ut `j tdhs
ikthvo \`eki sottaoeoit. Sovorka d`uso pakis woro j`uif
`j tdo typo sd`wi hi jhn. :=c, wdhcd hs usukaay fktof hi tdo
Akto Hr`i Kno. D`wovor, `io `j tdoso yhoafof tw`
jrkneoits `j k c`rb uri. Hi tdo klsoico `j e`ro spochjhc
bi`waofno `j tdo chrcuestkicos uifor wdhcd tdo jhifs
woro fhsc`vorof, tdo hitorprotkthvo cd`hco lotwooi `ccupk-
th`i hi tdo jhrst coitury `r c`itkehikth`i `j k aktor fkto
cki i` a`inor lo ekfo. K jow woaas hi tdo heeofhkto
vhchihty wdhcd kas` yhoafof tdhs p`r`us p`ttory sooe t`
krnuo j`r `ccupkth`i hi tdo Hst coitury KF. Ht hs d`wovor
roekrbklao tdkt tdoso kro prkcthckaay tdo `iay hifhckth`is.
Ke`in tdo `tdor p`ttory jhifs tdo jrkneoits tdkt cki lo
fktof t` tdo Hst coitury cki lo c`uitof `i tdo jhinors `j
`io dkif.
Vdo roekhihin corkehc ektorhka fktos jr`e tdo <if coi-tury/jhrst dkaj `j tdo 3rf coitury. _iusuka jhifs ke`in
tdo roc`vorof roekhis kro= k jow jrkneoits `j nakss, k c`u-
pao `j whro jhluako, toi c`his, ke`in wdhcd c`his `j Ior`
kif C`ee`fus - tdo ekm`rhty, d`wovor, fktos lkcb t` tdo
Kit`ihio porh`f -, kif jhikaay k wkaajrkneoit `j torrk
shnhaaktk whtd k nrkjjht`, c`ishsthin `j pkrts `j tw` fhj
joroit ikeos. Must ahbo hi tdo ]`eord`j sottaoeoit, i`
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;;7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. ;7 . @ss-_ss oi, ^osto rvoa f sott aoeo it= tdo `utor oica`shin fht cd, sooi jr` e tdo okst2
tdroo succosshvo pdksos, `j wdhcd tdo i`rtdorie`st hs tdo y`uinost.
typhckaay \`eki luhafhin ektorhka wks j`uif.
Vdo i`rtdorie`st sottaoeoit, hyhin hi tdo A``voat kif
^ostorvoaf qukrtors (jhn. 8=c), `pois lottor porspocthvos j`r
kisworhin tdo quosth`is eoith`iof okrahor. @j tdo e`ro
tdki >?,777 eY `ccuphof ly tdhs sottaoeoit, kae`st ?7,777
eY dkvo looi sulmoctof t` krcdko`a`nhcka hivcsthnkth`i.
Vdo kroks tdkt woro i`t hivosthnktof kro e`stay pkrts tdkt
c`uaf i`t lo oxckvktof= tdo kspdkat r`kf t` Kaoe, wdhcd hs
e`ro tdki <7 e whfo kif cuts rhndt kcr`ss tdo sottaoeoit
hi k s`utdokst-i`rtdwostori fhrocth`i, kif pa`ts whtd `af
luhafhins tdkt woro i`t lr`boi f`wi (`iay hi tdo okstori
dkaj). Vdo khe t` oxckvkto tdhs sottaoeoit ks c`epaotoay ks
p`sshlao sd`uaf lo sooi hi tdo ahndt `j tdo nrkfukaay
kccoptof `phih`i tdkt ht hs i`t musthjhof t` skepao kt sottao
eoit aovoa.
^o bi`w tdo oxkct shzo `j tdo sottaoeoit j`r tdo shepao
roks`i tdkt hts l`uifkrhos woro caokray ekrbof hi tdo
\`eki porh`f, k pdoi`eoi`i i`w kas` bi`wi jr`e
vkrh`us `tdor, c`itoep`rkry sottaoeoits hi tdo s`utdori
Iotdorakifs. Hi _ssoi tdhs l`uifkry c`ishstof `j tw` fht-
cdos, Hyhin c. 6 e kpkrt, wdhcd j`reof tw` roctkinuakr
oica`suros r`uif tdo sottaoeoit. Vdo shfos `j tdhs sottao
eoit dkvo ki kvorkno aointd `j rospocthvoay 3<7 (O-^) kif
<3? e (I-S). Hi tdo i`rtdori kre k caokr oitrkico wks`lsorvof. L`td fhtcdos woro caokiof `ut kif sdhjtof s`eo-
wdkt `i sovorka `ccksh`is furhin tdo `ccupkth`i `j tdo shto
(jhn. ;7). Vdo `rhnhika foptd eust dkvo looi c. :7-;77 ce.
Sckttorof `vor tdo oica`sof shto, wdhcd c`vors ki `vorkaa
krok `j kae`st >.? doctkros, tdo pakis `j kl`ut 67 jkres
kif f`zois `j `utd`usos (d`rrok (jhn. ;;) kif lkris) woro
j`uif, ks woaa ks e`ro tdki >7 woaas, wdhcd cki lo
;76?:
646 +
;766>;76?<
;76:; ;76:< ;76:7
@
;76?? ;76?7646-;-
-;766?
Jhn. ; ;. @ss-_ssoi, ^ostorv oaf sott aoeo it= paki `j k nrkikr
fkthin jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f. Vdo roekhis `j ihio thelor
p`sts woro j`uif hi tdo c.; e foop troicdos2 sckao ;=;77.
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;;; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
kss`chktof whtd tdo oica`shin fhtcdos. Vdo sdkaa`w fhtcdos
oica`shin tdo ykrfs whtdhi wdhcd tdo vkrh`us oaoeoits woro
shtuktof kro vhshlao pkrthcuakray hi tdo s`utdori pkrt `j tdo
sottaoeoit. I` juicth`ika hitorprotkth`i cki ks yot lo nhvoi
`j `io structuro, k hkrno squkro fhtcd whtd shfos `j `vor 67
e kif k (p`sshlay c`itoep`rkry) pk_skfo hi tdo coitro.
W`ttory jrkneoits fkto tdhs oxcopth`ika structuro hi tdo Hst
coitury KF.
Sovorkh theos tdo vkrh`us jkres tdkt woro hi uso hi tdhs
sottaoeoit dkf fheoish`is oxcoofhin ly jkr td`so `j tdo
d`eostokfs `j tdo provh`usay fhscussof sottaoeoits.
Aointds `j 67 e. woro j`uif `i sovorkh `ccksh`is. Vdo
e`st c`ee`i typo `j jkre hs tdkt whtd k caokr structurka
fhvhsh`i= k tw`-khsaof kif k tdroo-khsaof pkrt, `jtoi `j uio-
quka aointd {jhn. ;<). Vdkibs t` tdo uihquo `ccurroico `j k
jow ckttao l`xos, ht c`uaf lo kscortkhiof tdkt tdo tdroo-
khsaof pkrt `j tdo d`uso wks tdo krok hi wdhcd tdo kihekas
woro stklaof. @ccksh`ikaay k jkre c`ishsthin `j k coitrka
tdroo-khsaof pkrt hisortof lotwooi tw` ahvhin qukrtors hs
j`uif. K paki hi tdo wostori dkaj `j tdo sottaoeoit hs k
vkrhkth`i `j `io `j tdo tw` lkshc typos fhsc`vorof doro (cj. jhn. >. Vdo d`uso hs surr`uifof ly foop fhtcdos ayhin kt
rhndt kinaos t` tdo wkaas. Ht hs kssueof tdkt tdoro hs k c`i-
iocth`i lotwooi tdoso fhtcdos kif tdo r``j-thaos j`uif hi
tdhs d`uso. @ur jhrst hitorprotkth`i hs tdkt tdhs wks k d`uso
whtd k p`rthcus, c`vorof ly k thaof r``j. Vdo `vorkaa
fheoish`is `j tdhs uiusuka luhafhin kro <? x ;<.? e.
Fhjjoroithkth`i wks kas` ostklahsdof hi tdo ckso `j tdo
woaas. Hi tdo tw` provh`usay fhscussof sottaoeoits `iay
woaas jkcof whtd wkttao (]`eord`@ `r woaas ahiof whtd wkt-
tao kif thelor (Zhmvor) woro j`uif, lut hi tdhs sottaoeoit
d`aa`wof `ut troo-truibs kif whio lkrroas woro kas` usof
j`r tdhs purp`so. Wkrthcuakray tdo whio lkrroas, `io `j
wdhcd l`ro vkrh`us stkeps, kro uiusuka. Vdoy woro
hep`rtof jr`e s`eo oxtorika s`urco, hepay cortkhi c`i
toits kif j`uif tdohr wky t` tdo sottaoeoit kt k vory okray
stkno. Vdo uiusuka cdkrkctor `j tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit hs
kas` strossof ly tdo jhrst rosuats `j tdo oc`a`nhcka hivosthnk-
th`i (pkr. 6.<.6) kif ly tdo roekhis `j tdo ektorhka
cuaturo. Kae`st kaa tdo uiusuka jhifs `j tdo \`eki porh`f
woro j`uif hi tdhs sottaoeoit. Vdhs kppahos i`t `iay t` tdo
auxury p`ttory, tdo nakss wkro, mowoary, utoishas sucd ks
boys otc, lut kas` t` pr`fucts `j k roahnh`us ikturo (pkr.
6.<.3). Cdkrkctorhsthc luhafhin ektorhka wks kas` c`icoi-
trktof ekhiay hi tdhs sottaoeoit, must ahbo tdo rojuso `j tdo
hr`i hifustry.
Ks k akst roekrbklao pdoi`eoi`i k fhtcd systoe kfm`hihin
tdo oica`shin fhtcdos `i tdo `utshfo eust lo eoith`iof
doro. Vdhs wks `lsorvof `i tdo i`rtd, wost kif s`utd
shfos. Vdo a`inost fhstkico wks eoksurof hi tdo i`rtd-
okstori c`rior `j tdo sottaoeoit, jr`e wdoro - ly eokis
`j l`rhins - k fhtcd c`uaf lo j`ah`wof j`r e`ro tdki ;47e hi k i`rtdoray fhrocth`i loj`ro ht fhskppokrof. @i tdo
wostori shfo tw` fhtcdos `j `vor ;77 e cki lo p`stuaktof.
Ht eky lo kssueof tdkt kaa tdoso fhtcdos woro jhoaf l`uif-
krhos. Vdo kikayshs `j tdo p`aaoi eky lo klao t` c`ijhre
tdhs hitorprotkth`i'". Vdoso fhtcdos yhoafof (sckrco) jhifs `j
tdo \`eki porh`f2 i` jhifs fkthin lkcb t` tdkt porh`f
woro, d`wovor, roc`vorof jr`e tdo kroks oica`sof ly tdo
fhtcdos.
Vdo oica`shin fhtcdos rkhso tdo quosth`i `j a`cka c`ithiuhty,
wdhcd, j`r tdo jhrst theo, cki lo kisworof whtd`ut rosorvo.
Jhn. ;< k. @ss-_ssoi, ^ostorvo af sottaoeo it= d`uso paki jr` e tdo H st coit ury KF, wht d k tw`- khsa of kif k tdroo-khsaof pk rt,
sckao ;=<77.
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;;< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
jYhy. ; Yl . v.úvv `h f jow hit orsoc thin \`eki porh`f d`uso pakis. Vdo tw`- khs aof pkrt (d`uso
`i tdo aojt, lkcbnr`uif) kif tdo tdroo-khsaof pkrt kro caokray vhshlao. Vrkcos `j tdo stklao l`xo
kro `iay vhshlao hi tdo d`uso `i tdo rhndt.
Vdo `ccupkth`i c`ithiuof uihitorruptof uitha tdo 3rf coi-
thhry KF, wdhcd hs c`ijhreof ly tdo krcdhtocturka
fovoa`peoits ks woha ks ly tdo ja`w `j hep`rts tdkt wks
karokfy stkrthin t` not uifor wky hi tdo Kunustki-Vhlorhki
porh`f. Ekiy `j tdo okrahost hep`rts woro roc`vorof jr`e
tdo hiiore`st oica`shin fhtcd. Ht sooes e`st ahboay tdkt
tdhs fhtcd wks c`istructof hi tdo okray pkrt `j tdo jhrst coi-
tury KF. ^doroks tdhs fhtcd wks jhaaof up knkhi hi tdo
skeo coitury, tdo `utor fhtcd roekhiof hi uso j`r kt aoksttdo ekhi pkrt `j tdo <if coitury", uitha tdhs fhtcd kas`
a`st ats juicth`i, ks kppokrs jr`e tdo woaas tdkt woro fun
tdr`und tdo jhaahin.
6.<.<. Vdo cohiotory
Hi tdo \`eki porh`f tdoro wks k croekth`i coeotory hi
tdo coitro `j _ssoi, t` tdo okst kif s`utd `j tdo sot-
taoeoits fhscussof kl`vo (Fúlboi ;84<). K akrno pkrt `j
tdhs coeotory, wdhcd ahos kpkrt jr`e tdo iocr`p`ahs fhs
cussof hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.<, wks oxckvktof hi tdo porh`f
;8>>-;8>8. Ht oxtoifof i`rtd-s`utd j`r `vor 677 e,
wdoroks hi tdo i`rtd, wdoro k caokr aheht kppokrs t` dkvo
looi j`uif, ht c`vorof kt e`st <77 e jr`e okst t` wost.
Hi t`tka kppr`xhektoay <77 e`iueoits tdkt cki lo hitor-
protof ks nrkvos woro uiokrtdof hi tdhs krok.
Vdoso nrkvos kro i`t fhstrhlutof d`e`noio`usay `vor tdokrok foscrhlof kl`vo. C`icoitrkth`is kif lkro pktcdos kro
caokray vhshlao. Vdhs eky pkrtay rojaoct rokahty, lut eky kas`
lo ckusof ly tdo jkct tdkt i`t kaa tdo nrkvos dkf looi fun
ks foop. Hi s`eo cksos tdo ekhi lurhkas kif tdo porhpdorka
structuros woro fun i` foopor tdki tdo (`iay sp`rkfhckaay
prosorvof roekhis `j tdo) `af s`ha pr`jhao, h.o. fhf i`t
rokcd tdo C-aovoa. Vdhs eokis tdkt wdoi tdo akif wks
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;;3 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
lr`undt uifor cuathvkth`i, hi tdo c`urso `j tdo <if ehaaoi
ihue KF, kaa tdo nrkvos woro aovoaaof kif s`eo ovoi
vkihsdof c`epaotoay hi tdo jurr`ws.
Vdo fhsc`vorof nrkvos cki lo spaht hit` tdroo ekhi
ckton`rhos - tdo skeo ckton`rhos wo ckeo kcr`ss hi tdo
chfor coeotory= roctkinuakr fhtcdos, rhin-fhtcdos kif jakt
nrkvos {jhn. ;3). Sulfhvhsh`is cki lo ekfo whtdhi tdoso
nr`ups, sucd ks `poi `r ca`sof, squkro `r `la`in, whtd `r
whtd`ut (hitorika) pkahskfo, akrno `r sekaa. @iay tw`
e`iueoits f` i`t loa`in t` tdo tdroo ekhi nr`ups. @io
`j tdoso hs k roctkinuakr pkahskfo oica`shin k coitrka lurhka
loioktd k sekaa e`rtukry d`uso. Vdo `tdor oxcopth`i hs k
c`elhikth`i `j tdo tw` ekhi typos, hi wdhcd k sekaa
squkro kif k akrno r`uif e`iueoit kro m`hiof t`notdor hi
k boy-d`ao sdkpo. Vdo prosoico `j ki kiheka's lurr`w hi
tdo r`uif pkrt `j tdhs e`iueoit hs `io `j tdo jow hifhck-
th`is tdkt tdo nrkvos woro `rhnhikaay c`vorof ly a`w
e`uifs.
Lurhkas woro i`t j`uif hi kaa `j tdo nrkvo e`iueoits sur-
r`uifof ly k porhpdorka structuro. K jow `j tdoso nrkvos
woro `iay pkrtay oxckvktof, ks k rosuat `j wdhcd tdo coitrowks i`t uic`vorof. K fhjjoroit oxpakikth`i eust lo j`uif
j`r tdo e`iueoits wdhcd woro c`epaotoay oxckvktof kif
wdhcd iovortdoaoss rovokaof i` lurhkas (hi c. ?7 cksos). Hj
wo f` i`t wkit t` kaa`w j`r coi`tkpds, tdo e`st `lvh`us
s`auth`i hs t` kssueo tdkt tdo lurhkas woro dkrfay `r i`t kt
kaa fun hit` tdo nr`uif kif woro tdoroj`ro c`epaotoay
fostr`yof ly Eofhovka jkreors.
Hi tdroo qukrtors `j tdo cksos (c. >7x) hi wdhcd croekth`i
roekhis woro fhsc`vorof tdoso c`icoriof 'roks`iklao'
ke`uits kif tdoroj`ro truo lurhkas. Hi `tdor cksos, pkrthcu-
akray wdoro sdkaa`w phts c`itkhihin cdkrc`ka kif k jow
jrkneoits `j lurit l`io kro c`icoriof, wo eky w`ifor
wdotdor wo kro fokahin whtd k fockphtktof nrkvo `r whtd
tdo roekhis `j k pyro. @iay tdroo theos dkf tdo croektof
roekhis `j tdo focoksof looi pakcof hi ki uri. @i `io
`ccksh`i tdoy dkf looi lurhof hi k w``foi cdost2 hi kaa
tdo `tdor cksos k la`cb `j l`ios wks j`uif whtd`ut kiy
trkcè `j tdo `rhnhika c`itkhior. @iay vory rkroay woro
croekth`i roekhis fhsc`vorof hi k porhpdorka structuro.
Hi noiorka, tdo nrkvo n``fs j`uif kcc`epkiyhin tdo
croekth`i roekhis kro rktdor s`lor2 hi `iay `io ckso tdo
nhjts kro (ly ronh`ika stkifkrfs) spoctkcuakr. I` nrkvo
n``fs woro j`uif hi dkaj `j tdo nrkvos. Vdkt tdhs hs sucd k
dhnd jhnuro ikturkaay fopoifs `i tdo jkct tdkt i` coitrka
lurhka wks `r c`uaf lo `lsorvof hi e`ro tdki 47 nrkvos.E`st `j tdo nrkvos tdkt fhf yhoaf nrkvo n``fs `jtoi c`i-
tkhiof i` e`ro tdki soc`ifkrhay lurit p`ttory jrkneoits,
s`eotheos `j sovorka p`ts. Vdoso woro j`uif ka`in whtd
tdo croektof roekhis kif/`r hi tdo fhtcd, wdoro prosoit.
C`epaoto corkehc nhjts kro roakthvoay rkro2 i` e`ro tdki <?
woro j`uif, dkaj `j wdhcd woro se``td-wkaaof mkrs. ^htd
tdo `ff oxcopth`i, tdoso hitkct vossohs dkf i`t looi hi c`i-
Jhn. ; 3. @ss-_ssoi = vho w `j k jo w squkro kif r`uif nrkvo
oica`suros hi tdo \`eki porh`f coe otory .
tkct whtd tdo jhro `j tdo pyro. @tdor nhjts kro hr`i bihvos
(3x), sahin-st`ios (ax), phorcof l`io (ax) kif nakss wkro
(?x). Kae`st kaa tdoso `lmocts dkf looi lurit ka`in whtd
tdo focoksof. Sekaa ikhas (sd`os0) kif k cdkhi `j sekaa
rhins (loat0) eky roprosoit roekhis `j ca`tdhin. Vdo jro-
quoitay j`uif lurit ikhas whtd aueps `j oicrustof cdkr
c`ka kro p`sshlay t` lo hitorprotof ks tdo roekhis `j tdo
lurit lhor.
Vdo nakss `lmocts eoith`iof kl`vo woro c`icoitrktof hi
tdo i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo coeotory. ^htd `io oxcopth`i,
tdoy kro ahehtof t` k nr`up `j shx akrno nrkvos, ayhin `i tdo
i`rtdori porheotor `j tdo iocr`p`ahs. Vdoso nrkvos stkif`ut i`t `iay lockuso `j tdohr shzo, lut kas` `i kcc`uit `j
tdohr p`shth`i kif tdo nhjts j`uif kcc`epkiyhin tdo
focoksof, `j wdhcd tdo nakss `lmocts j`re ki hep`rtkit
oaoeoit. K lurit squkro `r cyahifrhcka l`ttao wks j`uif hi
tdroo nrkvos, tdo j`urtd yhoafof lurit nakss `j k shehakr
l`ttao ks woaa ks ki hitkct, uicdkrrof rhllof l`wa (jhn. ;6).
Vdo croekth`i roekhis dkvo i`t yot looi systoekthckaay
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;;6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
kikaysof. Hi noiorka, tdo loio wks woaa lurit kif dkf sur-
vhvof hi k jrkneoitkry c`ifhth`i. Vdo tdo`rothcka ekxh
eue wohndt wks i`t j`uif `ico (cj. Dorrekii ;8>:, ;8:),
tdo t`tka ke`uit wks `jtoi ovoi aoss tdki ?77 nrkeeos.
Furhin k jhrst hispocth`i ly tdo kutd`r `j tdo lurit
roekhis ht wks kas` kscortkhiof tdkt tdo akrno i`rtdori
nrkvos sooe t` dkvo c`itkhiof oxcaushvoay kfuats. Hi `io `j
tdo tw` akrno rhin-fhtcdos `j tdhs nr`up tdo roekhis `j tdopyro woro sthaa tdoro. Furhin tdo proahehikry kikayshs ht wks
kas` i`tof tdkt lurit kiheka l`io dkf looi j`uif hi kt
aokst jhvo nrkvos2 `io nrkvo ovoi c`itkhiof tdo l`ios `j
sovorka fhjjoroit kihekas. Vdo prosoico j phn, sdoop/n`kt
kif lhrf'Y wks kscortkhiof.
Jhikaay s`eo roekrbs `i tdo theo ahehts whtdhi wdhcd tdhs
coeotory fovoa`pof. Vdoro hs i` f`ult kl`ut ht tdkt tdo
`afost nrkvos dkf looi c`istructof a`in loj`ro tdo \`eki
porh`f. K jow CH6-fktos hi tdo Hst kif <if coitury woro
`ltkhiof. Nrkvo <68>, j`r oxkepao, wdhcd hs hitorsoctof ly
k squkro fhtcd c`itkhihin roekhis `j k lurit nhrtd-lokbor,
pr`fucof k fkto `j <;3? » ?? LW (NrI-;7><?). Vdo `afost
hep`rts jr`e tdo coeotory kro t` lo fktof hi tdo jhrst dkaj
`j tdo jhrst coitury KF= jrkneoits `j Nkaa`-Loanhc nhrtd-
lokbors, c`rb uris kif torrk-ihnrk p`ttory typos D`aworfk
;;< kif 6:; (D`aworfk ;86;). Vdoso okray typos woro
j`uif pkrthcuakray, lut i`t oxcaushvoay, hi tdo s`utdori
pkrt `j tdo coeotory2 tdo i`rtdori pkrt c`itkhiof tdo aktor
typos. Vdo nr`up `j akrno nrkvos f`os i`t sooe t` stkrt
fovoa`phin uitha hi tdo Jakvhki porh`f kif tdoi c`ithiuos
uitha kt aokst tdo ehffao `j tdo <if coitury. Ht hs fhjjhcuat
t` sky wdoi tdo coeotory woit `ut `j uso. Vdo y`uinost
nrkvo-n``fs sooe t` lo k torrk shnhaaktk pakto Frknoif`rjj
3; kif k torrk-ihnrk-ahbo s`-ckaaof Kroitslurn l`wa.
Vyphcka 3rf coitury typos woro i`t j`uif, s` tdkt wo ekykssueo tdkt tdo coeotory hi _ssoi joha hit` fhsuso loj`ro
tdo oif `j tdo <if coitury.
6.<.3. Vdo ektorhka cuaturo
Vdo c`itoits `j tdo ekiy f`zois `j woaas kif phts hi tdo
tdroo sottaoeoits kif tdo nrkvo n``fs j`uif hi tdo
coeotory pr`vhfo k n``f lkshs j`r tdo stufy `j tdo cdkinos
tdkt t``b pakco hi tdo ektorhka cuaturo hi tdo jhrst coiturhos
KF. Vdo cdkinos hi tdo okrtdoiwkro kro tdo e`st c`i-
sphcu`us. Vdo ikthvo p`ttory uiforwoit cdkinos hi sdkpo,
jhihsd kif foc`rkth`i, lut kt tdo skeo theo ht stkrtof t`
phky ki hicrokshinay aoss hep`rtkit pkrt. Vdhs fovoa`peoit
loc`eos kppkroit hj wo c`epkro tdo c`itoits `j k akto Hst
coitury woaa whtd tdkt `j `io fktof woaa hi tdo <if coi
tury. Hi tdo jhrst ckso tdo dkif-ekfo p`ttory `ccuphos k
prhekry pakco (c. >?'Y`), tdroo qukrtors `j k coitury aktor
hts `vorkaa porcoitkno hi tdo t`tka p`ttory spoctrue dks
jkaaoi t` ;7% `r aoss.
Vdo pkrt pakyof ly tdhs ikthvo okrtdoiwkro hs sa`way lut
suroay tkboi `vor ly hep`rtof, e`stay wdooa-pr`fucof.
•
Jhn. ;6 k. @ss-_ssoi= `io `j tdo akrno nrkvos (;< 4; ) `i tdo
i`rtdori porheotor `j tdo \`eki porh`f coeotory.
p`ttory. Vdo rkino `j p`ttory typos j`uif hi ekiy `tdor
shtos hs kas` roprosoitof kt _ssoi= torrk shnhaaktk (Krrothik,
S`utd, Ehffao kif Okst Nkuahsd), Nkaa`-Loanhc wkro (torrk
rulrk, torrk ihnrk, c`rb uri) c`a`ur-c`ktof p`ttory (pkrthc
uakray lokbors), se``td kif c`krso wkros (jakn`is,
kepd`rko-ahbo jakn`is kif paktos), torrk-ihnrk-ahbo wkro
kif jhikaay tdo kluifkitay `ccurrhin tdhcb-wkaaof p`ttory
(kepd`rko, f`ahk kif e`rtkrhk, `j wdhcd toi `j tdo akst
ckton`ry lokr k stkep). Corkehc typos sucd ks hicoiso cups
kif `ha-akeps kro i`t roprosoitof.
^htd tdo oxcopth`i `j tdo nakss rhllof l`wa jr`e tdocoeotory, nakss wkro dks `jtoi survhvof `iay jrkneoitkr hay
Vdo typos roprosoitof c`eprhso squkro kif cyahifrhcka mkrs,
rhllof l`was, sekaa l`ttaos kif k truaak. Vdhs nakss `ccurs
hi vkrh`us c`a`urs. ^``foi cups woro kas` usof ka`inshfo
tdo p`ttory kif nakss wkro, ks sd`wi ly tw` e`rpd`-
a`nhckaay fhjjoroit spocheois.
Nakss kas` j`res pkrt `j `io `j tdo e`st lokuthjua
`rikeoits j`uif hi _ssoi, k lr`izo rhin whtd k lauo nakss
noe hit` wdhcd k dueki jhnuro dks looi ckrvof (ihc`a`).
Nakss hi tdo j`re `j tdo Ak Voio lrkcoaots joha hit` fhsuso
hi tdo c`urso `j tdo jhrst coitury KF. D`wovor, tdo
lrkcoaots kro j`uif ronuakray hi Hst coitury c`itoxts, c`i-
trkry t` tdo c`ee`i `phih`i tdkt tdoy dkf a`st tdohr
hep`rtkico ly tdo lonhiihin `j tdo \`eki porh`f (cj.
Woffoe`rs ;8>?, ;74). Vdo akst ckton`rhos `j `rikeoits t`
lo eoith`iof doro kro tdo eoa`i lokfs, tdo lr`izo
lrkcoaots kif tdo jhluako. Vdo akttor kro lottor roprosoitof
tdki hi tdo Hr`i Kno. ^htd tdo oxcopth`i `j `io shavor kif
tdroo hr`i jhluako, tdo 3? j`uif spocheois kro kaa `j
lr`izo. Vdoso kro sp``i-l`w, oyo, krcdof (Kaenroi <<)
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ahs ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
CCT)
Jhn. ;6l. Nrkvo-n` fs j`uif hi tdo coitrka nrkvo pht `j e`iueoit ;< 4; = ;. pakto2 <. ahf2 3-6. sekaa l`was `i tdroo aons2 ?.jakn`i2 :. rhllof l`wa `j nrooi nakss (;-6,:= sckao ;=<2 ?= sckao ;=6).
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;;: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
kif bhibof (Kaenroi ;8), lut pkrthcuakray whro jhluako.
Ch`tdhin wks j`uif tdroo theos hi tdo j`re `j sd`o
jrkneoits (loa`w tdo wktor-tklao). @io `j tdo jrkneoits
loa`ins t` k ckrlkthik sd`o, ekfo `j n`kt's sbhi kif
foc`rktof whtd j`ur r`ws `j nr``vos krrkinof hi k dorrhin-
l`io pkttori.
Iow oaoeoits kro vkrh`us ektorhkas roaktof t` tdo d`uso,
sucd ks r``j-thaos, phorcof saktos, tujk kif ikhas. Vdoronuakr `ccurroico `j hr`i ikhas hi tdo d`uso pakis sunnosts
tdkt structurka pr`laoes woro i` a`inor kaa s`avof ly
eokis `j toi`i kif e`rthso m`hits, ks dkf prosueklay
looi c`ee`i uitha tdkt theo. Kas` iow kro tdo hr`i kif
lr`izo boys `j vkrh`us fheoish`is2 wdotdor tdoy kctukaay
hepay tdo uso `j a`cbs hi tdo d`usos roekhis ki `poi
quosth`i.
Ekiy `j tdo roc`vorof t``as uif`ultofay karokfy oxhstof
hi tdo Hr`i Kno, lut, j`r wdktovor roks`i, woro i`t
fhsc`vorof hi tdkt c`itoxt. Vdoso kro hr`i kfzos, kxos,
bihvos kif k w``foi dkeeor. Vdo `tdor t``as c`icoriof
kro krtojkcts `j wdhcd tdo foshni wks katorof hi tdo \`eki
porh`f. ^dotst`ios i`w usukaay dkvo k jakt, `la`in sdkpo(cj. La`oeors ;8>4, 3<<, i`. 384) kif tdo lkskat uppor
sa`ios `j tdo ehahs kro hi tdhs porh`f cdkrkctorhzof ly k
caokray rkhsof l`rfor whtd k rhllof `utshfo, l`rfor kif
uppor surjkco (cj. Dkrsoek ;8>8, jhn. >).
Zory jow c`his woro j`uif hi _ssoi= hi t`tka i` e`ro tdki
;? spocheois. Vdo `afost j`uif hs tdo Kunustki foikrhus
\HC 3?7, tdo y`uinost k fup`ifhus `j C`ee`fus.
Jhikaay tdo otorika nr`up `j ehscoaakio`us `lmocts. @j tdo
j`ur fhsc`vorof roekhis `j phpo-caky stktuottos `iay `io
cki lo pakcof whtd cortkhity hi tdo \`eki porh`f2 tdhs hs
tdo pahitd `j k dueki jhnuro, pr`lklay k fohty. Vdo `tdor
tdroo kro e`st pr`lklay Eofhovka. [uhto oxcopth`ika hs k
phoco `j ki okrtdoiwkro eksb" sthaa sd`whin pkrt `j tdo
okr loioktd wdhcd k porj`rkth`i hs vhshlao. Vdo roekhihin
`lmocts c`eprhso krtojkcts sucd ks k styaus, cdost e`ui-
thin, ahfs (hiakhf whtd oikeoa), nakss nkehin phocos, k aokf
'sphifho wd`rh' kif vkrh`us lr`izo, aokf kif hr`i `lmocts,
`j wdhcd tdo `rhnhika juicth`i cki i` a`inor lo kscor-
tkhiof.
6.<.6. Oc`a`ny kif oc`i`ey
Vdo noiorka c`eeoits ekfo hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.6 c`icorihin
tdo pr`laoes hiv`avof hi tdo roc`istructh`i `j tdo akif
sckpo, tdo sckrchty `j ckrl`ihzof soofs `j cr`ps kif tdo
stkto `j prosorvkth`i `j tdo z``a`nhcka ektorhka, kas` kppayt` tdo \`eki porh`f. D`wovor, j`r tdo jhrst coiturhos KF
wo dkvo vkrh`us iow s`urcos, wdoroks s`eo s`urcos kro
i`w `j eucd aoss hep`rtkico. Vdhs sdkaa lo haaustrktof
loa`w.
K iow s`urco `j Hij`rekth`i kro tdo porhpdorka fhtcdos `j
tdo nrkvos `j tdhs por h`f". W`aaoi skepaos tkboi jr`e j`ur
`j tdoso jokturos dkvo looi kikaysof. Vdoso skepaos woro
kaa c`aaoctof jr`e tdo l`tt`e `j tdo fhtcdos `j nrkvos ayhin
hi tdo i`rtdwostori pkrt `j tdo iocr`p`ahs. Vdo rosuats `j
tdhs kikayshs kro ks j`aa`ws= Kaius ke`uits t` :?% `j tdo
troo p`aaoi, j`ah`wof ly C`ryaus whtd c. 37%, [uorcus
(;%), _aeus (;.?%), wdhao tdo roekhifor hs fhvhfof
ekhiay ke`in Lotuhk, Jknus kif Whius. @j tdo dorls
Orhckaos (6;%) kif Nrkehioko (3:%) prof`ehikto. Vdo
phcturo prosoitof ly tdhs spoctrue j`r tdo fhroct surr`ui-
fhins hs `io `j ki `poi akifsckpo, hi wdhcd nrkss kif
doktd `ccuphof ki hep`rtkit pakco, whtd doro kif tdoro k
ahttao c`pphco kif dkrfay kiy troos (tdo p`aaoi `j kafor
`rhnhiktof jurtdor kwky hi tdo vkaaoy `j tdo Ekks2 Fo M`in
;84<).
Hi tdo p`aaoi spoctrue tdo `kb pakys `iay k ehi`r pkrt.
Vdo hfoithjhckth`is `j tdo w``f j`uif furhin tdo oxckvk-
th`i, d`wovor, sd`w tdkt `kb wks hi jkct quhto hep`rtkit
t` tdo `ccupkits `j tdo sottaoeoits kt _ssoi kif wks usof
jroquoitay. Vdo iueor`us squkro, thelor-ahiof woaas, tdo
d`aa`wof `ut troo-truib woaas - whtd fhkeotors rkinhin t`
e`ro tdki ; e - kif tdo roekhis `j hitorika r``j-p`sts
j`uif hi tdo jkres, caokray tosthjy t` tdhs projoroico. D`wovor, ht hs i`t ahboay tdkt tdoso `kbs nrow hi tdo heeofhkto
surr`uifhins `j tdo sottaoeoit. Vdo kafor kif whaa`w
wkttaof woaas roekhiof hi uso ka`inshfo td`so ahiof whtd
`kb.
Vdoro hs k caokr focrokso hi tdo soof heprossh`is hi p`ttory.
Vdo roks`i j`r tdhs hs `lvh`us= hi tdo c`urso `j tdo \`eki
porh`f tdo a`cka p`ttory, pr`fucof hi kif kr`uif tdo
d`uso, wks nrkfukaay ropakcof ly hep`rtof corkehcs. Kt
tdhs e`eoit wo tdhib tdkt tdoso heprossh`is kif tdo ckr
l`ihzof soofs roc`vorof jr`e tdo vkrh`us jokturos dkrfay
fhjjor jr`e td`so jr`e prodhst`rho c`itoxts. [uhto uiusuka
kro tdo uicdkrrof jruhts `j tdo lr`kf c`cbaolur (Tkitdhue
struekrhue), c`rhkifor (C`rhkifrue skthvue) kif loot
(Lätk vuankrhs). Vdo akst tw` woro j`uif hi tdo oica`sof
sottaoeoit2 hi `io ckso kaa tdroo spochos woro j`uif
t`notdor hi k woaa.
Jhikaay tdo krcdko`z``a`nhcka roekhis. Kffhth`ika Hij`rek
th`i hs pr`vhfof ly tdo kikayshs `j tdo roekhis `j kihekas
j`uif kcc`epkiyhin tdo fokf. Ht kppokrof tdkt tdhs wks
tdo jkto `j phns, pkrthcuakray phnaots. Vdo hifhroct hifhck-
th`is `j sdoop-lroofhin - sphifao-wd`ras kif a``e wohndts
- kro sthaa prosoit hi tdo \`eki porh`f. Vdo l`xos
`lsorvof hi tdo stklao krok `j k akrno jkre kro tdo `iay
hifhckth`i tdkt ckttao wks stklaof hi tdoso pkrts `j tdo
d`usos.
?. Wr`spooas
Vdo _ssoi oxckvkth`i `rhnhikaay j`reof ki hep`rtkit c`e
p`ioit `j tdo Ekksbkit pr`moct, j`reuaktof hi ;8>8. Vdo
ekhi khe `j tdhs pr`moct wks foscrhlof ly tdo hihthkt`r,
N.M. Zorwors, ks j`aa`ws= t` nkhi k fotkhaof hishndt hit`
tdo `ccupkth`ika dhst`ry `j tdhs ronh`i kif t` pky pkr-
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;;> ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
thcuakr kttoith`i t` tdo oivhr`ieoit". Hi tdhs c`itoxt tdo
_ssoi pr`moct eky cortkhiay lo c`ishforof k succoss. J`r
tdhs pkrt `j tdo Ekksbkit ronh`i k fhkcdr`ihc foscrhpth`i
cki lo nhvoi `j tdo `ccupkth`i hi tdo ehaaoiihue rkinhin
jr`e >77 LC t` KF <?7. Ht ovoi sooes roks`iklao t`
kssueo tdkt tdo `ccupkth`i `j tdhs krok c`ithiuof kae`st
uihitorruptof jr`e tdo Okray/Ehffho Lr`izo Kno uitha
woaa hit` tdo \`eki porh`f. ^o i`w bi`w wdkt tdo p`t-
tory, d`usos kif nrkvos a``bof ahbo hi tdo vkrh`us porh`fs.
Vdkt wo bi`w dkrfay kiytdhin kl`ut tdo vonotkth`i hs
`whin t` tdo eoro jkct tdkt i` suhtklao skepahin a`ckth`is
dkvo (ks yot) looi j`uif hi tdo heeofhkto
surr`uifhins `j tdo shto.
^doi tdo _ssoi pr`moct cdkinof dkifs, hi ;843, tdo
`rhnhika `lmocthvos kif tdo fojhihth`i `j tdo rosokrcd krok
woro katorof. Vdo `lmocthvos `j tdo pr`moct woro roj`r-
euaktof pkrtay uifor tdo hijauoico `j tdo stheuakthin
hivosthnkth`is hi tdo kfmkcoit ronh`i, tdo Boepoi (Sa`jstrk
ot ka. ;84<, hf. ;84?). Vdhs hivosthnkth`i, wdhcd wks stkraof
okray hi tdo ;8>7s, dks oxporhoicof k shehakr fovoa`peoit=
tdo `rhnhika khe, t` frkw k (stkthc) cuaturka fhknrke `j tdoronh`i, dkf t` nhvo wky t` k e`ro fyikehc hfoka, tdo
kikayshs `j s`ch`-cuaturka pr`cossos, `j wdhcd k systoehc
kppr`kcd t` cuaturo j`res tdo lkshs. Vdo `lmocthvos j`r-
euaktof ly tdoso hivosthnkt`rs cki kas` lo c`ishforof roao
vkit t` `ur ronh`i, tdo krok lotwooi tdo Wooa, Ekks kif
F`eeoa, oxcopt j`r tdo jkct tdkt tdo theo ahehts woro bopt
eucd ikrr`wor. J`r tdhs ronh`i - doicoj`rtd toreof eos`-
ronh`i - tdo ekhi krcdko`a`nhcka `lmocthvos whaa lo tdo
kikayshs `j tdo fovoa`peoit `j tdo sottaoeoit systoe hi tdo
porh`f >77 LC - KF <?7 kif, c`upaof whtd tdhs, tdo pr`
coss `j \`ekihzkth`i. Wkrthcuakray tdhs akst kspoct, tdo
hic`rp`rkth`i `j tdo ikthvo c`eeuihthos hi tdo \`eki
Oephro, tdo wky hi wdhcd tdhs hitonrkth`i wks lr`undt
kl`ut, j`res tdo ekhi tdoeo `j tdhs ronh`ika hivosthnkth`i.
Hi `rfor t` lo klao t` j`aa`w tdo pr`coss `j \`ekihzkt h`i,
k e`foa `j ikthvo s`choty `i tdo ovo `j c`a`ihskth`i wha!
dkvo t` lo nhvoi. _ihhbo, j`r oxkepao, tdo karokfy eoi-
th`iof Boepoi ronh`i, wdoro dkrfay kiy Hr`i Kno
sottaoeoits dkvo looi hivosthnktof (cj. \`yekis hi Sa`jstrk
ot ka. ;84<, ?<-?:2 hf. ;84?), `ur eos`-ronh`i `jjors sujjh
châit stkrthin-p`hits j`r k jkhray fotkhaof foscrhpth`i. Vdo
cdr`i`a`nhcka rkino `j tdhs ronh`i hs kas` whfo oi`und. Sot
taoeoits jr`e kaa sulporh`fs `j tdo Hr`i Kno dkvo looi
oxckvktof kif aoif tdoesoavos, t` vkryhin fonroos, t` tdo
hivosthnkth`i `j tdo aovoas eoith`iof hi pkrknrkpd 6.;.;. Kpr`laoe hs tdkt s`eo porh`fs kro `iay roprosoitof hi k
rostrhctof pkrt `j tdo eos`-ronh`i. Akto Hr`i Kno d`uso
pakis, j`r oxkepao, kro bi`wi oxcaushvoay jr`e tdo
Ekksbkit ronh`i kif i`t jr`e tdo dhndor Waohst`coio
skify s`has. Vdhs hs d`wovor i`t c`ishforof ki hisure`ui-
tklao pr`laoe. I`t `iay tdo sottaoeoit pakis, lut kas` tdo
oc`a`nhcka fktk kif tdo coeotorhos whaa lo usof t` c`istruct
k e`foa `j tdo ikthvo c`eeuihty. Katd`und \`yekis (hi
Sa`jstrk ot ka. ;84<, ?3) c`rroctay c`eeoitof tdkt tdo uri-
jhoafs f` i`t aoif tdoesoavos t` kikaysos `j k s`ch`a`nhcka
ikturo, foe`nrkpdhc Hij`rekth`i cki - whtd tdo iocosskry
rosorvo - lo forhvof jr`e tdoe (cj. j`r k shepao ckso Zki
for Skifoi ;84;). Ht dks karokfy looi p`stuaktof ly sovorka
kutd`rs, `i tdo `io dkif `i tdo lkshs `j wrhttoi s`urcos
(\`yekis ;843, ?;), `i tdo `tdor `i tdo lkshs jronh`ikaay stufhof surjkco jhifs (^haaoes ;843, ;78), tdkt
tdo s`ch`-p`ahthcka aovoa `j tdo s`choty hi tdo whfor ronh`i
fhf i`t rhso kl`vo tdkt `j tdo trhlo. Vdo hivosthnkth`i `j
tdo oxckvktof sottaoeoits kif coeotorhos whaa dkvo t`
kfmust/jurtdor spochjy tdhs e`foa kif (hj p`sshlao) prosoit
k e`ro fhjjoroithktof phc turo".
Kr`uif tdo lonhiihin `j tdo jhrst coitury KF tdo pr`coss
`j hitonrkth`i `j tdo ronh`i hit` tdo \`eki Oephro
stkrtof. Furhin, e`st pr`lklay, tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo Hst
coitury k akrno pkrt `j tdo eos`-ronh`i lockeo pkrt `j tdo
Chvhtks Lktkv`rue (Zki Os ;84;, <;?2 \ñnor ;8:4, 362
^haaoes ;843, ;7>-;742 cj. t`` L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>;) kif
sd`rtay kjtor `jjhchkaay `j tdo pr`vhico Norekihk Hijorh`r(L`nkors `.c, <:?)". Hi k jow rocoit pulahckth`is (hi
Sa`jstrk ot ka. ;84<, <8-33, ?:-:;2 ;843), Sa`jstrk dks
fovoa`pof vkrh`us stheuakthin hfoks, lksof `i tdo`rhos `j
s`ch`a`nhsts, kitdr`p`a`nhsts kif no`nrkpdors, hi `rfor t`
lottor c`icoptukhhzo tdhs pr`coss. @j prhekry hep`rtkico hi
dhs w`rbs kro I`rlort Oahks' tdo`ry `j stkto j`rekth`i kif
tdo tdo`rhos `i pokskits kif pktr`ikno hi tdo porhpdorhos
`j c`epaox s`chothos `i stkto aovoa.
Vdo fovoa`peoit `utahiof ly Sa`jstrk j`r tdo i`rtdwostori
porhpdory `j tdo \`eki Oephro cki lo sueekrhzof ks
j`aa`ws". Fosphto tdo kfehihstrkthvo `rnkihzkth`i, lonhi
ihin urlkihzkth`i kif hepr`vof hijrkstructuro, tdo trhlka
structuro roekhiof uikhtorof j`r tdroo qukrtors `j tdo Hst
coitury KF. C`itkcts whtd tdo a`cka èahto (ahiokno dokfs)
woro lksof `i tdo prhichpao `j 'hifhroct ruao'. I`t uitha
kjtor tdo Lktkvhki rov`at, hi :8/>7, wks tdo pr`coss `j
\`ekihzkth`i - kif tdoroj`ro kas` fotrhlkahskth`i -
spoofof up. Vdo jr`ithor krey wks nroktay oiakrnof kif
hifhroct ruao stkrtof t` nhvo wky t` k j`reka kfehihst rkthvo
`rnkihzkth`i, hi wdhcd tdo `af trhlka oahto wks kaa`wof t`
paky k pkrt. Vdo pr`nrosshin urlkihzkth`i kif tdo
oeornoico `j tdo vhaako woit dkif hi dkif whtd tdo
fovoa`peoit `j tdo ikthvo p`puakth`i hit` pokskits, h.o.
jkreors whtd k trkfhth`ika knrkrhki tocdi`a`ny wd` kro
f`ehiktof ly `utshfors kif kro i` a`inor puroay soajsupp`rthin, lut wd` crokto k surpaus tdkt fhskppokrs ks
tkxos `r vhk ekrbots. C`itkct lotwooi tdoso pokskits kif
tdo dhndor aovoas wks ekhitkhiof vhk tdo rurka oahto, tdo
`ccupkits `j tdo vhaaks wd` kas` `ccuphof p`sts hi tdo
lurokucrktho ekcdhiory. Vdoso pktr`i-cahoit roakth`is,
`ccurrhin `i kaa aovoas `j s`choty kif jhikaay cuaehikthin hi
tdo pors`i `j tdo oepor`r, kro tdo hitonrkth`i eocdkihse
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;;4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
c`iiocthin tdo a`wost strktue `j tdo c`eeuihty whtd tdo
dhndor, kfehihstrkthvo aovoas `j tdo stkto. Vdo vhaak pr`-
prhot`rs `r tdo urlki èahto i`t `iay dkf c`itr`a `vor tdo
eokis `j pr`fucth`i, lut kas` `vor kccoss t` tdo ekrbot.
Nrkpdhckaay roprosoitof, tdo `iay pkrtay c`eeorchkahzof
ekrh1ot systoe dks k foifrhthc sdkpo, whtd tdo prhco fotor-
ehihin ekrbot kt tdo kpox. Vdo jrkeow`rb prosoitof ly
Sa`jstrk sooes t` `jjor k n``f stkrthin-p`hit j`r ki
kikayshs `j tdo sottaoeoit systoe hi tdo eos`-ronh`i,
wdhcd, d`wovor, whaa i`t lo f`io hi tdhs krthcao. Iovor-
tdoaoss, k jow proahehikry roekrbs cki karokfy lo ekfo. Hi
tdo okray \`eki, h.o. pro-JHkvhki, porh`f vkrh`us hep`rts
j`uif tdohr wky t` tdo ^ostorvoaf sottaoeoit. Vdhs ja`w `j
n``fs stkrtof kt ki okray fkto, ks kttostof ly tdo `ccur-
roico `j sovorka jrkneoits `j kepd`rko kif Krrothio
shnhaaktk jr`e tdo Kunustki-Vhlorhki porh`f. Wrosthno
`lmocts woro kas` hep`rtof hi tdo j`aa`whin, Cakufhki-
Ior`ihki porh`f= o.n. torrk shnhaaktk kif whio hi lkrroas. Ly
tdhs theo tdo sottaoeoit dkf karokfy sopkrktof htsoaj jr`e
hts surr`uifhins ly eokis `j kt aokst `io fhtcd. Vdo p`s-
shlay c`itoep`rkry Zhmvor sottaoeoit kas` yhoafof c`rb urijrkneoits, lut i` pro-Jakvhki shnhaaktk `r whio lkrroas.
Vdhs w`uaf sunnost tdkt tdo okray hep`rts woro fhstrhlutof
quhto soaocthvoay. Vdhs hs kas` strossof ly ^haaoes' ronh`ika
stufy (;84;). Vdo ronh`i hivosthnktof ly dhe hs tdo krok
c`isthtuthin tdo i`rtdori pkrt `j tdo chvhtks Lktkv`rue,
tdo skeo chvhtks t` wdhcd e`st `j `ur eos`-ronh`i kas`
loa`inof. Vdhs stufy rovokaof tdkt okray hep`rts kro rkroay
j`uif `utshfo Ihmeonoi. Krrothio shnhaaktk j`r oxkepao,
`ccurs kae`st oxcaushvoay hi ehahtkry c`itoxts kif `iay
sp`rkfhckaay hi ikthvo c`itoxts (`.c, ;38, jhn. <?). Vdoso
okray hep`rts eky hifhckto tdo prosoico `j pors`is whtd k
dhndor stktus, wd` kctof ks hitoreofhkrhos whtd tdo \`eki
stkto. Vdoy eky tdoi roprosoit fhpa`ekthc nhjts (cj. Lrkift;843, ;6;) wdhcd woro usof, o.n. vhk tdo ahiokno dokfs, t`
boop tdo dhitorakif quhot. Vdo p`sshlhahty tdkt tdo prosoico
`j tdo krey stheuaktof tdo trhlka pr`fucth`i (c`ri, ckttao)
kif tdkt tdo ahiokno dokfs oxcdkinof tdohr `wi surpaus
pr`fucts j`r auxury n``fs (cj. \`yekis ;843, ?4) eky
cortkhiay i`t lo oxcaufof. Vdoso oxcdkinos lotwoois
\`ekis kif ahiokno dokfs eky kas` dkvo looi ekfo p`ssh-
lao ly k surpaus `ltkhiof vhk k ikthvo systoe `j trhluto
pkyeoit. Wkrt `j tdoso \`eki n``fs whaa dkvo ja`wof t`
tdo `tdor eoelors `j tdo c`eeuihty, ekylo ovoi ahtorkaay
(whio). Hi tdo coeotory fhscussof hi pkr. 6.<.<. tdkt, hi ey
`phih`i, loa`ins t` tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit, tdo kssueof
pro-JHkvhki èahto hs i`t c`isphch`us j`r o.n. nrkvo n``fssucd ks nakss kif torrk shnhaaktk. Hi tdo s`utdori pkrt `j
tdo coeotory, d`wovor, k e`iueoit wks oxckvktof, whtd k
pkahskfo `i tdo hishfo, tdkt wks sahndtay akrnor (4.? x 8.?
e) tdki tdo rhcd nrkvo jr`e tdo Cakufhki porh`f
fhsc`vorof kt Lakfoa-Brhoboscd``r (\`yekis hi Sa`jstrk ot
ka. ;84<, 88-a(T)). Katd`und i` jhifs woro roc`vorof, k
fkto hi tdo pro-JHkvhki porh`f f`os i`t sooe hepakushlao
j`r tdo nrkvo kt @ss".
Vdo fovoa`peoits hi `ur ronh`i kjtor tdo Lktkvhki rov`at,
wdoi tdo `af èahto rokaay stkrtof t` lo kfehttof hit` tdo
kfehihstrkthvo ekcdhiory, kro t` lo sooi knkhist tdo
lkcbnr`uif `j iow kif pr`sporhin `afor coitrk2 Nkstrk
kif Lktkv`furue/I`vh`eknus hi Ihmeonoi, kif Ohst,
Cuhmb, Dkafor kif \`ssue hiakif2 tdroo `j tdo j`ursekaaor coitrk kro shtuktof hi `ur eos`-ronh`i. Vdo jhrst
vhaako i`w stkrt t` kppokr hi tdo c`uitry (o.n. Frutoi2
Duast ;8>4). Katd`und `iay k jow dkvo s` jkr looi
oxckvktof hi tdo Lktkvhki krok, ht w`uaf kppokr tdkt ekiy
e`ro kwkht fhsc`vory. ^o dkvo dkrfay kiy oephrhcka Hij`r
ekth`i `i tdo roakth`is lotwooi tdoso vhaako kif tdo ikthvo
sottaoeoits. Sa`jstrk's e`foa kaa`ws j`r vkrhkth`i hi tdo
fonroo `j 'pokskithzkth`i' (;843, 44). Vdhs cki rkino jr`e
akifaoss pokskits ahvhin `i tdo vhaak nr`uifs, vhk pokskits
ahvhin hi tdohr `wi sottaoeoits kif f`hin pkrt `j tdo w`rb
j`r tdo vhaak pr`prhot`rs, t` c`eeuihthos whtd k trhlka
`rnkihzkth`i structuro tdkt roekhiof roakthvoay
kut`i`e`us.
S` jkr i` st`io-luhat c`epaox rosoelahin tdkt kt
Wakse`aoi `r D``noa``i t` wdhcd tdo ikthvo \`eki
sottaoeoits kt _ssoi eky dkvo looi roaktof dks looi j`uif
hi tdo iohndl`urd``f ly oxckvkth`i `r survoy. Vdo iokrost
vhaak `j tdkt bhif sooes t` lo tdo `io tdkt cki lo
p`stuaktof iokr tdo rhcd nrkvos kt Oscd (cj. Zki foi Durb
;8>3, ;8>?, ;8>>).
C`uaf ht lo tdkt tdoro wks k vhaak `i tdo shto0 Vdhs quos-
th`i eky i`t lo ks strkino ks ht jhrst sooes. Vdo oica`sof
sottaoeoit hi pkrthcuakr fosorvos kaa kttoith`i hi tdhs
rospoct. Vdkt tdo akttor hs i`t ki kvorkno sottaoeoit eky
kppokr jr`e tdo foscrhpth`i hi pkr. 6.<.;. kif tdo c`e-
eoits `i tdo coeotory loa`inhin t` ht. Hj tdo roctkinuakr
la`cbs `j tujj kif tdo akrno ke`uit `j sakto fhsc`vorof `i
tdo shto dkf looi j`uif `i tdo surjkco, whtd`ut jurtdor
bi`waofno `j tdo jokturos kss`chktof whtd tdoe, tdo c`i-
caush`i w`uaf dkvo looi tdkt wo kro pr`lklay fokahin whtd
k st`io luhafhin - e`ro prochsoay k vhaak (cj. ^haaoes ;843,
;46-;4?). D`wovor, i` j`uifkth`is kif/`r r`llhin troi-
cdos woro fhsc`vorof `i tdo shtoY·. Lut tdoi k vhaak f`os
i`t iocosskrhay dkvo t` lo luhat `j st`io. Vdo \@L oxckvk
th`i kt Frutoi-Baoppordoh sd`wof tdkt ovoi tdo ekhi
luhafhin eky dkvo looi luhat oithroay `j w``f (Duast
;8>4). Hj wo kas` oepa`y juicth`ika rktdor tdki e`r-
pd`a`nhcka crhtorhk t` fojhio k vhaak - 'k jkre wdhcd hshitonrktof hit` tdo s`chka kif oc`i`eho `rnkihzkth`i `j tdo
\`eki w`raf' (\hvot ;8:8, ;>>) - tdoi caoeoits ahbo wkaa-
pkhithins, lktds otc. i` a`inor paky k fochshvo pkrt. Hi tdhs
c`itoxt wo c`uaf ronkrf tdo provh`usay eoith`iof p`rthc`
d`uso ks k p`toithka ekhi luhafhin. Vdhs uiusuka paki hs
fktof hi tdo <if coitury KF `i tdo lkshs `j tdo jhifs
kss`chktof whtd ht. Katd`und e`st `j tdo jokturos kif jhifs
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;;8 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
`j tdo oica`sof sottaoeoit kro yot t` lo kikaysof kif hitor-
protof, wo cki karokfy sky tdkt tdo sottaoeoit sd`ws i`
ronuakr krrkinoeoit `j ekhi luhafhin kif kiioxos ks hs tdo
ckso hi Frutoi kif ks wo hifoof c`uaf dkvo oxpoctof. Vdo
\hmswhmb-fo Luat oxckvkth`i, d`wovor, sd`ws tdkt k shehakr
aky-`ut hs i`t tdo akw `j Eofos kif Worshkis, lut tdkt k
sahndtay aoss j`reka krrkinoeoit hs kas` p`sshlao (La`oeors
;8>42 Zki Os ;84<). Vdo hivosthnkth`i `j tdo vhaak hiD``noa``i kas` p`hits hi tdhs fhrocth`i. Vdo oxckvkt`rs
c`ishfor ht p`sshlao tdkt vkrh`us ikthvo jkres kr`uif tdo
vhaak woro sthaa hi uso kif juicth`iof ks '`utd`u sos ' `j tdo
vhaak (Sa`jstrk/Lkzoaekis ;84?).
Vdo coeotory, kif hi pkrthcuakr tdo nr`up `j akrno nrkvos,
cki kas` lo hicaufof hi tdhs fhscussh`i. Vdo nakss `lmocts
j`uif doro kro, ly ronh`ika stkifkrfs, quhto iueor`us (cj.
^haaoes ;84;, ;8:-;8>). Vdoso nakss jhifs, k jow l`ttaos
kif k rhllof l`wa, kro prosthno `lmocts `jtoi oic`uitorof
hi tdo nrkvos `j tdo rurka kif urlki oahto (Zki foi Durb
;8>3, L`nkors/Dkkaol`s ;84?). Hi `io ckso (nrkvo ;<4;2
jhn. ;6) ht c`uaf lo kscortkhiof tdkt s`eo `j tdo vkauklao
nhjts, sucd ks k nakss rhllof l`wa kif tw` trhp`fs woro
karokfy '`af' kt tdo theo wdoi tdoy woro fop`shtof hi tdo
nrkvo. Vdhs pdoi`eoi`i wks kas` `lsorvof hi, ke`inst
otdors , tdo nrkvos kt Oscd (Zki foi Durb ;8>?, 442 hf.
;8>>, ;<3). Loshfos tdoso shehakrhthos tdoro kro `j c`urso
ekrbof fhjjoroicos lotwooi tdo _ssoi nrkvos kif td`so `j
tdo e`iueoitka typo. Kpkrt jr`e tdo fhjjoroico hi sckao -
shzo `j tdo nrkvo kif iuelor `j nrkvo n``fs - tdoro hs hi
ey `phih`i ki hep`rtkit fhjjoroico hi tdo a`ckth`i `j tdo
nrkvos. Vdo `ccupkits `j cortkhi st`io vhaako (D``noa``i,
uif`ultofay kas` Oscd) woro lurhof hi k sopkrkto krok,
wdhcd hs i`t tdo ckso kt _ssoi. Doro tdo a`cka èahto wks
lurhof ka`in whtd tdo rost `j tdo c`eeuihty, lo ht hi k
pr`ehioit p`shth`i `i tdo ofno `j tdo coeotory (cj. j`r k
paki `j tdhs pkrt `j tdo coeotory La`oeors ot ka. ;84;,
;;3). Vdhs fhjjoroit a`ckth`i `j tdo nrkvos p`sshlay hepahos
tdkt tdhs a`cka oahto st``f jkr aoss ka``j jr`e tdo rost `j tdo
c`eeuihty tdki kppokrs t` dkvo looi tdo ckso whtd tdo
`ccupkits `j tdo st`io luhafhins eoith`iof kl`vo.
@i tdo nr`uif `j tdoso kif `tdor c`ishforkth`is `io hstoeptof t` c`icaufo tdkt `io `j tdo rurka sottaoeoits jr`e
tdo \`eki porh`f hi _ssoi - h.o. tdo ^ostorvoaf sottaoeoit
- fovoa`pof hit` k vhaak-Hhbo c`epaox, hi wdhcd kaa tdo c`i-
toep`rkry jkres j`reof ki `rnkihzkth`ika oithty, fhroctof
kt pr`fuchin k surpaus j`r tdo ekrbot. Hi k whfor c`itoxt,
tdo jhika rosuat eust lo c`ishforof oxtroeoay e`fost kif
tdo quosth`i roekhis wdy, j`r histkico, tdo ekhi luhafhin
fhf i`t fovoa`p hit` k e`ro roprosoitkthvo structuro. Vdo
oc`i`eho lkshs wks uif`ultofay knrkrhki, hi wdhcd ckttao
whaa dkvo pakyof ki hep`rtkit pkrt. @io `j tdo e`st
hitorosthin kspocts `j tdo hivosthnkth`i hs tdkt tdo fovoa`p-
eoit hit` k vhaak cki lo trkcof jr`e ks okray ks tdo Akto
Hr`i Kno `iwkrfs, ki `pp`rtuihty `jjorof ly `iay jowshehakr sottaoeoits.
Vdo fhjjoroicos i`tof lotwooi tdo c`itoep`rkry \`eki
porh`f sottaoeoits cki pordkps lo oxpakhiof hi tores `j
vorthcka roakth`is. Vdo quosth`i ks t` d`w tdo t`p `j tdhs
ehcr`-ronh`ika s`chka pyrkehf wks hitonrktof hi tdo wol `j
tdo `utshfo w`raf, roekhis. Ht f`os i`t sooe vory ahboay
tdkt `ur vhaak `ccupkits `ccuphof p`sts hi tdo `jjhchka
kfehihstrkthvo ekcdhiory `j tdo chvhtks `j tdo LktkvhkisY'.
ekiuscrhpt c`icaufof I`voelor ;84?.
i`tos
; S` jkr, `iay k jow lrhoj survoys dkvo looi pulahsdof= soo^.M.D. Zorwors/N.K.C. Loox ;8>4, <;-<<2 ^.M.D. Zorwors (of.), Krcdo`a`nhscdo Br`ihob vki I``rf-Lrklkit ;8>>-;8>4, Ohifd`voi;84; (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;8), 3?-382hf. ;8>8-;847, ^kkaro (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkitsdooe, <3), <8-3;.
< J`r tdo s`-ckaaof skif-whiihin Hroicdos soo Zki foi Durb;8>3, ;8>, jhn. :. Dhs hitorprotkth`i hs lksof `i ;>td coiturydhst`rhcka s`urcos.
3 Hj tdo kssueof roakth`i lotwooi tdo d`uso paki kif tdo sha s hsf`ulaof, tdoro hs tdo p`sshlhahty `j c`iiocthin tdo paki whtd tdosckrco Hr`i Kno sdorfs jr`e `io `j tdo sha`s. Vdo jkre kt Ihmisoaw`uaf tdoi dkvo t` lo fkaof hi tdo Okray Hr`i Kno kt tdo aktost,lut ly f`hin s`, wo w`uaf lo r`llhin `ursoavos `j tdo `iayLr`izo Kno d`uso paki hi tdo krok s`utd `j tdo akrno rhvors.
6 Cj. Zki ^oorhinoi (;84?, 3>4)2 c`epkro j`r ki okrahor lonhiihin D.O. M`kcdhe, ]u ohsoizohtahcdoi \ohlstohioi kus Lkskatakvk,foi s`n. Ikp`ao`isdñtci, Krcdk`a`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoizlakaa ;?,3?8-3:8, pkrthcuakray 3:<.
? Soo o.n. S.B. Kr`rk, Eotkaazohtahcdo Jahithifustrho, Fks \dohihscdo Akifoseusoue L`ii ;84?, 43-4?.
: Vdo c eeoit hi \`yekis ;843, i`to :3, tdkt jahit shcbaos worosthaa hi uso hi tdo Akto Hr`i Kno eust lo fuo t` k ehstkbo.
> Vdo kutd`rs wr`inay hicaufof tdhs wdooa jrkneoit hi tdocdkptor `i tdo \`eki porh`f.
4 Furhin tdo jhrst kikayshs `j tdo croekth`i roekhis k jrkneoit`j k lhrf's thlh`tkrsus wks j`uif hi `io `j tdo nrkvos hi tdoprodhst`rho coeotory.
8 Vdhs typo `j lr``cd hs usukaay j lr`izo kif fktof t` tdo jhrstdkaj `j tdo Hst coitury KF. K shavor spocheoi jr`e tdo coeotory`j _aphk I`vh`eknus 'p`hits `ut tdkt tdhs typo eky dkvo looiw`ri hi tdo Jakvhki porh`f `r ovoi aktor' (M.B. Dkkaol`s, Jhluakouht Ekurhb, @ufdohfbuifhno Eofofoahinoi uha doa \hmbseusouevki @ufdofoi Ho Aohfoi, hi pross.)
;7 Cj. j`r k ionkthvo rosuat ^. Nr`oieki-Zki ^kktorhino hiLa`oeors ;8>4, 6?<-6?:, hi pkrthcuakr 6?<.
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;<7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
;; Ht hs i`t yot cortkhi wdotdor l`td fhtcdos woro `poi kt tdo
skeo theo. Vdo Hst coitury jhifs jr`e tdo `utor fhtcd eky woaa
roprosoit ektorhka jr`e `tdor jokturos tdkt woro fhsturlof wdoi
tdhs fhtcd wks fun.
;< E`st `j tdo lurit kihek! l`ios kro jr`e phnaots. L`ios `j
phnaots woro kas` j`uif hi tdo 6td coitury coeotory hi Ihmeonoi.
Cj. \ .C. N.E . Akuworhor, Whns, phnaots kif fotorehihin tdo soks`i
`j sakundaorhin, M`urika `j Krcdko`a`nhcka Schoico ;7, ;843,
643-644.
;3 Okr tdoiwkro eksbs j tdo \`eki porh`f dkvo s` jkr i`t yot
looi j`uif hi tdo c`itoxt `j k rurka sottaoeoit. Cj. o.n. M.M.C,
vki D``ri-Nr`ioeki, \úehscdo Eksboijrkneoiaoi, Lkloscd 3?,
;8:7, >?->8.
;6 Vdo porhpdorka fhtcdos `j tdo prodhst`rho nrkvos woro i`t
skepaof j`r tdo purp`so `j p`aaoi kikayshs.
;? Kpkr t jr`e k lrhoj eoith`i hi Zorwors ;84; (i`ao ;), 34, tdo
Ekksbkit pr`moct dks i`t yot looi `utahiof hi ahtorkturo.
;: K whfor jrkeow`rb tdki tdo eos`-ronh`i whaa lo usof j`r tdo
c`istructh`i `j tdo e`foa. J`r tdo dhndor (ekcr`-ronh`ika kif
suprk-ronh`ika ) aovoas cj. ^haaoes ;84;, ;;.
;> Vdo @ss ronh`i uif`ultofay j`reof pkrt `j tdo chvhtks
Lktkv`rue. Vdo s`utdori l`rfor `j tdhs chvhtks ckii`t lo fotor-
ehiof whtd cortkhity. L`nkors i`tof tdkt tdo fhsc`vory `j tdo katkr
kt \uheoa - eoith`ihin JAKZS, sueeus eknhstrktus chvhtkths
Lktkv`rue - f`os i`t s`avo tdhs pr`laoe. Vdo prosueof skic-
tukry kt \uheoa 'eky dkvo loa`inof a` tdo chvhtks Vuinr`rue'
(L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>;, i.6?). Vdo hicaush`i `j tdo @ss ronh`i hi
tdo Lkakvhki chvhtks hs `j hep`rtkico doro. Jr`e Vkchtus (Nor-
ekihk <8, Kiikaos HZ, ;<) wo bi`w tdk t, kt aokst uitha tdo rov`at ,
tdo Lktkvhkis woro oxoept jr`e tkxkth`i. Vdhs fktue whaa cor-
akhiay paky k pkrt hi tdo hitorproakah`i `j tdo eokihin `j tdo
vkrh`us structuros (d`rrok,akrno stklaos).
;4 Sa`jsark's kcc`uit j`cussos ekhiay `i tdo Nkuahsd chvhtks
Vuinr`rue whtd hts coitro Ktuktuck Vuinr`rue. Lua whtd tdo
Lktkvhki.s, kt aokst uitha :8/>7, tdhins woro fhjjoroit. Kt ki okray
fkac tdoy woro karokfy `rnkihzof ks k chvhtks, kt tdo dokf `j wdhcd
wks tdo sueeus eknhstrktus whtd pr`lklay ahttao `r i` c`orchvo
p`wor (L`nkors ;8:7/:;, <>7-<>;, i. 3:-3>2 Vkchtus Norekihk ;;).
Hi c`epoiskth`i j`r tdohr oxoepth`i jr`e tkxkth`i tdoy dkf t`
aovy k akrno iuelor `j kuxhahkrhos2 tdoso kuxhahkrhos woro `jjhcorof
ly tdo Lkakvhki i`lhaos. Vdhs oxcopth`ika p`shth`i eokia tdkt
hitorkchh`is loawooi Lktkvhkis kif tdo `ccuphor woro e`ro hitoiso
tdki o.n. td`so loawooi tdo Vuinrh kif tdo \`ekis.
;8 K shehakr akrno sopuacdrka e`iueoit wks kas` fhsc`vorof hi
tdo coeotory kt Dktoi. Vdhs e`iueoit dkf ki hiaorika pkahskfo
kif pr`fucof, ke`in `tdor tdhins, k rhllof l`wa fkahin tdo nrkvo
t` ki okray pdkso `j tdo Hst coitury (M.B. Dkkaol`s, `rka Hij`r
ekth`i).
<7 Vdo`rothckaay hdoro eky dkvo looi k st`io c`istructh`i hi tdo
oksaori pkrt `j tdhs sottaoeoit, wdoro roakthvoay akrno kroks dkvo
i`t looi oxckvktof `r woro fostr`yof furhin sulrocoit skif-
whiihin kcthvhthos.
<; Doro H w`uaf ahbo t` tdkib kaa td`so wd` kro `r dkvo looi
hiv`avof hi tdo _ssoi pr`moct. Hi tdo jhrst pakco ; eust tdkib Wr`
joss`r Fr. N.M. Zorwors, tdo hihthkt`r `j tdo oxckvkth`i, wd`
oitrustof tdo pr`moct t` tdo kut d`r. ; w`uaf kas` ahbo t` tdkib tdo
vkrh`us fopkrteoits tdkt doapof t` jhikico tdo pr`moct= tdo Stkto
_ihvorshty `j Aohfoi, tdo Wr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit kif tdo
Euihchpkahty `j @ss. Eossrs A. ^ohilorn, X.W.^. vki for ^orjjkif D.M. vki Tkitoi fosorvo spochka eoith`i. Vdo c`-`porkth`i
`j tdo L`krf `j ^`rbs kif Wulahc Luhafhins `j tdo euihchpkahty
`j @ss, wd` `lahnof tdo oxckvkt`rs hi ekiy wkys wks kas`
hifhspoisklao. K spochka w`rf `j tdkibs hs fuo t` K.\.D. Fhffo,
O.F. Hpoilurn, B. _ahmi, M.^.M.W. Zord`ovoi kif E.K. Z`s.
Ht hs uijokshlao t` eoith`i kaa tdo pors`is wd` doapof hi tdo jhoaf
F`zois `j stufoits rocohvof tdohr jhoaf trkhihin hi @ss2 tdoy shepay
dkf i` cd`hco. Vdo IMLN kif tdo K^I, wd` `rnkihzof `io,
rospocthvoay tw` w`rb-ckeps, roiforof v`auitkry kssshstoico. Vdo
eoelors `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka uiht `j tdo S`choty `j \onh`ika
Dhst`ry `j tdo Ekksakif, wd` c`-`porktof hi tdo pr`moct j`r kaa
td`so yokrs fosorvo k spochka eoith`i. Furhin tdo akst yokr tdoy
woro ksshstof ly a`cka v`auitoors= Norkrf vki Kapdoi, Doib foi
Lr`b, Norrht vki Fuuroi, Whot Dkkio, Whot vki Ahmssoa, ^haa
Eonois, Kis @ttoi, Whot fo W``t kif Norrht Sehts. ^htd tdohr
ksshstkico tdoy skvof tdo jhoaf fhroct`rs, M.M. Kssoif`rp, \.\.
Fktoek, K.L. Fúlboi kif N.\. Vkb, ekiy saoopaoss ihndts. Vdo
c`-`porkth`i `j tdo c`itrkct`rs K.C. vki Louihinoi kif N.
A`uwors L.Z. wks kas` `j nrokt hep`rtkico. @j tdo akttor L.M. vki
Orp kif E.(\hih) vki Lkaaon``hm fosorvo spochka eoith`i.
Jhikaay tdo po`pao wd` doapof hi tdo pr`cosshin `j tdo fktk. Ey
nroktost syepktdy n`os t` tdo frkundtseki. Mki W. L``norf.
^dhao frkwhin tdo pakis (;=;77), wdhcd ovoitukaay c`vorof e`ro
tdki ;47 e' , do `jtoi p`hsof `i tdo vorno `j ekfioss. J`r-
tuiktoay do ekiknof t` rotkhi dhs skihty. Ekiy c`aaoknuos doapof
t` hfoithjy spochka ckton`rhos `j jhifs. S`eo `j tdoe whaa pulahsd
tdohr rosuats tdoesoavos hi tdo jhika _ssoi pulahckth`i. K jow
(jhrst) rosuats `j tdohr w`rb dkvo looi hicaufof hi tdo kl`vo krth-
cao. ; w`uaf tdoroj`ro ahbo t` tdkib = C.C . Lkboas kif ^. Bihmpor
(soofs kif p`aaoi), \. vki fo Lorn kif A. B``hstrk (hfoiahjhckth`i
`j w``f skepaos), N.E.O.C. vki L`oboh (phpo-caky `lmocts), M.O.L`nkors (ophnrkpdhcs), W.^. vki foi Lr`obo (ikthvo p`ttory) E.
Lr`uwor (\`eki p`ttory jr`e ^ostorvoaf sottaoeoit), C. vki
Frhoa-Eurrky (aoktdor), K.-L. Fúlboi (coeotory \`eki porh`f),
M.B. Dkkaol`s (torrk shnhaaktk kif jhluako), C. Hshins (\`eki
nakss), \.C.N.E. Akuworhor (kiheka l`ios jr`e nrkvos), C.M.
@vorwooa (st`io `lmocts), ^.M.D. Zorwors (\`eki p`ttory
]`eord`j kif Zhmvor sottaoeoits) kif M.W. vki for Zhi (\`eki
c`his).
V` c`icaufo, ; w`uaf ahbo t` tdkib td`so wd` doapof hi tdo
propkrkth`i `j tdhs krthcao. Vdo haaustrkth`is woro ekfo ly Doib
foi Lr`b (jhn. 4), Doib K. fo A`re (jhns. a,<,3,6k,:,8, ;6), M.
Wkuptht (jhns. ?,;7,;<l), ;. St`opbor (jhns. >,;;,;<k) kif ly ki
uibi`wi ksshstkit (jhns. 6l, ;3). Vdo toxt wks typof ly E.
^kifors-Zki for Skifoi kif trkisaktof ly S.M. Eoaa`r.
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;<; ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
ahtorktuur
Lkboas, C.C. ;847 Fo low`ihinsnoscdhofoihs vki fo Ekksbkit H=pakitoirostoi uht fo Lr`isthmf oi \`eohiso
thmf nov`ifoi to @ss-HMssoastrkkt, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk
;3, ;;?-;3;.
;846 L`tkihscd `iforz`ob wktorputtoi Ohboil``enkkr f, @ss. Hi= N.D.M. vki Kapdoi (of.) @it
fobt voraofoi2 krcdo`a`nhscdo kspoctoi vki dot Ekksakif, @ss, 68-?;.
Lkboas, C.C.
\.^.M.E.vki for Dke
;847 Zorb``af kjvka uht ooi Ehffoi-Lr`isthmf oi Ehffoi-aMzorthmf ioforzotthin `p fo
D``hf`ibscdo Kbbors, noe. S`i oi Lrounoa, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck
Aohfoishk ;3, 4;-8;.
Loox, N.K.C.
\.S.Duast
La`oeors, M.D.J.
;8:4
;8>4
;843
K Dhavorsue-cuaturo sottaoeoit iokr Ihmisoa, euihchpkahty `j St.-@ofoir`fo, I`rtd Lrk
lkit, Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz ob ;4, ;;>-;<8.
\hmswhmb-fo Luat2 ohio Shofauin for Ckikio/ktoi, Keorsj``rt (Ioforakifso @ufdofoi, 4)
Dohmoi. Hi= ^.M.D. ^haaoes, Krcdo`a`nhscdo br`ihob vki Ahelurn `vor fo mkroi ;847-
;84<, Wulahckth`is fo ak S`chèaè Dhst`rhquo ot Krcdè`a`nhquo fkis Ho Ahel`urn ;;8,
<34-<38.
La`oeors, M.D.J.
A.W.A`uwo B``hmekis
D.Skrjkthm
;84; Zoraofoi akif= krcdo`a`nhscdo `pnrkvhinoi hi Ioforakif, Kestorfke.
L`nkors, M.O. ;8:7/:; Chvhtks oi stkf vki fo Lktkvoi oi Ckiihiojk toi, Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot
@ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz`ob ;7/;;, <:3-3;>.
L`nkors, M.O.
M.B.Dkkaol`s
Lrkift, \.
Lrkift, \.
M.Sa`jstrk (ofs.)
;847 Nrkvoi hi Dktor t, Iueknk <>, ;-8.
;84? Ik fo f``f hi I`vh`eknus, Sphonoa Dhst`rhkoa <7, ;<6-;3<.
;843 K lrhoj oic`uitor ka`in tdo i`rtdori jr`ithor. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k. (ofs.) ;843, ;<8-;6?.
;843 \`eki kif ikthvo hi tdo A`w C`uiarhos2 spdoros `j hitorkcth`i, @xj`rf (LK\
Hit.Sor.;46).
Lr`obo, W.^.vki foi ;847 Low`ihinssp`roi uht fo Hmzorthmf oi kiforo porh`foi `p fo D``hf`ibscdo Kbbors ,
noe.S`i oi Lrounoa, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;3, >-47.
;84< Bustpr`fub toi uht fo Hmzorthmf hi dot ]uhfioforakifso kcdtor akif. ^ostordooe 3;,
<6<-<68.
;846 Ioforzotthinsv`ifstoi uht fo Hmzorthmf `p Fo Wks, nce.^hmcdoi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;>, :?-;7?.
Lruikux, M.A.
W.Eoihoa
;843 Ao skictukhro fo N`uriky-sur-Kr`ifo (@hso)= structuros ot rhtos, aos kihekux fo skcrhjhco.
Hi= A. Lkrf`i/M.C. Lakicdot/M.A. Lruikux o.k.(ofs.). Aos Coatos fkis ao i`rf fu Lksshi
Wkrhshoi, Kehois, ;:?-;47 (\ovuo Krcdè`a`nhquo fo Whckrfho, ;).
Fktoek, \.\. ;846 Ehffoaoouwso low`ihin to _ssoi0 Hi= N.H-V.M.vki Kapdoi (of .). @itfobt voraofoi2
krcdo`a`nhscdo kspoctoi vki doa Ekksakif, @ss, ??-:7.
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;<<
Fhopoi, F.vki
Fúlboi, K.L.
Os, ^.K.vki
Dkrsoek, @.D.
Doorhinoi, \.E. vki
Doostors, ^.
Dorrekii, L.
D`aworfk, M.D.
Duast, \.S.
Durb, A.M.K.E, vki foi
M`in, J.fo
Woffoe`rs, K.
W`is, A.M.
\hvot, K.A.J.
\`yekis, I.
\ñnor, C.L.
KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
;8?< Fo l`foenostoafdohf vki fo Ekksbkit, 's-Nrkvoidkno (Fo l`foebkrtorhin vki
Ioforakif, ;3).
;84< Dot nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi, pr`v.I``rf-Lrklkit, ekiuscrhpt Aohfoi.
;84;' Fo \`eohioi hi Ioforakif, Dkkraoe.
;84< Akifahcdo Shofauinoi for Bkhsorzoht hi foi Ihoforakifoi, @jjk 38, ;38-;?6.
;8>8 Ekkastoioi oi dkife`aois hi Froitdo vki dot io`ahtdhcue t`t ck. ;377 K.F., Kssoi,
(Eusouepulahcktho ?).
;847 Froits l`oroiaovoi vki fo Lr`isthmf t`t fo Ehffoaoouwoi, Kssoi (Eusouepulahcktho :).
;84? Vyp`a`nho, ]ohtstoaauin uif Zorlrohtuin for hi fho Ihoforakifo hep`rthor toi
v`rnoscdhcdtahcdoi Ekdastohio kus Vopdrht, Krcdk`a`nhscdos B`rrosp`ifoizlaktt ;?,
3>;-343.
;8>> Ooi ioforzotthin uht fo Zr`ono Hmzorthmf `p Ovorso kbbors to St.-@ofoir`fo. Hi=
I.\`yekis/M.Lhoekis/M.Sa`jstrk o.k.(ofs.) Lrklkitso @ufdofoi2 `pnofrknoi kki Norrht
Loox lhm zhmi :?sto vormkkrfkn, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits
dooe, ;:) 4;-48.
;8>: Iouo Ornolihsso zur Lourtohauin eoiscdahcdor Lrkifbi`cdoi, ]ohtscdrhjt jñr
\ocdtseofhzhi >>, ;8;-<77.
;86; Fo Loanhscdo wkkr hi Ihmeonoi, 's-Nrkvoidkno (Loscdrhmvhin vki fo vorzkeoahin vki dot
Eusoue N.E.Bke to Ihmeonoi <).
;8>4 Frutoi-Baoppordoh, Z`rlorhcdt for Kusnrkluinoi ohior rúehscdoi Zhaak, Lorhcdtoi vki fo
\hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz`ob <4, ;33-;?;.
;8>3 Vdo tueuah jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, H, Lorhcdtoi vki
fo \hmbsfhoist v``r doa @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz ob <3, ;48-<3:.
;8>? Vdo tueuah jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, E, Lorhcdtoi
vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz ob <?, :8-8<.
;8>> Vdo tueuah jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f `j Oscd, pr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit, HHH, Lorhcdtoi
vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r doa @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz ob <>, 8;-;34.
;84< Wkayi`a`nhscd `iforz`ob vki dot hidooes-\`eohis nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi (pr`vhicho
I``rf-Lrklkit), ekiuscrhpt Aohfoi.
;8>? Aktäionakskrerhino hi foi Ihoforakifoi, Kikaochk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk 4, 83-;6?.
;8?> Fo no`a`nho, fo l`foev`rehin oi fo wktorstkktbuifhno `itwhbboahin vki dot Akif vki
Ekks oi ^kka oi ooi nofooato vki doa \hmb vki Ihmeonoi, 's-Nrkvoidkno (L`foebuifhno
stufhos, 3).
;8:8' Vdo \`eki vhaak hi Lrhtkhi, A`if`i.
;843 Vdo i`rtd Loanhc trhlos hi tdo Hst coitury LC= k dhst`rhck a-kitdr`p`a`nhcka porspocthvo. Hi
\.Lrkift o.k. (ofs.) ;843, 63-:8.;84? Ioforzotthinssp`roi uht fo Ehffoi-aMzorthmf `p fo Borbkbbors lhm F`eeoaoi. Hi=
M.SH`jstrk o.k.(ofs.) ;84?, ;;-;4.
;8:4 Norekihk Hijorh`r2 _itorsucduinoi zur Vorrht`rhka- uif Zorwkatuinsnoscdhcdto Ihofornor-
ekihois hi for Wrhizhpktszoht, Búai /Nrkz (L`iior Mkdrlñcdor Lohdojt, 37).
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• • . Y ' « • - ' , V " / . • • • • .
;<3 ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - VDO _SSOI W\@MOCV
Skifoi, ^.K.L, vki for ;84; Vdo urijhoaf kif tdo Akto Lr`izo Kno sottaoeoit trkcos `i tdo Dkknk bbors kt St.-
@ofoir`fo (Wr`vhico `j I`rtd Lrklkit), Lorhcdtoi vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r dot
@ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz`ob 3;, 37>-3<4.
Scdwkrz, B. ;8:7 Spktboathscdo Zhorocbscdkizoi2 Ornhlihsso for t`p`nrkpdhscdoi Zoreossuin uif for
Kusnrkluinoi ;8?>-;8?8, Mkdroslorhcdt for lkyorhscdoi L`foifoibektpjaono, >-6;.
Sa`jstrk, M. ;843 Ki kitdr`p`a`nhcka kppr`k cd t` tdo stufy `j r`ekihzk th`i pr`cossos. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k.
(ofs.) ;843, >;-;76.
Sa`jstrk, M.
M.Lkzoaekis
;84? Ooi hidooes-\`eohiso ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa``i. Hi= M.Sa`jstrk o.k.
(ofs.) ;84?, ;8-<4.
Sa`jstrk, M.
D.D. vki \ontoroi Katoik
I.\`yekis o.k. (ofs.)
;84< Dot Bohthpoipr`mobt2 ooi ronh`ikka krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`obspr`nrkeek. ^kkaro
(Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, <<).
Sa`jstrk, M.
D.D. vki \ontoroi Katoik
J. Vdouws o.k. (ofs.)
;84? Dot Boepoipr`mobt <2 ooi ronh`ikka krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob hi uhtv`orhin. ^kkaro
(Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, <>).
Vdorb`ri, A.A.
\. Lrkift
M.W. Wkhs o.k.
;846 Ki Okray Hr`i Kno jkrestokf= shto [ `j tdo Kssoifoavor W`afors Wr`moc t, Wr`coofhins `j
tdo Wrodhst`rho S`choty ?7, 3?;-3>3.
Vdouws, J. ;84? Krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob hi fo f`rpsbori to Lornohmb. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k.(ofs .) ;84?,
?>-::.
Zorwors, N.M.
Zorwors, ^.M.D.
;8>< Fks Bkeps Zoaf hi Dkps hi Io`ahadhbue, Lr`izozoht uif Ohsoizoht, Kikaoctk
Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ?.
;8>4 @ss-HMssoastrkkt. Hi= ^.M.D .Zor wors / N.K.C.Loox, Krcdo`a`nhscdo Br`ihob vki I``rf-
Lrklkit ;8>6-;8>:, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi a`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;>),
;<-;?.
;84; Ooi Lr`isthmf-wktorput hi @ss, ^ostordooe 37, ?7-?3.
;8>4 Loors. Hi= ^.M. D. Zorwors/N.K.C. Loox, Krcdo`a`nhscdo Br`ihob vki I``rf-Lrklkit
;8>6-;8>:, Ohifd`voi, (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho vki dot Lrklkits dooe, ;>), ;>-;4.
Zhastoroi, Z.V. vki ;846 Vdo eofhovka vhaakno `j F`eeoaoi= k ckso stufy j`r tdo hitorpro tkth`i `j cdkrrof soofs
jr`e p`std`aos. Hi= ^. vki ]ohst/^.K. Ckspkrho (ofs.) Wakits kif kichoit eki2 stufhos
hi pkako`otdi`l`tkiy, \`ttor fke/L`st` i, <<>-<3?.
^haaoes, ^. M. D. ;84; \`ekis kif Lkakvhkis2 k ronh`ika stufy hi tdo Futcd Okstori \hvor Krok, ;, Lorhcdtoi
vki fo \hmbsfhoist v``r do9 @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz`ob 3;, >-<;>.
;843 \`ekis kif Lktkvhkis= ronh`ika fovoa`peoits kt tdo heporhka jr`ithor. Hi= \.Lrkift o.k.
(ofs.) ;843, ;7?-;<4.
^hmikif vki for Skifoi
Wr`vhichkka Eusoue vki Froitdo
W`stlus ;36
IA-8677 KC Kssoi
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Mki Sa`jstrk^hmikif vki for Skifoi
\urkao cuatuspakktsoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf hi dotEkks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof
Oiboao hi fo kjnoa`poi mkroi hi ]uhf-Ioforakif oi I``rf-
Loanhâ `itfobto nroppoa- oi pkaoioica`suros uht fo \`eohi
so thmf lahmboi nr`to `vorooib`estoi to vort`ioi eot cua
tuspakktsoi uht kiforo foaoi vki I``rfwost-Our`pk, eot
ikeo fho uht I``rf-Jrkibrhmb.
;.
<.
<.;<.<
<.3
<.6
<.?
<.:
<.>
3.
3.;
3.<
3.3
3.6
3.?
6.
6.;
6.<
Hiaohfhin
Loscahrhmvhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi
D@@NOA@@I
@SS-_SSOI
KAWDOI
^HMIONOE
IOc\DK\OI-\OBOE
^HMSDKNOI
SKEOIZKVVHIN
Fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo c`itoxt
] _ H F - F _ H V S A K I F = F O Z H O \ O C B S C D K I ] O I
J \ K I B \ H M B = F O O I C A @ S C _ A V _ O A S
D O V F_HVSO \ H M I A K I F = F O N \ K L N K \ V O I
OINOAKIF= 'VOEOI@H ' OI OICA@S_\OS ZKI DOV
VXWO VD@\IDKE
SKEOIZKVVHIN
Hitorprotktho
OOI C_AV__\DHSV@\HSCDO HIVO\W\OVKVHO
OOI KAVO\IKVHOZO KIV\@W@A@NHSCDO HIVO\
W\OVKVHO
Sueekry
I`toi
Ahtorktuur
;. Hiaohfhin
Dot nr``tscdkahn krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob vki akifoahmbo
ioforzotthinoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf fkt fo akktsto thoi mkkr
`p fhvorso pakktsoi hi dot nolhof tussoi Ekks, Foeor oi
Scdoafo hs uhtnov`orf, doojt ooi nr`to d`ovooadohf ihouwo
nonovois `pnoaovorf v``r fo kikayso vki dot ioforzotthins
systooe hi fht fooa vki fo pr`vhichos Nkaahk Loanhck oi Nor-
ekihk Hijorh`r. Ooi vki fo lhmpr`fubtoi vki fht `ifor
z`ob hs fo `itfobbhin vki ooi v``r fozo ronh` ihouw typo
e`iueoit. Fo vhmj shifs ;8>: `pnonrkvoi e`iueoitoi
vki fht ihouwo typo lozhttoi ooi z`fkihno ekto vki `vor
ooib`est, fkt ``b ooi ruhe 67 mkkr noaofoi, ekkr saocdts
zoor toi foao `iforz`cdt 'nrkjc`epaox' zhcd eot ooi
rofoahmbo ekto vki zobordohf hi fo ihouwo ckton`rho akkt
`iforlroinoi. Fo t`tkao p`puaktho lostkkt `p fht e`eoit
fus uht zos e`iueoitoi {jhn. H).
Dot ihouwo typo bki, dooa kanoeooi, nobkrkbtorhsoorf w`r
foi kas ooi oica`suro. Dot nkkt `e ooi f``r ehffoa vki
ooi nroppoa (ka fki ihot eot wka) `j pkahsskfo `enovoi
vhord`obhn torrohi wkkr`p, hi vhor vki fo zos novkaaoi, sp`
roi vki èèi `j eoor ahiokhro pkkazotthinoi wkkriooelkkr
zhmi. Fo `pporvakbto vki fo oica`suro vkrhoort vki ;?7 t`t
ruhe <777 eY Fo hitorprotktho vki fo lof`oafo e`iueoi
toi, f.w.z. dot t`oscdrhmvoi vki èèizoajfo juictho kki oab
vki doi, doojt pks rocoitoahmb zhmi losakn nobronoi. Kki fo
lr`i vki fo hitorprotktho stkkt fo Jroicd C`iiocth`i. Vhm
fois ooi rohs f``r I``rf-Jrkibrhmb, hi ;84:, bwkeoi whm,
noàisphroorf f``r fo rosuatktoi vki dot rocoito krcdo`a`nh
scdo `iforz`ob vki Boathscdo oi Nkaa`-\`eohiso dohahn
f`eeoi, eot ikeo to N`uriky-sur-Kr`ifo, t`t fo no
fkcdto fkt fo vorbakrhin v``r fo vhorbkito oica`suros uht
`izo ohnoi `pnrkvhinoi hi @ss-_ssoi oi D``noa``i, woa
oois hi fo rhcdthin vki ooiv`ufhno dohahnf`eeoi noz`cdt
z`u e`otoi w`rfoi. Fht hi tonoistoaahin t`t dot hfoo, fkt
whm lohfoi kkivkiboahmb dkffoi, fkt dot `e voobrkaoi z`u
buiioi nkki. Z``rka fo `peorboahmbo `vorooib`est tussoi
fo rhtuoao pkkazotthinoi hi N`uriky (jkso ;) oi fo pkkazot
thinoi hi fo oica`suro vki D``noa``i wks v``r `is vki
losahssoifo lotoboihs v``r fo dorhitorprotktho. Zkiuht fo
ihouwo, roahnhouzo `pthob worf ooi ahtorktuurstufho uhtno
v`orf `e ik to nkki `j or hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafo
nolhof i`n eoor vki fornoahmbo e`iueoitoi kki to whmzoi
zhmi. Fht aovorfo ooi vhortka bkifhfktoi `p, ooi oiboao vooa
'sproboifor' fki fo oica`suros hi D``noa``i oi @ss-
_ssoi. @peorboahmb wks fkt twoo vki fozo oica`suros ``b
kas voobrkka `j stka wkroi noàitorprotoorf.
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;<: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. ; \urkao cuatusp akktsoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scd oafonol hof= D``no a``i (;), @ss-_ssoi (<), Kapdo i (3),^hmionoe (6), Ioordkroi-\oboe (?) oi ^hmsdknoi (:). \urka skictukrhos jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok.
Hi d``jf.stut2 < zuhaoi fo fhvorso kspoctoi vki fo ihouw no
fojhihoorfo ckton`rho dohahnf`eeoi uht dot l`voi `escdro
voi nolhof uhtv`orhn w`rfoi lodkifoaf. Frho vki fo e`iu
eoitoi ahnnoi hi fo Ioforakifso pr`vhicho I``rf-Lrklkit
(D``noa``i, @ss-_ssoi oi Kapdoi), fo frho `vorhno ahnnoi
hi fo Loanhscdo pr`vhichos Kitworpoi (^hmionoe) oi Ahe
lurn (Ioordkroi-\oboe oi ^hmsdknoi). Dot ekn nooi vor
w`iforhin wobboi fkt fo loscdrhmvhinoi oihnszhis whsso
aoif zhmi wkt fo ekto vki nofotkhaaoorfdohf lotrojt. Saocdts
twoo vki fo e`iueoitoi boiioi whm uht ohnoi wkkrio
ehin, fo hij`rektho `vor fo `vorhno b`et 'uht fo twoofodkif' (pulahbkthos oi kkivuaaoifo nosprobboi).
Hi d``jfstub 3 zka dot lospr`boi vorscdhmisoa hi ooi ruheo
ro cuatuurdhst`rhscdo c`itoxt nopakktst w`rfoi. Fo frho no
lhofoi fho fkkrlhm ooi coitrkao r`a spoaoi zhmi ]uhf-
Fuhtsakif, I``rfwost-Jrkibrhmb oi dot Fuhtso \hmiakif. Hi
fozo ronh`'s b`eoi oica`suros v``r fho eot fo ]uhfiofor-
akifso oi Loanhscdo vornoahmblkkr zhmi oi fho hi fo ahtork
tuur loboif stkki kas Zhorocbscdkizoi, oica`s cuatuoas oi
Nrklnkrtoi. Hi dot akktsto d``jstub w`rft ooi p`nhin no
fkki `e fo roahnhouzo juictho vki fht s``rt dohahnf`eeoi
ikfor to vorfuhfoahmboi. Ikfkt ooi `vorzhcdt hs nonovoi vki
fo nkinlkro `pvktthinoi `vor fo r`a fho zhm hi dot roahnhou
zo systooe vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi fo hmzorthmf oi fo
vr`on-\`eohiso thmf spooafoi, zka ooi nofooatoahmb katorik
thovo hitorprotktho w`rfoi noj`reuaoorf, fho uhtnkkt vki
ooi oxpahchot roahnhous-kitr`p`a`nhscd bkfor. @`b zka w`r
foi iknonkki hi d`ovorro fo dohahnf`eeoi hi dot Ekks-
Foeor-Scdoafonolhof eoor ahcdt buiioi worpoi `p dot r`-ekihsorhinspr`cos.
@p fozo pakkts whaaoi whm nrkkn fo `iforz`obsaohfors vki
fo Loanhscdo `pnrkvhinoi Ioordkroi, ^hmsdknoi oi ^hmio
noe lofkiboi. Nuy fo L`o oi Auc vki Hepo vki fo Ik
th`ikao Fhoist v``r @pnrkvhinoi to Lrussoa nkvoi `is hizk
no hi i`n `inopulahcoorf ektorhkka oi trkcdttoi `is eot
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;<> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
lohfo loioi `p fo nr`if to aktoi lahmvoi. Vovornoojs. Nuh-
f` Cuyt vki fo Kitworpso Zoroihnhin v``r \`eohiso Kr
cdo`a`nho nkj t`ostoeehin `e i`n `inopulahcoorf ektorh
kka hi fht krthboa to voreoafoi äi dot roaovkito fooa
fkkrvki kj to looafoi. Fkt dhm zoaj ik dot oorsto nosprob
kki zhmi voobrkka lon`i to twhmjoaoi hs e`noahmb eofo vor
``rzkkbt f``r dot joht fkt `izo fhscusshos hi Kitworpoi
zhcd `p ;:-d``n kjspooafoi. V`t sa`t nkkt `izo fkib uht
ikkr c`aaonk Ihc` \`yekis, v``r zhmi oitd`ushksto lhmfrk
no kki dot Jrkiso oxcursho-kv`ituur oi fo fhscusshos `vor
fo I``rfnkaahscdo skeoiaovhinoi oi dui roahnho.
Fo toboihinoi v``r fht krthboa worfoi vorvkkrfhnf f``r
Dkrry Lurnors, Krcdo`a`nhscd Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ih
vorshtoht to Kestorfke (jhn. ;-6, :, 4, ;<-;3, ;:), Doib fo
A`re oi Hfo St`opbor, Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`rho vki fo
\hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi (rosp. jhn. 8-;7 oi >, ;4). Fo Oi
noaso tobst vki fo sueekry worf noc`rrhnoorf f``r Suski
Eoaa`r.
<. Loscdrhmvhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi
<.; D@@NOA@@I
Fo oorsto oica`suro fho whm zuaaoi losproboi hs `itfobt thm
fois fo `pnrkvhinoi fho shifs ;847 f``r dot Krcdo`a`nhscd
Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht to Kestorfke w`rfoi
uhtnov`orf `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa``i (Sa`jstrk ;84<2
Sa`jstrk/Lkzoaekis ;843). Fo oica`suro ahnt ?7 e toi zuh
foi vki fo `edohihin vki ooi ck. 6,? dk nr`to hidooes-
\`eohiso ioforzotthin. \oofs oorfor wkroi thmfois ooi sur-
voy vki dot torrohi `p fozo pakkts `pporvakbtov`ifstoi no
fkki, rofoi wkkr`e dhor thmfois fo `pnrkvhinsckepknio
vki ;84? kki fo rkif vki dot ohnoiahmbo ioforzotthinstor
rohi ooi twootka kpkrto `pnrkvhinsputtoi worf kkinoaonf.
Fo lhm fozo noaonoidohf la``tnoaonfo oica`suro hs ehi `j
eoor vhorbkit oi eoot <<,?7x<7,?7 e (jhn. <). Dhm w`rft
nov`ref f``r ooi nroppoa eot ooi lroofto vki ?7 t`t ;77
ce oi ooi fhopto vkrhâroif vki 37 ce (kki fo I^- oi
]@-bkit) t`t ck. 47 ce (kki fo I@-bkit). Hi dot zuhf
wostoi hs fo nroppoa toi nov`ano vki rocoito pa`onkcthvhtoh-
toi nodooa vorfwoioi. ^kiioor wo or roboihin eoo d`u
foi fkt dot ``rspr`iboahmbo ekkhvoaf `inovoor 37 ce d`
nor noaonoi e`ot dolloi fki dot `pnrkvhinsvakb, fki bki
fo ``rspr`iboahmbo fhopto noscdkt w`rfoi `p :7 t`t ;37
ce. @inovoor tonoi`vor oabkkr, kki fo ``st- oi wostzhmfo,
lovhift zhcd ooi twootka `poihinoi hi fo nroppoa, eot ooi
lroofto vki rospocthovoahmb <,37 oi 3,77 e. Dot hs wkkr
scdhmiahmb fkt fo nroppoa kki fo lhiioizhmfo lonoaohf hs nowoost f``r ooi akno wka. Dhorvki zhmi ocdtor nooi sp`roi
torunnov`ifoi.
Lhiioi fo oica`suro worf ooi nr``t kkitka sp`roi kkino
tr`jjoi, hi fo v`re vki fhopo oi ehifor fhopo buhaoi. Hi
dot zuhfoahmb fooa nkkt dot v``rikeoahmb `e `ifhopo buh
aoi, eot uhtz`iforhin vki ooi frhotka z.n. l``ebuhaoi
(sp``rirs. ;, ? oi 4>) oi ooi fhcdt lhm dot coitrue noaonoi
buha (sp``rir. 6). Hi dot i``rfoahmbo fooa vki fo oica`suro
b`eoi fhoporo buhaoi v``r. @pvkaaoif hs ooi twootka dkkbs
`p oabkkr stkkifo rhmoi vki 34 t`t 47 ce fhopo buhaoi= ooi
`inovoor ``st-wost vora`poifo rhm (sp``rirs. 36, 3, 6> oi
:), oi ooi `inovoor i``rf-zuhf vora`poifo rhm (sp``rirs.
8>, 64, 68 oi 6). Fo eoost i``rfoahmbo buha vki fo akktsto
rhm worf pks zhcdtlkkr `iforhi fo `edohihinsnroppoa.
Dot v`ifstektorhkka uht fo oica`suro hs zoor z`rnvuafhn vor
zkeoaf. Fo vua_in vki fo nroppoas oi fo buhaoi hs thmfois
fo `pnrkvhin v``r dot nr``tsto nofooato nozoojf `e z`vooa
e`noahmb nonovois to vorzkeoaoi v``r fo fktorhin oi fo hi
torprotktho vki fo `p dot oorsto nozhcdt rkkfsoakcdthno vhor
d`ob. Fo eoosto v`ifstoi zhmi kjb`esthn uht fo fhopo buh
aoi hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki fo oica`suro oi uht fo
nroppoanofooatoi kki fo I@-zhmfo. Fo l`voinoi`oefo
i``rf-zuhf no`rhâitoorfo buhaoirhm lovktto fo v`anoifo
v`ifstoi=
;. Buha hi fo nroppoa (sp``rir. 8>)2 fhopto ekx. ?< ce. Hi
d`uf= ; jrkneoit vki hidooes kkrfoworb, < jrkneoitoi
vki nakfwkifhn kkrfoworb oi oiboao jrkneoitmos vor
lrkif l`t.<. Buha (sp``rir. 64)2 fhopto ekx. 34 ce. Hid`uf= ; rkif-
jrkneoit vki ruwwkifhn kkrfoworb, ;7 wkifjrkneoi-
toi vki hidooes kkrfoworb oi wkt vorlrkif l`t.
3. Buha (sp``rir. 68)2 fhopto ekx. ?? ce. Hid`uf= ;<
wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; rkifjrkn-
eoit vki ruwwkifhn kkrfoworb , 3 wkifjrkneoitoi vki
nooalruhio Loanhscdo wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi tor
rk ihnrk-b`eeotmo, ; sphmborjrkneoit, vorlrkif l`t oi
d`utsb``a.
6. Buha (sp``rir . 6)2 ekx. fhopto >4 ce. Hid`uf= ; rkif-
jrkneoit oi <? wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfo
worb, 4 wkifjrkneoitoi vki èèi `j eoor `rkimor`foLoanhscdo lobors eot 'krcorhin' tussoi d`rhz`itkao nr`oj-
ahmitmos, ; jrkneoitmo t orrk ihnrk, ; jrkneoit vki ooi
lakuwo, nakzoi Ak Väio-krelkif eot F-v`rehno f``r
siofo, oiboao jrkneoitmos vorlrkif l`t oi d`utsb``a.
Fo ``st-wost no`rhâitoorfo pkaoirhm lovktto dot v`anoifo
v`ifstektorhkka=
;. Buha (sp``rir. 36)2 ekx. fhopto :7 ce. Hid`uf= ;7 jrkn
eoitmos vki hidooes kkrfoworb oi ; wkifjrkneoit vki
ooi nooalruhio lobor vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot 'fhkekit
vorshorhin' (cj. D`aworfk ;86;, irs. :8, >>, ;73, ;7?).
<. Buha (sp``rir. 3)2 ekx. fhopto :7 ce. Hid`uf= ;? wkif
jrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, 3 wkifjrkneoitoivki ooi nooalruhio lobor vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot 'fhk
ekitvorsho rhin ', ; wkifjrkneoit vki nooalruhio Loanh
scdo wkkr, nr``t nofooato vki ooi fuiwkifhn b`eeotmo
vki `rkimonoao Loanhscdo wkkr eot ahcdt ikkr lhiioi no
l`noi rkif (jhn. 3=3).
3. Buha (sp``rir. 6>)2 ekx. fhopto 47 ce. Hid`uf= 37
wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; wkifjrkn-
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;<4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Jhn. < D``no a``i = paktt onr`i f vki fo cuatu spakk ts, eot ooi fhopo buha (nrhmsa oi sp`roi vki rhtuoao pkkazott hinoi (zwkrt ) `p dot
lhiioitorrohi2 rocoito sp`roi zhmi nokrcoorf woornonovoi.
D``noa``i= paki `j tdo skictukry, whtd k foop pht (nroy) kif trkcos `j rhtuka sotthins `j p`sts (lakcb) whtdhi tdo oica`suro2 rocoit
trkcos kro dktcdof.
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;<8 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
;z9
Jhn. 3 D``no a``i= oiboao vr`on-\` eohiso kkrfo worb v`if stoi uht fo cuatu spakk ts2 l`rf vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot r`fo sulakkn kki
fo lhiioibk it (;), b``bp`t (<), fuiwk ifh n b`eeotmo vki Loanhscdo wkkr (3). Scdkka ;=<.
D``noa``i= s`eo okray \`eki p`ttory jhifs jr`e tdo skictukry2 pakto `j Loanhc wkro whtd k rof sahp `i tdo hishfo (;), c``bhin-p`t
(<), tdhi-wk aaof cup `j Loanhc wkro (3 ). Sckao ;=<.
eoit vki ooi f`ahue, < jrkneoitoi vki ooi t.s.-l`rf
(wkkrscdhmiahmb Kunustoàscd, typo ihot ikfor to lopkaoi) ,; rkif- oi ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi l`rf vki Loanhscdo
wkkr eot ooi r`fo sahlakkn kki fo lhiioizhmfo {jhn. 3=;2
cj. D`aworfk ;86;, :8:) - pkssoif kki ooi rkifjrkn-
eoit uht sp``r > oi wkkrscdhmiahmb vki dotzoajfo oxoe
pakkr kas oiboao jrkneoitoi uht sp``r ;;? oi >8 -, 6
wkifjrkneoitoi vki ooi lobor vki nooalruhio Loanhscdo
wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki r``floscdhaforfo Loanhscdo
wkkr, ; rkifjrkneoit vki ooi b``bp`t eot kjnopaktto
rkif oi ooi `ifhopo nr`ojahmi `p fo `vornkin vki fo
dkas ikkr fo scd`ufor (jhn. 3=<2 Stkkrt typo <7;L), ;
rkifjrkneoitmo vki baoura``s naks, wkkrscdhmiahmb kj
b`esthn vki ooi lobor eot nopr`jhaoorfo rkif (<o oouw
ik Cdr.) - ekkr e`noahmb ``b vki ooi jkcottoilobor
(Hshins <;2 ihot vr`onor fki Jakvhscd)', d`utsb``a oi
vorlrkif l`t.
Buha (sp``rir. :)2 ekx. fhopto ?4 ce. Hid`uf= ; rkif-,
; wkif- oi ; l`foejrkneoit vki hidooes kkrfoworb.
dot l`rf voreoaf `ifor fo sp``rirs. 6> oi >8), ``b kj
b`esthn ooi jrkneoit vki ooi ihot ikfor fotorehioorlkkrtorrkc`ttk-looafmoY kaseofo pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki ooi
frhotka nolr`boi hmzoroi eosmos (jhn. 6=;-3), twoo hi dot
vuur vorl`noi oi kki oabkkr nobhtto eosmos (jhn. 6=6) oi
pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki ooi hmzoroi ikkjlkif (jhn. 6=?).
Zorfor zhmi uht vorscdohfoio kiforo baohio buhaoi scdorvoi
vki hidooes kkrfoworb kjb`esthn. Dot v`ifstektorhkka uht
fo l``ebuhaoi `evkt oiboao thoitkaaoi jrkneoitoi vki hi
dooes kkrfoworb, ooi vhortka scdorvoi vki burburi-
kkrfoworb oi ooi \`eohiso euit (ks vki Sklhik, KF
;<4-;3:).
Hi fo I@-d`ob vki fo oica`suro hs ooi c`icoitrktho vki
jrkneoitoi d`utsb``a oi vorlrkif (fhorahmb) l`t vkst
nostoaf. Vor pakktso vki fo oica`suro zhmi ik fo `pnrkvhin
eot ooi eotkkafotoct`r i`n frho \`eohiso euitoi nov`i
foi= ooi ks vki Cakufhus (saocdt aooslkkr, wkkrscdhmiahmb
ooi lkrlkkrso hehtktho), ooi sostorthus vki Vrkmkius (KF
;76-;;;) oi ooi sostorthus vki Jkusthik HH (KF ;6;-;:;)'.
Zornoahmblkro v`ifstoi aovort ooi fhopo buha (sp``rir. >8)
hi fo I@-d`ob vki fo oica`suro.
Buha (sp``rir. >8)2 ekx. fhopto ?: ce. Hid`uf= ; wkif
jrkneoit vki ooi t.s.-b`eeotmo Dkatori ;< (sorvhos HHH),
3? wkifjrkneoitoi vki hidooes kkrfoworb, ; wkif
jrkneoit vki nakfwkifhn kkrfoworb, < wkifjrkneoitoi
vki ooi lobor vki nooalruhio Loanhscdo wkkr, ; wkifjrkneoit vki ooi l`rf vki Loanhscdo wkkr eot ooi r`
fo sahlakkn kki fo lhiioizhmfo, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki dot
zoajfo oxoepakkr kas fo jrkneoitoi hi fo sp``rirs. >,
6> oi ;;?.
_ht dot I@-nroppoanofooato, v``rka lhm fo hinkinspkrthm,
zhmi lodkavo jrkneoitoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr (pkssoif kki
Kki fo dkif vki ooi fooa vki fo v`ifstoi (dot notkasek
thn `vordoorsoifo hidooeso kkrfoworb, fo vr`ono torrk sh-
nhahktk oi fo Loanhscdo wkkr, fo Ak Väio-krelkif oi fo
vr`ono euit) ahmbt fo kkiaon vki fo oica`suro nofktoorf to
buiioi w`rfoi hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.
Fozo vr`ono fktorhin stoet `vorooi eot dot lonhi vki fo
ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors. Oiboao kiforo v`ifstoi(jrkneoitoi vki \`eohis kkrfoworb , frho vki fo vhor
euitoi, dot torrkc`ttk- oi dot naksjrkneoit) sauhtoi ocdtor
ooi aktor nolruhb hi fo <o oouw ihot doaoekka uht.
Fo hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suro wks thmfois fo `pnrkvhin
ihot `p v``rdkif fuhfoahmb. Kkivkiboahmb worf nofkcdt
kki ooi voobrkka j ooi nrkje`iueoit. Z``rka fo akktsto
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;37 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
h0
vQ
c a
Jhn. 6 D``no a``i= hmzoroi v`` rwor poi uht fo nroppoa vki fo cuatu spakk ts2 eosmos (;-3) , vorl` noi oi kki oabkkr nobhtto eosmos (6)
oi ooi ikkj lkif (?) . Scdkka ;=<.
D``noa``i= hr`i `lmocts jr`e tdo fhtcd `j tdo skictukry2 bihvos (;-3), loit bihvos tdkt dkvo loc`eo stucb t`notdor (6) kif k
ikvo-rhin (?). Sckao ;=<.
hitorprotktho aoob kkitrobboahmb, `efkt hi fo Ho oouw ik
Cdr. vhorbkito nrkje`iueoitoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdohfonolhof ihot `inow``i zhmi. ^oahswkkr hs lhiioi fo
oica`suro nooi coitrkka (croektho-)nrkj kkinotr`jjoi, ekkr
fkt z`u vorbakkrf buiioi w`rfoi f``r fo vorpa`onhin vki
dot ``rspr`iboahmbo ekkhvoaf. Ooi oristhn lozwkkr tonoi fo
hitorprotktho kas nrkj hs ocdtor fkt fo kjeothinoi vki fo
eoost `pvkaaoifo vhorbkito nrkje`iueoitoi hi dot lotroj
joifo nolhof kkieorboahmb norhinor zhmi fki fho vki fo oi
ca`suro hi D``noa``i (Lakfoa= >x > e. Zoafd`voi= 8x 8 eoi @ss-_ssoi= 8,?7x4,?7 e).
Dot `iforz`ob doojt zhcd vorv`anois noc`icoitroorf `p fo
twoo dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo buhaoirhmoi hi dot i``rfoahmbo
fooa vki fo oica`suro. Dot aoob ihot `ie`noahmb fkt dhor
sprkbo wks vki ooi twootka rhmoi fhopo pkkabuhaoi v``r fo
ehffoistkkifors vki twooscdophno l`orforhmoi, z`kas fho
``b hi fo kkinroizoifo ioforzotthin v``rb`eoi. Dot boi
eorboifo vki fozo twooscdophno pakttonr`ifoi hs fkt toi
nov`ano vki aktoro pa`onkcthvhtohtoi fo `ifhopo buhaoi v``r
fo wkifpkaoi oi ovoituoao wkifnroppoas fhbwhmas zhmi vor
fwoioi oi kaaooi fo pkkabuhaoi v``r fo ehffoistkkifors
(s`es t`t ;,37 e fhop) `vor zhmi nolaovoi.
Ooi krnueoit fkt paoht v``r twoo rhmoi ehffoistkkifors
z`u buiioi zhmi fkt hi kaao lotrojjoifo buhaoi pkkaborioi
zhmi vkstnostoaf. Dot nkkt fus hiforfkkf `e pkkabuhaoi.
V`cd hs ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho `iwkkrscdhmiah mb, oi
woa `e ooi vhortka rofoioi. Hi fo oorsto pakkts z`ufoi folohfo pkaoirhmoi duhzoi `paovoroi eot ooi aointo vki rosp.
;; oi 4,?7 e, dotnooi v``r dot Boephscdo duhstypo vki fo
Ho oouw ik Cdr. (noe. ;<-;? e akin) i`nka kki fo baohio
bkit hs. Hi fo twoofo pakkts hs fo `iforahino kjstkif tussoi
fo vor`iforstoafo ehffoistkkifors zoor `ironoaekthn. Zor
for lahmbt fkt fo pkkabuhaoi hi fo c`upos ihot fo 'rov`avor-
tksv`re' vort`ioi, fho boieorboif hs v``r fo pkkabuhaoi
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;3; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
vki fo ehffoistkkifors vki l`orforhmoi. Voisa`tto lahmboi
oiboao scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr, kjb`esthn uht buhaoi
vki z`woa fo i``rf-zuhf kas fo ``st-wost norhcdto pkaoirhm,
kki oabkkr to pkssoi. Fkt lotoboit fkt fo pkkabuhaoi vki
lohfo rhmoi tonoahmb e`otoi zhmi kkinoaonf `j `poi dolloi
noaonoi. Fkt woor ekkbt dot dooa `iwkkrscdhmiahmb fkt or
sprkbo hs vki ooi twootka `pooiv`anoifo duhspakttonr`ifoi.
Wkssoifo scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr b`eoi ``b v``r hi
ooi vakblhm noaonoi buha (sp``rir. >8) oi hi dot nroppoano
fooato lhm fo hinkin, z`fkt fo c`icausho v``r fo dkif ahnt
fkt ``b fozo buha oi fo nroppoa noahmbthmfhn `poi noaonoi
e`otoi dolloi eot fo lohfo noi`oefo rhmoi pkkabuhaoi.
Fo `vorwonhin fkt fo lohfo pkaoirhmoi nooi c`istructhovo
juictho buiioi dolloi nodkf, zotto `is `p ooi katorikthoj
sp``r, fkt aohffo ikkr ooi hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suro
kas cuatuspakkts. ^hm dorhiiorfoi `is ikeoahmb vki fo ka
noeoe`roorfo Jrkiso oxcursho fkt ooi fhroct vornoahmblkro
jhnurktho vki pkkabuhaoi ``b loboif hs vki fo rhtuoao oica`
suro lhiioi dot Ak Väio-`pphfue vki N`uriky-sur-
Kr`ifo hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb (jhn. ?2 zho vorfor 3.<). Fotwoo rhmoi dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo pkaoi wkkrt`o hi N`ur-
iky bki w`rfoi noc`icaufoorf, zhmi f``r fo `pnrkvor
noàitorprotoorf kas cuatuspkaoi (Lruikux o.k. ;84?).
Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi vornoahmblkro pkkastoaahin hi c`elh
iktho eot ooi `edohifo ruheto hs v``r `is kkiaohfhin no
woost `e ``b fo oica`suro vki D``noa``i kas cuatuspakkts
to hitorprotoroi. Dot v`ifstektorhkka vki D``noa``i ahmbt
ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho to `iforstouioi. Lhm ikforo lo
scd`uwhin vkat ikeoahmb `p fkt fo skeoistoaahin vki fo
v`ifstoi uht fo oica`suro storb kjwhmbt vki fho uht fo kki
nroizoifo ioforzotthin. Scdorvoi vki Loanhscdo wkkr b`
eoi hi fo ioforzotthin ikuwoahmbs v``r, hi johto kaaooi hi
oi r`if`e fo ao-oouwso l`orforhm fho hi fo a``p vki fo <o
oouw hs vorl`uwf t`t ooi vhaak ikkr \`eohis e`foa. Fo
Loanhscdo wkkr lotrojt boiioahmb ooi lhmz`iforo nr`op he
p`rtkkrfoworb, ovoikas fo vr`ono torrk shnhaaktk. @pvkaaoi
fo v`ifstoi uht fo oica`suro zhmi v``rts fo Ak Väio-
krelkif, fo \`eohiso euitoi, dot jrkneoit vki ooi
torrkc`ttk-looafmo oi v``rka fo pkssoifo jrkneoitoi vki fo
zos hmzoroi eosmos oi fo ikkjlkif. Ihot kaaooi fo sk
eoistoaahin vki dot v`ifstektorhkka hs lhmz`ifor, ``b dot
joht fkt ooi fooa orvki boiioahmb hitoith`iooa nolr`boi hs.
Fht noaft kkit``ilkkr v``r fo scdorvoi vki fo Loanhscdo
wkkr (zho l`voi), ekkr ``b v``r fo hmzoroi v``rworpoi hi
fo nroppoa.Ooi fornoahmb vorscdhmisoa hs oorfor noc`istktoorf eot lo
trobbhin t`t dot kkrfoworb uht dot rhmbo, ao-oouwso nrkj
vki fo Brhoboscd``r lhm Lakfoa (`p ck. ? be vki D``no
a``i). Vka vki scdorvoi uht vorscdhaaoifo foaoi vki fo vhor
bkito `edohihinsnroppoa vki fht nrkj pkssoi `iforahin,
dotnooi ahmbt to whmzoi `p ooi nrkjrhtuooa wkkrlh m nrkjnhjtoi
`pzottoahmb zhmi nolr`boi oi uhtnostr``hf. Dot nkkt dhor
Jhn. ? N`urik y-sur -Kr`if o (@hso)= cuat uspak kts, jkso ;, Ak
Väio L. Ikkr Lruikux o.k. ;84?, jhn. ?7.
N`uriky-sur-Kr`ifo (@hso)= skictukry, pdkso ;, Ak Väio L.
Jr`e Lruikux ot ka. ;84?, jhn. ?7.
wkkrscdhmiahmb `e ooi dkifoawhmzo fho `vorooib`et eot
dot rhtuooa lroboi `j vorluhnoi vki eotkaoi v``rworpoi
(eot ikeo zwkkrfoi), kas `iforfooa vki fo nrkj- oi `jjor-
cuatus nofuroifo fo akto hmzorthmf hi I``rf-Nkaahâ.
Dot v``rb`eoi vki ooi nr``t kkitka buhaoi lhiioi fo oi
ca`suro vki D``noa``i v`ret ooi oaoeoit fkt ``b boi
eorboif hs v``r N`uriky oi kiforo I``rfjrkiso cuatus
pakktsoi. Z``r ooi fooa buiioi zo kas `jjorbuhaoi w`rfoi
noàitorprotoorf. Ihot kaaooi fo l`voivoreoafo v`ifstoi
whmzoi hi fho rhcdthin, ekkr ``b fo tkarhmbo hi fozo buhaoi
kkinotr`jjoi d`utsb``arostoi oi fo jrkneoitmos vorlrkif
l`tektorhkka. Eofo `p nr`if vki fo v`ifstc`icoitrkthos
bki toisa`tto w`rfoi kkinoi`eoi fkt fo rhtuoao dkifoahi
noi lhiioi fo oica`suro zhcd v``r ooi loakinrhmb fooa r`if
fo vor`iforstoafo cuatuspkaoi hi fo I@-d`ob dolloi no
c`icoitroorf.
Ooiekka hi fo lki vki ooi roahnhouzo hitorprotktho hs eoi
ehsscdhoi noiohnf `e ``b kki fo l``ebuhaoi ooi lhmz`i
foro lotoboihs t`o to boiioi. Dot hs ihot lowhmslkkr, ekkr
zobor ``b ihot `ikkiioeoahmb fkt fo l`eoi hiforfkkf ooi
r`a hi fo cuatus dolloi nospooaf (jhn. :).
<.< @SS-_SSOI
Hi fo porh`fo ;8>:-;84: doojt dot Histhtuut v``r Wrodhst`
rho vki fo \hmbsuihvorshtoht Aohfoi nr``tscdkahn ioforzot-
thins`iforz`ob vorrhcdt hi fo noeooito @ss. Fkkrlhm wor
foi `.k. frho ioforzotthinoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf
`iforz`cdt (Zki for Skifoi, fozo luifoa). Zki fozo frho
hs fo z.n. ioforzotthin ^ostorvoaf fo nr``tsto (>,? dk) oi
fo loakinrhmbsto. Zkstnostoaf b`i w`rfoi fkt fo low`ihin
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;3<* KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
m D 9 %
Jhn. : D``noa``i= roc`istruc
tho vki fo cuatuspakkts.D``noa``i= roc`istructh`i `j
tdo skictukry.
dhor vki fo akto hmzorthmf f``ra``pt t`t ck. <77 ik Cdr. Hi
dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki fozo vkikj fo vr`on-\`eohiso thmf
eot ooi fulloao nroppoa `enovoi ioforzotthin worf ooi
vhord`obhno oica`suro `itfobt'.
Fht vhord`obhno e`iueoit hs doakks ihot v`aaofhn `pnonrk
voi (jhn. >). Dot zuhfoahmb fooa vki fozo hi fo a``p vki zos
mkkr vrhmnoaonfo oica`suro lov`if zhcd ikeoahmb `ifor fo
Nowkifowon, fo won vki @ss ikkr Kaoe oi wks lhmnov`an
`ilorohblkkr v``r `iforz`ob. Fo t`ostkif vki dot wäa
la``tnoaonfo stub wks vorro vki `pthekka= tkarhmbo sp`roiuht aktoro thmf dkffoi foaoi vki dot e`iueoit `iaooslkkr
noekkbt. Fozo lotr`jjoi lodkavo ooi frhotka duhspaktto -
nr`ifoi uht fo \`eohiso thmf, ooi kkitka uht fo ehffoa
oouwoi oi aktoro thmf fktoroifo, i``rfwost-zuhf``st oi
``st-wost norhcdto nroppoas oi ooi nr`to, rocoito vorst`rhin
kki fo wostbkit.
Fo ``rspr`iboahmbo kjeothinoi vki dot vhord`obhno e`iu
eoit zhmi kaaooi v``r fo ``st-wost vora`poifo nroppoa kki
fo i``rfbkit vkstnostoaf. Fozo doojt ooi t`tkao aointo vki
ruhe 6? e. Kki fo ``stbkit b`i fo nroppoa saocdts `vor
3? e vorv`anf w`rfoi, hi dot wostoi `vor ihot eoor fki ?
e. Fo zoor saocdto wkkrioehins`estkifhndofoi kki fowostbkit loe`ohahmboi fo hitorprotktho vki fo shtuktho kki
fho bkit. Dot lahmjt fkkr`e `izobor `j or ooi hinkin hi fo
I^-d`ob kkiwozhn hs nowoost, z`kas fo toboihin ahmbt to
sunnororoi. Fo ``rspr`iboahmbo lroofto vki fo nroppoa
doojt ck. < e lofrknoi, fo ekxhekao fhopto 47 ce. Dot
pr`jhoa vkrhoorfo pakktsoahmb, s`es wks fht b`ev`rehn, fki
woor wks fo l`foe tkeoahmb vakb. @`b fo vuaahin vkrhoorfo
storb, vki ahcdtnrhms t`t lruhizwkrt. @p s`eehno pakktsoi
wkroi or ;8 ce lrofo scd`pstoboi `p fo l`foe zhcdtlkkr.
Fo nr``tto vki dot e`iueoit hs ihot oxkct vkst to stoaaoi.
@p lkshs vki fo duhfhno nonovois - ``st-wost kjeothin 6?
e, i``rf-zuhf kjeothin hi hofor novka 67 e -, bki ooi
`evkin vki ;477 eY loroboif w`rfoi. ^kiioor dot e`
iueoit ``rspr`iboahmb ooi vhorbkito v`re doojt noboif,
fki e`ot fkkr i`n oois <<? eY lhm w`rfoi `pnotoaf.
Hi t`tkka worfoi uht fo nroppoa 36> kkrfworbjrkneoitoi oi
èèi c`epaoot stub vkktworb nol`rnoi. Dot eoroifooaw`rft nov`ref f``r fo hidooeso, dkifnov`refo bork
ehob= ooi nkkj, `ivorshorf, 6 ce d``n lkbmo {jhn. 4=;) oi
377 jrkneoitoi vki voao thoitkaaoi p`ttoi. Lhm fho jrkneoi
toi zhmi ;: wkifscdorvoi fho ooi vorshorhin frknoi, v``r
ikeoahmb bkevorshorhin.
Fo 6> rostoroifo scdorvoi zhmi kaao \`eohis. Fo skeoistoa
ahin dhorvki hs kas v`ant=
torrk shnhaaktk < (Fr. <>, ]uhfnkaDscd2 Fr. ;4/3;0,
Ehffoi- `j @`stnkaahscd)
6 (6 T torrk ihnrk2 jhn. 4=<,3)
< (; T bruhb Stukrt HH@ K2/ /n. 4=6)
;
8 (> T kej``r2 H x bruhbkej``r D`j-dohe ?7/?; (jhn. 4=?)2 a x wrhmjscdkka
Lruisthin 3:)
<8 (8 x lohno-eot-scdorjnruhs-lkbsoa,
via. lod`roif t`t f`ahk2 <x nrhmswht-
ruw lkbsoa)
Fo rost vki dot wohihn bkrkbtorhsthobo v`ifstektorhkka
lostkkt uht baohio d`ovooadofoi l`t (`p zos vorscdhaaoifo
Loanhscdo wkkr
nakfwkifhno wkkr
ruwwkifhno wkkr
fhbwkifhno wkkr
fhvorsoi
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;33 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
JHn. > @ss-_ssoi= paktton r`if vki fo cuatu spakkt s, eot hi fo zuhfoahmbo doajt sp`roi vki ooi rhtuoao pkkazotthin (zwkrt) .
@ss-_ssoi= paki `j tdo skictukry whtd trkcos `j k rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts hi tdo s`utdori dkaj (lakcb).
pakktsoi kkinotr`jjoi), nolkbboi aooe, ooi zkifstoioi
sahmpstooi, hmzorsakbboi oi ooi sphmbor. Fo skeoistoaahin vki
dot nodooa, eot ikeo dot d`no porcoitkno hidooes kkrfo
worb, whmst `p ooi fktorhin hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. Saocdtsooi twootka scdorvoi hs eot zobordohf kki ooi aktoro porh`
fo t`o to scdrhmvoi. Lohfo scdorvoi, ooi jrkneoit t.s. oi
ooi bruhbdkas vki dot typo Stukrt HH@K, b`eoi `vorhnois
uht dotzoajfo, wostoahmbo fooa vki fo nroppoa.
Zki fo sp`roi `p dot lhiioitorrohi bki kaaooi fo rhm vki
vhmj pkkabuhaoi hi fo zuhfoahmbo doajt eot oihno zobordohf
kas `iforfooa vki dot ``rspr`iboahmbo e`iueoit lo
scd`uwf w`rfoi. Fo fhopto vkrhoort vki 67 t`t >7 ce. Fo
v`re, baour oi hid`uf (zos hidooeso kkrfoworb jrkneoi
toi) vki fo pkkabuhaoi whmzoi `p ooi (roakthoj vr`ono) fktorhin hi fo \`eohiso thmf2 l`voifhoi sp``rt fo `rhâitktho
vki fo rhm eot fho vki fo i``rfoahmbo - oi `inotwhmjoaf
``b fo zuhfoahmbo - nroppoa.
@j fo pkahsskfo vki baohio pkkatmos fho kki fo lhiioizhmfo
vki fo ``stoahmbo oi ooi fooa vki fo i``rfoahmbo nroppoa hs
wkkrnoi`eoi hots eot dot e`iueoit to ekboi doojt no
dkf, l.v. kas lonroizhin vki ooi tussoi fho pkahsskfo oi
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;36 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
j
;>
Jhn. 4 @ss-_ssoi= oiboao kkrf owor bv`i fsto i uht fo nroppoa vki fo cuat uspak kts2 ooi ikpmo vki hidooes kkrfowo rb (;) , ooi b`e
oi jaosv `re vki torrk ihnrk (<, 3), ooi nakfw kifhn o bruhb (6) oi bruhb kej`` r (?). Scdkka ;=3.
@ss-_ssoi= s`eo p`ttory jhifs jr`e tdo fhtcd `j tdo skictukry2 k cup `j ikthvo wkro (;), k l`wa kif k mkr `j torrk ihnrk (<, 3) k
se`` td-w kaao f jakn`i (6) kif ki kepd`rk-ah bo mkr (?). Sckao ;=3.
nroppoa noaonoi wka, hs kaaoslodkavo zobor. Fkt sp`roi vki
fho pkahsskfo ikkst fo wostoahmbo oi fo rost vki fo i``rfo
ahmbo nroppoa ihot zhmi wkkrnoi`eoi hs fkkrlhm ihot dot
f``rsaknnovoifo krnueoit. Fo sp`roi wkroi z` vkkn oi
`ifhop fkt zo hi fo kiforo worbputtoi noekbboahmb f``r
fo `pnrkvors noehst buiioi zhmi. Loakinrhmbor hs, fkt fo
pkahsskfo ihot doaoekka ovoiwhmfhn ahnt kki fo nroppoa= hi
fo i``rfoahmbo rhcdthin whmboi lohfo oihnszhis. Dot hs fkkr
`e ihot `ie`noahmb fkt fo pkahsskfo kas ooi orjkjscdohfhin
vki dot ovoioois lhiioi fo oica`suro noaonoi duhs uht fo
akto hmzorthmf noàitorprotoorf e`ot w`rfoi.
Zorv`anois fo a`sso buhaoi fho `p dot lhiioitorrohi zhmi `p-
nononrkvoi. ]os fkkrvki b`eoi v``r ooi ikforo loscd`u
whin hi kkieorbhin (vna. ``b//'n. >).
;. Buha 3;? (v`ifstir. 8<46)2 sphts t`oa`poif hi pr`jhoa,
fhopto ekx. >3 ce. Hid`uf= <4 jrkneoitoi hidooes
kkrfoworb, 3 scdorvoi vki \`eohis kkrfoworb, w.`. H
jrkneoit t.s . Fècdoaotto :> (]uhfnkaahscd, Jakvhscd) oi ;
jrkneoit vki ooi nrhmswht-ruwo b`e typo Stukrt <;72 ;
jrkneoit vki ooi sahmpstooi vki bwkrtshot.
<. Buha 3;: (v`ifstir. 877; oi 87<>)2 nooi nonovois `vor
v`re oi fhopto loscdhblkkr. Hid`uf= : jrkneoitoi hi
dooes kkrfoworb, 6 scdorvoi vki \`eohis kkrfoworb,
w.`. ; jrkneoit vki ooi wrhmjscdkka Lruisthin 3:, vor
for aohstooijrkneoitoi (:77 n) oi l`t (<; n).3. Buha 384 (v`ifstir . 8<<4)2 n`avoifo l`foe, fhopto
ekx. >7 ce, zoor zwkrto vuaahin. Hid`uf= 6 jrkneoitoi
hidooes kkrfoworb.
6. Buha 677 (v`ifstir . 86<;)2 b`ev`rehn pr`jhoa, ``r
spr`iboahmbo fhopto ekx. >? ce. Hid`uf= ? jrkneoitoi
hidooes kkrfoworb.
?. Buha 637 (v`ifstir . 8<44)2 b`ev`rehn pr`jhoa, fhopto
ekx. :7 ce, zoor zwkrto vuaahin. Hid`uf= H jrkneoit
hidooes kkrfoworb, H rkifjrkneoit vki ooi nakfwkifh
no bruhb D`jdohe ?7/?;.
:. Buha 668 (v`ifstir. 87?<)2 f`iboro rkif oi ahcdto bori2
fhopto ekx. 47 ce. Hid`uf= ; jrkneoit hidooes kkrfo
worb, H jrkneoit vki ooi lakuwo, vhmjrhllhno nakzoi
krelkif.
Hi d`ovorro fo loscdrovoi buhaoi ooi fhrocto roaktho eot fo
oica`suro dolloi nodkf hs iktuurahmb e`ohahmb vkst to stoa
aoi. Cdr`i`a`nhscd nozhoi ahmboi or ocdtor wohihn pr`lao
eoi to zhmi. Kas fo buhaoi worboahmb ooi juictho vorvuafdolloi lhiioi dot e`iueoit, fki hs fkt woor ooi krnu
eoit `e fo pkahsskfo vki baohio pkkatmos ihot hi vorlkif to
lroinoi eot fo nroppoa `p fo ekihor z`kas fkt hi dot l`
voistkkifo worf nofkki. Oèi vki fo buhaoi ahnt heeors
tussoi fo nroppoa oi fho pkahsskfo, ooi kiforo `vorsihmft fo
pkahsskfo zoajs.
Voisa`tto e`otoi fo 'a`sso' v`ifstoi vki dot lhiioitorrohi
voreoaf w`rfoi. @ifor dot hi fo ehffoaoouwso oi sulro-
coito sa`toi oi buhaoi kkinotr`jjoi ektorhkka lov`ifoi
zhcd tkarhmbo hidooeso oi \`eohiso scdorvoi. Ooi fooa hs
fuhfoahmb m`inor fki fo oica`suro, dot eoosto hs doakks ihot
`j ikuwoahmbs fktoorlkkr. Hitorosskito uhtz`iforhinoi zhmi
fkkrlhm= ooi wkifjrkneoit ]uhfnkaahscdo torrk shnhaaktk, ooijrkneoit vki ooi b`e Fr. <8 (]uhfnkaahscd oi pro-
Jakvhscd), ooi l`foejrkneoit vki ooi ]uhfnkaahscd l`rf
uht fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. oi ooi vorlrkif
jrkneoit vki ooi lakuwo, nakzoi krelkif eot F-v`rehno
f``rsiofo. Lhm fozo jrkneoitoi z`u dot buiioi nkki `e
ektorhkka fkt hs `pnospht uht `uforo nr`ifsp`roi, fho e`
noahmb oois lod``rfoi t`t dot rocdtd`obhno e`iueoit.
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;3? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
Fo oica`suro uht @ss-_ssoi e`ot ikkr `izo `vortuhnhin kas
ooi cuatuspakkts w`rfoi noàitorprotoorf. Fo krnueoitoi
fkkrv``r buiioi ihot z`zoor `itaooif w`rfoi kki dot
v``rb`eoi vki fuhfoahmbo `jjorbuhaoi `j typhscdo v`thoj-
nkvoi, kas woa kki fo ahnnhin oi `evkin vki dot e`iu
eoit oi fo kkiwozhndohf vki fo rhm pkaoi `p dot lhiioi
torrohi. Eot ikeo fht akktsto oaoeoit ahmbt ooi wozoiahmb
`iforfooa to v`reoi vki fo ooiv`ufhno, rurkao cuatuspakkt
soi uht fo \`eohiso thmf (lodkavo hi @ss-_ssoi ``b hi
D``noa``i, Kapdoi oi ^hmionoe). @peorboamb hs fkt fo
@sso oica`suro z` b`rt nojuicth`ioorf doojt. Dot stkkt vkst
fkt dhm ihot nofuroifo fo doao low`ihinsporh`fo vki fo io
forzotthin ^ostorvoaf hi nolruhb hs nolaovoi. @p ooi nono
voi e`eoit nhin fo ``rspr`iboahmbo juictho vora`roi oi
worf dot torrohi `vorl`uwf. ^kiioor fkt prochos nolourfo
hs e`ohahmb vkst to stoaaoi. Fo scdorvoi fho kjb`esthn zhmi
uht fo nr`ifsp`roi vki fo `vorsihmfoifo duhspakttonr`ifoi
ekboi dot kkiioeoahmb - nozhoi dot d`no porcoitkno hi
dooes kkrfoworb - fkt fozo nolourtoihs zobor i`n hi fo Ho
oouw ik Cdr. pakktsv`if'. @iforz`ob hi fo `is `erhinoi
fo akifoi doojt fuhfoahmb noekkbt fkt cuatustorrohioi uhtfo hmzorthmf oi fo \`eohiso thmf fho luhtoi nolruhb rkkbtoi
kathmf norospoctoorf zhmi nolaovoi oi i``ht ooi kiforo
lostoeehin bronoi. @ss-_ssoi v`ret hi fozoi ooi `peor
boahmbo uhtz`iforhin. ^kt fo rofoi hs vki fozo dorlostoe
ehin akkt zhcd e`ohahmb vkststoaaoi, ekkr z`ifor twhmjoa
ekrboort zhm ooi loakinrhmbo vorkiforhin hi fo s`chkao oi
roahnhouzo sjoor.
<.3 KAWDOI
Dot hi ;86> f``r dot Lh`a`nhscd-Krcdo`a`nhscd Histhtuu t
vki fo \hmbsuihvorshtoht Nr`ihinoi `iforz`cdto rocdtd`obh
no e`iueoit hi fo I``rflrklkitso noeooito Kapdoi wks
roofs vóór fo `pnrkvhin l`voinr`ifs kas z`fkihn dorboi
lkkr (Zki for Skifoi/Zki for Bahjt ;846). ]hcdtlkkr wk
roi `p fkt e`eoit ooi rocdtd`obhno wka eot fkkrluhtoi
ooi nroppoa, i`n iot wkkriooelkkr f``r ihvokuvorscdha,
ekkr fuhfoahmb nokccoituoorf f``r dot vorscdha hi pakitoi
nr`oh= luitnrkssoi hi fo nroppoa, dohfo oi e`s `p dot wka
aotmo. ^ka oi nroppoa zhmi `p jhn. 8 fuhfoahmb wkkriooe
lkkr, kaaooi fo I@-zhmfo t``it ooi oihnszhis vortr`oloaf
looaf. Dot d``nsto puit vki fo wka rohbto ihot vooa d`nor
fki <;,47 e +IKW2 dot ihvokuvorscdha eot fo nroppoa or
luhtoi lofr`on `inovoor 67 ce, eot dot torrohi lhiioi fo
`ewkaahin saocdts <7 ce. Fo ``rspr`iboa hmbo kjeothinoi
vki fht rocdtd`obhno e`iueoit zuaaoi `inovoor 36x6: elofrknoi dolloi', dotnooi ooi t`tkao `pporvakbto vki ruhe
;??7 e- lotoboit. Fo ektoi vkikj dot dkrt vki fo wka lo
frknoi <6x3> e, torwhma fo ``rspr`iboahmbo `pporvakbto
vki dot torrohi kki fo lhiioibkit vki fho wka ihot vooa
ehifor fki >77 e' nowoost zka zhmi. Dot e`iueoit wks
vorfor z`fkihn kkinoaonf fkt fo d`obpuitoi ikkr fo vhor
whifrhcdthinoi wozoi.
F``r ehffoa vki ooi frhotka saouvoi worf hizhcdt hi `p
l`uw vki fo wka oi vuaahin vki fo nroppoa vorbronoi. Fo
wka, wkkr`ifor ooi c`epaoot l`foepr`jhoa worf wkkrno
i`eoi, lost`if uht lruhinrhms-novaobt zkif, wkkrhi nooi
paknnoi worfoi kkinotr`jjoi. Fo nroppoa worf `p saocdts
twoo pakktsoi kkinosiofoi. Fo vuaahin lost`if uht ahcdtnrhms
zkif eot fkkrhi dueouzo lkifmos. Fo lroofto vki fo
nroppoa lofr`on ehistois ;,?7 e, fo fhopto, noroboif
vkikj dot `ufo `pporvakb `ifor fo wka, 47 ce. Lhiioi fo
wka oi pkrkaaoa fkkrkki akn ooi roobs pkkabuhaoi `p ooi rhm.
Hi fo vhor buhaoi toboifoi zhcd i`n fo vhorbkito pkkabor-
ioi kj (kjeothinoi rospocthovoamb 3?x3< ce, 37x<?,
67x<4 oi 3<x37 ce). Fo fhoptos vkrhoorfoi vki ?? t`t >7
ce. Lohfo z`obsaoujmos pkrkaaoa kki fo zuhfoahmbo wka ek
boi fuhfoahmb fkt dot >,? e akino rhmtmo zhcd ihot vorfor
doojt v``rtnozot. _ht fo pkkabuhaoi worfoi nooi v`ifstoi
nol`rnoi.
Lhiioi dot rocdtd`obhno e`iueoit, fhroct toi i``rfoi
vki fo pkaoirhm, worf f``r fo `pnrkvors ``b i`n ooi dou-
voav`rehn ahcdkke `iforz`cdt, eot ooi fhkeotor vki ruhe
HH e. Hi fo pr`jhoaoi vki fo foorahmb nodkvoifo douvoa,fho zhcd `p dot e`eoit vki fo `pnrkvhin i`n `inovoor :7
ce l`voi dot fhroct `erhinoifo ekkhvoaf vordhoj, toboifo
dot `ufo `pporvakb zhcd fuhfoahmb, kas ooi 3 ce fhbbo lkif
kj (ck. <;,:7 e +IKW2//n. ;7). @ifor fht ihvoku wkroi
ooi uhtsp`oahins- oi ooi hisp`oahinsd`rhz`it wkkriooelkkr .
Dot douvoaahcdkke wks `pnol`uwf uht lruhinrhms-novaobt
nrhms zkif wkkrhi paknnoi kkiwhmslkkr wkroi. Dot l`voisto
fooa vki fo douvoa worf nov`ref f``r ooi laoobzkifakkn,
eot pakktsoahmb fkkr`ifor ooi zwkb `itwhbboaf hisp`o-
ahinsakknmo. Kki fo rkif vki fo douvoa lov`if zhcd ooi
7,?7-;,77 e lrofo rhin vki structuura``s nooa zkif. Fooas
akn fht zkif `p dot `uf `pporvakb, vooaka ocdtor wks tor
pakktso dot `ufo `pporvakb `ifor fo douvoa nodooa vornrkvoi.
D`owoa dot coitrue vki dot douvoaahcdkke storb vorst``rf
wks b`i t`cd i`n fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi `uforo buha
w`rfoi vkstnostoaf. Hi dot vakb worf fozo i``rf-zuhf no`
rhâitoorfo buha v``r dot oorst vkstnostoaf `p ooi d``nto vki
>? ce `ifor dot `ufo `pporvakb. Fkkr dkf fo buha i`n
ooi aointo vki <,<7 e oi ooi lroofto vki ck. ; e. Fo l`
foe vki fo buha worf 3? ce aknor lorohbt, dotnooi ooi t`
tkao fhopto vki ;,;7 e lotoboit. Fo ``rspr`iboahmbo aointo
vki fo buha e`ot tor d``nto vki dot `ufo `pporvakb `ino
voor <,47 e lofrknoi dolloi. @`b hi fozo buha worf ihots
eoor kkinotr`jjoi.Kaaos whmst or`p fkt wo lhm fo dhorl`voi lospr`boi vord`
nhin kki ooi tueuaus e`otoi foiboi oi ihot kki l.v. ooi
t`ovkaahn r`if rostkit vki ooi `pzottoahmbo vord`nhin vki
dot nodoao lhiioitorrohi. Kaaoroorst e`ot nowozoi w`rfoi
`p dot joht fkt fo t`p vki dot douvoaahcdkke d`nor akn fki
dot d``nsto puit vki fo wka (rosp. <<,<7 oi <;,47 e
-H-IKW). Dot loakinrhmbsto krnueoit hi fozoi w`rft ocdtor
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;3: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. 8 Kap doi= paktto nr`if vki fo cuatus pakkt s eot rhtuoao pkkazotth in oi coitrkao nrkjdou voa. Dot `pnonr kvoi nofooato hs hi nrhms
kkinono voi2 fo chmjors novoi fo d``n to, hi ce, l`v oi < ; e + IKW kki.
Kapdoi= paki `j tdo skictukry whtd k rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts kif k lkrr`w hi tdo coitro. Vdo oxckvktof krok hs hifhcktof hi nroy2
tdo jhnuros rojor t` tdo dohndt , hi ce , kl`vo <; e + IKW (Futcd @rf ikico Fktue ).
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«YYYe
]E
EEEEIEEEE
Jhn. ;7 Kapdoi= pr`jhoaoi vki fo nrkjdouvoa (l`yoi) oi fo porhjoro structuur vki fo cuatuspakkts (ehffoi oi `ifor). Scdkka ; =?7.
Kapdoi= pr`jhaos `j tdo lkrr`w (kl`vo) kif tdo porhpdorka structuro `j tdo skictukry (coitro kif loa`w). Sckao ;=?7.
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;34 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
nov`ref f``r fo rhinv`rehno lkki vki nooa zkif. Fozo
rhin, fho ooi fhkeotor dkf vki ruhe 8 e, noojt fo ``r
spr`iboahmbo lonroizhin woor vki ooi r`ifo vord`nhin.
Dhor worfoi fo paknnoi nost`boi - dot `ufo `pporvakb
`itlroobt dhor heeors - `e fo coitrkao ruheto eoo to bui
ioi `pd`noi. Fozo paknnoi zhmi uhtsauhtoif lhiioi fo rhin
kkinotr`jjoi. Voisa`tto fo buha. Dot joht fkt fozo prochos hi
dot ehffoi vki fo noao rhin worf `itfobt lotoboit fkt dotdhor kaaooi ekkr `e ooi nrkjbuha bki nkki, fo nrkjbuha
wkkrv``r uhtohifoahmb fo nr`to paknnoidouvoa worf `pno
w`rpoi.
D`owoa or thmfois dot `iforz`ob nooi oiboao scdorj worf
kkinotr`jjoi, hs dot fktorhinspr`laooe uhtohifoahmb t`cd `p
ooi lovrofhnoifo whmzo `pnoa`st. Fkib zhm fo kikayso vki
fo p`aaoie`istors fho hi ;86> f``r fo `pnrkvors noi`eoi
wkroi, b`i vkstnostoaf w`rfoi fkt fo porhjoro structuur oi
fo tueuaus lohfo hi fo \`eohiso thmf t`t stkif nob`eoi
e`otoi zhmi.
Hi fo ``rspr`iboahmbo pulahbktho b`i `vor èèi kspoct vki
dot dhorl`voi loscdrovoi c`epaox, fo ruhe >,? e akino
pkaoirhm, wohihn ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt w`rfoi= dhm v`refo
ooi `ivorbakkrlkkr oaoeoit hi ooi lhmz`ifor juiorkhr e`
iueoit. Dot `iforz`ob vki fo oica`suros hi D``noa``i oi
@ss-_ssoi doojt ocdtor noaoorf fkt fht s``rt ahiokhro pkka-
zotthinoi ooi bkrkbtorhsthob `iforfooa uhtekboi vki hi
dooeso cuatuspakktsoi. Z``r `is wks v``rka fho pkaoirhm
fki ``b ooi krnueoit `e dot 'skeoinostoafo nrkje`iu
eoit' vki Kapdoi to dorhitorprotoroi kas ooi ooiv`ufhn
dohahnf`e wkkrhi, e`noahmb `p ooi aktor thmfsthp hi fo \`
eohiso thmf, ooi nrkjdouvoa worf `pnow`rpoi.
Hi dot bkfor vki fo dorhitorprotktho hs dot voraohfoahmb ooivorlkif to aonnoi tussoi fht e`iueoit oi ooi hitrhnoroifo
v`ifsteoafhin vki fo V`inora`so 'krcdhvhst' Kfrhkius Doy
aoi (Doyaoi ;>832 zho ``b Zki for Skifoi ;8>>, <<). Doy
aoi ekkbto hi zhmi 'Zorahcdthino' eoafhin vki `pnow`rpoi
zkifwkaaoi hi fo v`re vki ooi aonorpakkts `p fo dohfo tus
soi Kapdoi oi \hoa. Zorscdohfoio ekaoi wkroi lhiioi fho
wkaaoi \`eohiso euitoi kkinotr`jjoi. @`b hi fo ;8o
oouw f`boi or i`n euitoi vki fozo vhifpakkts `p (Dor
ekis ;4:?, :>). ]hm losakki fo porh`fo vkikj fo Jakvhh t`t
dot lonhi vki fo 6o oouw. ]`woa fo a`cktho oi fo v`re
vki dot e`iueoit kas fo bkis `p kkiwozhndohf vki eui
toi hi fht s``rt oica`suros (vna. dot dhorik to losproboi
e`iueoit to ^hmionoe) ahmboi hi fozoajfo rhcdthin to whmzoi, ia. fkt fo loscdrhmvhin vki Doyaoi lotrobbhin doojt `p
fo Kapdoiso oica`suro eot coitrkao nrkjdouvoa. L`voifhoi
zhmi or thmfois fo `pnrkvhin `p dot lhiioitorrohi tkarhmbo
vorst`rhinoi wkkrnoi`eoi fho dooa woa eot fo ;4o- oi ;8o-
oouwso z`obkcthvhtohtoi hi vorlkif nolrkcdt z`ufoi buiioi
w`rfoi. Hi ;874 scdrhmjt fo Loanhscdo kektour A. Str``-
lkit ``b i`n `vor fozoajfo vhifpakkts, wkkrvki dhm zoaj
i`n (zhavoroi) euitoi hi zhmi lozht doojt (Str``lkit ;874,
;:;). Zki fozo euitoi hs vorfor ihots loboif. Fkkr Str``
lkit fo wkaaoi `ifor dot eoor i``rfoahmb noaonoi noducdt
Lrkboa shtuoort, z`u eoi oihnszhis buiioi nkki twhmjoaoi
kki fo vor`iforstoafo roaktho. Str``lkit hs hi fo rost vki
zhmi loscdrhmvhin ocdtor vkkb z` `iikuwbourhn, fkt `.h.
kki zhmi pakktskkifuhfhin wohihn nowhcdt t`onoboif ekn
w`rfoi (zho ``b Str``lkit ;8<>)'. Z``ra`phn ahmbt or fusihots `p tonoi fo \`eohiso euitoi hi vorlkif to lroinoi
eot fo Kapdoiso oica`suro. Fo skeoistoaahin vki dot eui-
toic`epaox hs fusfkihn, fkt vki ooi ocdto euitscdkt nooi
sprkbo bki zhmi. Fo oihno kkiioeoahmbo vorbakrhin fho zhcd
v``r fo nr`op akknwkkrfhno euitoi - ooi ihot nosa`toi
roobs vki `inovoor KF >7 t`t hi dot twoofo bwkrt vki fo
6o oouw' - akkt vhifoi, hs fho vki v`thojnkvoi hi ooi cua
tuspakkts.
<.6 ^HMIONOE
@`b uht dot Loanhscdo fooa vki dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof zhmi oiboao nr`to, vhord`obhno oica`suros lo
boif. Fo oorsto hs `itfobt lhm ^hmionoe, ck. 4 be toi``stoi vki Kitworpoi . Dhor zhmi vki ;8>; t`t ;846 `p fo
Stooikbbor `pnrkvhinoi uhtnov`orf f``r fo Kitworpso
Zoroihnhin v``r \`eohiso Krcdo`a`nho (KZ\K), vkikj
;84; eot eofoworbhin vki fo Loanhscdo Ikth`ikao Fhoist
v``r @pnrkvhinoi. Eot loporbto ehffoaoi oi thmf, ekkr
eot ooi pr`jossh`ioao kkipkb hs hi fo a``p vki fo mkroi
ooi t`tkao `pporvakbto `iforz`cdt vki ;?67 eY Fo `it
fobbhin vki fo noi`oefo oica`suro hs dot loakinrhmbsto ro
suatkkt vki fozo `pnrkvhinoi. _ht fo v``ra`phno pulahbkthos
(Cuyt ;84<, ;843, ;846 oi ;84?) Horoi wo fkt dot nkkt `e
fo sp`roi vki ooi nr`to, vrhmwoa vhorbkito pkkazotthin eot
zhmfoi vki rosp. 37, 3<, 33 oi 3< e {jhn. HH), fho lahmbois
fo v`ifstoi z`u e`otoi fktoroi uht fo <o oi dot lonhi vki
fo 3o oouw ik Cdr.
Fo d`obpuitoi vki dot e`iueoit whmzoi ikkr fo vhor
whifrhcdthinoi. Fo I^- oi I@-zhmfo lostkki uht ooi ful
loao rhm pkaoi, fho v`anois fo `pnrkvors t`t twoo `pooiv`a
noifo l`uwjksoi lod`roi. Fo ]^-zhmfo lostkkt uht ooi oi
boao pkaoirhm. Fo ]@-zhmfo ahmbt woor nov`ref to w`rfoi
f``r ooi fulloao pkaoirhm. Dot hs ocdtor ihot zobor `j fozo
c`rrosp`ifoort eot fo fulloao pkaoirhm kki fo I^- oi
I@-zhmfo. Hi dot ehffoi vki fo ]@-zhmfo oi e`noahmb ``b
kki fo I^-zhmfo lovhift zhcd ooi hinkin. Vo ``rfoaoi
ikkr ooi twootka f``ra`poifo pkaoirhmoi d`uft dot hinowhb
boafo c`epaox pkkabuhaoi kki fo ]^-zhmfo fhroct vorlkifeot fo oica`suro. Dot bki kas ooi noahmbthmfhno kiiox w`r
foi loscd`uwf.
Lhiioi fo oica`suro hs ooi kkitka buhaoi vki vorscdhaaoifo
`evkin oi fhopto kkinotr`jjoi, eot ooi fuhfoahmbo c`icoi
trktho hi fo wostoahmbo d`ob. @pvkaaoifo jhnurkthos vki pk
aoi fho `p pakttonr`ifoi vki nol`uwoi buiioi whmzoi zhmi
ihot vkstnostoaf.
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;38 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
@
Jhn. ; ; ^hmi ono e= pakttonr `if vki fo cuatu spakk ts2 fo chrboa noojt fo loakinrhmb sto v`if st
c`icoitrktho kki (vna. jhn. ;<). Ikkr Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6. ^hmionoe= paki `j tdo skictukry2 tdo
chrcao ekrbs tdo e`st hep`rtkit c`icoitrkth`i `j jhifs (cj. j hn. ;<). Jr`e Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6.
Fo oica`suro w`rft f``r Cuyt (;843) v``ra`phn noàitorpro
toorf kas ooi voobrkka. @p nr`if vki ooi kikayso vki fo
pkkasp`roi eooit dhm v``rts dot pkaoic`epaox vki fo ]^-
kiiox to buiioi `itaofoi hi ooi kkitka `pooiv`anoifopakttonr`ifoi= vhor twooscdophno nol`uwtmos oi èèi ooi-
scdophn nol`uwtmo. Fo kiiox bki v`anois doe nozhoi w`r
foi kas ooi `vorfobto kkil`uw vki fo voobrkka eot fo
juictho vki stkaahin `j scduurtmo (Cuyt ;843, jhn. <4, <8).
Fozo hitorprotktho hi toreoi vki nol`uwpakttonr`ifoi
w`rft `p dot oorsto nozhcdt `iforstouif f``r fo `itfob
bhin hi ;846 vki ooi twootka jrkkho pakttonr`ifoi vki no
l`uwtmos, `p `inovoor ;?-<7 e toi i``rf``stoi vki fo oi
ca`suro (Cuyt ;84?, jhn. 6).
Fkib zhm fo sp`itkio eofoworbhin vki N. Cuyt zhmi whm histkkt nostoaf `e fo i`n ihot nopulahcoorfo nonovois vki fo
`pnrkvhinoi to ^hmionoe, z`kas dot v`ifstektorhkka oi fo
tkhas vki fo pakttonr`if, ikfor to lostuforoi. V`t `izo
vorrksshin laoboi fozo nonovois v`aaofhn to pkssoi hi dot
looaf fkt whm oorfor kki fo dkif vki fo I``rflrklkitso
oica`suros dkffoi `pnol`uwf. Dot hs `p nr`if dhorvki
fkt whm whaaoi v``rstoaaoi fo 'voobrkka' vki ^hmionoe to
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;67 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
dorhitorprotoroi kas cuatuspakkts. Fo krnueoitoi v``r fozo
ihouwo hitorprotktho dolloi lotrobbhin `p dot v`ifstekto
rhkka, fo spochjhobo c`itoxt vki fo v`ifstoi oi fo v`re oi
fo fktorhin vki fo oica`suro.
Dot oorsto krnueoit `e hi fo oica`suro vki ^hmionoe
nooi voobrkka, ekkr ooi cuatuspakkts to zhoi, w`rft no
v`ref f``r dot i`n nr`toifooas `inopulahcoorfo v`ifst
ektorhkka.
Lhiioi fo oica`suro hs saocdts wohihn kkrfoworb kkinotr`j
joi. Cuyt voreoaft oihn Nkaa`-\`eohis scdorvoiektorhkka
uht fo oorsto doajt vki fo <o t`t dot ehffoi vki fo 3o
oouw. Fo vr`onsto fktorhin aovort ooi t.s.-jrkneoit eot dot
stoepoa \ONZAHE (\onuaus, Aoz`ux2 Vrkmkius/Dkfrhk-
ius), kjb`esthn uht ooi pkkabuha vki fo `ufsto jkso vki dot
i``rf``stoahmbo fooa vki fo `edohihin. Ooi twootka jrkn
eoitoi vki nakzoi rhlb`eeoi oi oiboao scdorvoi vki hi
dooes kkrfoworb sauhtoi ocdtor ooi fktorhin hi fo Ho oouw
ihot uht.
Vonoi`vor dot scdkkrso kkrfoworb stkkt ooi `pvkaaoifo
d`ovooadohf euit- oi lr`isv`ifstoi. Lhiioi fo oica`surozhmi hi t`tkka 63 \`eohiso euitoi nov`ifoi. Vwhithn
oxoepakroi zhmi kjb`esthn uht ooi fhroct toi wostoi vki dot
coitrue noaonoi buha. Fozo euitv`ifst w`rft hi ooi pulah-
bktho vki Cuyt oi Zki Dooscd (;8>8) noàitorprotoorf kas
ooi euitscdkt, lostkkifo uht ;4 sostorthh uht fo <o oouw
(eot kas vr`onsto oxoepakkr ooi euit vki Vrkmkius) oi
twoo kit`ihihkih, rosp. vki Wdhahppus Krkls (<64) oi Vro-
l`ihkius Nkaaus (<?<). Fozo akktsto euit noojt v`anois fo
kutours dot thmfsthp kki wkkr`p fo euitscdkt e`ot zhmi
vorl`rnoi.
Fo `vorhno <3 euitoi zhmi i`n ihot nopulahcoorf. Dhorvki
lod`roi ;: oxoepakroi t`t ooi c`icoitrkt ho v`ifstoi fho hs
kkinotr`jjoi dkavorwono fo zuhf``stoahmbo hinkinspkrthm oi
dot ehffoi vki fo oica`suro (kkinofuhf f``r fo chrboa hi
jhn. ;;2 zho ``Z jhn. ;<). Ekkr ahojst zovoi euitoi vki
fozo c`icoitrktho frknoi fo looatoihs vki Kunustus. Noaot
`p fo vor`iforstoafo fktorhin vki fo oica`suro hi fo <o oi
3o oouw hs fkt ooi uhtorst `peorboahmb nonovoi'.
Lodkavo fozo sorho euitoi hs lhiioi fo oica`suro ``b ooi
kcdttka lr`izoi krelkifoi kkinotr`jjoi2 zovoi lod`roi
t`t fo roofs noi`oefo v`ifstc`icoitrktho tonoi`vor fo
zuhf``stoahmbo hinkinspkrthm, èèi oxoepakkr (^hm >:-3;)
b`et uht fo i``rfd`ob vki fo oica`suro. Voi ``stoi vki
fo oica`suro worf ooi ionoifo krelkif kkinotr`jjoi (^hm
4:->). ^kkrscdhmiahmb doojt fozo ``rspr`iboahmb t`t fozoajfoc`itoxt lod``rf. Fo loscdrhmvhin vki fo krelkifoi auhft
kas v`ant'".
;. Krelkif eot c`ihscd vorlrofo, st`ep uhta`poifo uht
ohifoi. Lhm fo uhtohifoi ooi vorshorhin hi fo v`re vki
twoo fhcdt `pooi nopakkts to noàichsoorfo ahmitmos2 vkikj
dot twoofo ahmitmo vortrobboi strkkasnowhms frho rhmoi
puitmos (^hm >:-:<2 jhn. ;3=;).
Jhn. ;< ^hmionoe= c`icoitrktho vki euit- oi lr`isv`ifstoi
r`if fo rhtuoao pkkastoaahin (fotkha vki jhn, ;;). ;= euitoi, <=
jhluako, 3= krelkifoi.
^hmionoe= c`icoitrkth`i `j c`his kif lr`izo `lmocts iokr tdo
rhtuka sotthin `j p`sts (fotkha `j jhn. ; ;| . ;= c`his , <= lr ``cdos
3= lrkcoaots.
<. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot c`ihscd vorlrofo oi
``rspr`iboahmb wkkrscdhmiahmb st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohi
foi. Zorshorhin kas ir. ; (^hm 4:->2 jhn. ;3=<).
3. Zhor, ovoituooa zos jrkneoitoi vki ooi krelkif eot
c`ihscd vorlrofo, st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo
typo kas ir. ;, ekkr `ivorshorf (^hm 43-62 jhn. ;3=3).
6. Krelkif eot bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi eot fkkrkki
scdhmjv`rehno uhtstoobsoatmos2 kcdtor fo bi`p twoo rhl
loatmos (^hm 4;-32/(n. ;3=6).
?. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot bi`pv`rehn uhtohifo
eot fkkrkki scdhmjv`rehn uhtstoobsoatmo. @p lohfo zhm
bkitoi ooi hehtkthot`rforhin (^hm 4;-8<2//n. ;3=?).
:. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot c`ihscd vorlrofo oi
st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;, ekkr
`ivorshorf (^hm 43-;72//n. ;3=:).>. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot c`ihscd vorlrofo oi
st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;, ekkr
`ivorshorf (^hm 4;-832/2n. ;3=>).
4. Vwoo jrkneoitoi vki ooi krelkif eot c`ihscd vorlro
fo oi st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohifoi. ]oajfo typo kas ir. ;,
ekkr `ivorshorf (^hm >:-3;2//n. ;3=4).
8. Jrkneoit vki ooi krelkif eot bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi
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;6; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
@ ®
'QY®
Jhn. ;3 ^hm ion oe= fooa vki fo v`if sto i uht fo cuatu spakkt s2 krelkif oi (;-4) oi jhluako (8- ;3 ). Scdkka ;=< .
^hmi onoe = k soaocth `i `j tdo jhifs jr`e tdo skictu kry2 lrkcoaots (;-4) kif lr``cdos (8 -; 3. Sckao ;=<.
@p fo zhmbkitoi ooi hehtkthot`rforhin (^hm 43-82 Cuyt
;846, jhn. :8=;).
V`t fo lr`isv`ifstoi lod``rt toisa`tto ``b ooi kcdttka jh
luako. Frho oxoepakroi zhmi kjb`esthn vki fo c`icoitrktho
tonoi`vor fo hinkinspkrthm, twoo zhmi oafors lhiioi fo oi-
ca`suro kkinotr`jjoi oi frho lhiioi fo ]^-kiiox.
Dot lotrojt fo v`anoifo oxoepakroi.
;. Frkkfjhluak, `iforfrkkfs, rocdto lounoa eot scdorpo
bihb, èèi whifhin, fo ikkaf oi fo `esakn vki fo ikkaf
d`ufor `itlroboi (^hm 47-62 jhn. ;3=8).
<. Vwoo jrkneoitoi vki wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi frkkfjhluak2
lostkkifo uht ; 'K whifhin oi ooi lkifv`rehno lounoa
(^hm >8-6:2 jhn. ;3=;7).
3. Lounoajrkneoit, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki ooi frkkfjhluak
(^hm ;8-?32 jhn. ;3=;;).
6. Lounoajrkneoit, wkkrscdhmiahmb vki ooi frkkfjhluak
(^hm 43-;?=//n. ;3=;<).
?. Frho jrkneoitoi vki ooi l``njhluak2 fwkrs `p fo lou
noa hs ooi rhm pkrkaaoaao nr`ojmos kkinolrkcdt, fo kcdtor
bkit vki fo lounoa hs oihnszhis rhlv`rehn (^hm 43-;82
jhn. ;3=;3).
:. Frkkfjhluak eot lkifv`rehno lounoa vorshorf eot ooi
nr`oj eot kki woorszhmfoi ooi fulloao rhm puitmos2 foikkaf `itlroobt (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=<).
>. Bihbjhluak eot scdorpnobihbto lounoa, voorr`a vki :
whifhinoi oi r`ifo sphrkkafrkkf, fo ikkaf `itlroobt
vrhmwoa nodooa (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=3).
4. Frkkfjhluak eot lkifv`rehno lounoa, fo ikkaf `it
lroobt (Cuyt ;846, jhn. :8=6).
Fo fktorhin vki fo euitoi oi shorkfoi `evkt fo porh`fo
vki dot lonhi vki fo Ho oouw t`t dot ehffoi vki fo 3o
oouw. Zki fo euitoi zhmi ihot ehifor fki ;; vki fo 63
oxoepakroi hi fo Ho oouw to fktoroi. Fo twoo typoi kre
lkifoi fho hi ^hmionoe v``rb`eoi zhmi wkkrscdhmiahmb
``b boieorboif v``r fo Ho oouw. Dot typo eot bi`pv`r-ehno uhtohifoi oi ovoituooa hehtkthot`rforhin (irs. 6, ? oi
8) w`rft f``r \`yekis oi Zki for Skifoi (;847, p. ;8>,
e.i . i``t ;6:) hi fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo vr`on-\`eohiso
porh`fo nofktoorf. Dot typo eot fo c`ihscd vorlrofo uht
ohifoi (irs. ;-3, :-4) ahmbt `p nr`if vki pkrkaaoaaoi hi
Ekksohb (Mkissois ;8>>, nrkj 3 oi ;<4) oi hi dot rhmbo
v`ifstc`epaox vki ^hmsdknoi (cj. <.:) ``b hi fo Ho oouw
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;6< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
tduhs to d`roi. Fo jhluako vki ^hmionoe ekboi, kjnozhoi
vki fo oio bihbjhluak, ooi ehifor vr`ono hifrub.
Kki fo dkif vki dot dhor noprosoitoorfo v`ifstektorhkka
bki fo juictho vki fo oica`suro vki ^hmionoe ikfor w`r
foi lopkkaf. ^o dolloi z`muhst noc`istktoorf fkt ooi roak
thoj nr``t kkitka euitoi oi krelkifoi hi fo a``p vki fo
Ho oouw nofktoorf e`ot w`rfoi. Fkt lotoboit fkt fo oica`suro wkkrscdhmiahmb akinor doojt lostkki fki t`t iu t`o
worf kkinoi`eoi. Dot hs ocdtor ihot n`of v``rstoalkkr fkt
ooi voobrkka `inovoor twoo oouwoi akin vrhmwoa `inowhm
zhnf - eot saocdts èèi dorl`uwjkso - `p fozoajfo paob
doojt noaonoi. Fozo twhmjoa kki fo juictho kas voobrkka
w`rft i`n vorstorbt f``r dot vrhmwoa `itlroboi vki dot
nkinlkro ioforzotthinskjvka. Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi nr`to
d`ovooadohf euit- oi lr`isv`ifstoi hs ``b ihot lopkkaf
typoroif v``r rurkao ioforzotthinoi hi fo \`eohiso thmf oi
hi hofor novka e`ohahmb hi vorlkif to lroinoi eot ooi no
lruhb kas voobrkka. Fo skeoistoaahin vki dot v`ifstc`e
paox whmst ka ovoiehi hi fho rhcdthin. Dot v``rb`eoi vki
vrhmwoa uhtsauhtoif euitoi, jhluako oi krelkifoi sunno
roort ooi lhmz`iforo soaoctho vki ektorhkka, fho ihot boi
eorboif hs v``r ooi i`rekao ioforzotthin.
Kaaooi ka ikkr kkiaohfhin vki dot v`ifstektorhkka zka fus
ikkr ooi katorikthovo hitorprotktho vki fo juictho vki fo
^hmionoeso oica`suro e`otoi w`rfoi noz`cdt.
^hm zhmi vki eoihin fkt ooi roahnhouzo juictho v``r fo
dkif ahnt. @p nr`if vki `vorooib`estoi eot v`ifstc`e
paoxoi uht dohahnf`eeoi uht fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo \`eohi
so porh`fo hi Nkaahâ, wkkrvki euitoi oi jhluako, ekkr ``b
krelkifoi fhbwhmas ooi loakinrhmb lostkiffooa v`reoi,
buiioi fo v`ifstoi uht ^hmionoe kas v`thojnkvoi w`rfoi
loscd`uwf. Fkt hepahcoort fkt fo oica`suro kas cuatuspakktse`ot w`rfoi noàitorprotoorf.
Ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho `p lkshs vki fo kkrf vki fo
v`ifstoi w`rft lovosthnf f``r ooi kikayso vki fo c`itoxt
wkkrhi fo v`ifstoi v``rb`eoi. Lhiioi fo oica`suro tro
foi oiboao thoitkaaoi nr`ifsp`roi `p hi fo v`re vki baohio
oi nr`to buhaoi. S`eehno fkkrvki zhmi eot zobordohf noà
foithjhcoorf kas pkkabuhaoi, s`es i`n eot ooi n`of dorboi
lkro pkkabori. ^kt hi fo v``ra`phno pulahbkthos ihot w`rft
voreoaf hs fkt iklhm dot coitrue vki fo oica`suro, rocdt
tonoi`vor fo zuhf``stoahmbo `poihin hi fo `edohihin, ooi
`pvkaaoifo rhm vki vhor pkkabuhaoi ahnt. Fo aointo vki fozo
rhm pkkabuhaoi lofrkknt vhmj eotor, fo `rhâitktho orvki stoet`vorooi eot fho vki dot zuhf``stoahmbo fooa vki fo `e
dohihin.
Hi fozo rhm hs ooi pkkastoaahin to dorboiioi fho fhroct vorno
ahmblkkr hs eot fo pkkastoaahinoi lhiioi fo oica`suros vki
D``noa``i, @ss-_ssoi oi Kapdoi. Fo lhmz`iforo lotoboihs
vki fo pkkastoaahin hi ^hmionoe w`rft kkinot``if f``r fo
v`ifstoi, fho thmfois dot `iforz`ob hi fo lotrojjoifo pkka
buhaoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi. Lhm fo loscdrhmvhin v`anoi whm fo
pkaoirhm vki dot zuhfwostoi ikkr dot i``rf``stoi (jhn. ;;
oi ;<).
;. Wkkabuh a2 c`elhikt ho vki twoo `j frho buhaoi2 fhopto
ekx. <7 ce. Hid`uf= ooi sphmbor.
<. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;3 ce. Hid`uf= ooi \`eohiso
euit (ooi ks vki Kunustus, > v.Cdr.).
3. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;> ce.6. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. ;77 ce. Hid`uf= ooi jhluak {jhn.
;3=;<), twoo \`eohiso euitoi (ooi ks vki Cakufhus, ;
`ifotorehioorlkkr oxoepakkr), fkbpkijrkneoitoi,
lr`bboi vorlrkifo aooe, hmzorsakbboi, ooi sphmbor oi
oiboao rostoi vki fhoroitkifoi.
Kki fo ]@-bkit vki fozo rhm pkkabuhaoi lovhift zhcd, pro
chos hi fo ks vki fo `poihin hi fo `edohihin, ooi vhmjfo
pkkabuha eot ovoioois oiboao `peorboahmbo v`ifstoi.
?. Wkkabuha2 fhopto ekx. <? ce. Hid`uf= 6 \`eohiso eui
toi (twoo kssos vki Kunustus, rosp. ;7-> v.Cdr. oi > v.
Cdr., ooi fup`ifhus vki Ior` oi ooi ks vki Sopthehus
Sovorus).
Fo `pvkaaoifo c`elhiktho vki coitrkao pkkastoa_in oi lhm
z`iforo v`ifstoi brhmnt i`n eoor roahâj f``r dot joht fkt hi
fo `iehffoaahmbo `enovhin vki fo pkkastoaahin zovoi vki
fo kcdt krelkifoi, i`n twoo jhluako, kaseofo i`n oois
ionoi euitoi zhmi nov`ifoi.
Kkinoi`eoi ekn w`rfoi fkt wo dhor, ovoikas hi l.v. @ss-
_ssoi, to ekboi dolloi eot ooi jhnurktho vki cuatuspkaoi
kas 'ehffoapuit' vki fo skcrkao ruheto fho f``r fo pkahssk
fo w`rft kjnolkboif. Lahmbois fo c`icoitrktho vki v`thoj
nkvoi zhmi r`if`e fozo cuatuspkaoi fo loakinrhmbsto rhtuo
aoi uhtnov`orf.
Eot dot ``n `p fo `iehsboilkkr roahnhouzo c`itoxt vki fo
v`ifstoi hi ^hmionoe hs dot zhiihn ``b i`n oois `pihouwto bhmboi ikkr fo oorfor noi`oefo euitscdkt. Fo f``r
Cuyt oi Zki Dooscd v``rnostoafo hitorprotktho 'euitscdkt'
(ooi d`ovooadohf tonoahmborthmf kki fo kkrfo t`ovortr`uwfo
euitoi) wks fosthmfs fo eoost v``r fo dkif ahnnoifo. ]hm
worf `inotwhmjoaf eofo lopkkaf f``r dot v``rb`eoi vki
ooi typhscdo 'sauhteuit' uht dot mkkr <?<. Fo vor`iforstoafo
rhtuoao lotoboihs vki fo kiforo euitoi oi lr`isv`ifstoi
oi fo dorhitorprotktho vki fo ^hmionoeso oica`suro kas cua
tuspakkts worpt ocdtor fo vrkkn `p `j ``b kki fo euit
scdkt ihot ooi rhtuoao lotoboihs e`ot w`rfoi t`onoboif.
Fkkr b`et lhm fkt ``b fo fhrocto v`ifstc`itoxt (fo nr`to
buha iklhm dot coitrue) oihno kkiaohfhin noojt t`t ooi for
noahmbo dorhitorprotktho. Fo a`sso sprohfhin vki fo euitoihi fo buha, eot ooi `iforahino kjstkif vki ekxhekka < eo
tor (Cuyt/Zki Dooscd ;8>8, jhn. < oi 3), ekkbt dot dooa
woa foiblkkr fkt fo euitoi ihot tonoahmborthmf ekkr kjz`i
forahmb hi fo buha zhmi torocdtnob`eoi. @`b fo skeoistoa
ahin vki fo v`ifst (saocdts twoo euitoi uht fo 3o oouw)
f`ot ihot hi fo oorsto pakkts kki ooi euitscdkt foiboi.
Ooi katorikthovo hitorprotkt ho kas ooi c`epaox `jjoreuitoi
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;63 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
ahmbt `is fkkr`e nooiszhis uhtnosa`toi. Fo buha z`u hi fkt
novka kas `jjorbuha loscd`uwf e`otoi w`rfoi.
@`b fo buhaoi hi fo wostoahmbo d`ob vki fo oica`suro bui
ioi kas `jjorbuha dolloi nofhoif. Ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotk
tho sauht kki lhm fho vki vornoahmblkro c`epaoxoi `ironoa
ekthno buhaoi lhiioi fo kiforo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot
Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof. Ooi twoofo krnueoit w`rft
nov`ref f``r dot `ptrofoi vki `iforahin pkssoifo scdor
voi uht vorscdhaaoifo buhaoi. Ooi forfo krnueoit lotrojt fo
v`ifst vki ooi kkitka tkifoi vki m`ino ruiforoi hi ooi
nr`to buha akins dot zuhfwostoahmbo fooa vki fo `edohihin.
Zki vorscdohfoio Ak Väio-cuatuspakktsoi oi Nkaa`-
\`eohiso toepoac`epaoxoi zhmi nr`to d`ovooadofoi l`tek
torhkka loboif, fho nozhoi buiioi w`rfoi kas rostoi vki
fhor`jjors. @p fo zuhfoahmbo zkifnr`ifoi hs vki fhorahmb
l`tektorhkka uhtorkkrf wohihn `vornolaovoi. Fo nolhtsrostoi
uht fo buha lhm fo `edohihin, ekkr ``b fho uht ooi vki fo
buhaoi vki fo coitrkao pkkastoaahin, kaseofo fo (norhino)
c`aaoctho l`trostoi uht D``noa``i oi @ss-_ssoi whmzoi or
ocdtor `p fkt ``b lhiioi fo oica`suros vki dot Ekks-
Foeor-Scdoafonolhof eot fhor`jjors hi spochkka kkinoaonfo`jjorbuhaoi roboihin e`ot w`rfoi nod`ufoi.
^kt lotrojt kjeothinoi, v`re oi hitorio structuur b`et fo
oica`suro vki ^hmionoe `vorooi eot fo oorfor lospr`boi
cuatuspakktsoi hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa vki dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof. Or hs saocdts èèi oaoeoit fkt fuhfoahmb kj
whmbt oi fkt hs fo kkrf vki fo `edohihin. Hi pakkts vki
ooi nroppoa- (oi wka)c`istructho trojjoi wo hi ^hmionoe
ooi `edohihin vki pkaoi kki. Zorfor`p hi fozo stufho zka
lahmboi fkt fht lhiioi fo woroaf vki fo akkt-Boathscdo oi
Nkaa`-\`eohiso cuatuspakktsoi ocdtor nooi uhtz`iforahmb
vorscdhmisoa hs. @`b fo ]^-kiiox vki fo oica`suro v`ret
ooi kjwhmboif oaoeoit. Cuyt doojt noeooif dhor ooi
`pooiv`anoifo roobs stkaahinoi `j scduurtmos to buiioi ro
c`istruoroi. Vo lofoiboi vkat ocdtor fkt fozo roc`istruc
thos, fho whm `p zhcdzoaj `vorhnois wohihn `vortuhnoif vhi
foi, wkkrscdhmiahmb eofo lopkkaf zhmi f``r fo hitorpro tktho
vki fo oica`suro kas voobrkka. _htnkkifo vki fo ihouwo hi
torprotktho vki fo oica`suro kas cuatuspakkts frhint fo vrkkn
zhcd `p `j ``b fo ]^-kiiox woaahcdt ooi cuathscdo juictho
doojt nodkf. Fo v`ifst vki ooi frhotka jhluako oi euitoi
lhiioi `j iot luhtoi fo kiiox ahmbt hiforfkkf hi fho rhcd
thin to whmzoi. Hi fo Ak Väio-trkfhtho hs fo c`elhiktho vki
cuatuspakktsoi oi baohioro kiioxoi ``b ihot `inow``i (cj.
3.?). ^hm fhoioi `is ocdtor to rokahsoroi fkt dot z`ifor ooinofotkhaaoorfo kikayso vki fo voao (pkka)buhaoi `ie`noahmb
hs `e t`t ooi lovrofhnoifo roc`istructho vki fo ]^-kiiox
to b`eoi. Vorund`ufoifdohf hs v``ra`phn fus nol`foi.
V`cd buiioi whm `is ihot kki fo hifrub `ittrobboi fkt hi
fo whrwkr vki pkaoi `p dot oorsto nozhcdt ooi kkitka
d``jfahmioi, ovoituooa zoajs twoo c`icoitrhscdo vhorbkitoi
zhmi to `iforscdohfoi. Fo nofkcdtoi nkki fkkrlhm `iwhaao
bourhn uht ikkr fo pakttonr`if vki ooi Nkaa`-\`eohis `e
nkinstoepoatmo...
<.? IOO\DK\OI-\OBOE
Ooi structuur fho hi dot bkfor vki fozo stufho ``b lospr`
boi e`ot w`rfoi hs ooi f``r ooi eoorv`ufhno pkka-
c`istructho nov`refo, ahcdt trkpoz`àfkao vhord`ob vki ck.
;3,?7 T ;; e, `itfobt thmfois dot f``r fo Ikth`ikao Fhoist
v``r @pnrkvhinoi uhtnov`orfo `iforz`ob vki ooi hidooes-
\`eohiso ioforzotthin lhm Ioordkroi-\oboe kki fo Ekks,
`inovoor > be toi i``rfwostoi vki Ekkstrhcdt (Fo L`o
;843, ;84?) (jhn. ;6).
Z``r fo fhscussho vki fozo structuur zhmi fo vr`onsto jksoi
vki fo ioforzotthin vki loakin.
;. Fo pro-Jakvhscdo porh`fo. Nofuroifo fozo porh`fo
lostkkt fo low`ihin hi Ioordkroi-\oboe uht ooi wkkr
scdhmiahmb `edohifo ioforzotthin vki oiboao twooscdophno
nol`uwoi, fho no`rfoif zhmi r`if ooi coitrkao ruheto. Fo
`pnrkvor, N. fo L`o, fktoorfo lhm nolrob kki v`af`oifo
v`ifstektorhkka fo ioforzotthin kkivkiboahmb tussoi fo ?o
oouw v.Cdr. oi fo vr`on-\`eohiso thmf (Fo L`o ;84?),ekkr noa``jt iu kkiwhmzhinoi to dolloi v``r ooi fktorhin
hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr."
<. Fo porh`fo vki ck. >7 ik Cdr. t`t dot ehffoi vki fo <o
oouw. Nofuroifo fozo jkso w`rft fo hidooeso lol`uwhin
vorvkinoi f``r ooi vhaakc`epaox, lostkkifo uht ooi d``jf
nol`uw oi ooi kkitka hi stooi uhtnov`orfo lhmnol`uwoi
(Fo L`o ;84?, kjl. ;7). @p dot vhaaktorrohi, `p `inovoor >7
eotor vki dot d``jfnol`uw, ahnt ``b fo vhord`obhno struc
tuur (jhn. H6=L). Fo pakttonr`if fkkrvki lostkkt uht oiboao
roobsoi ?? t`t 4? ce fhopo pkkabuhaoi. Hi fozo c`ijhnurktho
bki ooi vhortka jksoi `iforscdohfoi w`rfoi. Fht whmst or`p
fkt fo pkkac`istructho `p fozoajfo pakkts ooi kkitka boroi
hs vorihouwf. Vussoi fo pkaoi zhmi `p fhvorso pakktsoi
sekaao nroppoatmos wkkrnoi`eoi, fho fo kkiwozhndohf vki
ooi kjsauhtoifo wkif sunnororoi. Kki fo wostzhmfo oi e`
noahmb ``b kki fo i``rfzhmfo vki fo structuur doojt `p
;,37-;,?7 e vki fo wkif ooi rhm luhtoipkaoi nostkki. Hi
fo ]^-d`ob ahmbt ooi lhmik < e lrofo hinkin kkiwozhn.
Dot lhiioitorrohi hs hitoith`iooa vorfhopt. Iklhm fo hinkin
hs fozo vorfhophin norhin, hi i``rfoahmbo oi ``stoahmbo rhcd
thin a``pt zhm ocdtor `p t`t ?7 ce `ifor dot ``rspr`iboahm
bo ekkhvoaf. Fo vuaahin vki fozo vorfhophin hs lruhizwkrt
vki baour oi storb dueous vki bkrkbtor. @p dot `pnrk
vhinsihvoku wks hi fozo vuaahin ooi kkitka r`ifo oi vhor
bkito buhaoi zhcdtlkkr. Hi ooi fkkrvki worfoi fo vorb``afo rostoi vki ooi frhotka pakiboi nov`ifoi.
Fo fktoroifo v`ifstoi uht fo vhord`obhno structuur zhmi
`pvkaaoif norhin. Zoreoaf w`rft oihn scdorvoiektorhkka,
d``jfzkboahmb uht fo twoofo doajt vki fo <o oi dot lonhi
vki fo 3o oouw. Or hs ocdtor ``b sprkbo vki oiboao scdor
voi vki hidooes, dkifnov`ref kkrfoworb. Fo kkiaon vki
fo structuur w`rft `p nr`if dhorvki nofktoorf hi fo Ho
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;66 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Jhn. ;6 Ioordkroi-\oboe= pakttonr`if vki fo cuatuspakkts (L) oi fo iklhmnoaonoi structuur J. Ikkr Fo L`o ;84 ?, jhn. ;7.
Ioordkroi-\oboe= paki `j tdo skictukry (L) kif tdo iokrly structuro J. Jr`e Fo L`o ;84?, jhn. ;7.
oouw ik Cdhr. ]hm doojt lhmnov`an lhmik twoo oouwoi
lostkki.
Fo hitorprotktho vki fozo structuur hs ihot ooiv`ufhn. Fo
L`o (;843, ;84?) hs vki eoihin fkt dot nkkt `e ooi d`u
toi nol`uw, fkt e`noahmb v``rzhoi wks vki ooi 'pyrkeh-
fkka toitfkb', ovoituooa eot ooi b`rto i`b. Kkinozhoi hi
dot hitorhour sp`roi vki fkbfrknoifo pkaoi `itlroboi kcdt
dhm dot wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt fo fkbc`istruct ho worf nofrknoi
f``r fo zwkro wkifpkaoi, kaseofo f``r fo rhm luhtoipk-
aoi. Fo L`o iooet vorfor kki fkt fht d`utoi nol`uw ooi
stka hs nowoost, oi woa - noaot `p fo f`iboro vuaahin - ooi
z.n. p`tstka. Fo frho `ifhopo, rocdtd`obhno buhaoi z`ufoifo stkifpakkts vki frhib- `j v`oforlkbboi buiioi kkifuh
foi. Fo nroppoa (zho jhn. ;6) eot fkkrhi pkkasp`roi fho `p
fo I^-d`ob kkisauht, w`rft hi fozo c`itoxt loscd`uwf kas
fo kjsauhthin vki ooi voobrkka.
Fozo hitorprotktho vki fo vhord`obhno structuur kas nol`uw,
eoor spochjhob kas stka, hs ikkr `izo eoihin nooiszhis `vor
tuhnoif. Ooi `vorspkiihin vki ooi ruheto vki ;3,?7 lhm HH
eotor eot ooi pyrkehfkao `j kiforo fkbc`istructho hs z`i
for ooi `j eoor coitrkao, frknoifo pkaoi ikuwoahmbs v``r
stoalkkr. Dot ahmbt ``b `iwkkrscdhmiahmb fkt ooi `vorfobto
voostka `inovoor twoo oouwoi akin `p prochos fozoajfo
pakkts doojt noaonoi.
Lhiioi fo loboifo hidooes-\`eohiso ioforzotthinoi vki
dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof b`et ooi fornoahmbo c`ith
iuàtoht hi dot nolruhb vki w``i- oi stkaooidofoi ihot v``r
Dot joi`eooi p`tstka (ooi vorfhopt stkanofooato wkkrhi fo
eost vki dot voo w`rft vorzkeoaf) hs hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof thmfois fo akto <o oi 3o oouw hiforfkkf lo
boif. @pvkaaoif hs ocdtor fkt fornoahmbo p`tstkaaoi kathmf
`iforfooa v`reoi vki l`orforhmoi oi i``ht `p zhcdzoajstkki. Ooi akktsto krnueoit v``r ooi hitorprotktho kas stka
z`u buiioi zhmi fo vhord`ob skeoi eot dot z.n. nol`uw J
fkt : k > eotor vorfor`p ahnt, kas èèi nodooa, f.w.z. kas èèi
l`orforhm to loscd`uwoi. Kkiioeoahmb ahmbt fozo `pa`sshin
ocdtor ihot, `efkt fo lohfo vhord`oboi L oi J fuhfoahmb `p
zhcdzoaj stkki. L`voifhoi akkt fo ahcdt trkpoz`àfkao nr`if
v`re vki vhord`ob L nooi h`nhscd-c`istructhovo vorlhifhin
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;6? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
eot vhord`ob J t`o. @p nr`if vki fozo `vorwonhinoi b`
eoi whm t`t fo c`icausho fkt fo structuur L ooi `poi oi-
ca`suro hs nowoost.
Lhm dot z`oboi ikkr ooi katorikthovo hitorprotktho vki fozo
vore`ofoahmbo oica`suro nkki fo nofkcdtoi woadkkst `ivor
ehmfoahmb hi fo rhcdthin vki ooi cuatuspakkts. Ooi ikforo
loscd`uwhin ekkit ocdtor t`t v``rzhcdthndohf. Oiboao vkifo prhekhro boieorboi vki fozo ihouwo ckton`rho e`iu
eoitoi (coitrkao pkkastoaahin oi lhmz`iforo v`ifstoi) `it
lroboi. @`b fo (ihot nopulahcoorfo) fotkha-pakttonr`ifoi oi
fo v`ifstnonovois, fho whm hi Lrussoa e`cdtoi lostuforoi,
aovoroi nooi f``rsaknnovoifo krnueoitoi v``r ooi hitor
protktho kas cuatuspakkts.
Fos`ifkibs wknoi whm dot `e fo vhord`obhno structuur
vki Ioordkroi-\oboe hi `is `vorzhcdt `p to ioeoi oi woa
`p nr`if vki fo v`anoifo krnueoitoi.
;. Dot nkkt `e ooi vhord`obhno structuur, fho, z`kas whm
z`muhst roofs `peorbtoi, `.h ihot `vorfobt hs nowoost, fus
oorfor kas ooi oica`suro fki kas ooi nol`uw e`ot w`rfoi
kkinofuhf.
<. Fo `ironoaekthno v`re vki fo vhord`ob whmst ka ovoi
ehi `p ooi nol`uwpakttonr`if2 dhm hs ocdtor woa boieor
boif v``r s`eehno cuatuspakktsoi, z`kas fho vki D``no-
a``i oi ^hmionoe.
3. @`b dot akinfurhno nolruhb vki fo oica`suro whmst oor
for `p ooi skcrkao fki `p ooi pr`jkio lostoeehin.
6. Fo kkrf vki fo `edohihin stoet `vorooi eot fho vki fo
oica`suro vki ^hmionoe.
?. Dot `ptrofoi vki `ironoaekthno buhaoi c.q. buhac`e-
paoxoi `p dot lhiioitorrohi hs ooi joi`eooi fkt wo ``b
dolloi aoroi boiioi hi ^hmionoe, @ss-_ssoi oi D``-
noa``i.:. Fo hitoith`ioao vorfhophin vki dot lhiioitorrohi oi fo
f`iboro vuaahin fkkrvki v`reoi ooi oaoeoit fkt e`noahmb
ooi tonoidkinor doojt `p fo vhifpakkts ^hmsdknoi, wkkr
``b ooi cuatuspakkts w`rft vore`of (cj. <.:).
>. Fo eoost `pvkaaoifo v`ifst uht fo oica`suro w`rft no
v`ref f``r ooi frhotka hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi vki oor
not`uw- `j pa`onscdkroi. Hi fo Ak Väio-porh`fo b`eoi
fornoahmbo v``rworpoi vorscdhaaoifo boroi v``r kas v`thoj-
nkvoi hi dohahnf`eeoi, l.v. hi N`uriky (Lruikux ;84:,
8?).
4. Dot `ptrofoi vki ooi cuatuspakkts hi ooi ioforzotthins
c`itoxt hs lhiioi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ihot uht
z`iforahmb. Dot b`et ``b v``r hi @ss-_ssoi oi
D``noa``i.
@p nr`if vki fozo krnueoitoi ekn ooi hitorprotktho vki
fo structuur L kas cuatuspakkts ihot uhtnosa`toi w`rfoi
nokcdt'Y
< . : ^HMSDKNOI
Hi dot v``rmkkr vki ;84> pulahcoorfoi B. Ekos oi A. vki
Hepo dot twoofo vorsakn vki dot `iforz`ob fkt fo Ikth`
ikao Fhoist v``r @pnrkvhinoi hi ;846 oi ;84? uhtv`orfo
`p dot torrohi 'fo \hotoe' to ^hmsdknoi (Ekos/Zki Hepo
;84>). Lodkavo ooi 37-tkH, uht fo ehffoi- oi akto hmzorthmf
fktoroifo nrkvoi, `itfobtoi fo `iforz`obors ooi nr`to
d`ovooadohf pkkabuhaoi. Hi fozo caustor eooifoi zhm eoor
foro fulloao rhmoi to buiioi `itwkroi {jhn. ;?).
Fo fulloao rhmoi hitorprotoroi zhm kas fo sp`roi vki no-lhitsthmaoi vki frhoscdophno duhzoi, wkkrvki kaao kiforo
(wkif)sp`roi nodooa vorfwoioi zhmi. Fo uhtv`orhno lo
scd`uwhin vki fo `peorboahmbo v`ifstoi fho `p fht torrohi
vorzkeoaf worfoi - wkkr`ifor roakthoj vooa euitoi - aohft
fo kutours toisa`tto t`t fo c`icausho fkt eoi dhor e`noahmb
to ekboi doojt eot 'ooi pakkts eot b`eeorchâao `j
fhoistoijuibtho' (Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84>, ??). Ikkr `izo
eoihin zhmi fo f``r fo Loanhscdo c`aaonko noprosoitoorfo
nonovois ocdtor v``r ooi nodooa kiforo uhtaon vktlkkr. Dui
hitorprotkthos - frhoscdophno duhspakttonr`ifoi, c`eeor
chooa coitrue - pkssoi hi hofor novka ihot hi dot looaf fkt
hiehffoas vki dot Boephscd paktoku hi fo \`eohiso thmf hs
nov`ref. ^hm zhmi vki ``rfooa fkt or v`af`oifo kkiwhmzhinoi zhmi `e ``b ^hmsdknoi hi fo rhm vki ooiv`ufhno, rurk
ao cuatuspakktsoi `p to ioeoi.
^kiioor wo ooi vornoahmbhin ekboi eot fo vhmj oorfor lo
dkifoafo e`iueoitoi, fki e`ot kaaoroorst `pnoeorbt w`r
foi fkt or ikuwoahmbs `vorooib`est hs wkt fo v`re lo
trojt. Ooi fuhfoahmb vhord`obhno porhjoro structuur - hi fo
v`re vki ooi nroppoa `j pkkazotthin, z`kas wo fho lhm fo
kiforo vhmj nozhoi dolloi - hs ihot kkiwhmslkkr. Vussoi fo
vhmj noroc`istruoorfo fulloao pkaoirhmoi, wkkrlhm fo kj
stkif tussoi fo tonoi`vor oabkkr ahnnoifo pkaoi ck. <-3 e
lofrkknt, bki nooi oiboa vorlkif w`rfoi noaonf. Zki fhovhmj rhmoi zhmi or vhor zuhfwost-i``rf``st no`rhâitoorf, èèi
i``rfwost-zuhf``st. Vwoo vki fo vhmj v`reoi `iforahin
`inovoor ooi rocdto d`ob, ekkr sauhtoi ihot `p oabkkr kki2
fo aointoi lofrknoi rospocthovoahmb <7 (i``rfwost-zuhf``st)
oi ;<,? e. Fo frho rostoroifo i``rfwost-zuhf``st norhcdto
rhmoi, rospocthovoahmb ;>,?, ;? oi ;: e akin, ahnnoi ihot pk
rkaaoa kki fo oorstnoi`oefo rhm, ekkr rhcdtoi zhcd `p èèi
(foiblooafhn) puit fkt oihno thoitkaaoi eotors toi zuhf
``stoi vki fo zuhfrkif vki dot `pnrkvhinsvakb ahnt.
Dot looaf fkt dot nodooa vki fo pkkabuhaoi `paovort hs
v``rkasi`n `ilonrhmpoah mb. Z``r ooi fooa bki fo `ifuhfo
ahmbdohf `inotwhmjoaf vorbakkrf w`rfoi f``r fo e`ohahmbo
wkkrioehins`estkifhndofoi tor pakktso. Fo sp`roi wkroivkkn oi or buiioi fus pkkanktoi noehst zhmi. ^kkrscdhmi
ahmbor hs fkt wo to ekboi dolloi eot ooi structuur fho
storb doojt kjnowoboi vki fo vhmj oorfor noi`oefo oica`-
suros. C`ithiuorhin vki dot `iforz`ob zka ehsscdhoi i`n
hij`rektho lhofoi `vor fo v``rtzotthin vki ooi oiboao pk-
aoirhm, kaseofo `vor fo t`tkao `evkin vki dot c`epaox,
ekkr dot uhtohifoahmbo rosuatkkt zka t`cd wohihn noahmboihs
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;6: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
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Jhn. ; ? ^hmsdknoi= `vorzhcdt vki fo buhaoi oi pkkasp`roi tor paobbo vki fo cuatuspakkts2 fo sp`roi vki pkrkaaoaao pkkarhmoi zhmi hizwkrt kkinonovoi2 fo stor fuhft ooi baohio v`ifstc`icoitrktho kki. Ikkr Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84:, jhn. 6.
^hmsdknoi= survoy `j tdo phts kif p`std`aos kt tdo shto `j tdo skictukry2 tdo trkcos `j pkrkaaoa r`ws `j p`sts kro hifhcktof hi lakcb
tdo kstorhsb ekrbs k sekaa c`icoitrkth`i `j jhifs. Jr`e Ekos/Zki Hepo ;84:, jhn. 6.
vort`ioi eot fo dhorv``r lospr`boi pkaoioica`suro vki
^hmionoe. @vorooib`est eot ^hmionoe lostkkt or ocdtor
wäa `p ooi kifor puit, ia. fkt vki fo e`lhahk.
Fo v`ifstoi wkkr dot dhor `e nkkt aknoi nr`toifooas vor
sprohf hi ooi nrhms-novaobto 'w``iakkn' wkkrvki fo lonroi
zhin skeoivkat eot fo nroizoi vki dot nolhof wkkr fo
pkkabuhaoi v``rb`eoi. Dot nkkt `e ooi torrohi eot kjeo
thinoi vki ck. 37 x ?7 e. Fkkrluhtoi `itlroobt fozo akkn
v`aaofhn oi lovhift zhcd fhroct `ifor fo dueusakkn dot
scd`io, noao zkif. Ooi fooa vki fo pkkabuhaoi wks ka l`
voi hi fo w``iakkn zhcdtlkkr, fo rost b`i pks w`rfoi `p
notoboif ikfkt fozo f`iboro akkn vorwhmforf wks. D`o wo
`is dot `itstkki vki fo z.n. w``iakkn e`otoi v``rstoaaoi
hs `izobor, fo `pnrkvors sihmfoi fo vrkkn hi oab novka ihot
kki. Ooi e`noahmbo vorbakrhin z`u buiioi zhmi fkt dot
dhorl`voi `escdrovoi nolhof ``rspr`iboahmb vorfhopt hs no
woost. Fozo vorfhophin worf vorv`anois, thmfois dot no
lruhb, `pnovuaf eot vuhao nr`if oi e`lhahk. Fo pulahbktho
noojt nooi kkiwhmzhin d`o fhop fo l`foe vki dot vorfhopto
vakb `ifor dot ihvoku vki fo `enovhin doojt noaonoi,
ekkr vooa eoor fki ck. 37 ce zka fht ihvokuvorscdha ihot
zhmi nowoost.
@pvkaaoif hs fo rhmbo skeoistoaahin vki dot v`ifstc`epaox
uht fo f`iboro akkn, ooi nonovoi wkkr`vor ``b Ekos oi
Zki Hepo dui vorlkzhin uhtsproboi. Kaaoroorst zhmi or fo
lr`izoi shorkfoi. Hi fo roobs vki <4 krelkifoi zhmi twoo
typoi vortonoiw``rfhnf= krelkifoi eot c`ihscd vorlrofo
oi st`ep uhta`poifo uhtohifoi oi krelkifoi eot l`a- oi
bi`pv`rehno uhtohifoi. Lhm fo 3? jhluako nkkt dot `e
l``n-, bihb-, dkkb-, `noi-, scdkrihor-, Bi`toi- oi frkkfjh-
luako. Fo forfo loakinrhmbo nr`op `evkt fo euitoi. Hi t`
tkka worfoi or << nol`rnoi, z`woa kssos, fup`ifhh, sostorthh
kas ooi oiboao foikrhus. Fo `ufsto nkki torun t`t hi fo \o
pulahbohiso porh`fo, fo m`insto hs nosaknoi `ifor Kit`ih-
ius Whus. Lhiioi fho thmfsspkiio hs v``rka fo Ho oouw ik
Cdr. storb vortonoiw``rfhnf (Kunustus (3), Vhlorhus (;),
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;6> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_IKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
Ior` (;), Zospkshkius (6) oi F`ehthkius (<)). Ooi nr`op
vki twkkaj euitoi, vornozoaf vki kcdt jhluako, twoo kre
lkifoi oi oiboao jrkneoitoi fkkrvki, worf `p ooi roakthoj
baohio `pporvakbto (< e') kkinotr`jjoi. Fo kkiwozhndohf
vki ooi buha tor pakktso b`i ocdtor ihot `ifulloazhiihn
w`rfoi vkstnostoaf.
Ooi vhorfo v`ifstckton`rho, toisa`tto, lotrojt fo torrk shnha-
aktk. @p fo dhorl`voi kkinofuhfo loporbto `pporvakbto
zhmi ihot ehifor fki 337 scdorvoi vorzkeoaf. Fkkr`ifor
zhmi saocdts frho vorshorfo jrkneoitoi (Fr. ;> oi <8), fo
rost hs `ivorshorf (`.k. Fr. 3;, 33 oi 6?). Zki fozo t.s.-
scdorvoi hs 3% vki ]uhfnkaahscd, Q;% vki Ehffoinkaahscd
oi ruhe 47% vki @`stnkaahscd jklrhbkkt.
Dot bki nooi t`ovka zhmi fkt fo frho loakinrhmbsto v`ifst
ckton`rhoâi uht fo ^hmionoeso oica`suro - euitoi, jhluako
oi krelkifoi - ``b ooi pr`ehioito pakkts hiioeoi hi dot
v`ifstlostkif uht fo w``iakkn to ^hmsdknoi. Fozo nr`to
`vorooib`est wkt fo e`lhahk lotrojt rocdtvkkrfhnt `is hi
zhois fo c`icausho fkt lohfo e`iueoitoi ``b ooi `vorooi
b`esthno juictho nodkf dolloi, e.k.w. fkt wo ``b hi^hmsdknoi eot ooi cuatuspakkts to ekboi dolloi. Fozo
cuatuspakkts doojt ooi akino nolruhbsfuur noboif. Eoor
fki <77 mkk r e`ot zhm dolloi nojuicth`ioorf, vki fo oorsto
doajt vki fo Ho oouw t`t fo oorsto doajt vki fo 3o oouw ik
Cdr. Nofuroifo fo doao Ho oouw zhmi euitoi, jhluako oi
krelkifoi fo loakinrhmbsto (krcdo`a`nhscd trkcoorlkro) v`-
thojnkvoi. Hi fo a``p vki fo <o oouw vhift or ooi `peor
boahmbo vorkiforhin pakkts. Fo d``jfr`a ahmbt vkikj fkt e`
eoit nospooaf to w`rfoi f``r dot auxo-kkrfoworb. @j fo
b`eeoi, l`rfoi, lkbmos oi wrhmjscdkaoi vki torrk shnhaaktk
iu fo ohnoiahmbo v`thojnkvoi v`refoi ój fkt dot uhtohifo
ahmb nhin `e vornkiboahmb ektorhkka (sphmzoi, frkib) fkt
zhcd hi fozo kkrfoworbv`reoi lov`if, hs ooi vrkkn fho
e`ohahmb to lokitw``rfoi vkat. Z``ra`phn stkkt ^hmsdknoi
kaaooi wkt fozo `itwhbboahin lotrojt. Hi ^hmionoe hs ooi
fornoahmbo `esakn hi hofor novka ihot kkit``ilkkr.
<.> SKEOIZKVVHIN
^hm whaaoi fo losprobhin vki fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot
Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kjsauhtoi eot ooi b`rt `vorzhcdt
vki fo `vorooib`estoi oi vorscdhaaoi, `e `p fho ekihor to
b`eoi t`t ooi ikforo fojhihârhin vki fozo oica`suros kas
ooi ihouwo baksso vki krcdo`a`nhscdo e`iueoitoi . Fkkr
lhm e`ot `p v``rdkif w`rfoi `pnoeorbt fkt vki ooi i`r
ekthovo fojhihtho nooi sprkbo bki zhmi, hi fho zhi fkt kaao
e`iueoitoi kki kaao ossoithâao crhtorhk v`af`oi. Fkkrv``r
zhmi kaaooi ka fo `estkifhndofoi wkkr`ifor fo oica`suros
zhmi `pnonrkvoi to vorscdhaaoif. Ihottoehi ahmboi zo kas
nr`op n`of dorboilkkr.
Hi fo oorsto pakkts hs or ooi storbo e`rj`a`nhscdo vorwkit
scdkp. Dot nkkt hi lhmik kaao novkaaoi (kaaooi ^hmsdknoi
v`ret ooi uhtz`iforhin) `e vhord`obhno oica`suros eot ooinroppoa (kiiox wka) `j pkahsskfo kas porhjoro structuur. Fo
nr``tto vkrhoort vki HH,?7x ;3 e (Ioordkroi) t`t ck.
6?x6? e (@ss-_ssoi). Hi toiehisto frho novkaaoi (D``no
a``i, ^hmionoe oi Ioordkroi) hs sprkbo vki ooi oihnszhis
`ironoaekthno vhord`ob. ^kkr fo oica`suros v`aaofhn zhmi
`pnonrkvoi zhmi hinkinoi vkstnostoaf. Hi D``noa``i oi
^hmionoe ahnnoi fo twoo hinkinoi vrhmwoa tonoi`vor oa
bkkr, fo hinkin hi fo oica`suro vki Ioordkroi lovhift zhcd
hi fo ]^-d`ob.
Hi vhor novkaaoi w`rft ooi `peorboahmbo pkkastoaahin kkino
tr`jjoi (jhn. ;:). Hi ^hmionoe, Kapdoi oi @ss-_ssoi nkkt
dot `e rhmtmos vki vhor `j vhmj pkaoi, ovoiwhmfhn kki ooi
Jhn. ;: E`foaek thno woorn kvo vki fo cuatuspa kktsoi eot rhtuoao pkkastoaahinoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoa fonolhof2 vki ahibs ikkr
rocdts= @ss-_ssoi, D``noa ``i, Kapdoi oi ^hmio noe. Scdkka ; =; 77 7.
Waki sd`whin tdo skictukrhos whtd rhtuka sotthins `j p`sts hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok2 jr`e aojt t` rhndt2 @ss-_ssoi,
D``noa``i, Kapdoi oi ^hmionoe. Sckao ;=; 777 .
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;64 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
vki fo zhmfoi oi e`noahmb toabois tonoi`vor ooi hinkin no
aonoi - hi Kapdoi oi @ss-_ssoi vkat fht vkiwono fo lo
porbto `pnrkvhinse`noahmbdofoi doakks ihot eot zobordohf
vkst to stoaaoi. Fo pkkastoaahin hi D``noa``i vort``it ooi
kjwhmboifo v`re, fho `vorooib`et eot fho vki fo pkkastoa
ahin lhiioi fo cuatuspakkts vki N`uriky.
Zorv`anois lovhift zhcd `p ooi vhortka lhiioitorrohioi ooi
`pvkaaoifo d`ovooadohf buhaoi, fho whm kki fo dkif vki fov`ifstovhfoitho hi ^hmionoe kas `jjorbuhaoi dolloi noài
torprotoorf. Kaaooi hi Kapdoi oi ^hmsdknoi zhmi toi nov`a
no vki fo spochjhobo `iforz`obs`estkifhndofoi fornoambo
buhaoi ihot vkstnostoaf.
Oèi oaoeoit hs t`t iu t`o ihot oxpahchot kki fo `rfo nostoaf,
ikeoahmb fo ihvokuvorkiforhinoi lhiioi fo oica`suros. Hi
Ioordkroi worfoi fo `iforz`obors noc`ijr`itoorf eot ooi
hitoith`ioao vorfhophin vki dot lhiioitorrohi, `pnovuaf eot
ooi f`ibor, storb dueous pkbbot nr`if. Dot hs ihot `ie`
noahmb fkt fo v`ifstoirhmbo, nrhmsnovaobto 'w``iakkn' fho hi
^hmsdknoi `vor ooi `pporvakbto vki 37x?7 e hs vkst
nostoaf ooi vornoahmblkro vorfhophin v``rstoat. Fo vrkkn
frhint zhcd `p `j whm dhor to ekboi dolloi eot ooi 'ionk
thovo' vkrhkit vki fo `pnod``nfo lhiioitorrohioi ('rkhsof
hitorh`rs') fho hi fo akkt-Boathscdo/vr`on-\`eohiso cua
tuspakktsoi hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif oi dot \hmiakif ronoaekthn
w`rfoi kkinotr`jjoi (cj. 3.; oi 3.3). Hi Kapdoi wks lhi
ioi fo i`n kkiwozhno rocdtd`obhno wka ooi nrkjdouvoa `p
now`rpoi. @`b dhorv``r zhmi pkrkaaoaaoi hi dot Fuhtso \hmi
akif kkiwozhn (cj. 3.;).
ca`suros uht dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kas ooi nr`op
vki vorwkito cuatuspakktsoi w`rfoi loscd`uwf.
Fo `iforahino vorwkitscdkp tussoi fo lospr`boi oica`su
ros c.q. cuatuspakktsoi w`rft ``b nosunnoroorf f``r fo
fktorhin. Zki Kapdoi bki wohihn eoor nozonf w`rfoi fki
fkt fo oica`suro tduhsd``rt hi fo \`eohiso thmf. Kkinoi`
eoi fkt fo H4o- oi ;8o-oouwso euitv`ifstoi uht fo oica`suro kjb`esthn zhmi fki ahnt ooi fktorhin vki fo Ho t`t dot
lonhi vki fo 6o (!) oouw v``r fo dkif. Fo kkiaon vki fo
`vorhno cuatuspakktsoi e`ot dolloi pakktsnov`ifoi hi fo
oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. Fo cuatuspakkts vki
@ss-_ssoi hs hi fo <o oouw ihot eoor hi nolruhb, fho vki
D``noa``i wkkrscdhmiahmb i`n woa. ^hmionoe, ^hmsdknoi
oi Ioordkroi a`poi hi hofor novka f``r t`t hi fo 3o oouw.
@vor dot rhtuooa fkt hi fozo cuatuspakktsoi hs uhtnov`orf,
bki kki fo dkif vki fo krcdo`a`nhscdo nonovois ihot ka to
vooa w`rfoi nozonf. Hi hofor novka hs zobor fkt lhiioi fo
cuatuspakktsoi v`thojnkvoi zhmi nofop`ioorf. Fozo lotroj
joi ihot kaaooi kkrfoworb oi eotkaoi v``rworpoi, ekkr -
to ``rfoaoi ikkr fo (vorlrkifo) l`trostoi uht buhaoi (^hm
ionoe, @ss oi D``noa``i) - ``b fhorahmb `jjorektorhkka .
Zorfor ahnt dot v``r fo dkif fo typhscdo pkkastoaahinoi lhi
ioi oiboao oica`suros to hitorprotoroi kas rhmoi cuatuspkaoi.
Hi fho rhcdthin whmst ``b dot joht fkt muhst r`if fozo pkaoi
fo loakinrhmbsto v`thojv`ifstoi zhmi nofkki (^hmionoe oi
D``noa``i).
Lhm fo j`reuaorhin vki fo dyp`tdoso fkt fo lospr`boi oi
ca`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof kas cuatuspakkt
soi e`otoi w`rfoi loscd`uwf, dolloi fo v`ifstoi ooi
loakinrhmbo r`a nospooaf, eot ikeo dot euit-jhluak-krelkifc`epaox uht ^hmionoe oi ^hmsdknoi, fkt quk sk
eoistoaahin to vornoahmboi vkat eot fo v`ifstc`epaoxoi uht
s`eehno dohahnf`eeoi hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb oi dot E`ozoa
nolhof. Hifhoi fo \`eohiso euitv`ifstoi uht fo 'aonor
pakkts' hi fo dohfo tussoi Kapdoi oi \hoa hiforfkkf uht fo
oica`suro vki Kapdoi kjb`esthn zhmi, fki dolloi wo fkkr
eoo ooi v`ifstckton`rho v``r `is fho nodooa hi dotzoajfo
looaf pkst. @`b fo frho hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi vki
oornot`uw- `j pa`onscdkroi uht Ioordkroi-\oboe b`eoi
oafors ronoaekthn v``r kas v`thojnkvoi. Dot v`ifstektorhkka
uht fo oica`suro vki D``noa``i vort``it ooi kiforo sk
eoistoaahin. Dot eoost `pvkaaoif hs dhor dot vr`on-
\`eohiso hep`rtkkrfoworb. Fo `estkifhndohf fkt dot boiioahmb `pzottoahmb nolr`boi hs, whmst ocdtor `pihouw `p ooi
rhtuoao c`itoxt. Dotzoajfo noaft v``r fo `pzottoahmb nolr`
boi hmzoroi eosmos oi fo ikkjlkif uht fozo oica`suro, oi
wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b v``r fo nr`to d`ovooadohf <o-oouwso
torrk shnhaaktk-v`ifstoi uht ^hmsdknoi. @p nr`if vki fozo
e`rj`a`nhscdo oi ektorhâao boieorboi, fho hi toabois whs
soaoifo c`elhikthos v``rb`eoi, buiioi fo lospr`boi oi-
Fo pakkts fho fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot \`eohiso iofor
zotthinssystooe vki dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof dolloi
hinoi`eoi bki kas v`ant w`rfoi lopkkaf. Hi ooi frhotka no
vkaaoi (@ss-_ssoi, Ioordkroi-\oboe oi D``noa``i) hs orsprkbo vki ooi fhrocto roaktho eot ooi ioforzotthin. Dot
doojt or zoajs kaao scdhmi vki fkt fozo oica`suros hi fo
oorsto doajt vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. noahmbthmfhn eot fo io
forzotthinoi zhmi kkinoaonf. Z``r ^hmionoe hs ooizoajfo
c`itoxt wkkrscdhmiahmb. Kaaooi `vor Kapdoi oi ^hmsdknoi
bki lhm nolrob kki nonovois v``ra`phn ihots ikfors w`rfoi
nozonf.
Dot nkkt hi kaao novkaaoi `e ooiv`ufhno, rurkao cua
tuspakktsoi, nolruhbt f``r a`bkao noeooiscdkppoi. ^kt lo
trojt dui uhtorahmb dolloi zo wohihn noeooi eot fo loboi
fo Nkaa`-\`eohiso toepoac`epaoxoi, fho to vhifoi zhmi hi
fo stofoi, fo vhch oi kiforo coitrk `p dot pakttoakif. Lhi
ioi fo dhârkrcdho vki dohahnf`eeoi fho zhcd hi fo a``p
vki fo akto Ho oi fo <o oouw uhtbrhstkaahsoort vortonoiw``r
fhnoi zo `inotwhmjoaf dot akknsto ihvoku. D`o fozo ruheto
ahmbo p`shtho noàitorprotoorf e`ot w`rfoi hi toreoi vki
s`chkka-p`ahthobo `rnkihsktho oi hi toreoi vki r`ekihsorhin
b`et kki fo `rfo hi d``jfstub 6.
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;68 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
KVAKIVHSCDO
@C O KKI
Jhn. ;> Dot vorspr ohfhin snolho f vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi (ikkr Wakicb ;84 :, Kll. ?; <) , kkinovuaf eot fo vorsprohfhin vki fo
cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof (;), fo Nrklnkrtoi hi dot \hmiakif (<), fo dohah nf`e eoi vki dot Loanhscdo typ o hi
I``rf-Jrkibrhmb (3) oi rhtuoao oica`suros hi ]uhf-Oinoakif (6).
Vdo fhstrhluth`i krok `j tdo Zhorocbscdkizoi (jr`e Wakicb ;8 4: , Kll. ?;< ), suppaoeoitof w/htd tdo fhstrhlut h`i kroks `j tdo skictukrhos hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok (;), tdo \dhioakif Nrklnkrtoi (<), tdo skictuk rhos `j tdo Loanhc typ o hi i`rtd ori Jrkico
(3) kif tdo rhtuka oica`suros hi Lrhtkhi (6).
3. Fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo c`itoxt
Hi dot v``rnkkifo hs kh eoorforo ekaoi ikkr v`roi no
lrkcdt fkt fo oich`suros uht fo \`eohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-
Foeor-Scdoafonolhof nooi uihoMco joi`eoioi zhmi, ekkr
ooi ehi `j eoor fuhfoahmhco vorwkitscdkp vort`ioi eot
e`iueoitoi fho hi fo `is `erhinoifo akifoi zhmi `ifor
z`cdt. Hi fht d``jfstub zka fho ruheoro cuatuurdhst`rhscdo
c`itoxt eoor systoekthscd w`rfoi iknonkki. Dot zka fki
lahmboi fkt fo hi d``jfstub < lospr`boi e`iueoitoi fo
eoost i``rfoahmbo uhta`pors v`reoi vki ooi vorsprohfhinsnolhof fkt zhcd uhtstrobt vki ]uhf``st-Oinoakif t`t ]uhf-
Fuhtsakif oi vki ^ost-Jrkibrhmb t`t dot Fuhtso \hmiakif
(jhn- ;>)".
3.; ]_HF-F_HVSAKIF= FO ZHO\OCBSCDKI]OI
Dot sproobt woadkkst vkizoaj fkt wo lonhiioi hi fo Fuhtso
fooastktoi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Fht hs heeors
dot borinolhof vki fo nr`to vhord`obhno oica`suros fho ka
shifs fo ;8o oouw hi fo wotoiscdkppoahmbo loakinstoaahin
stkki oi `ifor fo ikke Zhorocbscdkizoi ooi ruheo lo
boifdohf noihotoi. Lhm fozo Zhorocbscdkizoi nkkt dot `e
vooaka hi dot voaf i`n zhcdtlkro e`iueoitoi, dorboilkkr
kki ooi wka eot - kki fo luhtoibkit fkkrvki - ooi nrop
poa, fho toskeoi ooi torrohi `enovoi wkkrvki fo t`tkao `p
porvakbto bki vkrhâroi vki ;:77 t`t <?777 eY (Scdwkrz
;8:7, :7). Fo t`p`nrkjhscdo shtuktho hs ihot kathmf fozoajfo=
fo Zhorocbscdkizoi ahnnoi z`woa `p vakbbo torrohioi kas `pdoaahinoi2 ``b zhmi zo kkinotr`jjoi lhiioi, `j hi fo fhrocto
`enovhin vki `pphfk (`.k. Oinoas ;8>:). Dot v`reoiropor-
t`hro `evkt z`woa vhorbkito kas akinworphno oi trkpoz`àfkao
oxoepakroi2 ``b ooi fulloao oi zoajs frhofulloao kkiaon
b`et v``r. Dot d``ntovorscdha tussoi fo l`foe vki fo
nroppoa oi fo t`p vki fo wka bki uhtooia`poi vki < t`t
eoor fki : e. @p fo d`oboi hs fo wka vkkb d`nor fki `p
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;?7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
fo rocdto stubboi. Fo `poihin hi fo nroppoa oi wka lo
vhift zhcd roakthoj vkkb kki fo ``stbkit oi i``ht kki fo
i``rfbkit. Ooi akktsto bkrkbtorhsthob, toisa`tto, v`ret fo
scdkkrsto kki v`ifstoi. Kjnozhoi vki oihn kkrfoworb zhmi
fht s``rt torrohioi iknoi`on v`ifsta``s".
Fo hitorprotktho vki fozo ckton`rho e`iueoitoi doojt hi
fo a``p for mkroi tkarhmbo whmzhnhinoi `ifornkki. Kkivkiboahmb worf nofkcdt kki \`eohiso ehahtkhro ekrsbkepoi,
aktor, t`oi fuhfoahmb wks now`rfoi fkt zo hi fo akkt Ak
Väio-porh`fo tduhsd`roi, kki Boathscdo d`ovoi, voobrkaoi
oi vorfofhnhinsworboi. Hi ;83; `pporfo J. Froxoa fo vor
`iforstoaahin - c`icroto krcdo`a`nhscdo lowhmzoi wkroi or
heeors ihot - fkt dot woa oois `e cuatuspakktsoi z`u bui
ioi nkki. Fozo eoihin, fho ihot f``r hoforooi worf no
fooaf, broon pks ocdt `iforstouihin f``r fo `pnrkvhin vki
B. Scdwkrz vki ooi vki fo lohfo oica`suros hi D`azdku-
soi, hi fo `enovhin vki Eñicdoi. Hi fo porh`fo ;8?>-
;8:3 aonfo Scdwkrz `p dot lhiioitorrohi ooi kkitka sp`roi
la``t fho zhcd ikuwoahmbs hi ooi kiforo fki rhtuoao c`itoxt
ahotoi pakktsoi (zho v``rka Scdwkrz ;8:7 oi ;8>?).Fo oaoeoitoi wkkr dot hi D`azdkusoi `e nkkt zhmi fo
v`anoifo.
;. Ooi baohi, iknoi`on vhorbkit nol`uw (;7,? x HH e) eot
ooi `enkin oi ooi dkkrfpakkts hi dot ehffoi2 fozo
structuur worf `p fozoajfo pakkts i`n oois dorl`uwf.
<. Oiboao fhopo t`t zoor fhopo puttoi (t`t ekx. 3? e), oab
eot vorscdohfoio d`utsb``arhmbo aknoi hi fo vuaahin2 hi
èèi vki fo puttoi worf, `p fo l`foe, fo kkiwozhndohf
vki ooi nr`toifooas hi ooi stoioi pkbbhin novktto,
scduhi stkkifo pkka vkstnostoaf.
Dot nol`uwtmo w`rft f``r Scdwkrz kas ooi toepoatmo noài
torprotoorf, fo fhopo puttoi lroint dhm skeoi `ifor foi`oeor 'cuatusscdkcdtoi'. Fozo akktsto hitorprotktho hs eofo
hinonovoi f``r fo `itfobbhin fkt, thmfois fo porh`fo fkt
fo oica`suro hi nolruhb wks, fhvorso `rnkihscdo sulstkithos
(l.v. la`of oi vaoos) hi fo scdkcdt e`otoi zhmi nofo
p`ioorf.
Dot `iforz`ob fkt shifs D`azdkusoi hi ooi kkitka Zhorocb-
scdkizoi doojt pakktsnov`ifoi, doojt dot f``r Scdwkrz no
prosoitoorfo 'e`foalooaf' vki fozo ckton`rho e`iueoitoi
kkinovuaf äi noiukicoorf. Zorscdhaaoifo oica`suros zhmi hi
ehffoas kki ooi krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob `iforw`rpoi oi
fkt doojt noaoorf fkt dot lhiioitorrohi ihot kathmf fozoajfo
oaoeoitoi d`ojt to lovkttoi `j `p fozoajfo whmzo hinorhcdtd`ojt to zhmi. Fhopo scdkcdtoi, lhmv``rlooaf, b`eoi vkkb
v``r (Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, V`eorfhinoi) ekkr ihot kathmf
(Odihinoi)(zho rosp. Wakicb ;84< oi ;84:, ]ñri ;8>;,
Scdhob ;846). Dot bkrkbtorhsthobo `enkinstoepoatmo hi fo
I^-d`ob vki fo `iforz`cdto oica`suro to D`azdkusoi `it
lroobt hi fo v`aaofhn `iforz`cdto Zhorocbscdkizo vki Od-
ihinoi. Fo fkkr kkinotr`jjoi nol`uwtmos zhmi ooiv`ufhno
vhorbkito structuroi, fho vorsprohf `vor dot doao torrohi
v``rb`eoi. Hi fo ruhe v``r fo doajt `iforz`cdto oica`su
ro vki V`eorfhinoi zhmi doaoekka nooi nol`uwsp`roi
`itfobt.
Fo dhorl`voi noi`oefo `pnrkvhinoi dolloi wohihn
v`ifstektorhkka `pnoaovorf. Hi èèi novka worf ocdtor ooi
lhmz`iforo `itfobbhin nofkki. Vhmfois ooi i``f`iforz`ob
`itfobto F. Wakicb, `p fo l`foe vki ooi ruhe ;8 e fho
po scdkcdt hi ooi v``r fo rost nodooa vornrkvoi Zhorocb
scdkizo lhm Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, ooi frhotka d`utscuapturoi.
Fozo paksthscd uhtnov`orfo d`utsihmworboi buiioi hi dot
akktsto bwkrt vki fo <o oouw v.Cdr. nofktoorf w`rfoi.
Vwoo orvki stoaaoi l`bboi v``r fho ``rspr`iboahmb fooa
uhtnoekkbt e`otoi dolloi vki ooi nr`toro c`ep`shtho,
wkkrhi zhm ooi zhttoifo kitr`p`e`rjo jhnuur jakiboorfoi.
Fo forfo scuaptuur lotrojt ooi sprhinoif dort. Wakicb sun
noroort ooi vorlkif tussoi fht akktsto d`utsihmworb oi fo
Boathscdo dortoin`f Coriuii`s. Fo `pnrkvor hs vki eoihin
fkt fozo `peorboahmbo scuapturoi, fho e`noahmb `iforfooa
vki ooizoajfo jrhos dolloi uhtnoekkbt, tduhsd`roi hi ooiskcrkao c`itoxt oi ooi lovosthnhin v`reoi v``r fo dyp`
tdoso vki Froxoa oi Scdwkrz fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizoi rhtuo-
. Ho oica`suros (Boat. ioeotk) v``rstoaaoi.
Or zhmi i`n twoo krnueoitoi v``r ooi roahnhouzo hitorprotk
tho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi. Dot oorsto doojt lotrobbhin `p
dot `iforz`ob vki fo roaktho tussoi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi
kiforo e`iueoitoi. B. Lhttoa (;8>4) oi S. Scdhob (;84<)
dolloi nowozoi `p dot joht fkt fo ]uhffuhtso oica`suros
roakthoj vkkb `p b`rto kjstkif vki (lhmik kathmf vooa `uforo
nrkjdouvoas ahnnoi. Fht lahmbt hi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn v``r
<7% vki fo loboifo Zhorocbscdkizoi `p to nkki, ooi z`
fkihn d``n porcoitkno fkt t`ovka uhtnosa`toi ekn w`rfoi
(Scdhob ;84<, <3;). Dot wkkrscdhmiahmbo vorlkif tussoi fo
Zhorocbscdkizoi oi dot nrkjlostoa hs fo z`vooasto kkiwhm
zhin fkt fo ]uhffuhtso oica`suros hi dot roahnhouzo sul
systooe tduhsd`roi. I`n ooi kiforo hifhcktho fkkrv``r zhmi
fo rosuatktoi vki dot akifeootbuifhn `ifor
z`ob vki N. Ekisjoaf (;84;). Fozo stoafo vkst fkt dot lhi
ioitorrohi hi eoihno Zhorocbscdkizo d`nor ahnt fki dot tor
rohi luhtoi wka oi nroppoa. Fo v``r fo dkif ahnnoifo c`i
causho hs fkt dot lhiioitorrohi buistekthn worf `pnod``nf,
to eoor fkkr fozo `pd`nhin ``b vorscdhaaoifo ekaoi `ifor
fo wka b`i w`rfoi vkstnostoaf. Fo fhbto vki fozo akkn bki
`pa`poi t`t ck. 67 ce. Z``r ooi oica`suro eot ooi `pporvakbto vki ;7.777 eY lotoboit fkt ooi vorpakktshin vki hi
t`tkka 6777 e' nr`if. Ekisjoaf sunnoroort fkt fo cua
tuspakktsoi worfoi `pnod``nf `e dot skcrkao bkrkbtor vki
fozo torrohioi to kccoituoroi, e.k.w. `e dot `iforscdohf
eot fo `erhinoifo pr`jkio woroaf to vorstorboi (Ekisjoaf
;84;, 3:4).
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;?; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
Voisa`tto fo thmfsspkiio wkkrhi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi dolloi
nojuicth`ioorf. Fkt fo eoosto uht fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo
fktoroi ahmft nooi oiboao twhmjoa (Lhttoa ;8>4, ;7). Zorscdoh
foio oica`suros dolloi ocdtor ``b kkiwhmzhinoi `pnoaovorf
v``r ooi v``rtnozot nolruhb nofuroifo fo \`eohiso thmf.
Ooi vki fo eoost sproboifo v``rlooafoi hs fo ka oorfor
voreoafo Zhorocbscdkizo vki Odihinoi, wkkr hi fo nroppoa
z`woa ooi fooa vki ooi \`eohiso Muphtorzuha kas ooi stooi
eot fo kjlooafhinoi vki Zhct`rhk oi Ekrs worf `itfobt
(Scdhob ;846, <<:, ir. 6:2 vna. ``b Lhttoa ;8>4, 4).
Zooa e`ohahmbor lahmbt dot `e fo ``rspr`in vki dot joi`
eooi Zhorocbscdkizo vkst to stoaaoi. Scdwkrz c`istktoorfo
roofs fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizo vki D`azdkusoi worf v``rkj
nonkki f``r ooi rocdtd`obhno oica`suro, nov`ref f``r ooi
pkahsskfo. Fozo pkahsskfo, fho ihot n`of nofktoorf b`i w`r
foi, doojt twoo vorl`uwjksoi noboif. ^kiioor fo wka-oi-
nroppoaoica`suros ``b oafors v``rnkinors hi fo v`re vki
pkaoioica`suros dolloi nodkf", frhint fo vrkkn zhcd `p
d`ovor fozo akktsto hi fo thmf torunrohboi. Fo roofs oorfor
noshnikaoorfo ruhetoahmbo roaktho tussoi fo baksshobo Zhor
ocbscdkizoi oi nrkjdouvoas uht fo Dk C/F porh`fo, doojtt`t fo dyp`tdoso noaohf fkt fo pkaoivkrhkit torunnkkt t`t hi
fo vr`ono hmzorthmf (Lhttoa ;8>4, ;;2 ;84;, 86 oi ;;3). Lhm
dot vhifoi vki fornoahmbo v``rnkinors zka dot t`ovka `ino
twhmjoaf ooi nr`to r`a spoaoi, `efkt or l`voinr`ifs nooi
sp`roi vki lowkkrf zhmi nolaovoi.
3.< J\KIB\HMB= FO OICA@S C_AV_OAS
@`b hi Jrkibr hmb, oi fki eot ikeo hi fo i``rfoah mbo doajt
vki dot akif, zhmi vhord`obhno cuatuspakktsoi loboif. Ka
ruhe thoi mkkr noihot fht kspoct vki fo ikth`ikao krcdo`a`
nho oxtrk loakinstoaahin. Fht doojt or v``r noz`rnf fkt fo
boiihs `vor fo dhor lof`oafo structuroi storb vornr``t hs.
Lhm fo loscdrhmvhin vki fornoahmbo oica`s cuatuoas nolruhboi
fo Jrkiso krcdo`a`noi vkkb fo Fuhtso tore Zhorocbscdki
zo. Hi zhmi `iakins vorscdoioi `vorzhcdt vki fo Nkaahscdo
roahnho lroint M.-A. Lruikux ocdtor ooi twoofoahin kki hi
fozo uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo fktoroifo nr`op e`iueoitoi
(Lruikux ;84:, ;?). Fht `iforscdohf zka hi dot `iforstkki
fo `vorzhcdt w`rfoi `vornoi`eoi.
Fo tore Zhorocbscdkizo rosorvoort Lruikux v``r fo nr`toro
oica`suros, wkkrvki fo nroppoa oi fo wka - fozo akktsto
s`es eot `pnod``nfo d`oboi - vooaka i`n zhcdtlkkr zhmi
hi dot akifscdkp. Fo t`tkao `pporvakbto vki fozo e`iu
eoitoi ahnt oorfor l`voi fki `ifor fo ; dk. Iot kas dui]uhffuhtso tonoidkinors zhmi zo wohihn v`ifstoirhmb. Bk
rkbtorhsthob rhtuooa v`ifstektorhkka `itlroobt nodooa.
Dot zwkkrtopuit vki fo vorsprohfhin vki fozo baksso oica`
suros ahnt hi dot wostoi vki Jrkibrhmb. Fkcdt Scdwkrz
(;8:7, 46) kki dot lonhi vki fo :7-or mkroi i`n fkt zo uht
sauhtoif v``rb`eoi hi dot nolhof vki fo Sohioe`ifhin oi
hi I`rekifhâ, tdkis w`rfoi Zhorocbscdkizoi ``b ka toi
``stoi vki dot Wkrhmso Lobboi voreoaf (Lucdsoiscdutz
;846, <3?). Fo i``rfnrois ahmbt iu to w`rfoi nov`ref
f``r fo Sohio, fo zuhfnrois f``r fo Cdkroito (vna. Lucd
soiscdutz ;846, jhn. ;7: oi Lruikux, ;84:, 67). Zooa vki
fozo oica`suros zhmi hi bkkrt nolrkcdt fkibzhm aucdtj`t`nrk-
jhscd `iforz`ob. Nolhofoi wkkr `p fozo ekihor roakthoj
vooa ihouwo e`iueoitoi `itfobt zhmi, zhmi l.v. fo V`urkh-
io, dot J`rít fo Ekrcdoi`hr (A`hr-ot-Cdor) oi dot J`rít fo
\kel`uhaaot, toi zuhfoi vki Wkrhms (cj. fhvorso lhmfrknoi hi
Zhaaos ;84?, 43-;7:). @ifor fozo oica`suros lovhifoi zhcd
z`woa rocdtd`obhno oi vhorbkito kas``b ruht- oi trkpozhue
v`rehno oxoepakroi. \oakthoj vkkb lahmbt fo `poihin kki
fo ``stbkit to ahnnoi, ekkr ``b hinkinoi hi dot i``rfoi
b`eoi v``r". Dot krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob vki fo Jrkiso
Zhorocbscdkizoi e`ot ohnoiahmb i`n lonhiioi. Dot hfoo fkt
zhm ooi rhtuoao juictho dkffoi lorust fus v``ra`phn v``rka
`p fo trojjoifo e`rj`a`nhscdo noahmboihs eot fo 'ocdto'
Zhorocbscdkizoi hi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Zor
eoafoiswkkrf hs kaaooi dot `iforz`ob vki ooi toiehisto ;;
e fhopo put hi fo oica`suro Ao Cdktoaahor hi Aos Dkyos, hi
dot fopkrtoeoit A`hr-ot-Cdor (C`uforc hi Zhaaos ;84?, 8:).Fo nr`to d`ovooadohf d`utsb``a oi fhoroil`ttoi fho dhoruht
nol`rnoi b`i w`rfoi, ahmbt hi hofor novka ihot tonoi fo vor
`iforstoafo juictho vki dot e`iueoit to sproboi.
Ooi twoofo ckton`rho fho Lruikux lhm fo cuatuspakktsoi hi
fo i``rfoahmbo doajt vki Jrkibrhmb doojt `iforscdohfoi hs
fho vki dot z.n. Loanhscdo typo (Lruikux ;84:, ;:-34).
Fozo ikke noojt kki fkt fo eoost roprosoitkthovo v``r
looafoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi hi Nkaahk Loanhck, f.w.z. toi
i``rfoi vki fo Sohio. Hi fozo ronh` ahmboi fo Zhorocb
scdkizoi v`aaofhn to `itlroboi. Fo boieorboi vki fo Loa
nhscdo cuatuspakktsoi aktoi zhcd kas v`ant skeoivkttoi.
;. Fo porhjoro structuur, eoostka hi fo v`re vki ooi nrop
poa (ka fki ihot eot pkahsskfo), doojt norhinoro kjeothi
noi fki fho vki fo dhorv``r lospr`boi ckton`rho e`iu
eoitoi.
<. @p ooi coitrkao pakkts `p dot lhiioitorrohi lovhifoi
zhcd rhtuoao c`istructhos, l.v. ooi pkkazotthin `j ooi no
l`uwtmo.
3. Krcdo`a`nhscd nozhoi zhmi fozo cuatuspakktsoi rhmb,
f.w.z. or w`rfoi vooa e`lhahk kkinotr`jjoi (v`-
thojnkvoi).
6. Eoostka w`rfoi fo Ak Väio-dohahnf`eeoi hi fo \`
eohiso thmf `p fozoajfo pakkts `pnov`anf f``r hi stooi
uhtnov`orfo `enkinstoepoas.
Hi vooa vki fht s``rt dohahnf`eeoi hs dot krcdo`a`nhscd `i
forz`ob i`n hi v`aao nkin `j kiforszhis `iv`at``hf. Nodooa
kifors hs dot nostoaf eot fo cuatuspakkts hi N`uriky-sur-
Kr`ifo (@hso). Dhor worf vki ;8>> t`t ;846 ooi e`foa`i
forz`ob vorrhcdt, wkkrlhm iknoi`on frhobwkrt vki dot doh
ahnf`e worf vrhmnoaonf. Fo rosuatktoi fkkrvki zuaaoi dhor-
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;?< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
`ifor wkt uhtv`orhnor lodkifoaf w`rfoi, `efkt zhm v``r
ooi nr``t nofooato ``b noafhn e`noi w`rfoi nokcdt v``r
kiforo Loanhscdo dohahnf`eeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo oi
dot lonhi vki fo \`eohiso thmf.
Hi fo pulahbktho doojt fo `pnrkvor, M.-A. Lruikux, zos jk
soi hi fo `itwhbboahin vki fo cuatuspakkts vkstnostoaf,
wkkrvki v``rka fo oorsto twoo v``r `is vki loakin zhmi(Lruikux o.k. ;84?).
Jkso ;. Hi fo vr`ono Ak Väio-porh`fo (AV L) worf or ooi
nroppoa nonrkvoi hi fo v`re vki ooi rocdtd`ob eot kjno
r`ifo d`oboi, eot zhmfoi vki 34 x 6? e. Kki fo ``stbkit
lov`if zhcd ooi hinkin. @p dot ck. ;<77 e' nr`to lhiioi
torrohi worfoi twoo, dkkbs `p oabkkr stkkifo, rhmoi pkaoi
vkstnostoaf. Fozo rhmoi, fho ihot pkrkaaoa kki fo kreoi vki
fo porhjoro nroppoa wkroi kkinoaonf, wozoi ikkr fo vhor
whifrhcdthinoi (jhn. ?).
Jkso <. Hi fo v`anoifo jkso worf fo nroppoa `pihouw uhtno
nrkvoi oi vki ooi d`utoi lobaofhin v``rzhoi. Kki fo luh
toibkit vki fo nroppoa worf ooi pkahsskfo `pnorhcdt, fho
tor d``nto vki fo hinkin ikkr lhiioi l``n2 vóór fo hi
nkin worf ooi buha nonrkvoi. @`b `p dot lhiioitorrohi
v`ifoi vorkiforhinoi pakkts. Hi dot coitrue worfoi thoi
nr`to buhaoi nonrkvoi. Ionoi fkkrvki aknoi hi ooi _-v`re
eot fo `poihin ikkr dot ``stoi, fo thoifo oi tovois nr``t
sto buha akn hi dot ehffoi vki fo _. Fo coitrkao buha dkf
wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi d`utoi loscd`ohhin, fo `vorhno ionoi
e`noahmb ``b. Lruikux sauht ihot uht fkt oiboao pkaoi vki
fo lohfo rhmoi uht jkso ; i`n stoofs ooi juictho vorvuafoi
`p fo cuatuspakkts.
Zkikj jkso < worfoi voao d`iforfoi v`thojnkvoi nofuept
hi fo porhjoro nroppoa. Ikkst rostoi vki rhtuooa `ilruhblkkr
noekkbto wkpois - zwkkrfoi, akispuitoi, phmapuitoi oiuel`'s -, noroofscdkppoi (`.k. hmzoroi loscdorebkppoi
vki oornot`uw- `j pa`onscdkroi), shorkfoi (jhluako, kre
lkifoi) lotrojt dot ``b foaoi vki fhoroi oi zoajs eoisoi.
Zki eot ikeo fo no`jjorfo ruiforoi oi pkkrfoi w`rft
kkinoi`eoi fkt zo ik dui f``f oorst ooi r`tthinspr`cos
dolloi `ifornkki hi fo coitrkao buha, kav`rois dui rostoi
hi fo nroppoa worfoi now`rpoi. Fo wkpois fho `p fo l`
foe vki fo nroppoa worfoi torunnov`ifoi fktoroi dot lo
nhi vki jkso < r`if dot ehffoi vki fo 3o oouw v.Cdr. _ht
fozoajfo porh`fo stkeeoi ``b fo jrkneoitoi vki twoo
lr`izoi krelkifoi fho iklhm èèi for buhaoi hi dot coi
true zhmi `itfobt.
Jkso 3-?. Hi fo v`anoifo jksoi st`if or ooi nol`uwtmo l`
voi fo coitrkao `jjorbuha, kkivkiboahmb ooi dkajr`ifo (jkso
3), aktor ooi rocdtd`obhno structuur (jkso 6), i`n woor aktor
ooi rocdtd`obhn nol`uwtmo eot `enkin (jkso ?). Kiforo
`peorboahmbo vorkiforhinoi fho hi fo a``p vki fozo jksoi
- <o oi Ho oouw v.Cdr. - `ptrofoi zhmi= fo kkiaon vki ooi
nroppoa kki fo luhtoibkit vki fo pkahsskfo oi dot hi `i
lruhb rkboi vki fo j`sso k oxp`shth`i. Fo Boathscdo eui
toi, fho `.k. ``b hi fo - fuhfoahmb i`n stoofs juicth`ioroi
fo - `jjorbuha worfoi `itfobt oi ooi euit vki bohzor Vh-
lorhus ekboi fuhfoahmb fkt fo cuatuspakkts pks hi fo a``p
vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. `pd`uft to lostkki. Wks 377 mkkr
aktor w`rft or `p fozoajfo pakkts woor ooi dohahnf`e `pno
rhcdt (Nkaa`-\`eohiso `enkinstoepoa, jkso :).
]`kas roofs oorfor worf voreoaf, zhmi vki fo kiforo Loanhscdo dohahnf`eeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo/vr`on-\`eohiso
thmf hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb vooa ehifor nonovois loboif. Hi
zhmi kanoeooidohf bki ocdtor nostoaf w`rfoi fkt oaoeoitoi
fho hi N`uriky zhmi wkkrnoi`eoi, ``b `p kiforo pakktsoi
torunboroi. ]` worf fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi porhjoro
nroppoa vkstnostoaf hi l.v. \hloe`it-sur-Kicro (Ckf`ux
;84:), Zhaaoiouvo-ku-Cdktoa`t (Whotto ;84;), Zoifouha-Ckpay
(Wht`i oi Fhaay ;84?), E`ouvros (Fècdoaotto ;8;6, ;767-
;76;) oi St.-Ekur (Lruikux ;84:, <>-<4). Dot vorscdhmisoa
cuatuspkka hs `vortuhnoif loboif uht \hloe`it, dot joi`
eooi `jjorbuha uht Zoifouha-Ckpay. Bkrkbtorhsthobo v`thoj
nkvoi, z`kas euitoi, wkpois, jhluako, brkaoi, krelkifoi
oi rostoi vki fhoroi, zhmi `itfobt `p kaao dhorl`voi no
i`oefo cuatuspakktsoi.
3. 3 DOV F_HVSO \H MI AKI F"= FO N\KLNK\VOI
Fo forfo nr`op fho hi fht bkfor ooi ikforo loscd`uwhin
vorfhoit, hs fho vki fo hi fo Fuhtstkahno ahtorktuur kas Nrkl-
nkrtoi kkinofuhfo vhord`obhno oica`suros. Dot nkkt `e ooi
joi`eooi fkt r`if dot ehffoi vki fo v`rhno oouw i`n kas
ooi \`eohiso vorstorbhin worf noàitorprotoorf oi pks shifs
dot lonhi vki fo <7o oouw, fkibzhm krcdo`a`nhscd `ifor
z`ob, hi ooi muhstor porspocthoj worf nopakktst. \. L`fowhn
stoafo t`oi, ikkr kkiaohfhin vki zhmi `iforz`ob vki oiboao
oica`suros hi B`laoiz, fkt dot `e nrkje`iueoitoi vki foVrovorh e`ost nkki (cj. Focbor/Sc`aakr ;8:<, ;>?). Shifs
fo Vwoofo ^oroaf``ra`n hs, v``rikeoahmb f``r fo aucdtj`
t`nrkjho, fo boiihs `vor eot ikeo fo no`nrkjhscdo vor
sprohfhin vki fozo v``r dot \hmiakif z` bkrkbtorhsthobo
e`iueoitoickton`rho storb t`onoi`eoi. @p lkshs vki fho
j`t`nrkjhscdo nonovois b`i O.E. ^hndteki hi ;8>7 hi ooi
`vorzhcdtskrthboa ooi cktka`nus vki toiehisto 3:< Nrklnkr-
toi prosoitoroi.
@p fo vorsprohfhinsbkkrt vki fo Nrklnkrtoi toboioi zhcd
twoo fuhfoahmbo c`icoitrkthos kj (^hndteki ;8>7, <;3). Fo
zuhfoahmbo c`icoitrktho lovhift zhcd kki fo ]@-bkit vki fo
Ohjoa, fo loiofoia``p vki fo E`ozoa oi dot i``rfoahmb
fooa vki fo Duisrñcb". Fo twoofo bori ahnt i``rfoahmb
dhorvki, kki fo i``rfrkif vki fo Ohjoa (Br. L`ii, Furoi,
Ousbhrcdoi oi Búai). Lohfo nr`opoi, noscdohfoi f``r dot
fka vki fo Kdr, vort`ioi fuhfoahmb wkkriooelkro vorscdha
aoi. Fho vorscdhaaoi zhmi ocdtor vkrhkthos `p dotzoajfo tdo
ek= ooi vhord`obhn torrohi lonroisf f``r ooi nroppoa. Fo
vkrhkthos `p fht lkshstypo f`oi zhcd v``rka v``r hi fo
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;?3 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^_I KIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
v`re, fo porhjoro structuur (woa `j nooi lonoaohfoifo wka)
oi fo t`ostkif vki dot lhiioitorrohi (ka fki ihot `p
nod``nf).
Fo zuhfoahmbo `j E`ozoanr`op hs d`e`noior vki skeoistoa
ahin fki fo i``rfoahmbo nr`op (Focbor/Sc`aakr ;8:<, ;>>).
Fo oica`suros zhmi dhor lhmik kathmf vhorbkit, eot zhmfoi
tussoi fo ;7 oi 67 e. S`es hs or ooi wka kkiwozhn fho z`
woa kki fo lhiioi- kas kki fo luhtoibkit vki fo nroppoa
`pnow`rpoi bki zhmi. Fo lroofto vki fo nroppoa vkrhoort
vki < t`t : e, fo fhopto vki 7,47 t`t ;,?7 e. Hi ooi oiboa
novka hs or ooi douvoa `p dot lhiioitorrohi kkiwhmslkkr, z`
kas l.v. hi Lñcdoa, Eúrz, W`acd oi Vdñr(0). Zkkb b`eoi
or eoorforo oica`suros hi ohbkkrs `iehffoaahmbo iklhmdohf
v``r, t`t zovoi `j kcdt oxoepakroi t`o. @`b b`et dot
v``r fkt zo noscdkboaf ahnnoi, z`fkihn fkt twoo oica`suros
ooi noeooiscdkppoahmbo zhmfo lozhttoi. Dot e`iueoit uht
Dkelucd lostkkt zoajs uht vhor kkiooisauhtoifo oica`suros.
Fo i``rfoahmbo nr`op hs, z`kas roofs nozonf, eoor dotor`
nooi vki skeoistoaahin. Sc`aakr (;8:4, <<4) `iforscdohft
dhor frho vkrhkitoi=
;. oica`suros fho fozoajfo pr`p`rt hos oi kjeothinoi lozhttoi kas fo e`iueoitoi uht fo E`ozoanr`op2
<. oica`suros eot ooi rocdtd`obhno v`re oi
3. oica`suros fho nr`tor zhmi fki fo lohfo v``rnkkifo vkrh
kitoi oi ooi trkpoz`àfkao v`re lozhttoi2 zo buiioi
pkkrsnowhms `j hi nr`opoi vki frho v``rb`eoi.
^kt fo hitoishtoht vki krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob lotrojt, hs
or sprkbo vki ooi fuhfoahmbo fhscropkitho tussoi fo lohfo
no`nrkjhscdo nr`opoi. Ikkr fo i``rfnr`op hs ikuwoahmbs
`iforz`ob vorrhcdt", torwhma hi fo E`ozoastroob eoorforo
oica`suros zhmi `pnonrkvoi, s`es iknoi`on v`aaofhn. Fozo
fhscropkitho ekkbt dot e`ohahmb `vorooib`estoi oi vor
scdhaaoi tussoi lohfo nr`opoi ikfor to lostuforoi. Lhm fo
dhorik v`anoifo uhtsprkboi ekn fki ``b ihot vornotoi
w`rfoi fkt zo lhmik uhtsauhtoif nolksoorf zhmi `p wkkrio
ehinoi kki fo e`iueoitoi uht fo zuhfoahmbo nr`op.
Kaaoroorst fo cdr`i`a`nhscdo p`shtho. Fkkr wkkr fktoorlkkr
ektorhkka tov``rscdhmi hs nob`eoi akkt fht zhcd vooaka hi fo
akto hmzorthmf `j ooi vr`ono jkso vki fo \`eohiso thmf pakkt
soi. Fo eoorfordohf vki fo Nrklnkrtoi ahmbt kki fo akktst
noi`oefo porh`fo t`onowozoi to buiioi w`rfoi (Focbor/
Sc`aakr ;8:<, ;>?). Fo fotkhas fho zhcdtlkkr zhmi `p fo
aucdtj`t`'s vki fo i``rfoahmbo nr`op ahmboi eot fozo fkto
rhin to str`boi2 fkkr wkkr Nrklnkrtoi oi brhinnroppoas (hi
nolruhb t`t hi fo ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo) skeoi v``rb`eoi, `vorsihmfoi fo oorstnoi`oefo kathmf fo akktstno
i`oefo.
Fo hitorprotktho vki fo juictho hs ehifor ooifuhfhn. Hi fo
eoosto vki fo `iforz`cdto e`iueoitoi laoboi zhcd lhmzot
thinoi to lovhifoi, z`fkt ekn w`rfoi kkinoi`eoi fkt dot
hiforfkkf `e nrkje`iueoitoi nkkt. Fo croekthorostoi
wkroi hi ooi uri, ooi skrc`jkkn `j z`ekkr a`s hi ooi
buhatmo nofop`ioorf. ]`kas oorfor tor sprkbo bwke, worf
saocdts lhm uhtz`iforhin ooi nrkjdouvoa l`voi fo rostoi vki
fo f`fo(i) kkinotr`jjoi. Fo nrkvoi zhmi v``rka `itfobt hi
fo baohioro oica`suros, wkkrvki fo aointo vki fo zhmfoi
tussoi fo ;7 oi <7 e vkat. Dot zhmi muhst fozo baohio spoch-
ehik fho hi c`icoitrkthos eot ooi loporbto `evkin - t`t
kcdt stubs t`o - v``rb`eoi. ^hndteki hs fo eoihin t`o
nofkki fkt fht fo nrkjvoafmos zhmi fho d`roi lhm noàs`aoorf
ahnnoifo l`orforhmoi, fo kofhjhchk vki Ckoskr's Fo Loaa`
Nkaahc`. Ooi nodooa kiforo juictho scdrhmjt zhm t`o kki fo
nr`toro e`iueoitoi - oica`suros wkkrvki fo zhmfoi fo 67
e loikforoi `j zoajs `vorscdrhmfoi - fho 'kaaooi' hi dot
akifscdkp ahnnoi. Fo `evkin oi fo noàs`aoorfo p`shtho zhmi
v``r dkkr kkiaohfhin `e zo to vornoahmboi eot fo ]uhffuht-
so Zhorocbscdkizoi (^hndteki ;8>7, <;8-<<<). Fo \hmi
akifso oica`suros eot zhmfoi vki 67 t`t ?7 e b`eoi eot
dui t`tkao `pporvakbto (;:77-<?77 e') i`n muhst l`voi fo
`ifornrois uht fho v``r fo ]uhffuhtso e`iueoitoi loro
boif hs. Doakks, oi vrooef noi`on, hs i`n nooi oiboao vki
fozo nr`to oica`suros kki ooi krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob `iforw`rpoi, z`fkt ^hndteki's (kkiioeoahmbo) dyp`tdoso
v``ra`phn `inotost lahmjt.
Hitorosskit hi fht vorlkif hs dot `iforz`ob vki ooi frhotka
nr`to oica`suros toi zuhf``stoi vki dot ckstoaaue Noafulk,
lhm Brojoaf-Noaaop (Wkkr/\ñnor ;8>;, 373-3;<). Dot lotrojt
dhor pkkazotthinoi - hi stkifnroppoas - hi fo v`re vki
rocdtd`oboi eot kjeothinoi vki rospocthovoahmb 68 x ??,
64 T 6? oi >7 x ehi. >? e. ]o ahnnoi woahswkkr luhtoi fo
f``r Sc`aakr nofojhihoorfo i``rfnr`op ekkr t`ioi t`cd
fuhfoahmb toboioi vki `vorooib`est eot fo e`iueoitoi
uht dot Bouaso Lobboi. Kaaooi ka dot joht fkt dot hi Brojoaf
`e ooi nr`op vki frho oica`suros nkkt hs vooazonnoif (zho
l`voi, `ifor ir. 3). Hi fo ``rspr`iboahmbo pulahbktho wor
foi fo frho uht fo \`eohiso thmf fktoroifo vhord`oboi kas
'Ehahtkrkiaknoi ohios v`rorst i`cd uilobkiitoi ]wocbs'
loscdrovoi (Wkkr /\ñnor ;8>;, 3;<). @iakins hs ocdtor f``r
V. Locdort (;84:) fho ehahtkhro hitorprotktho vorw`rpoi. Dot
katorikthoj fkt dhm v``rstoat hs fkt dot lhm fo Brojoafso e`
iueoitoi zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb `e cuatuspakktsoi nkkt. Ooi
vki fo krnueoitoi fho dhm kkidkkat hs fo kkiwozhndohf, hi
fo <o oi 3o oouw ik Cdr ., vki ooi nrkjvoaf hi fo fhrocto
iklhmdohf vki fo oica`suros. Doakks aktoi fo `pporvakbto
v`ifstoi fho `p dot torrohi vorzkeoaf worfoi, nooi fojhih
thovo hitorprotktho t`o.
Or zhmi kkiwhmzhinoi fkt zhcd ``b hi s`eehno baohioro e`
iueoitoi rhtuoao dkifoahinoi v`atr`bboi buiioi dolloi.
Ooi v``rlooaf fkkrvki hs fo fulloao vhord`ob vki Lñcdoa,
Br. C`cdoe-]oaa (Ohfoi ;8>:). Fo ``stoahmbo doajt, eot zhm
foi vki <? e, lovktto ooi tueuaus eot ooi fhkeotor vki
;8 e oi ooi d``nto vki ;,>7 e, wkkr`ifor oi wkkrhi lhm-
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;?6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
zotthinoi zhmi kkinotr`jjoi. Kki fo wostzhmfo vki fht oorsto
vhorbkit sauht ooi rocdtd`obhno oica`suro kki, lostkkifo uht
ooi nroppoa eot kki fo lhiioibkit fkkrvki ooi wka. Fo
ekxhekao kjeothinoi lofrknoi <? x 37 e. Kki fo i``rf
bkit a`poi fo nroppoas vki lohfo vhord`oboi hi oabkkr
`vor, kki fo zuhfbkit whnt dot ``stoahmbo fooa uht tonoi dot
wostoahmbo. @p dot lhiioitorrohi vki fo wostdoajt, fkt eot
fo kjeothinoi vki ;> x <7 e ooi `pporvakbto vki 367 eYlorohbt, zhmi fhvorso pkkazotthinoi `itfobt, fho ihot t`t ooi
nol`uwtmo ahmboi to dolloi lod``rf. Fo akinsto vki fo ah
iokhro pkkazotthinoi, lostkkifo uht toi ehisto vhmj pkaoi,
lorohbto ooi aointo vki ck. ;< e2 fo `rhâitktho vki fozo rhm
wks zuhfwost-i``rf``st. Kkinoi`eoi w`rft fkt hi fo
wostoahmbo oica`suro fo f`foijoostoi pakktsv`ifoi.
@p fht e`eoit stkkt dot e`iueoit vki Lñcdoa oihnszhis
noàs`aoorf. Or zhmi nooi kiforo v``rlooafoi to novoi vki
baohioro, kkiooinoscdkboafo Nrklnkrtoi wkkr `vorooi
b`esthno vorscdhmisoaoi `p `vortuhnoifo whmzo zhmi no
c`istktoorf. Hi dot ka oorfor noi`oefo e`iueoit uht
Dkelucd (zho ^hndteki ;8>7, <<3, jhn. :) zhmi woahswkkr
vorscdhaaoi tussoi fo vhor oica`suros kki to whmzoi - hi fho
zhi fkt hi èèi orvki eoorforo pkkazotthinoi `itfobt zhmi -
ekkr fo voafnonovois `vor dot ka fki ihot v``rb`eoi zhmi
z` vkkn oi `izobor, fkt lotor vki vorforo fhscussho bki
w`rfoi kjnozhoi.
3.6 OINOAKIF= 'VOEOI@H' OI OICA@S_\OS ZKI DOV
VXWO VD@\IDKE
Lodkavo hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif, I``rf-Jrkibrhmb oi dot Fuhtso
\hmiakif zhmi ``b kki fo kiforo bkit vki fo I``rfzoo oi
ca`suros `itfobt fho hi vorlkif nolrkcdt buiioi w`rfoi
eot roahnhouzo kcthvhtohtoi. ]o w`rfoi vooaka eot fo tore
toeoi`s kkinofuhf, ooi oiboao ekka w`rft ``b fo Fuhtsotore Zhorocbscdkizo nolruhbt (\`fwoaa ;847, <;32 C`aahs
;8>?, <<3). Dot kkitka fkt `p fht `noilahb loboif hs, hs
ocdtor lhmz`ifor baohi. Lhm fho wohihno oica`suros zhmi nr`to
v`revorscdhaaoi vkstnostoaf. ]` zhmi or oihnszhis p`ayn`ikao
(C`acdostor), dkaj `vkao-dkaj rocdtd`obhno (_aoy) oi vhor
d`obhno oica`suros loboif. Zki fo akktstnoi`oefo nr`op hs
fho uht Dkyahin Hsakif dot eoost v`aaofhn `iforz`cdt (F`w-
ioy/Bhin/S`jjo ;847). Fo oica`suro lostkkt dhor uht ooi `i
fhopo nroppoa hi fo v`re vki ooi vhorbkit eot zhmfoi vki
ck. <3 e. Fo nroppoakreoi zhmi ``st-wost oi i``rf-zuhf
norhcdt2 hi fo ``stoahmbo kre lovhift zhcd fo hinkin. @p fo
wostoahmbo doajt vki dot lhiioitorrohi, rocdt tonoi`vor fo
hinkin, st`if ooi r`if nol`uwtmo wkkrvki fo hinkin zhcdkki fo ``stbkit lov`if. Hi dot coitrue vki fht nol`uwtmo
doojt e`noahmb ooi rhtuoao pkka `j stooi nostkki. Fo tkarhmbo
eotkkav`ifstoi fho vki dot torrohi lhiioi fo nroppoa kj
b`esthn zhmi - pkkrfotuhn, `iforfoaoi vki wknois (`.k.
hmzoroi ikkjlkifoi), spoorpuitoi, foaoi vki zwkkrfscdo
foi, jhluako, euitoi oi curroicy lkrs - buiioi ikuwoahmbs
kifors fki kas v`thojnkvoi noàitorprotoorf w`rfoi. Lodkavo
lr`is oi hmzor worfoi ``b tkarhmbo fhoroil`ttoi vorzkeoaf
Dot dhorl`voi loscdrovoi c`epaox w`rft nofktoorf r`if
dot ehffoi vki fo Ho oouw v.Cdr.
Zki fo `vorhno twoo vhord`obhno oica`suros, fho uht fozoaj
fo porh`fo fktoroi, hs vooa ehifor loboif. Lhm dot hi dot
coitrue vki dot dhaaj`rt vki Whasfoi Woi noaonoi e`iu
eoit nkkt dot `e ooi c`epaoxo pkkazotthin hi fo v`re vkiooi vhorbkit eot zhmfoi vki ck. ?4 e (Frury ;847, ?7-?<).
Fo d`obpuitoi whmzoi dhor ikkr fo vhor whifrhcdthinoi. Hi
ooi v`anoifo jkso w`rft dot nodooa vorvkinoi f``r ooi wk
eot nroppoatmos kki lohfo bkitoi. Lhm dot e`iueoit vki
N`slocbs w`rft fo porhjoro structuur nov`ref f``r ooi
nroppoa (Duha ;8?4, <:3-<:62 Crueey ;847). Fo kjeothi
noi dhorvki lofrknoi :3 x :> e. Fo hinkin lov`if
zhcd ``rspr`iboahmb hi dot ehffoi vki fo ``stoahmbo kre
vki fo ck. ;7 e lrofo oi ruhe 3,? e fhopo nroppoa. Hi fo
\`eohiso thmf lahmjt fozo pakkt s, f``r fo l`uw vki ooi
`enkinstoepoa, ooi roahnhous coitrue.
Ooi nr`op rocdtd`obhno e`iueoitoi fho dooa n`of hi fht
pktr``i z`u buiioi pkssoi hs fo roobs oica`suros vki dot
typo Vd`ridke (Nron`ry ;84:). Or zhmi or tdkis ionoi lo
boif, kaao hi I`rj`ab noaonoi. Zhor orvki zhmi, v``r ooi
loporbt fooa, krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`cdt, fo kiforo zhmi ka
aooi wkkrnoi`eoi `p aucdtj`t`'s. Kcdt vki fo ionoi vor
t`ioi ooi nr`to noahmboihs, hi fho zhi fkt or toabois sprkbo
hs vki ooi oiboav`ufhno porhjoro nroppoa. Vwooekka worf
lhiioi fho nroppoa fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi wka vkst
nostoaf. Fkkr wkkr ooi `poihin zhcdtlkkr wks, lov`if
fozo zhcd hi fo ``stoahmbo, zuhf``stoah mbo `j i``rf``stoah mbo
kre vki fo nroppoa, kjdkiboahmb vki fo `rhâitk tho vki dot
e`iueoit. Fo kjeothinoi vki fozo vhord`oboi vkrhâroi
vki ?7 x ?7 t`t 87 x 87 e. Oihnszhis kjwhmboif vki fozo
nr`op vki kcdt hs fo oica`suro fho hi Vdotj`rf worf `pno
nrkvoi. Dhor hs sprkbo vki twoo c`icoitrhscdo nroppoas,
eot kjeothinoi vki rospocthovoahmb ;77 x ;;? oi >7 x >? e.
Z``r z`vor fo e`iueoitoi vki fo Vd`ridke-nr`op vki
ooi fktorhin buiioi w`rfoi v``rzhoi, vkat fozo kki dot
ohifo vki fo hmzorthmf (t`t KF 63) oi/`j hi fo vr`on-
\`eohiso thmf, e.k.w. v``rikeoahmb hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.
Nron`ry hitorprotoort fozo ionoi oica`suros kas hidooeso
vorfofhnhinsworboi. Ooi vki fo krnueoitoi fho tor `i
forstouihin vki fozo vhsho w`rfoi kkinodkkaf, hs fo uht
z`iforahmbo fhopto vki fo nroppoas . Hi Vd`ri dke, lhmv``rlooaf, lofrkknt fozo ? e, hi ^hndt`i ekxhekka <,>7 e.
Fkt fht ocdtor nooi f``rsaknnovoif krnueoit hs, aoort fo
oorfor lospr`boi oi `ilotwhst rhtuoao oica`suro vki N`s
locbs. Fo pr`p`rthos vki fo nroppoa fkkr zhmi fhroct vorno
ahmblkkr eot fho vki fo e`iueoitoi vki fo Vd`ridke-
nr`op. Lodkavo fozo `vorooib`est ahmboi or i`n eoor krnu
eoitoi v``r ooi katorikthovo, f.w.z. roahnhouzo hitorprotktho
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;?? MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt to buiioi w`rfoi. ]` hs fo t`p`nrkjho
vki fo e`iueoitoi hi I`rj`ab dooa `peorboahmb. Zhor or
vki ahnnoi `p ooi doaahin, ooi wohihn strktonhscdo shtuorhin
fho storb f`ot foiboi kki fho vki voao ]uhffuhtso Zhorocb-
scdkizoi. Ooi i`n loakinrhmbor kkibi`phinspuit v``r fo
katorikthovo vhsho lhoft dot e`iueoit vki Vdotj`rf. Fo sh
tuktho dhor - hi fo wostoahmbo doajt vki fo lhiioisto oica`-
suro st`ifoi frho r`ifo d`utoi nol`uwtmos, eot fo hinkin
norhcdt ikkr fo `poihin hi fo ``stoahmbo kre vki fo lohfo
porhjoro nroppoas - dorhiiort kki fo oorfor lospr`boi shtuk
tho `p Dkyahin Hsakif, hi fo Ho oouw v.Cdr. @p Dkyahin Hs-
akif w`rft, hi fo a``p vki fo Ho oouw ik Cdr., `p fo
pakkts vki fo d`utoi toepoa ooi ovoioois r`ifo stoioi
toepoa nol`uwf. Fkt or fuhfoahmbo kkiwhmzhinoi zhmi fkt
fhroct ikkst fo fulloao oica`suro vki Vdotj`rf hi ooi no
v`rforfo jkso vki fo \`eohiso thmf ooi stoioi dohahnf`e
doojt nostkki, hs fki ``b kaaoslodkavo vorrkssoif.
3.? SKEOIZKVVHIN
_ht ooi nr``t fooa vki I``rfwost-Our`pk zhmi uht fo hmzor
thmf oi \`eohiso thmf fktoroifo oica`suros loboif wkkrvkifo juictho hi fo roahnhouzo sjoor noz`cdt e`ot w`rfoi. Lhm
ooi kkitka vki fho e`iueoitoi lostkkt dhor`vor zobordohf
(Zhorocbscdkizoi, 'Loanhscdo' dohahnf`eeoi, oica`suros hi
]uhf-Oinoakif), vki kiforo hs dot zoor wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt
zo kas `poiaucdt-dohahnf`e noàitorprotoorf e`otoi w`rfoi
(oica`suros vki dot typo Vd`ridke oi ooi fooa vki fo
Nrklnkrtoi). Dot nkkt `e lhmik uhtsauhtoif vhord`obhno
e`iueoitoi wkkrvki fo `pporvakbto bki vkrhâroi vki oi
boao d`iforfoi t`t ruhe <?777 eY ^ka oi nroppoa, ooi
pkahsskfo `j ooi c`elhiktho vki lohfo typoi porhjoro struc
turoi scdorefoi dot skcrkao torrohi vki fo pr`jkio luhtoi
woroaf kj. Fo nr``tsto oica`suros zhmi to vhifoi hi dot
zuhfoahmbo fooa vki dot vorsprohfhinsnolhof, f.w.z. hi ooi
lrofo str``b fho zhcd vki ^ost-Jrkibrh mb (dot nolhof tus
soi Sohio oi Cdkroito) uhtstrobt t`t hi Lohoroi oi Lkfoi-
^hhrttoelorn. Hi dot i``rfoahmb fooa fkkroitonoi (\hmi
akif, I``rf-Jrkibrhmb, ]uhf-Oinoakif) zhmi fo kjeothinoi
vki fo oica`suros - ooi oiboao uhtscdhotor hi fo Vd`ridke-
nr`op fkkrnoaktoi - vooa baohior.
Hi kaao lospr`boi ronh`ikao nr`opoi dolloi fo rhtuoao kcth
vhtohtoi zhcd v``rikeoahmb hi fo `poi aucdt kjnospooaf. Fo
loakinrhmbsto oaoeoitoi `p fho cuatuspakktsoi wkroi fhopo
scdkcdtoi, buhaoi, pkaoi, fo porhjoro nroppoas oi `inotwhm
joaf ``b - ekkr fkkr`vor sproboi kaaooi fo dhst`rhscdolr`iioi - l`eoi". Fhopo scdkcdtoi spooafoi ooi loakin
rhmbo r`a hi fo Jrkiso oi ]uhffuhtso Zhorocbscdkizoi, tor
whma hi fo Loanhscdo dohahnf`eeoi coitrkao buhaoi oi porh
joro nroppoas ooi d``jfr`a hi dot rhtuooa ahmboi to vorvuaaoi.
Dot loakin vki pkaoi oi pkkazotthinoi hs kkinot``if hi fo
Zhorocbscdkizoi vki D`azdkusoi, Scdúijoaf oi V`eorfhi-
noi, hi fo Loanhscdo dohahnf`eeoi N`uriky oi \hloe`it,
fo Oinoaso oica`suros `p Dkyahin Hsakif oi ooi oiboao
Nrklnkrtoi hi fo E`ozoastroob (Lñcdoa).
@p s`eehno cuatuspakktsoi zhmi sp`roi vki nol`uwtmos
vkstnostoaf. Dot nkkt fkkrlhm `e baohio vhorbkito `j r`ifo
c`istructhos2 fo akktsto b`eoi eot ikeo v``r hi Oinoakif.
Fho nol`uwtmos, fho ehsscdhoi e`noi w`rfoi noàitorpro
toorf kas toepoatmos, buiioi z`woa ooi coitrkao (N`uriky,
Dkyahin Hsakif) kas ekrnhikao (D`azdkusoi, Odihinoi)
pakkts hiioeoi. Hi D`azdkusoi oi N`uriky b`i f``r fo
`pnrkvors w`rfoi vkstnostoaf fkt zo pks vorscdoioi `p ooi
e`eoit fkt fo cuatuspakkts ka akino thmf juicth`ioorfo
(D`azdkusoi jkso 3, N`uriky jkso 3). ]o zhmi dhor fus ooi
roakthoj akkt joi`eooi (akkt Ak Väio). Dot hs `vorhnois ka
aoslodkavo zobor fkt `p kaao hidooeso cuatuspakktsoi uht fo
akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo oi/`j vr`on-\`eohiso thmf fht s``rt
nol`uwtmos doojt nostkki.
@vor fo kkrf vki fo dkifoahinoi fho zhcd `p fo lospr`boi
cuatuspakktsoi dolloi v`atr`bboi buiioi wo b`rt zhmi. Dot
v``rb`eoi vki nr`to d`ovooadofoi bkrkbtorhsthobo
v`ifstoi (euitoi, eotkaoi whoatmos, jhluako, krelkifoi,
wkpois, wknoi`iforfoaoi, ekkr ``b fhorahmbo oi eoisoahmbo sboaotrostoi) `p l.v. I``rfjrkiso cuatuspakktsoi, noojt
kki fkt dot lroinoi vki `jjors dhor coitrkka doojt nostkki.
Zooa ehifor nrhmplkkr hs fht kspoct hi fo oica`suros hi dot
\hmiakif oi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif. Nr`to d`ovooadofoi v`thojnk-
voi ahmboi dhor to `itlroboi. Kaaooi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi
dolloi kkiwhmzhinoi `pnoaovorf v``r `jjors vki `rnkihscdo
kkrf.
Fo oica`suros uht fo \`eohiso thmf hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof pkssoi fuhfoahmb hi dot dhorl`voi noscdotsto
pktr``i. ^kiioor wo ikkr spochjhobo vorwkitscdkppoi
nkki z`oboi, lahmbt ka sp`ofhn fkt fo Ioforakifs-Loanhscdooica`suros fo eoosto `vorooib`estoi vort`ioi eot fo
I``rfjrkiso cuatuspakktsoi. \oakthoj baohio kjeothinoi, `i
fhopo `jjorbuhaoi, pkkazotthinoi oi bkrkbtorhsthobo v`thojnk-
voi kas euitoi, jhluako oi krelkifoi zhmi boieorboi vki
lohfo nr`opoi cuatuspakktsoi. Kaaooi fo nrkjdouvoa hi dot
e`iueoit vki Kapdoi whmst hi ooi kiforo rhcdthin. Fo
fhcdtstlhmzhmifo pkrkaaoaaoi v``r fozo uhtz`iforahmbo c`elh
iktho e`otoi hi dot Fuhtso \hmiakif w`rfoi noz`cdt.
Hi d``jfs tub 3 hs ``b ikkr v`roi nolrkcdt fkt fo `ufsto
v``rlooafoi vki fo vhord`obhno cuatuspakktsoi ka torunnkki
t`t fo ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo oi e`noahmb i`n vorfor. Hi
I``rf-Jrkibrhmb hs - v``r z`vor loboif - N`uriky jkso ;fo `ufsto cuatuspakkts vki dot dhor lospr`boi typo (Ak
Väio L). @pvkaaoif hs, fkt fo oica`suros uht dot Ekks-
Foeor-Scdoafonolhof fo nr``tsto `vorooib`est vort`ioi
eot N`uriky hi zhmi `ufsto oi eoost shepoao v`re= wäa
`jjorbuhaoi oi ooi `j eoor pkaoirhmoi, ekkr nèèi nol`uw
tmo `p dot torrohi lhiioi nroppoa oi wka. Or zhmi kkiwhmzhi
noi fkt fo ooiv`ufhno cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
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;?: KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
Scdoafonolhof ihot `poois `pfuhboi hi fo \`eohiso thmf,
ekkr ka ooi vooa akinoro noscdhofoihs hi fo ohnoi ronh` dol
loi. Hi fht vorlkif whaaoi whm dhor ooi twoofo oica`suro uht
@ss-_ssoi losproboi, fho `p ruhe :77 e kjstkif vki fo hi
<.< lospr`boi hidooes-\`eohiso oica`suro worf `itfobt,
ehffoi hi ooi prodhst`rhscd nrkjvoaf. Dot nkkt `e ooi sk
eoinostoaf e`iueoit, wkkrvki fo bori nov`ref w`rft
f``r ooi >7 ce fhopo oi ;,?7 e lrofo, vhorbkito nroppoa
eot ooi sekaao `poihin ikkr dot zuhf``stoi {jhn. ;4). Fo
kjeothinoi lofrknoi 3<,?7x33,?7 e. Kki fo luhtoizhmfo
vki fozo nroppoa lov`if zhcd ooi whmfnostoafo pkahsskfo
eot fo kjeothinoi 3?x3?,?7 e. @p dot lhiioitorrohi wor
foi nooi sp`roi vki ooi nol`uwtmo wkkrnoi`eoi. Kki fo
wostbkit doojt fo nroppoa ooi kiiox, lostkkifo uht ooi
sekaaoro oi `ifhopo nroppoa eot fkkrluhtoi ooi pkahsskfo.
Fo kjeothinoi vki fozo structuur lofrknoi ;> x ;8 e. Hi
dot coitrue worfoi, hi dot tkauf vki ooi sulrocoito sa``t,
croekthorostoi `itfobt, z`fkt wo zobor wotoi fkt dot lhm
fozo kiiox `e ooi nrkje`iueoit nkkt. Or z`u zoajs ooi
f`foiduhsmo `vor dot nrkj nostkki buiioi dolloi. Lhm dot
nr`to vhorbkit hs ooi fornoahmbo juictho kaaorehist zobor.
Fhkn`ikka f``r fht ``stoahmb fooa hs hi dot rocoito voraofoi
ooi lrofo oi fhopo sa``t nonrkvoi, wkkrf``r dot coitrue
nodooa vorst``rf hs. Dot lahmjt fus `izobor `j dhor ``ht cro
ekthorostoi zhmi lhmnozot. Zore`ofoahmb dolloi fo lohfo
buhaoi fho zhcd hi fo nroppoa kjtoboifoi hots eot fo ``r
spr`iboahmbo juictho to ekboi. Fo vuaahin vki fo nroppoa
ahmbt z`ifor `iforlrobhin hi fho buhaoi f``r to a`poi. Fo
v`ifstoi uht fo nroppoa oi fo buhaoi fktoroi dot c`epaox
kki dot ohifo vki fo ehffoi-hmzorthmf, ck. 377 v.Cdr .
@p ooi kiforo pakkts (Zki for Skifoi, fozo luifoa) hs
roofs nosunnoroorf fkt dot lhm fo dhorl`voi loscdrovoi
structuur `e ooi cuatuspakkts-kiiox-nrkj nkkt. Fo krnu
eoitoi fho tor `iforstouihin vki fo hitorprotktho kas cua
tuspakkts buiioi w`rfoi kkinofrknoi zhmi v``rka fo ox
copth`ioao kjeothinoi oi fo nr`to d`ovooadohf kkrfoworb
fho uht fo nroppoa kjb`esthn hs (eoor fki 3777 jrkneoi
toi). Ooi kifor puit hs fo kkiwozhndohf vki ooi
v``rnkinorY' vki fo nr`to nroppoaoica`suro. Dot nkkt `e
ooi vhorbkito pkahsskfo-oica`suro eot zhmfoi vki <? e (jhn.
;4). Or hs fus boiioahmb sprkbo vki c`ithiuàtoht. Fozo
Jhn. ;4 @ss-_ssoi= pakttonr`i f vki fo cuat uspa kkts -kii ox-nr kje` iueoi t uht fo ehffoi-hmz orthmf (nrhms) oi fo (vore`ofahmb) `uf oro
pkaoioica`suro (zwkrt).
@ss-_ssoi= paki `j tdo skictukry-cue-juiorkry e`iueoit jr`e tdo ehffho Hr`i Kno (nroy) kif tdo (prosueklay) chfor pkahskfo
oica`suro (lakcb).
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;?> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIK IF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
v`ret ooi krnueoit to eoor `e fo vhorbkito structuur hi
dot nrkjvoaf vki @ss-_ssoi to hitorprotoroi kas rhtuoao oi-
ca`suro. Ooi vornoahmblkro `itwhbboahin - vki pkaoioica`-
suro ikkr nroppoaoica`suro - trojjoi wo `vorhnois ``b kki
lhm s`eehno Zhorocbscdkizoi (cj. 3.;).
Hifhoi fo hitorprotktho vki fo twoofo oica`suro uht @ss-
_ssoi c`rroct hs, bki nostoaf w`rfoi fkt fo oica`suros uht
fo \`eohiso thmf dot ohifpuit v`reoi vki ooi hidooeso
trkfhtho fho ka zobor 377 mkk r `uf wks. @peorboahmb hs `vo
rhnois fo kccoitvorscduhvhin fho (h.o.n. hi @ss-_ssoi) hi fo
a``p vki fo thmf vkat wkkr to ioeoi. Hi fo hmzorthmf hs fo
oica`suro vorl`ifoi eot ooi nrkj oi ahnt zoajs hi ooi nrkj
voaf. \uhe frho oouwoi aktor hs fo cuatuspakkts uht zhmi ju
iorkhro c`itoxt a`snoekkbt oi hi fo fhrocto `enovhin vki
fo aovoifoi `pnoi`eoi, fozoajfo c`itoxt wkkrhi ``b fo
cuatuspakktsoi vki D``noa``i, Ioordkroi-\oboe oi ^hm-
ionoe (0) zhmi kkinoaonf.
6. Hitorprotktho
Ik fo loscdrhmvhin vki fo hidooes-\`eohiso cuatuspakkt
soi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof oi ik fo kikayso vkidui cuatuurdhst`rhscdo c`itoxt, rost `is i`n fo hitrhnoroifo
vrkkn ikkr fo hid`uf vki fo cuatus. Fozo vrkkn hs `e ooi
kkitka rofoioi ihot noekbboahmb to lokitw``rfoi. Fo cua
tus lostkkt uht ooi kkitka skcrkao dkifoahinoi, fho saocdts
v``r ooi baohi fooa dui ioorsakn vhifoi hi ektorhâao rostoi
oi nr`ifsp`roi. Eot fozo dkifoahinoi hs v``rts ooi kkitka
v``rstoaahinoi vorl`ifoi, wkkrvki fo hid`uf v``r fo kr
cdo`a``n i`n vooa e`ohahmbor nrhmplkkr hs oi hi fo ronoa
zoajs nodooa vorl`rnoi lahmjt. Hiscrhpthos `j kiforo scdrhjto
ahmbo nonovois, fho `vor fo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinoi hij`r
ektho z`ufoi buiioi vorscdkjjoi, `itlroboi v``r fo hi
dooeso cuatus uht fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo vr`on-\`eohiso
thmf hi `is nolhof lhmv``rlooaf v`aaofhn. V`cd ahmbt dot e`
noahmb `e `is vki fo cuatus, vorl`ifoi eot fo oica`suros
hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof, oihnszhis ooi looaf to
v`reoi. ^o zuaaoi v``r fho looafv`rehin hi fo oorsto
pakkts kkisauhthin z`oboi lhm fo trkfhth`ioao, cuatuurdhst`rh
scdo hitorprotkthos vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi
fo oica`s cuatuoas. Zorv`anois zuaaoi wo trkcdtoi kki to t`
ioi fkt vkiuht ooi kitr`p`a`nhscd hitorprotkthobkfor fo lo
toboihs oi hid`uf vki fo cuatus ikfor bki w`rfoi vorfuh
foahmbt.
6. ; OOI C_AV__\DHSV@\HSCDO HIVO\W\OVKVHO
Z``r ooi hitorprotktho vki fo oica`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof zuaaoi whm hi fo oorsto pakkts bhmboi
ikkr fo lostkkifo hitorprotkthos vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhor
ocbscdkizoi oi fo oica`s cuatuoas. Fozo zhmi eot ikeo no
lksoorf `p vornoahmboifo oi typ`cdr`i`a`nhscdo kikaysos
vki fo lostkkifo krcdo`a`nhscdo nonovois.
Z`ifstoi `j nr`ifsp`roi fho t`t ooi rocdtstroobso hitorpro
tktho vki fo cuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi z`ufoi bui
ioi aohfoi zhmi t`t `p dofoi ihot loscdhblkkr. Ooi loakin
rhmb kkibi`phinspuit v``r ooi hitorprotktho v`ret ocdtor
dot joht fkt fozo oica`suros `pvkaaoif vkkb hi fo fhrocto
iklhmdohf vki nrkjdouvoanr`opoi zhmi noaonoi (N`ossaor
;8?<2 Lhttoa ;8>4, ;84;2 Scdhob ;84<). Fozo ruhetoahmbo ks
s`chktho sunnoroort fkt lohfo ckton`rhoâi hots eot oabkkr to
ekboi dolloi. Or lostkkt ovoiwoa ooi kkizhoiahmb vorscdha
hi fktorhin. Fo Zhorocbscdkizoi d`roi hi fo akktsto oouw
v.Cdr. oi ``b i`n hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr. tduhs, fo lotroj
joifo nrkjdouvoanr`opoi zhmi ocdtor v``rikeoahmb to fkto
roi hi fo porh`foi DK C oi DK F oi hi nooi oiboa novka
aktor fki hi fo porh`fo Ak Väio K. Fozo cdr`i`a`nhscdo
fhscropkitho z`u v`anois Lhttoa `pnoa`st buiioi w`rfoi
f``r kki to ioeoi fkt fo Zhorocbscdkizoi roofs hi fo
Dkaastktt/vr`on Ak Väio-porh`fo hi oorsto kkiaon kkiwozhn
zhmi nowoost. Hiforfkkf zhmi thmfois fo `pnrkvhinoi hi
D`azdkusoi f``r Scdwkrz `ifor fo wka vki fo Zhorocb-
scdkizo sp`roi vki ooi frhotka `uforo pkahsskfowkifoi
kkinotr`jjoi, fho whmzoi `p v``rnkinors (cj. 3.;). @`b hi
V`eorfhinoi hs sprkbo vki ooi `uforo pkahsskfo `ifor fo
wka vki fo Zhorocbscdkizo (]ñri ;8>;). Fht whmst or`p fktfo Zhorocbscdkizoi tduhsd`roi hi ooi `uforo trkfhtho vki
rhtuoao oica`suros. Fo kss`chktho vki Zhorocbscdkizoi eot
`uforo Dkaastktt- oi vr`on Ak Väio-nrkjdouvoas z`u fordka
vo wkt fo cdr`i`a`nho lotrojt nooi pr`laoeoi lod`ovoi `p
to aovoroi.
Fo rofoi wkkr`e Zhorocbscdkizoi oi nrkvoi z` vkkb sk
eoi v``rb`eoi hs, v`anois Lhttoa, noaonoi hi fo cuatus fho
lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi worf uhtno`ojoif. Fozo z`u no
`rhâitoorf zhmi nowoost `p fo nrkjdouvoas oi hi ossoitho ooi
v``r`uforcuatus (Kdioibuat) zhmi nowoost. Krnueoitoi
v``r dot lostkki vki ooi fornoahmbo cuatusv`re vhift Lhttoa
``b hi dot nrkjlostoa vki fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo. Zki ooi zo
voitka nrkjdouvoas hi ]uhfwost-Fuhtsakif (Dk C/F) zhmi
stoaos kjb`esthn eot ooi fuhfoahmb kit r`p`e`rj bkrkbtor
(Wakicb o.k. ;84:, Kll. 38-6:)2 fo loboifsto hs woa fho
vki Dhrscdakifoi. Dot hs wkkrscdhmiahmb fkt fozo stooi
scuapturoi ``rspr`iboahmb `p fo nrkjdouvoas dolloi
nostkki oi fo lof`oahin dolloi nodkf fo f`fo to roprosoi
toroi. Voiehisto hi èèi novka (hi St`cbkcd) zhmi kki fo
v`ot vki z`'i stoao kkrfoworbv`ifstoi nofkki fho kas `j
jornkvoi zhmi to loscd`uwoi (Scdhob ;84;, ;<;). Dhorlhm
bki hi oorsto histkitho iktuurahmb kki ooi f`foicuatus w`r
foi nofkcdt. Ik vora``p vki thmf bki fozo ocdtor fo no
fkkito vki ooi v``r`uforcuatus `j, hi dot novka vki ooi
loakinrhmbo f`fo, fo nofkkito vki ooi Dor`oibuat dolloikkinoi`eoi (Lhttoa ;84;). Zornoahmblkro `vorwonhinoi zhmi
e`noahmb ikkr kkiaohfhin vki fo v`ifstnonovois vki ooi
nrkjdouvoa uht fo akto Dkaastktt-porh`fo lhm Eñdakcbor, Br.
Zkhdhinoi (]ñri ;8>;). @ifor fo nrkjdouvoa worf dot
stkifsp``r vki ooi vhorbkito pkahsskfowkif kkinotr`jjoi
(;3 T ;3 e). Fkkrlhiioi aknoi zos nrkvoi. Hi fo wostoahmbo
nroppoa wks ooi zwkro pkka nopakktst, fho vor l`voi fo pk-
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;?4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
ahsskfo e`ot dolloi uhtnost`boi. ]ñri vor`iforstoat fkt
fozo pkka ooi cuathscdo lotoboihs doojt nodkf. Dot hs dooa
woa v``rstoalkkr fkt dhm ooi tonoidkinor v`ret vki fo z`
muhst voreoafo nrkjstoaos oi kas z`fkihn ``b ooi r`a hi ooi
f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus doojt nospooaf. Fo `edohifo
ruheto bki hi fht vorlkif ihot kaaooi ooi strhbt juiorkhro
ekkr ``b ooi cuathscdo juictho w`rfoi t`onofkcdt.
Z``r fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi
hi toreoi vki ooi Kdioibuat zhmi fus twoo krnueoitoi
kkiwozhn= fo kss`chktho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi eot (`ufo
ro) nrkjdouvoas oi dot `ptrofoi hi fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo vki
ooi v``r`uforcuatus r`if fo nrkjdouvoas zoaj. Ooi c`ith
iuàtoht hi fo roaktho tussoi juiorkhro oi cuathscdo trkfhthos hs
ihot lowozoi, ekkr ahmbt f``r fo b`ppoahin vki noi`oefo
krnueoitoi woa to w`rfoi vor`iforstoaf. Ooi pr`laooe
lahmjt hitussoi dot joht fkt dot nrkjlostoa uht fo thmf vki fo
Zhorocbscdkizoi, fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo, krcdo`a`nhscd
ikuwoahmbs loboif hs. Dot hs ihot n`of v``rstoalkkr fkt dot
c`itoep`rkhio nrkjlostoa hi ooi `p fo f`foi no`rhâitoorfo
cuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi nooi r`a z`u dolloi
nospooaf.
Z``r fo looafv`rehin `etroit fo ossoitho vki fo cuatus hi
fo oica`s cuatuoas hs dot `iforscdohf vki loakin fkt hi fo
Jrkiso ahtorktuur noekkbt w`rft tussoi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi
oi fo dohahnf`eeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo (zho 3.<). Lru-
ikux `itd`uft zhcd vki ooi oxpahchoto uhtsprkkb `vor fo
cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi. @p nr`if vki dot scdkkrso
v`ifstektorhkka uht fozo akktstnoi`oefo oica`suros vrkknt
dhm zhcd zoajs kj `j zo ihot oorfor ooi s`chkka-p`ahthobo fki
ooi roahnhouzo juictho dolloi nodkf, l.v. kas coitrkao vor
nkforpakkts (Lruikux ;84:, 67 )". @vor fo cuatus hi fo doh
ahnf`eeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb vkat
eoor to zonnoi `p lkshs vki rocoito `pnrkvhinoi. Lruikux
vor`iforstoat v``r fo aktoro jksoi, v``rka `p nr`if vki fo
lovhifhinoi hi N`uriky, ooi c`epaoxo cuatus eot rhtos fo
ak nuorro oi rhtos p`ahthquos, ekkr ``b vrucdtlkkrdohfsrhtoi
oi rhtoi fho vorlkif dhoafoi eot ooi v``r`uforcuatus,
wkkrhi ikkr zhmi eoihin fo scdofoas vki fo kjnost`rvoioi
ooi r`a spooafoi. Dot loakinrhmbsto krnueoit fkt hi ]uhf-
Fuhtsakif v``r ooi v``r`uforcuatus lhiioi fo Zhorocb
scdkizoi w`rft kkinov`orf `itlroobt, `pvkaaoif noi`on,
hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb v`aaofhn= or hs nooi oiboa v``rlooaf
vki ooi akkt-Boathscd `j vr`on-\`eohis dohahnf`e fkt hi fo
luurt vki ooi nrkjvoaf hs noshtuoorf.
Fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus hi fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi fooica`s cuatuoas a``pt fus i`nka uhtooi. Fkt wha ocdtor ihot
zonnoi fkt dot ``b hi worboahmbdohf `e wozoiahmb vorscdha
aoifo cuatusv`reoi nkkt. Fo `itwhbboahin vki lohfo typoi
e`iueoitoi ahmbt hi hofor novka ooi kkitka `peorboahmbo
rkkbpuitoi to vort`ioi. Ovoikas hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif lostkkt
hi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb thmfois fo vr`onoro jksoi vki fo hmzor
thmf ooi `pvkaaoifo roaktho tussoi rhtuoao oica`suros oi nrkj
e`iueoitoi. Hi oiboao I``rfjrkiso nrkjvoafoi uht fo
ehffoi Ak Väio-porh`fo, `.k. hi Ocury-ao-\op`s oi Ak Jhi
f'Ocury (Ekrio), zhmi vhord`obhno nrkjoica`suros loboif
eot fkkrlhiioi eoorforo hiduekthonrkvoi. Lrhss`i oi
Dktt (;8??) noa`voi, eofo `p nr`if vki dot v``rb`eoi
vki coitrkao pkkajhnurkthos, fho kas f`foiduhsmos w`rfoi
noàitorprotoorf, fkt fozo nrkjoica`suros ``b ooi cuathscdo
juictho dolloi nodkf. ]hm sproboi vki ooi cuato fos kicí-
tros oi zoajs vki ooi cuato fos dèr`s. Fo `vorooib`estoi
eot Eñdakcbor zhmi `peorboahmb2 ``b fkkr zhmi juiorkhro
oi cuathscdo kspoctoi lhiioi ooi vhord`obhno oica`suro
ikuw eot oabkkr vorl`ifoi.
@p lkshs vki dot v``rkjnkkifo vkat ehsscdhoi hi nr`to ahm
ioi ooi noeooiscdkppoahmbo `itwhbboahin v``r fo cua
tuspakktsoi hi ]uhf-Fuhtsakif oi I``rf-Jrkibrhmb kki to
novoi. \ospocthovoahmb hi fo akto Dkaastktt- oi fo ehffoi
Ak Väio-porh`fo hs hi fozo nolhofoi sprkbo vki ooi ikuwo
roaktho tussoi nrkvoi oi vhord`obhno rhtuoao oica`suros eot
ooi f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus kas vorlhifoif oaoeoit. Hi
fo a``p vki fo Ak Väio-porh`fo trooft ocdtor tussoi nrkjlostoa oi cuatus ooi t`oioeoifo fhjjoroithktho `p. Or `it
stkki zoajstkifhno cuatuspakktsoi hi fo v`re vki Zhorocb
scdkizoi oi dohahnf`eeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo. @p
nr`if vki fo lostkkifo v`ifstovhfoitho e`otoi wo eot
Lruikux v``r fo eoor `itwhbboafo v`reoi vki fo akktsto
ckton`rho ooi c`epaoxo cuatus kkiioeoi, wkkrvki fo
f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus saocdts èèi kspoct v`ret. Ikkr
kika`nho e`noi wo woaahcdt dotzoajfo v``r fo kiforo ckto
n`rho zoajstkifhno cuatuspakktsoi, fo Zhorocbscdkizoi, vor
`iforstoaaoi2 ooi oxcaushovo Kdioibuat ahmbt v``r fozo ihot-
juiorkhro e`iueoitoi hi hofor novka ehifor wkkr
scdhmiahmb.
Fozo `pvktthin `vor ooi noiothscdo vorwkitscdkp tussoi
Zhorocbscdkizoi oi oica`s cuatuoas oiorzhmfs oi vhorbkito
nrkjoica`suros kiforzhmfs vhift stoui hi fo ka eoor fki <7
mkk r `ufo tdo`rho vki fo Loanhscdo krcdo`a``n S.M. fo Akot
`vor fo roaktho tussoi nrkje`iueoitoi oi dohahnf`eeoi hi
fo Boathscdo oi vr`on-\`eohiso woroaf (Fo Akot ;8::).
Fozo tdo`rho, fho eot ikeo nolksoorf hs `p typ`a`nhscdo
`vorwonhinoi, kttoifoort `p fo noeooiscdkppoahmbo dor
b`est vki lohfo ckton`rhoâi e`iueoitoi. Fo Akot loik
frubt fkt roofs vkikj dot io`ahtdhcue hi ^ost-Our`pk ooi
fhrocto roaktho lostkkt tussoi nrkvoi oi dohahnf`eeoi. Hi
fo a``p vki fo hmzorthmf b`et fozo roaktho `.k. t`t uhtfrubbhin hi dot `ptrofoi vki vhord`obhno nrkje`iueoitoi eot
cuathscdo juicthos (Fo Akot sproobt vki ooi f`foicuatus).
V`t fo vr`onsto v``rlooafoi roboit Fo Akot ooi f``r doe
zoaj `pnonrkvoi `enroppoaf, ruhtv`rehn nrkjc`epaox
( a a ,:7x ;;,:7 e) lhm Fostoalornoi (@.ZH.). Dhm hs vki eo
ihin fkt fornoahmbo e`iueoitoi eot vhord`obhno v`re kki
dot lonhi stkki vki ooi `itwhbboahin fho vhk fo I``rf-
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;?8 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
jrkiso nrkjoica`suros oi fo Nrklnkrtoi hi fo Ho oouw ik
Cdr. uhtohifoahmb aohft t`t dot `itstkki vki fo Nkaa`-
\`eohiso `enkinstoepoas. @`b fo tdo`rho vki Fo Akot
hepahcoort v``r fo akto hmzorthmf oi vr`on-\`eohiso porh`fo
ooi t`oioeoifo fhjjoroithktho tussoi cuatus oi nrkjlostoa.
^kt lotoboit fht kaaos iu v``r fo hitorprotktho vki fo cua
tus hi fo rhtuoao oica`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof0 Dot zhot orikkr uht fkt ``b hi `is nolhof
vki ooi noiothscdo roaktho tussoi cuatuspakktsoi oi nrkvoi
sprkbo hs. Dot `iforz`ob vki fo fulloao vhord`obhno oi-
ca`suro (nrkj-kiiox-cuatuspakkts) lhm @ss-_ssoi (cj. 3.?)
aoort fkt hi fo ehffoi-hmzorthmf lohfo ckton`rhoâi e`iu
eoitoi i`n ikuw `p oabkkr lotr`bboi zhmi. Oorst hi fo
\`eohiso thmf ahmbt or ooi vorforo juicth`ioao oi ruhetoahm
bo fhjjoroithktho `p to trofoi. Fo ahnnhin `p `j lhm iofor
zotthinstorrohioi noojt kki fkt fo cuatuspakktsoi hi fho thmf
ihot akinor hi ooi juiorkhro c`itoxt v``rb`eoi. Fkt iooet
ocdtor ihot won fkt fo roakthos eot dot nrkjlostoa i`n fuh
foahmb dorboilkkr kkiwozhn zhmi. Hi fo oorsto pakkts vort`
ioi fo cuatuspakktsoi hi `is nolhof wkt lotrojt dui v`re
ooi trojjoifo `vorooib`est eot fo loakinrhmbsto nrkje`iueoitoi uht fozoajfo porh`fo (Lakfoa, Zoafd`voi, @ss-
_ssoi), eot fhoi vorstkifo `vorhnois fkt fo vhord`obhno
nrkj`edohihinoi hi fo ronoa lofuhfoif baohior zhmi. Hi
Kapdoi trojjoi wo l`voifhoi ooi c`elhiktho kki vki ooi
rhtuoao oica`suro oi ooi nrkjdouvoa.
Hi fo twoofo pakkts lostkki or `vorooib`estoi hizkbo dot
rhtuooa. Fozo lotrojjoi fozoajfo ckton`rhoâi v`thojnkvoi,
ekkr ``b fozoajfo s``rt dkifoahinoi, l.v. dot rhtuooa lro
boi vki `lmoctoi, z`kas vkstnostoaf lhm dot !o-oouwso nrkj
lhm Lakfoa oi fo oica`suro vki D``noa``i.
Kifors fki v``r fo Zhorocbscdkizoi oi fo aktoro oica`s
cuatuoas ahmbt dot fkkr`e norocdtvkkrfhnf `e v``r fo oi
ca`suros hi dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ooi cuatus to
vor`iforstoaaoi fho hi fo oorsto pakkts no`rhâitoorf hs no
woost `p fo f`foi oi fo v``r`ufors.
6 . < OOI KAVO\IKVHOZO KIV\@W@A@NHSCDO HIVO\
W\OVKVHO
Fo dhorl`voi uhtnov`orfo kikayso aovort `p dot oorsto no
zhcdt woaahcdt ooi lovrofhnoifo hitorprotktho `p vki fo cua
tus hi fo rhtuoao oica`suros vki dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof hi fo \`eohiso thmf. Or hs ocdtor ``b brhthob
`p e`noahmb. Fo ossoitho fkkrvki z`u buiioi zhmi fkt fo
nol`foi hitorprotktho to zoor nolksoorf hs `p fo t`opksshin
vki vornoahmboifo oi typ`cdr`i`a`nhscdo eotd`foi.Fo e`rj`a`nhscdo roakthos tussoi vorscdhaaoifo nr`opoi vki
rhtuoao oica`suros oiorzhmfs oi fo ikuwo noiothscdo oi `p
ihouw e`rj`a`nhscdo roakthos tussoi fozo oica`suros oi vor
scdhaaoifo ckton`rhoâi nrkje`iueoitoi kiforzhmfs voraohfoi
ka sp`ofhn t`t fo c`icausho fkt fo cuatus r`if ka fozo e`
iueoitoi uht fo hmzorthmf oi fo vr`on-\`eohiso porh`fo
``b ooi nr`to ekto vki `vorooib`est e`ot dolloi vor
t``if. Hi ooi fornoahmbo loikforhin w`rft ocdtor `iv`a
f`oifo roboihin nod`ufoi eot fo vorscdhaaoifo s`ch`cuatu-
roao c`itoxtoi wkkrhi fo noahmbs``rthno vorscdhmisoaoi
`ptrofoi. Fkkrf``r w`rfoi fozo vorscdhmisoaoi, fho hi ki
fors``rthno c`itoxtoi e`noahmb vorscdhaaoifo juicthos dol
loi nodkf, to noekbboahmb `ifor èèi i`oeor nolrkcdt.
Hi fozo sa`tpkrknrkkj whaaoi whm pr`loroi ooi kkitka ossoi
thâao c`rrocthos `p fo cuatuurdhst`rhscdo hitorprotktho kki to
lroinoi. ^hm dkitoroi fkkrt`o ooi kitr`p`a`nhscdo loikfo
rhinswhmzo, fho kkisauht `p fo rocoito `itwhbboahinoi hi fo
krcdo`a`nho oi fo roahnhouzo kitr`p`a`nho. @is uhtnkinspuit
hs fkt roahnho nozhoi e`ot w`rfoi kas ooi hitonrkka `ifor
fooa vki ooi s`ch`cuaturooa systooe, f.w.z. hi kaao novkaaoi
ikuw vorl`ifoi hs eot fo p`ahthob, fo oc`i`eho oi fo s`
chkao structuur vki ooi skeoiaovhin. Fozo `pvktthin hepah
coort fkt roahnhouzo joi`eoioi i``ht noàs`aoorf, ekkr kathmf
hi dui s`ch`cuaturoao c`itoxt lostufoorf e`otoi w`rfoi.
Z``r ooi n`of lonrhp vki fo s`chkao, p`ahthobo oi oc`i`eh
scdo c`itoxt vki fo roahnho vki fo akto hmzorthmf oi fo
vr`on-\`eohiso thmf hs kaaoroorst oihn hizhcdt i`fhn hi fostructuur oi fyikehob vki fo lotrojjoifo Boathscdo `j
Norekkis-Boathscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi fozo porh`fo. Z``r`p
stkkt fkt dot nkkt `e trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi. @.k. Iksd
(;8>4) oi \`yekis (;843) dolloi or`p nowozoi fkt fozo
zhcd ``b hi Nkaahâ boieorboi f``r ooi soneoitkhro struc
tuur, f.w.z. fkt ooi trhlkao skeoiaovhin kas nodooa (ooi
stke `j chvhtks) hs `pnospahtst hi ooi kkitka fooastkeeoi
(pknh), fho `p dui lourt woor lostkki uht ooi kkitka baohio
ro ooidofoi.
@p lkshs vki dhst`rhscdo oi krcdo`a`nhscdo nonovois bki
nostoaf w`rfoi fkt dot ihvoku vki fo s`chkao oi p`ahthobo
`rnkihsktho vki fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hi fo hmzorthmf
storb vorscdhaaoif hs nowoost. Kki fo oio bkit trojjoi wo
ooiv`ufhno, ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro skeoiaovhinoi kki oi
kki fo kiforo bkit skeoiaovhinoi eot ooi roakthoj c`e
paoxo s`chkao oi p`ahthobo `rnkihsktho, fho hi s`eehno novka
aoi zoajs boieorboif ahmbt to zhmi v``r z.n. vr`ono stktoi.
Dot `rnkihskthoihvoku vki fo eoosto trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi
hi Nkaahâ lovhift zhcd ornois tussoi fozo twoo uhtorstoi hi.
Bhmboi wo oorst ikkr fo ooiv`ufhno, ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro
trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi. Dui wohihn c`epaoxo structuur
b`et `.k. t`t uhthin hi dot `itlroboi vki ooi fuhfoahmbo
s`chkao fhjjoroithktho oi p`ahthobo strkthjhcktho. Kanoeooi
nokccoptoorf lhiioi fo kitr`p`a`nho oi fo kitr`p`a`nhscdno`rhâitoorfo krcdo`a`nho hs fo `pvktthin fkt hi fornoahmbo
trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi vorwkitscdkp (bhisdhp) dot loakin
rhmbsto `rnkihsoroifo prhichpo hs. Zorwkitscdkppoahmbo roak
thos ahnnoi toi nr`ifsakn kki fo p`ahthobo, oc`i`ehscdo oi
s`chkao struc tuur vki fo skeoiaovhin. Orhc ^`aj fojhihoort
fo trhlkao oc`i`eho fki ``b kas ooi bhi-`rforof e`fo `j
pr`fucth`i (^`aj ;84<). Fkkrlhm e ot `vorhnois w`rfoi
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;:7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
kkinotoboif fkt vorwkitscdkp woa dot loakinrhmbsto, ekkr
ihot dot oihno `rnkihsoroifo prhichpo lhiioi fo trhlkao sk
eoiaovhin hs. Fo s`chkao `rnkihsktho vki fo pr`fubtho, fo
t`onkin t`t fo pr`fubthoehffoaoi, kaseofo l.v. s`chkao oi
p`ahthobo a`ykahtoht w`rfoi wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b lopkkaf f``r
prhichpos vki torrht`rhkahtoht oi a`ckahtoht `j c`-roshfoico
(Bupor ;84<, ^`aj ;84<)= dot skeoiw`ioi lhiioi ooi lo
pkkaf torrht`rhue `j hi ooi lopkkafo ioforzotthin. Vrhlkaoskeoiaovhinoi `p fht ihvoku vki s`chkka-cuaturoao hitonrktho
b`eoi hi fo hmzorthmf `.k. v``r hi dot uhtorsto i``rfoi vki
Nkaahâ. \`yekis (;843) i`oet hi fht vorlkif eot ikeo fo
Iorvhh, fo E`rhih, fo Eoikphh, fo Kfuktuch oi fo
Olur`ios.
Or zhmi lhiioi fo trhlkao woroaf ``b c`epaoxoro s`chkka-
p`ahthobo `rnkihskthov`reoi e`noahmb. Hi ^ost-Our`pk b`
eoi fho l.v. v``r thmfois fo akto Dkaastktt- oi fo vr`ono
Ak Väio-porh`fo lhm fo Boathscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi
]uhfwost-Fuhtsakif oi I``rf``st-Jrkibrhmb, aktor, thmfois
fo Ho oouw v.Cdr., lhm fo chvhtktos vki fo Kofuh, fo Krvor-
ih o.k. hi Ehffoi- oi @`st-Nkaahâ.
Or hs hi fozo novkaaoi sprkbo vki ooi s`chkka-p`ahthobo `rnk
ihsktho `p dot ihvoku vki 'cdhojf`es', 'pkrke`uit cdhoj-
f`es' oi 'vr`ono stktoi'. Fo t`oioeoifo c`epaoxhtoht vki
fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinsstructuur hi noi`oefo porh`foi vkat
`.k. kj to aozoi uht ooi t`oioeoifo dhârkrcdhsorhin lhiioi
dot ioforzotthinssystooe. Hi fo akto Dkaastktt-porh`fo lahmbt
fozo l.v. uht dot `itstkki vki nr`to, vorstorbto ioforzotthi
noi z`kas `p fo Douiolurn, hi fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo uht
fo kkiaon vki `pphfk. Kiforo kkiwhmzhinoi aovort dot nrkj-
lostoa. Fo rhmbo 'v`rstoinrkvoi' uht fo akto Dkaastktt- oi
vr`ono Ak Väio-porh`fo fuhfoi `inotwhmjoaf `p p`ahthobo
ekcdts- oi stktusv`rehin lhiioi trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi.Z``r fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo w`rfoi wo `vor dot `itstkki
vki c`epaoxo trhlkao `rnkihskthov`reoi hi Ehffoi- oi
@`st-Nkaahâ ihot kaaooi noàij`reoorf f``r krcdo`a`nhscdo
ekkr v``rka ``b f``r ahtorkhro lr`iioi (Ckoskr). Z``r `is
vordkka hs vki loakin fkt lhiioi fozo c`epaoxo trhlkao sk
eoiaovhinsv`reoi vorwkitscdkp kas `rnkihsoroif prhichpo
wkkrscdhmiahmb kki lotoboihs vorahost. Fo s`chkka-p`ahthobo
structuur vki fht s``rt skeoiaovhinoi w`rft nof`ehioorf
f``r kjdkiboahmbdohfsroakthos nolksoorf `p stktus- oi
ekcdtsvorscdhaaoi. _ht fo tobstoi vki Ckoskr wotoi wo fkt
eot ikeo fo eoor `itwhbboafo Nkaahscdo skeoiaovhinoi hi
fo Ho oouw v.Cdr. zhcd boieorboi f``r uhtnolrohfo
cahoitäao-systoeoi, nolksoorf `p kjdkiboahmbdohfsvord`ufhinoi tussoi ehahtkhro `j p`ahthobo aohfors oi ooi kkitka v`ano
ahinoi. Fozo kjdkiboahmbdohfsvord`ufhinoi zhmi woforborhn=
zhm b`eoi t`t uhtfrubbhin hi trhluutvorpahcdthinoi, dot vor
aoioi vki fhoistoi, p`ahthobo oi ehahtkhro stoui kki fo aoh
fors oiorzhmfs oi dot lhofoi vki loscdorehin kki fo cahoi
täao kiforzhmfs. Fozo dhârkrcdhsorhin lhiioi fo trhlkao
skeoiaovhinoi woorsphonoat zhcd ``b hi fo s`chkao `rnkihsk
tho vki fo pr`fubtho. ^`aj sproobt vki fo `vornkin vki
ooi 'bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucth`i' ikkr ooi trhlutkry
e`fo `j pr`fucth`i.
Z``r fo stufho vki fo roahnho hi fo hmzorthmf hs boiihs vki
dot `rnkihskthoihvoku vki fo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hi fozo
porh`fo vki fhroct loakin. Fo v`renovhin vki fo roahnho
w`rft heeors hi d`no ekto lopkkaf f``r fo s`chkao, p`ah
thobo oi oc`i`ehscdo structuur vki ooi skeoiaovhin. ^kiioor fho vorkifort, zka hi fo ronoa ``b fo structuur vki fo
roahnho vorkiforoi. Hi wohihn c`epaoxo trhlkao skeoiao
vhinsv`reoi fho nof`ehioorf w`rfoi f``r vorwkit
scdkpsprhichpos zka hi fo roahnhouzo v`renovhin ooi loakin
rhmb kccoit ahnnoi `p fo f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus. Fo
c`se`a`nho - dot nodooa kki v``rstoaahinoi `etroit fo rok
ahtoht oi dot l`voiiktuurahmbo - vki fozo trhlkao skeoiao
vhinoi hs wkkrscdhmiahmb i`n wohihn nofhjjoroithoorf. Ooi
ehi `j eoor onkahtkhro structuur vki fo s`chkao worboahmb
dohf zka dkkr kjsphonoahin vhifoi hi ooizoajfo l`voiiktuur
ahmbo s`chkao `rfo= fho vki fo v``r`ufors (zho ``b
Skddis ;8:4).
Hi trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi `p ooi d`nor ihvoku vki s`chkao
oi p`ahthobo hitonrktho e`noi wo hi t`oioeoifo ekto ooi
nofhjjoroithoorfo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf vorwkcdtoi
wkkrhi ikkst fo v``r`ufors wo_hcdt ``b pakkts hs v``r n`
foi oi doafoi. @etroit fo akkt-Boathscdo n`foiworoaf hi
Nkaahâ w`rfoi wo noàij`reoorf f``r Ckoskr. _ht zhmi lo
rhcdtnovhin lahmbt `.k. fkt fho n`foiworoaf dhârkrcdhscd no
`rfoif hs= or zhmi n`foi eot eoor oi eot ehifor ekcdt.
Dot c`epaoeoit vki z`'i kiforo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahins
woroaf hs ooi c`epaoxoro oi eoor nofhjjoroithoorfo cuatus.
@`b hi fht `pzhcdt zhmi wo vhk ahtorkhro oi krcdo`a`nhscdo
nonovois `vor fo akkt-Boathscdo roahnho rofoahmb n`of noài
j`reoorf. ^o wotoi fkt vorscdhaaoifo n`foi `e vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi `p vorscdhaaoifo pakktsoi zhmi voroorf. Cuath
scdo dkifoahinoi `p fht ihvoku dolloi lotrobbhin `p
fhvorso loakinoi= pors``iahmbo loakinoi (noiozhin, vrucd-
lkkrdohf, ektorhâao v``rsp`of), ekkr ``b `p fo p`ahthobo
oi ehahtkhro loakinoi vki c`epaoto pknh `j stkeeoi. Fo
v`renovhin vki fo cuatus hs fki ``b c`epaox vki kkrf.
Lhm fo loakinrhmbsto cuatoi `p stkeihvoku hs sprkbo vki ro
ahnhouzo spochkahstoi, z`kas fo fruàfoi. Hi skeoidkin eot
fozo vorkiforhinoi hi fo akkt Ak Väio-porh`fo ekn ``b
ooi fhjjoroithktho oi dhârkrcdhsorhin eot lotrobbhin t`t fo
cuatuspakktsoi w`rfoi nop`stuaoorf. Fo cuatuspakktsoi vki
ooiv`ufhno trhlkao skeoiaovhinsvorlkifoi (nolksoorf `p
vorwkitscdkpsroakthos) zhmi `inotwhmjoaf prhekhr lof`oafv``r fo f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus. Hi ooi kkitka novkaaoi
hs dot `iforscdohf tussoi nrkje`iueoit oi cuatuspakkts
zoajs ikuwoahmbs to ekboi. Fht noaft lhmv``rlooaf v``r fo
hi 6.; lospr`boi oica`suros vki Fostoalornoi oi Eñda-
kcbor uht fo Dkaastktt-porh`fo oi fo oica`suros vki Ak Jhi
f'Ocury uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo. Hi c`epaoxoro trhlkao sk
eoiaovhinoi vhift wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi ruhetoahmbo scdohfhin
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;:; MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
tussoi nrkje`iueoitoi oi dohahnf`eeoi pakkts. Vonoahmb
w`rft, pkrkaaoa kki fo ioforzotthinsdhârkrcdho, ooi dhârkr
cdho lhiioi fo cuatuspakktsoi zhcdtlkkr. @p dot aknoro, a`
bkao ihvoku, zhmi shepoao cuatuspakktsoi to vorwkcdtoi, `p
fo d`noro ihvoku's, lhmv``rlooaf fho vki fo stke `j fo pk-
nus, vooa nr`toro dohahnf`eeoi eot `inotwhmjoaf ooi c`e
paoxo cuatus. V`t fo akktsto ckton`rho dohahnf`eeoi hs hi fo
oorsto pakkts ooi kkitka nr`to Zhorocbscdkizoi to roboioi.
Fo `evkin vki fozo e`iueoitoi oi fo nr`to d`ovooadohf
krlohf fho hi fo kkiaon orvki noàivostoorf hs, fuhft kki fkt
zo `p ooi ronh`ikka ihvoku e`otoi dolloi
nojuicth`ioorf". Ooi kifor krnueoit fkkrv``r hs fkt zo
s`es zhmi noshtuoorf lhiioi coitrkao ioforzotthinoi (lhm
v``rlooaf ooi `pphfue, z`kas `p fo F`iiorslorn). @`b
s`eehno I``rfjrkiso dohahnf`eeoi vki dot Loanhscdo typo
d`roi hi fozo ckton`rho coitrkao cuatuspakktsoi tduhs. Dui
ronh`ikao lotoboihs w`rft lopkkaf f``r fo ahnnhin (lhiioi
ooi `pphfue, z`kas hi N`uriky) `j f``r dot joht fkt zo
w`rfoi `pnov`anf f``r loakinrhmbo Nkaa`-\`eohiso toe
poac`epaoxoi. Lodkavo ooi vkizoajsproboifo roahnhouzo
juictho dolloi fozo coitrkao dohahnf`eeoi uht fo Ak Väio-porh`fo wkkrscdhmiahmb ``b vkkb ooi s`chkka-p`ahthobo juic
tho nodkf, eot ikeo kas coitrkao vornkforpakkts - dot lo
jkkefo A`uorih`s-vordkka lhm W`sohf`ih`s hs fkkrv``r ooi
fhrocto kkiwhmzhin.
_ht fht `vorzhcdt e`no lahmboi fkt fo c`epaoxo oi ehifor
c`epaoxo trhlkao skeoiaovhinsv`reoi ooi vorscdhaaoifo roah
nhouzo v`renovhin boiioi, f.w.z. ooi vorscdhaaoifo roah
nhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf oi ooi vorscdhaaoifo cuatus. Lhm
fo hitorprotktho vki fo cuatus lhiioi fo rhtuoao oica`suros
zka eot fozo `iforscdohfoi c`itoxtoi roboihin e`otoi
w`rfoi nod`ufoi2 typ`a`nhscdo-c`epkrkthovo kikaysos zhmi
kas lkshs v``r ooi fornoahmbo hitorprotktho toi oioi ekao `i
t`orohboif.
Hi fo \`eohiso porh`fo w`rft fo dhârkrcdho vki hidooeso
cuatuspakktsoi notrkisj`reoorf hi ooi dhârkrcdho vki
hidooes-\`eohiso dohahnf`eeoi, eot kas ihouw oaoeoit
kki fo t`p fo j`ruetoepoas hi fo chvhtksd``jfstofoi. Dot
lhmz`iforo hs fkt t`t iu t`o dot akknsto ihvoku vki fozo
dhârkrcdho, fkt vki fo ooiv`ufhno rurkao dohahnf`eeoi, kr
cdo`a`nhscd hi johto `izhcdtlkkr hs nolaovoi (^hndteki
;84:, ?:8). Eot fo `itfobbhin vki fo cuatuspakktsoi hi dot
Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof bki fozo akcuio tdkis w`rfoi
`pnovuaf.
@e fo juictho vki fozo cuatuspakktsoi ikfor to buiioi lopkaoi zuaaoi wo e`otoi aottoi `p fo s`chkka-p`ahthobo oi
oc`i`ehscdo structuur vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi dot Ekks-
Foeor-Scdoafonolhof hi fo oorsto oouwoi ik Cdr. Dot
c`epaoxhtohtsihvoku vki fozo skeoiaovhinoi hs, z` dolloi
wo nostoaf, wkkrscdhmiahmb hi d`no ekto lopkaoif v``r dui
roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinsworoaf oi fo f``r doi noprkcthsoorfo
cuatus. Hi fht vorlkif e`otoi wo `vorhnois ooi `ifor
scdohf ekboi tussoi fo skeoiaovhinsstructuur vki vóór >7
oi fho vki ik >7. Fht vorscdha w`rft lopkkaf f``r fo
v``rtnkin vki dot r`ekihsorhinspr`cos. _ht dot rocoito
nr``tscdkahno ioforzotthins`iforz`ob hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof b`et fuhfoahmb ikkr v`roi fkt fo dhor w``i
kcdthno Vuinrh, Voxukifrh oi Lktkvh nofuroifo fo Ho oouw
ik Cdr. (hi hofor novka t`t >7) i`n ooi trhlkao skeoiao
vhinsstructuur vort`ioi. Vyporoif zhmi nr`to `edohifo io
forzotthinoi fho toiehisto v``r ooi fooa hi fo oorsto doajt
vki fo oouw zhmi kkinoaonf (@ss-_ssoi, D``noa``i, \hot
d`voi). Fo duhzoil`uw, fo tocdi`a`nho, fo knrkrhscdo strk
tonho oi fo nrkjv`reoi zhmi trkfhth`iooa-hidooes vki bk
rkbtor. \`eohiso hiva`ofoi ekihjostoroi zhcd kaaooi hi fo
scdkkrso hep`rtoi vki auxo pr`fubtoi (kkrfoworb, naks
worb otc). @efkt fozo v``rikeoahmb v``rb`eoi hi fo
nr`toro nrkvoi oi r`if`e lopkkafo l`orforhmoi (hi D``no
a``i fo l`orforhm fho hi fo <o oouw w`rft `pnov`anf f``r
ooi vhaak) ekn w`rfoi kkinoi`eoi fkt lhiioi fo ioforzot
thinoi a`bkao aohfors `ptrofoi. Zki ooi storbo s`chkao strk
thjhcktho oi fhjjoroithktho hs ocdtor nooi sprkbo. Boieorboif
v``r fozo trhlkao skeoiaovhinoi hs `inotwhmjoaf ooi 'bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucth`i'.
Zorwkitscdkppoahmbo roakthos e`noi ``b lopkaoif w`rfoi
nokcdt v``r fo v`renovhin vki fo a`bkao roahnho. Ooi
f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus hi vorlkif eot fo rhtuoao oica`
suros vki dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof ahmbt fki ``b
kkiioeoahmb.
^oaahcdt lod`ojt fozo hitorprotktho vki fo hid`uf vki fo
cuatus ocdtor i`n oihno iukicorhin. Kkiaohfhin dhort`o
noojt fo c`istktorhin fkt fo lospr`boi cuatuspakktsoi ior
nois hi fo luurt vki nrkjvoafoi v``rb`eoi, ekkr `p `j
lhm ioforzotthinstorrohioi ahnnoi. Oiboao cuatuspakktsoi zhmi
zoajs noahmbthmfhn eot fo ioforzotthin kkinoaonf.
Noojt fozo roaktho cuatuspakkts - ioforzotthin woaahcdt uht
frubbhin kki wkt whm oorfor dot a`bkahtohtsprhichpo dolloi
noi`oef, kki z`hots kas ooi a`bkao hfoithtoht0 Hs fo f`foi-
oi v``r`uforcuatus no`rhâitoorf nowoost `p ooi lhmz`iforo
v``r`ufor, lhmv``rlooaf fo (eytdhscdo) sthcdtor vki fo io
forzotthin0 Kas fkt dot novka hs e`noi wo ehsscdhoi ``b
foiboi kki ooi f`ehikito r`a vki fo a`bkao aohfors hi fo
cuatus. F``r ooi rocdtstroobs c`itkct eot fo v``r`ufor(s)
buiioi zhm dui a`bkao ekcdtsp`shtho dolloi noaonhtheoorf.
Hi dot bkfor vki ooi roahnhous-kitr`p`a`nhscdo hitorprotktho
vkat ehsscdhoi ``b i`n hots to zonnoi `vor fo cuatuspkaoi
lhiioi fo oica`suros. Dot ahnt v``r fo dkif kki to ioeoi
fkt zhm ooi coitrkao r`a dolloi nospooaf hi ooi f`foi- `jv``r`uforcuatus, ka fki ihot eot fuhfoahmb 'a`bkao kccoi
toi'. D`owoa v``rkasi`n hofor lowhms `itlroobt hs dot vor
aohfoahmb `e to vor`iforstoaaoi fkt dot nkkt `e pkaoi fho
`p fo ooi `j kiforo ekihor fo v``r`ufors, fo sthcdtor vki
fo ioforzotthin `j 'a`cka sphrhts' dolloi noroprosoitoorf.
Ehsscdhoi wkroi zo loworbt oi dolloi zo zoajs ooi kitr`
p`e`rj bkrkbtor nodkf. Hi fho nofkkito z`ufoi zo ehs-
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;:< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
scdhoi vornoaoboi buiioi w`rfoi eot fo stoaos `p fo ]uhf-
fuhtso Dkaastktt-nrkjdouvoas. Saocdts noaubbhno
t`ovkasv`ifstoi buiioi kkit`ioi `j loworbto pkaoi c.q.
d`utoi looafoi hiforfkkf ooi r`a hi fo cuatuspakktsoi dol
loi nospooaf". Hi fo fhscussho `vor fo pkaoi oi pkkastoaahi-
noi e`ot `vorhnois ``b i`n eot kiforo kspoctoi roboihin
w`rfoi nod`ufoi. ]` hs dot ihot uhtnosa`toi fkt dot kkitka
pkaoi oi fo `rhâitktho vki fo pkkastoaahin ooi spochjhobosyel`ahscdo lotoboihs dolloi nodkf. Ikforo uhtsprkboi
fkkr`etroit ahmboi lhm fo duhfhno stkif vki boiihs ocdtor
ikuwoahmbs e`noahmb.
Ooi kkitka cuatuspakktsoi hi dot Ekks-Foeor-
Scdoafonolhof hs ``b hi fo <o oi dot lonhi vki fo 3o oouw
i`n hi nolruhb. Fozo c`ithiuàtoht hs `peorboahmb, `efkt fo
structuur vki fo skeoiaovhinoi hi fht nolhof thmfois fo no
i`oefo porh`fo i`nka hinrhmpoifo vorkiforhinoi ahmbt to
`ifornkki. Fozo vorkiforhinoi dkinoi skeoi eot ooi t`o
ioeoifo hitonrktho hi dot \`eohiso stkktssystooe, fo urlk-
ihsorhin oi fo `pb`est vki ooi ekrbtnorhcdto vhaak
oc`i`eho. ]hm lostkki uht ooi kjioeoif loakin vki vorwkitscdkpsroakthos oi ooi t`oioeoif loakin vki kjdkibo
ahmbdohfsroakthos, wkkrscdhmiahmb hi fo v`re vki pktr``i-
cahoitvord`ufhinoi (Sa`jstrk ;843).
Fo vhaak-oc`i`eho hepahcoort ooi `vornkin vki ooi 'bhi-
`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucth`i' ikkr ooi 'trhlutkry e`fo `j
pr`fucth`i'. ^kt v``r nov`anoi dolloi fozo structuroao
vorkiforhinoi lhiioi fo hidooeso skeoiaovhin hi fo <o oi
3o oouw v``r fo roahnho `p a`bkka-rurkka ihvoku0 \ofoio
roif vkiuht fo tdo`rho fkt roahnho ooi rojaoctho v`ret vki
fo s`chkka-p`ahthobo oi oc`i`ehscdo vord`ufhinoi lhiioi
ooi skeoiaovhin, bki eoi ooi kjioeoif loakin vorwkcd
toi vki fo f`foi- oi v``r`uforcuatus oi woaahcdt ooi t`o
ioeoif loakin vki fo vororhin vki hidooes-\`eohiso
n`fdofoi. Fo krcdo`a`nhscdo nonovois uht fo rurkao cua
tuspakktsoi hi `is nolhof whmzoi ocdtor oorfor `p c`ithiuà
toht fki `p vorkiforhinoi. Fkt z`u buiioi lotoboioi fkt
`ifkibs fo vorkiforhinoi hi dot s`chkka-p`ahthobo oi oc`
i`ehscdo systooe vorwkitscdkps- oi a`bkahtohtsprhichpos
t`cd ooi loakinrhmbo r`a zhmi lahmvoi spoaoi hi fo a`bkao
cuatus".Ehsscdhoi ekihjostoroi fo to vorwkcdtoi vorkiforhinoi hi
dot roahnhouzo systooe zhcd oorfor `ikjdkiboa hmb vki fo trk
fhth`ioao cuatuspakktsoi. Ooi kkiwhmzhin fkkrv``r v`ret
dot ronoaekthn `ptrofoi vki Muphtorzuhaoi `p vhaaktorrohioi
(Lkucddoiz oi I`oabo ;84;). ]hm syel`ahsoroi fo kccoptk
tho vki \`eohiso roahnhouzo syel`aoi oi novoi woaahcdt to
noahmborthmf uhtfrubbhin kki fo a`ykahtoht vki ooi nor`ekih
soorfo hidooeso oahto vki vhaak-low`iors kki fo \`eohiso
bohzor.
Dot v``rb`eoi vki trkfhth`ioao cuatuspakktsoi oi Muphtor
zuhaoi `p vhaaktorrohioi z`u or`p buiioi whmzoi fkt fo
fulloao ekcdtslkshs vki fo hi ``rspr`in hidooeso vhaak
oahto (nov`ref f``r trkfhth`ioao rocdtoi äi p`ahthobo oioc`i`ehscdo c`itkctoi eot fo \`eohiso woroaf) hi fo <o
oi 3o oouw woaahcdt ooi fulloao aonhtheorhin doojt nodkf=
oiorzhmfs f``r fo trkfhth`ioao roahnho, kiforzhmfs f``r ihou
wo roahnhouzo v``rstoaahinoi oi cuatusv`reoi vki \`eohiso
dorb`est".
Hi d`ovorro fozo roahnhous-kitr`p`a`nhscdo dyp`tdosoi `vor
fo lotoboihs vki fo hidooes-\`eohiso cuatuspakktsoi hi
dot Ekks-Foeor-Scdoafonolhof muhst zhmi, zka eot ikeo
e`otoi lahmboi uht v``rtnozot nr``tscdkahn (a`bkka oi ronh`
ikka) ioforzotthins`iforz`ob, wkkrlhm kki roahnhouzo kspoc
toi eoor fki v``rdooi oxpahchot kkifkcdt w`rft lostoof.
sueekry
\urka skictukrhos jr`e tdo \`eki porh`f hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft krok
Vdhs krthcao fhscussos k nr`up `j shx e`iueoits fhsc`vorof
hi tdo krok lotwooi tdo rhvors Eouso, Foeor kif Scdoaft,
`i ohtdor shfo `j tdo Futcd-Loanhki l`rfor (jhn. ;). E`st
`j tdoso e`iueoits kro oica`suros, c`ishsthin `j k roc-
tkinuakr, squkro `r kae`st squkro krok fojhiof ly k
pkahskfo `r k fhtcd kif - foe`istrktof hi `io ckso - k
lkib {jhns. <, :->, 8, ;;, ;6-;?). @iay kt ^hmsdknoi wks i`caokray roc`nihzklao porhpdorka structuro j`uif. Hi tdroo `j
tdo e`iueoits oitrkicos woro j`uif (D``noa``i (<),
^hmionoe (<) kif Ioordkroi(a)). Jokturos `lsorvof hi tdo
hitorh`r kro= `io `r tw` sotthins `j kahniof p`sts
(D``noa``i, @ss-_ssoi, Kapdoi kif ^hmionoe), phts
(D``noa``i, @ss-_ssoi, ^hmionoe, Ioordkroi kif
p`sshlay ^hmsdknoi) kif, td`und `iay hi tdo wkaaof
oica`suro kt Kapdoi, k lkrr`w. _ij`rtuiktoay tdhs tueuaus
dkf looi r`llof hi tdo rocoit pkst. K roekrbklao
pdoi`eoi`i wks `lsorvof kt Ioordkroi, wdoro tdo krok
whtdhi tdo oica`suro dkf looi fun `ut.
Kae`st kaa tdo oica`suros yhoafof uiusuka jhifs, tdo e`st
hitorosthin `j wdhcd woro=;. D``noa``i (<7.?x<<.? e2 jhns. 3-6)= okray \`eki p`t-
tory (Loanhc wkro, torrk shnhaaktk), j`ur \`eki c`his,
jrkneoits `j k torrkc`ttk jhnurhio, k Ak Voio nakss
lrkcoaot, ki hr`i ikvo lkif kif jhvo hr`i bihvos.
<. @ss-_ssoi (6?x6?(0) e2 jhn. 4)= k cup `j ikthvo p`ttory,
sovorka jrkneoits `j Hst coitury torrk shnhaaktk kif tw` Ak
Voio nakss lrkcoaots.
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;:3 MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
3. Kapdoi (36x6: e2 jhn. 8)= ;4td kif ;8td coitury
rop`rts eoith`ihin \`eki c`his jr`e k aonorpakkts
(ehahtkry ckep) eky rojor t` tdhs oica`suro. Vdo c`his fkto
jr`e tdo Jakvhki porh`f t` tdo jhrst dkaj `j tdo 6td
coitury.
6. ^hmionoe (3<x33 e2 jhns. ;<-;3)= 63 \`eki c`his,
ohndt lr`izo lrkcoaots kif ohndt jhluako.
?. Ioordkroi-\oboe (;; x ;3.? e2 jhn. ;6)= tdroo hr`ipa`undsdkros.
:. ^hmsdknoi (osthektof t` lo kt aokst 37x?7 e2 jhn. ;?)=
<< \`eki c`his, <4 lr`izo lrkcoaots, 3? jhluako kif 337
jrkneoits `j torrk shnhaaktk.
Vdo oica`suros eust dkvo looi c`istructof hi tdo Hst coi
tury KF. J`ur `j tdo shtos p`sshlay fkto lkcb t` tdo jhrst
dkaj `j tdkt coitury (D``noa``i, @ss-_ssoi, ^hmionoe
kif ^hmsdknoi). Vdo @ss-_ssoi e`iueoit dkf jkaaoi hit`
fhsuso ly tdo <if coitury KF, wdhao tdkt kt D``noa``i
roekhiof hi uso j`r sahndtay a`inor. Vdo e`iueoits kt
Ioordknoi, ^hmionoe kif ^hmsdknoi woit `ut `j uso hi
tdo 3rf coitury kif tdkt kt Kapdoi p`sshlay hi tdo 6tdcoitury.
Hi cdkptors < kif 3 ht hs krnuof tdkt tdo shx e`iueoits
woro shepao, rurka skictukrhos `j a`cka hep`rtkico. Vdroo
woro fhsc`vorof hi `r iokr k rurka sottaoeoit. Vdo
e`iueoits jht hit` k akrnor pkttori `j wdhcd tdo
Zhorocbscdkizoi j`uif hi s`utdori Norekiy kif Jrkico,
tdo s`-ckaaof Loanhc skictukrhos hi i`rtdori Jrkico,
oica`suros hi s`utdori Oinakif kif I`rj`ab kif s`eo `j
tdo Nrkdnkraoi j`uif hi tdo \dhioakif sooe t` j`re tdo
c`isthtuoit oaoeoits. Vdo shehakrhthos kro strossof lotwooi
tdo Eouso-Foeor-Scdoaft oica`suros kif tdo 'Loanhc' skic
tukrhos. Sekaa fheoish`is, v`thvo phts, sotthins `j kahniof
p`sts (jhn. ?) kif v`thvo `jjorhins ahbo c`his, jhluako,
lrkcoaots kif pa`undsdkros kro oaoeoits `lsorvof hi tdo
skictukrhos `j l`td ronh`is.
Hi cdkptor 3 ht hs kas` sunnostof tdkt tdo \`eki porh`f
oica`suros hi `ur krok `j stufy woro i` iow fovoa`peoit
hi tdkt porh`f, lut j`reof tdo cuaehikth`i `j k ikthvo
trkfhth`i tdkt dkf akstof j`r kt aokst 377 yokrs, tdkt hs,
shico tdo oif `j tdo ehffao Hr`i Kno. Vdhs hfok hs lksof
ekhiay `i tdo akrno oica`suro whtd juiorkry kiioxo hi tdo
prodhst`rho coeotory `j @ss-_ssoi (jhn. ;4). ats uiusuka
fheoish`is (3<x33.? e) ka`in whtd tdo akrno ke`uit `j
p`ttory j`uif hi tdo porhpdorka fhtcd kif tdo tw` c`itoe-
p`rkry phts whtdhi tdo fhtcd ekbo ht ahboay tdkt tdhs e`iu
eoit sorvof ks k shepao, `poi-khr skictukry.
Cdkptor 6 fhscussos tdo quosth`i `j tdo hitorprotkth`i `j
tdo cuat prkcthsof hi tdo rurka skictukrhos. Vdo ca`so
noiothc, e`rpd`a`nhcka kif spkthka roakth`is lotwooi rhtuka
oica`suros kif juiorkry e`iueoits hi ^ostori Our`po hi
tdo Hr`i Kno w`uaf lrhin t` ehif k cuat `rhoitof t`wkrfs
tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs. Vdhs hitorprotkth`i lksof `i
typ`a`nhcka kif c`epkrkthvo eotd`fs hs pkrtay hi knroo-
eoit whtd ki kitdr`p`a`nhcka hitorprotkth`i `j tdo cuat.
Vdo Hst coitury KF skictukrhos hi tdo Eouso-Foeor-
Scdoaft krok kro cdkrkctorhsthc `j a`cka trhlka c`eeuihthos
hi tdo porhpdorka ronh`is `j tdo \`eki pr`vhicos `j Nkaahk
Loanhck kif Norekihk Hijorh`r, sthaa f`ehiktof ly bhisdhproakth`is kif k bhi-`rforof e`fo `j pr`fucth`i. Ht hs `i
tdhs nr`uif tdkt k cuat `j tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs cki
lo oxpoctof, p`sshlay whtd 'a`cka kccoits' (w`rsdhp `j k
eytdhcka vhaakno j`uifor kif a`cka sphrhts), coitorhin `i tdo
kahniof (kitdr`p`e`rpdhc0) cuat p`sts hi tdo skictukrhos.
Fosphto tdo frksthc s`chka, p`ahthcka kif oc`i`eho cdkinos
tdkt t``b pakco whtdhi tdo a`cka c`eeuihthos `j tdo Eouso-
Foeor-Scdoaft ronh`i ks k rosud `j tdo pr`coss `j
\`ekihskth`i kif hitonrkth`i hi tdo <if kif 3rf coiturhos,
tdo ossoico `j tdo ikthvo cuat pr`lklay survhvof. Ht hs
krnuof tdkt hi tdhs porh`f tdo `rhnhikaay ikthvo vhaak oahto
p`sshlay aonhthektof hts p`worjua p`shth`i hi tw` wkys= hi
tdo jhrst pakco vhk tdo trkfhth`ika roahnh`i (whtd k cuat lksof`i tdo w`rsdhp `j tdo fokf kif tdo kicost`rs prkcthsof
whtdhi tdo rurka skictukrhos) kif, soc`ifay, ly kccopthin
iow \`eki roahnh`us syel`as, ahbo tdo Muphtor c`aueis
kif roaktof cuat prkcthcos.
i`toi
; Dot lobortypo eot nopr`jhaoorfo rkif ahmbt lotrobboahmb zoafzkke (o zhmi. E`noahmbo pkrkaaoaaoi b`eoi v``r hi dot nrkjvoafvki Ihmeonoi-^ost oi hi Sèr`i, aueuaus HH. @izo fkib v``r fozohij`rektho noaft frs. Kiioahos B`stor (Histhtuut v``r @ufo Noscdhofoihs oi Krcdo`a`nho, Bkad. _ihvorshtoht Ihmeonoi) oi fr.S`pdhk E.O. vki Ahad (Histhtuut v``r Wrko- oi Wr`t`dhst`rho, _ihvorshtoht vki Kestorfke).
< Eofofoahin fr. No`rnotto vki L`oboh, Zundt.
3 Fo euitoi worfoi nofotorehioorf f``r Moaao Wrhis (Krcdo`a`nhscd Histhtuut vki fo Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht).
6 Z``r ooi pakttonr`if vki fo ioforzotthin ^ostorvoaf zho Zkifor Skifoi hi frub.
? Fht lotoboit fkt fo <o-oouwso v`ifstoi, lohfo uht dot wostoahmbfooa vki fo nroppoa, kas ooi aktoro vor`itrohihnhin lo``rfooaf e`otoi w`rfoi.
: Fozo (ekxhekao) kjeothinoi whmboi oihnszhis kj vki fo hi fo
``rspr`iboahmbo pulahbktho `pnonovoi ektoi= fkkr nkkt dot `e fokjstkifoi tussoi fo lhiioibkitoi vki fo tonoi`vor oabkkr ahnnoifonroppoanofooatoi.
> Hi fht krthboa shtuoort Str``lkit fo 'aonorpakkts' fhroct toi i``rfoi vki Fo Lkrtmos, dotnooi zoor storb kjwhmbt vki zhmi oorforopakktskkifuhfhin. ^äa hitorosskit hs zhmi eoihin `vor fo `evkinvki fo 'aonorpakkts'= Ao prètoifu ckep r`ekhi i`us pkrkht kv`hrtr`p pou fo suporjhcho p`ur kv`hr ou cotto fosthikth`i (;8<>, ;74).
4 Dot hs ihot `ie`noahmb fkt ``b fo f``r Zordknoi (;843, ;<6-
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;:6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
;<?) loscdrovoi 'eèfkhaaos `ifor \hoa nov`ifoi' vki fo dhor
lospr`boi vhifpakkts kjb`esthn zhmi. Hifhoi fkt worboahmb z` hs,
lonhit fo roobs ka eot bohzor Ckahnuak, hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo Ho
oouw.
8 Zki fo hi t`tkka 63 uht fo oica`suro kjb`esthno euitoi bui
ioi vhor oxoepakroi aktor hi fo Ho oouw w`rfoi nofktoorf, ;? hi
fo <o oouw oi frho hi fo oorsto doajt vki fo 3o oouw. Ihot ikfor to
fotorehioroi zhmi ;6 oxoepakroi.
;7 Fo krelk ifoi oi fo jhluako zhmi nofotorehioorf f``r HioWuaaos {Krcdo`a`nhscd Dhst`rhscd Histhtuut, _ihvorshtoht vki
Kestorfke).
;; E`ifoahino eofofoahin fr. N. fo L`o, mki . ;84>.
;< Ooi s``rtnoahmbo vorfoibhin bki ovoizoor fo kkinroizoifo
structuur J noafoi. Fozo v`ret wkkrscdhmiahmb ooi fooa vki ooi
vhord`ob2 fo oihno c`epaoot la``tnoaonfo zhmfo eoot lhmik ;>,?7 e
h/hn. ;6=J). Fo lonroizhin vki structuur J lostkkt uht ooi nroppoa
vki >7 ce lroof oi ;7 ce fhop. @p <,37 e vki fo i``rfoahmbo
nroppoa lovhift zhcd ooi rhm vki vhor (``rspr`iboahmb vhmj0) vor uht
oabkkr noaonoi pkkabuhaoi. Lhm nolrob kki v`ifstoi hs ooi scdorpo
fktorhin vki fo structuur doakks `ie`noahmb. Ooi hitorprotktho kas
nol`uw(jrkneoit) ahnt ehsscdhoi v``r fo dkif (Fo L`o ;84?),
ekkr fo lhmz`iforo kjeothinoi, fo pakktshin vki fo pkaoirhm, dot
`itlroboi vki rocdto d`oboi (ovoikas lhm structuur L) oi fo pkrkaaoaao ahnnhin toi `pzhcdt vki structuur L novoi kkiaohfhin `e kki
fho hitorp rotk tho to twhmjoaoi oi to foiboi kki ooi twoofo cua-
auspakkts. F``rsaknnovoifo krnueoitoi `itlroboi ocdtor. Fo hi
torprotktho vki structuur J w`rft `vorhnois ``b i`n loe`ohahmbt
f``r fo `ifuhfoahmbo roaktho t`t fo lohfo duhspakttonr`ifoi _ oi Z
(Fo L`o ;84?, jhn. 4 oi 8).
;3 @`b vorfor ikkr dot ``stoi, hi L`doeoi oi E`rkvhâ , z`ufoi
i`n Zhorocbscdkizoi v``rb`eoi (Frfk o.k. ;8>;). ^hm dolloi
fozo ocdtor `e vorscdhaaoifo rofoioi ihot hi `izo loscd`uwhinoi
lotr`bboi.
;6 Fht hs katdkis fo hifrub fho hi fo krcdo`a`nhscdo ahtorktuur no
wobt w`rft. Eoi bki zhcd hi fht vorlkif ocdtor kjvrknoi d`o v`a
aofhn fo nroppoas vki fo `iforz`cdto Zhorocbscdkizoi zhmi `pno
nrkvoi. Fo pulahbkthos novoi fkkr`vor nooi uhtsauhtsoa.
;? Fo nol`uwtmos hi fo cuatusp akkts to Khtord`joi, Br.
Strkulhin-L`noi, wkroi thmfois jkso < (Dk C) ihot kaaooi f``r ooi
pkkazotthin ekkr ``b f``r ooi fulloao nroppoa vki fo luhtoiwo
roaf kjnoscdohfoi (Cdrhstaohi/St`rb ;847).
;: Fo eoihinoi dhor`vor a`poi uhtooi2 vna. Lucdsoiscdutz ;846,
<3? eot fo lhmfrkno vki M.E. C`uforc hi Zhaaos ;84?, 86.
;> Hi fht krthboa roboioi whm t`t dot \hmiakif - hi ikv`anhin vki
^hndteki ;8>7 - ``b dot nolhof kki fo loiofoia``p vki fo
E`ozoa.
;4 Zorfor ikkr dot zuhfwostoi, kki fo l`voia``p vki fo E`o
zoa, zhmi i`n oiboao noàs`aoorfo vhord`obhno oica`suros `itfobt.
Ooi vki fo loboifsto ahnt lhm Ohsoikcd (3? x 3? e2 Dkjjior ;8>>).
;8 Hi Shovorhcd, Br. Furoi, worf hi ;8:3 f``r A.D. Lkrjhoaf ooi
Nrklnkrtoi v`aaofhn `pnonrkvoi (Lkrjhoaf ;8:?). Dot e`iueoitwks `inovoor vhorbkit (;?,67 x ;6,;7/;:,37 e). @p dot lhiioitor
rohi worfoi twoo buhaoi `iforz`cdt, wkkrvki or èèi tkarhmbo d`uts
b``apkrt hboas lovktt o. Ooi nrkj worf ihot kkinotr` jjoi. Scdorvoi
hi fo nroppoavuaahin fktoroi fo oica`suro hi fo Ho oouw ik Cdr.
<7 ]ho v``r fht lhmz`iforo kspoct dot `vorzhcdt hi \`ss ;8>6,
?8-:?.
<; Fkt dot `e ooi v``rnkinor nkkt hs kaaooi ekkr wkkrscdhmiahmb.
Or worfoi nooi `vorsihmfhinoi vkstnostoaf.
<< Lruikux `itaooit fht hfoo kki A. Lornor, fho zhcd v``r fo hi
torprotktho vki fo Zhorocbscdkizoi kas coitrkao vornkforpakktsoi
lor`opt `p fo A`uorih`s-pksskno lhm W`sohf`ih`s (Lornor ;8:3).
<3 N. Ekisjoaf (;84;, 3:4) doojt loroboif fkt fo c`istructho
vki ooi Zhorocbscdkizo vki `inovoor a@@x ;77 e eot wka oi
nrkcdt oi ooi ihot uhtz`iforhmbo vord`nhin vki dot lhiioitorrohi
eot 37 ce ooi nr`ifvorpakktshin vki `inovoor 6877 e' eot zhcd
eoolroint. Dot hs woaahcdt hitorosskit `e kki fo dkif vki fht
s``rt scdktthinoi, ovoituooa `enoroboif hi kkitkaaoi krlohfsuroi,ooi dhârkrcdho lhiioi fo ]uhffuhtso Zhorocbscdkizoi to lopkaoi.
Hi c`elhiktho eot no`nrkjhscdo kikaysos z`u fkt buiioi aohfoi t`t
ooi ikforo spochjhcktho vki fo s`chkka-ruhetoahmbo ihvoku's wkkr`p
fo Zhorocbscdkizoi dolloi nojuicth`ioorf (v``r s``rtnoahmbo kik
aysos eot lotrobbhin t`t io`ahtdhscdo e`iueoitoi hi ^ossox, zho
\oijrow ;8>3).
<6 Ooi v``rlooaf vki z`'i noaubbhno t`ovkasv`ifst v`ret fo lo
worbto d`utoi pakib eot kitr`p`e`rj bkrkbtor uht ooi wktorput
hi @ss-_ssoi. Fktorhin= 3o `j <o oouw v.Cdr. (Zki for Skifoi
;84:).
<? Oihno stoui v``r fozo vor`iforstoaahin aovort fo Ektr`ioicu a-
tus hi dot nolhof tussoi \hmi oi Ekks. Hiscrhpthos `p whm-katkroi
ekboi fuhfoahmb fkt fozo cuatus, fho typoroif hs v``r fo vhaak
woroaf vki fo <o oi 3o oouw, h.o.n. eofo no`rnkihsoorf hs nowoost
`p lkshs vki vorwkitscdkpsnr`opoi (\ñnor ;8><).
<: Ooi ooiforo dyp`tdoso hs f``r Vdouws noj`reuaoorf v``r dot
vr`on-ehffoaoouwso vhaaksystooe hi fo Boepoi= 'Vdo trkfhth`ika
roahnh`us-c`nikthvo systoe whaa dkvo c`ithiuof t` juicth`i woaa hi-
t` tdo ohndt coitury. Vrkfhth`ika cakhes `i akif kif kutd`rhty `vor
po`pao woro ekhitkhiof whtd tdo doap `j tdhs systoe kif hi c`elh-
ikth`i whtd tdo iow roahnh`i hi `rfor t` aonhthehzo kif skicth`i
tdo fuka p`wor lkso `j tdo iow oahtos l`td hi tdo oyos `j tdohr
sulmocts kif tdohr `vora`rfs hi tdo coitro `j Kustrkshk' (Vdouws
;84:, ;<4).
Mki Sa`jstrk
Zrhmo _ihvorshtoht
Krcdo`a`nhscd Histhtuut
W`stlus >;:;
IA-;77> EC Kestorfke
^hmikif vki for Skifoi
Wr`vhichkka Eusoue vki Froitdo
W`stlus ;36
IH.-8677 KC Kssoi
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;::
Cuyt, N.
Cuyt, N.
M. vki Dooscd
KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
;84< Sp`roi vki ooi hidooeso oi Norekkis-\`eohiso ioforzotthin to ^hmionoe, C`ispoctus
ECEATTTH, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck <6>, :7-:6.
;843 Nkaa`-\`eohiso oi ehffoaoouwso low`ihinssp`roi to ^hmionoe, C`ispoctus
ECEATTT_, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck <?3, :;-:6.
;846 Nkaa`-\`eohiso oi ehffoaoouwso d`utl`uwsp`roi to ^hmionoe, C`ispoctus
ECEATTTHHH, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck <?4, ;<:-;37.
;84? Fo hidooes-\`eohiso ioforzotthin to ^hmionoe, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck ;,<, :>->7.
;8>8 Ooi \`eohiso euitscdkt `p fo 'Stoo ikbbor ' to ^hmionoe= sostorthh oi kit`ihihkih uht fo
twoofo oi forfo oouw, Loanhscd thmfscdrhjt v``r Iuehsekthob oi ]onoabuifo CTTZ,
;?:-;><.
Fècdoaotto, M.
Focbor, B.Z.
H. Sc`aakr
;8;6 Ekiuoa f'Krcdè`a`nho, ;;-3, Wkr hs.
;8:< Hr`i Kno squkro oica`suros hi \dhioakif, Kithquhty 3:, ;>?-;>4.
F`wioy, \.
K. Bhin
N. S`jjo
;847 Vdo Dkyahin Hsakif toepao kif roahnh`us c`iiocth`is kcr`ss tdo Cdkiio a. Hi= ^. \`fwoaa
(of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnh`i= rocoit rosokrcd hi \`eki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf (LK\
Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), <48-376.
Frfk, W.
M. ^kafdkusor
E. Ch<efj
;8>;@pphfk uif Zhorocbscdkizoi, Krcdo`a`nhcbè \`zdaofy <3, <44-<83.
Froxoa, J.
Frury, W.M.
Ohfoi, D.
;83; Voepaue, Norekihk TZ, ;-:.
;847 I`i-caksshcka roahnh`us luhafhins hi Hr`i-kno kif \`eki Lrhtkhi= k rovhow. Hi= ^.
\`fwoaa (of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnh`i= rocoit rosokrcd hi \`eki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf
(LK\ Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), 6?->4.
;8>: ]odi Mkdro Kusnrkduinoi ki Ehtaoardohi uif E`soa2 Ohijñdruin - Juifpaktzo - Juifo,
B`laoiz.
Oinoas, D.M.
N`ossaor, W.
Nron`ry, V.
Dkjjior, K.
;8>: For F`iiorslorn, ^hoslkfoi.
;8?< Kuj foi Spuroi spktboathscdor \oahnh`isñluin hi Sñffoutscd akif, Iouo Lohtrkno zur
Buistnoscdhcdto uif Krcdk`a`nho Scdwklois, <>-36.
;84: Oica`suros `j 'Vd`r idk e' typo hi I`rj`ab, Okst Kinahki Krcdko`a`ny \op`rt 37, 3<-3?.
;8>> Fho Zhorocbscdkizo v`i Ohsoikcd. Hi= Jñdror zu v`r- uif jrñdnoscdhcdaahcdoi Foibekaori
Lkif 33, Ekhiz, ;8?-;8:.
Dorekis, C\.
Doyaoi, K.
D`aworfk, M.D.
Duha, E.\.
;4:? I``rflrklkits @ufdofoi, 's-Dort`noil`scd.
;>83 Zorahcdthino for Lrklkifscdo oi kiforo Ioforakifscdo `ufdofoi `jto vkforakifscdo
Zordkifoahino `vor ooihno urioi `jto ayb-vktoi, `iakins fóór fo z`rn oi lob`sthino vki
foi oorw.stoi Dooro N`fojrhfus Dorekis, Wroakot for Klfyo V`inora``, `itfobt ly dot
f`rp Kapdoi Ekkstrhcdt.
;86; Fo Loanhscdo wkkr hi Ihmeonoi, Foi Dkkn.
;8?4 \`eki C`acdostor, @xj`rf (\op`rts `j tdo rosokrcd c`eehttoo `j tdo S choty `j Kith-
qukrhos `j A`if`i <7).
Mkissois, F. ;8>> Ooi Nkaa`-\`eohis nrkjvoaf to Ekksohb, H, Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck ;84.
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;:> MKI SA@JSV\K OI ^HMIKIF ZKI FO\ SKIFOI - \_\KAO C_AV_SWAKKVSOI
Bupor, K.
Akot, S.M. fo
Ekos, B.
A. vki Hepo
Ekisjoaf, N.
;84< Ahiokno tdo`ry= k crhthcka rotr`spoct, Kiiuka \ovhow `j Kitdr`p`a`ny ;;, >;-8?.
;8:: Zki nrkje`iueoit t`t dohahnf`e2 loscd`uwhinoi `vor fo ``rspr`in vki doa Boat`-
\`eohis jkiue eot vhorbkithno coaak, Lrussoa.
;84> Lonrkkjpakkts uht fo hmzorthmf oi \`eohiso v`ifstoi `p fo 'fo \hotoe' to ^hmsdknoi (noe.
Eoouwoi-Nruhtr`fo), Krcdko`a`nhk Loanhck ;;,;, 6>-?:.
;84; _itorsucduinoi ki boathscdoi Zhorocbscdkizoi, Juiflorhcdto kus Lkfoi- ñrttoelorn :,
3?;-3:4.
Iksd, F. ;8>4 Vorrht`ry kif stkto j`rekth`i hi Coitrka Nku a. Hi= F. Nrooi, C. Dksoanr`vo, E. Sprhnns
(ofs.), S`chka `rnkihskah`i kif sottaoeoit HH, @xj`rf (LK\ Suppaoeoitkry Sorhos 6>),
6??-6>?.
Wkkr, H.
C.L. \ñnor
;8>; Bkstoaa Noafulk 2 J`rscduins- uif Nrkluinslorhcdto lhs ;8:8. Hi= Lohtrkno zur
Krcdk`a`nho fos rúehscdoi \dohiakifos HH ( 5 \dohihscdo Kusnrkluinoi ;7), Fñssoaf`rj,
<6<-338.
Whotto, M.
Wht`i, F.
N. Fhaay
Wakicb, F.
Wakicb, F., o.k.
\oijrow, C.
\`fwoaa, ^.
\`ss, K.
\`yekis, I.
;84;
;84?
;84<
;84:
;84:
;8>3
;847
;8>6
;843
\`yekis, I. ;847
^. vki for Skifoi
\ñnor, C.L. ;8><
Skdahis, E. ;8:4
Skifoi, ^. vki for ;8>>
Ao jkiue fo ak Zhaaoiouvo-ku-Cdktoa`t (Kulo)2 ètkt fos rocdorcdos oi ;8>8, Eèe`hros fo
ak S`chètè krcdè`a`nhquo cdkepoi`hso <, 3:>-3>?.
Ao jkiue fos 'Cdktoaots' fo Zoifouha-Ckpay (@hso), \ovuo krcdè`a`nhquo fo Whckrfho ;-<,
<?-6>.
Ohio boathscdo Zhorocbscdkizo hi Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi, Norekihk :7, ;7?-;:4.
Fho Zhorocbscdkizo v`i Joaalkcd-Scdehfoi. Hi= F. Wakicb o.k.. For Boatoijñrst vki
D`cdf`rj2 Eotd`foi uif Ornolihsso for Akifoskrcdk`a`nho hi Lkfoi- ^ñrttoelorn,
Stuttnkrt, 367-3?3.
For Boatoijñrst v`i D`cdf`rj2 Eotd`foi uif Ornolihsso for Akifoskrcdk`a`nho hi
Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn2 Bktka`n zur Kusstoaauin hi for M`soj-Dkulrhcd-Buistdkaao Búai v`e
3;. Mkiukr lhs 3;. Ekrz ;84:, Stuttnkrt.
E`iueo its, e`lhahskth`i kif s`chka `rnkihskah`i hi io`ahtdhc ^ossox. Hi= C. \oijrow
(of.), Vdo oxpakikth`i `j cuaturo cdkino= e`foas hi prodhst`ry, A`if`i, ?38-??4.
Voepao krcdko`a`ny= pr`laoes `j tdo prosoit kif p`rtoits j`r tdo juturo. Hi= ^. \`fwoaa
(of.), Voepaos, cdurcdos kif roahnh`i= rocoit rosokrcd hi \`eki Lrhtkhi, @xj`rf (LK\
Lrhthsd Sorhos >>), <;;-<68.
Wknki Coathc Lrhtkhi2 stufhos hi hc i`nrkpdy kif trkfhth`i, A`if`i.
Vdo I`rtd Loanhc trhlos hi tdo Hst coitury L. C.= k dhst`rhcka-kitdr`p`a`nhcka porspocthvo.
Hi= \. Lrkift oi M. Sa`jstrk (ofs.). \ eki kif Ikthvo hi tdo A`w C`uitrhos, @xj`rf
(LK\ Hitorikth`ika Sorhos ;46), 63-:8.
Coathc c`his jr`e tdo Iotdorakifs kif tdohr krcdko`a`nhcka c`itoxt, Lorhcdtoi vki fo
\hmbsfhoist v``r dot @ufdohfbuifhn L`foe`iforz ob 37, ;>3-<?6.
Nkaahscd-norekihscdo Burhoi, Ophnrkpdhscdo Stufhâi 8, <?;-<:7.
Vrhloseoi, Oinaow``f Cahjjs, Iow Morsoy.
@ezworvhinoi f``r \`eohis Kapdoi. Hi= I. \`yekis o.k. (rof.), Lrklkitso @ufdofoi2
kkinol`foi kki Norrht Loox lhm zhmi :?sto vormkkrfkn, Ohifd`voi (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho
vki dot Lrklkitso dooe ;:), ;;;-;<;.
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;:4 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
;84:
hi frub
D`utsihmworb uht fo akto hmzorthmf uht ooi wktorput hi @ss-_ssoi. Hi= D. J`bbois o .k.
(rof.). @p z`ob ikkr eois oi ektorhâao buhtuur2 joostluifoa kkinol`foi kki M.F. vki fo
^kkas tor noaonoidohf vki zhmi oeorhtkkt, Nr`ihinoi, >3-46.
@ss-_ssoi= fo ioforzotthinoi. Hi= ^. vki for Skifoi oi W.^. vki foi Lr`obo (rof.),
Notoboif ]kif2 thoi mkkr krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob hi @ss-_ssoi (Lhmfrknoi t`t fo stufho
vki dot Lrklkitso dooe 3;).
Skifoi, ^. vki for
D. vki for Bahjt
;846 Ooi tueuaus uht fo \`eohiso thmf to Kapdoi, Kikaoctk Wrkodhst`rhck Aohfoishk ;>,
;7>-;;4.
Scdhob, S. ;84; Lostkttuinslrkucdo. Hi= B. Lhttoa, ^. Bheehn, S. Scdhob, Fho Boatoi hi Lkfoi-
^urttoelorn, Stuttnkrt, ;;4-;3>.
;84< ]u Zhorocbscdkizoi uif Nrkldñnohi, ohio Ornkiz uin, Juiflorhcdto kus Lkfoi-
^ñrttoelorn >, <<;-<3;.
;846 ]u ohior Zhorocbscdkizo loh Odihinoi, Afbr. Lúlahinoi, Lkfoi-^ñrttoelorn. Hi= @.D.
Jroy, D. \`td (Drsn.), Stufhâi zu Shofauinsjrknoi for Aktäiozoht, Ekrlurn (Zorúj-
joitahcduin fos v`rnoscdhcdtahcdoi Soehikrs Ekrlurn 3), ;4>-;84.
Scdwkrz, B. ;8:7 Spktboathscdo Zhorocbscdkizoi2 Ornolihsso for t`p`nrkpdhscdoi Zoreossuin uif for
Kusnrkluinoi ;8?>-;8?8, Mkdroslorhcdt fos lkyorhscdoi Akifosket jñr Foibekapjaono ;4
?;-46.
;8>? Fho Noscdhcdto ohios boathscdoi Voeoi`s he iúrfahcdoi Kapoiv`rakif. Hi= Kusnrkluinoi
hi Foutscdakif ;, Ekhiz, 3<6-3?4.
Sc`aakr, H. ;8:4 Hr`i Kno oica`suros hi tdo C`a`nio Lkshi. Hi= M.E. C`aos, F.F.K. Sheps`i (ofs.) .
Stufhos hi Kichoit Our`po2 osskys prosoitof t` Stukrt Whnn`tt, Aohcostor, <<>-<3<.
Sa`jstrk, M. ;84< Ooi hidooes-\`eohiso vhaak `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa``i. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k., Dot
Boepoipr`moba, ooi ronh`ikka-krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`obspr`nrkeek. ^kkaro, ;7<-;;<.
;843 Ki kitdr`p`a`nhcka kppr`kcd t` tdo stufy `j r`ekihzkt h`i pr`cossos. Hi= \. Lrkift, M.
Sa`jstrk, \`eki kif Ikthvo hi tdo A`w C`uihrhos2 spdoros `j hitorkcah`i, @xj`rf (LK\
Hitorikth`ika Sorhos ;46), >;-;76.
Sa`jstrk, M.
M. Lkzoaekis
;843 Ooi hidooes-\`eohiso ioforzotthin `p fo Borbkbbors lhm D``noa``i. Hi= M. Sa`jstrk o.k.
Dot Boepoipr`moba <, ooi ronh`ikka-krcdo`a`nhscd `iforz`ob hi uhtv`orhin. ^kkaro,
;8-<4.
Str``lkit, A. ;874 Fèc`uvorto f'urios Dkaastkt thoiios k N`hrao (Lrklkit soptoit rh`ika, D`aakifo), Vkxkifrhk
;?8-;:<.
;8<> Shx iècr`p`aos k hichiorkth`i ahehtr`pdos fo ak Ckephio Kivors`hso, Luaaothi fo ak S`chètè
f'Kitdr`p`a`nho fo Lruxoaaos 6<, 86-;;4.
Vdouws, J. ;84: Vdo hitonrkth`i `j tdo Boepoi ronh`i hit` tdo Jrkibhsd oephro (??7->?7)= s`eo
dyp`tdoshs, Doahihue <:, ;<;-;3:.
Zordknoi, M.D.
Zhaaos, K. (èf.)
^hndteki, O.E.
;843 Zornotoi euitv`ifstoi uht ^osa-Lrklkit, Lrklkits Dooe 3?, ;<<-;<8.
;84? Ak chvhahskth`i Nkua`hso oi Wkys Ckriutos, Cdktokufui.
;8>7 \dhioakif 'Nrklnk rto i' kif tdohr c`itoxt, L`iior Mkdrlñcdor ;>7, <;;-<3<.;84: Wknki cuats hi tdo pr`vhico `j Loanhok. Hi= ^. Dkkso (Drsn.), Kujsahon uif Ihofornkin
for r`ehscdoi ^oaa, Lkif ;4,;, Lorahi-Iow X`rb, ?6<-?48.
^`aj, O.
]ñri, D.
;84< Our`po kif tdo po`pao whtd`ut dhst`ry, Lorboaoy-A`s Kinoaos-A`if`i.
;8>; Fho boathscdo Zhorocbscdkizo loh V`eorfhinoi, Brohs _ae (^ñrttoelorn ). Wr`coofhins `j
tdo Wrodhst`rho S`choty 3>, <;4-<<>.
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Whotor vki fo Zoafo W`st-fop`shth`ika focky= K Sheuakth`i
Kssuepth`is kif rosuaas `j c`eputor sheuakth`is `j
ikturka focky kif eocdkihcka fostructh`i `jjhif fhstrhlu-
ah`is kro prosoitof. Vdo `utput sunnosts tdkt sekaa-sckao
pktaorihin hs roakthvoay rkphfay a`st, lut tdkt ekm`r pkttoris
cki sthaa lo roc nihzof wdoi e`ro tdki S@YHk `j tdo `rhnika
ektorhka dks fhskppokrof.
H. Hitr`fucth`i
@i tdo `ccksh`i `j tdo rosokrcd kt Doboahinoi (A`uwo
B``hmekis/Zki fo Zoafo ;847) ey kttoith`i wks frkwi t`
tdo p`st-fop`shth`ika, pro- kif porh-oxckvkth`ika lodkvh`ur`j krcdko`a`nhcka ektorhka2 kt tdkt shto ekiy `j tdo
krcdko`a`nhckaay roaovkit uihts sd`wof ihco, kae`st
oxoepakry i`rekaay fhstrhlutof foishthos `j krtojkcts. Hi
`hdor oxckvkth`is jhif fhstrhluth`is kro i`t s` woaa-
structurof, noiorkaay. Kt Doboahinoi histkit fopkrturo kjtor
fop`shth`i eky p`sshlay oxpakhi tdoso pkttoris s` c`ij`re
t` tdo`rothcka oxpoctkth`i, tdo e`ro hrronuakr fhstrhluth`is
kt otdor shtos kro i`t kc`uitklao j`r tdkt wky. Hi tdo roao
vkit ahtorkturo oepdkshs hs fhroctof t`wkrfs wdkt dkppois
rhndt kt `r heeofhktoay j`aa`whin fop`shth`i (o.n., N`rocbh
;84?, Scdhjjor ;84?, Zhaak /C`urthi ;843) `r t` tdo vorthcka
e`voeoit `j krtojkcts (o.n., Ckdoi/E`oyors`is ;8>>), j`r
wdhcd oc`a`nhcka ekcr`-ckusos kif ojjocts dkvo looi fos-crhlof (^``f/M`dis`i ;8>4). @j c`urso, sovorka stufoits
dkvo stkraof jr`e tdo `tdor oif, kttoepthin t` forhvo tdo
`rhnhika pkttori jr`e tdo krcdko`a`nhckaay `lsorvof `io
(o.n., Dhotkak /Stovois ;8>>). Vdo c`icori whtd tdo vorthcka
e`voeoit `j krtojkcts hs ahibof t` oxckvkth`is kt strkthjhof
shtos, wdoro k ehxturo `j fop`shts hs suspoctof
(Ckdoi/E`oyors`is ;8>>, Zhaak ;84<). D`rhz`itka fhstrhlu
th`is dkvo looi stufhof j`r tdo roc`istructh`i `j
prodhst`rho ovoits (Ckdoi/E`oyors`is ;8>>, Lhij`rf ;8>4)2
hepahchtay, stklao p`shth`is `j tdo krtojkcts kjtor fop`shth`i
kif sulsoquoit lurhka kro kssueof. D`wovor, nhvoi tdo
truay fhsquhothin rosuats `j tdo w`rb `i vorthcka e`voeoit,
ht hs dhndhy ahboay tdkt krtojkcts dkvo e`vof d`rhz`itkaay,
t``, kif tdo pr`laoe tdoroj`ro krhsos d`w woaa
krcdko`a`nhcka fhstrhluth`is kro roprosoitkthvo `j
prodhst`rho fhstrhluth`is hi tdo d`rhz`itka pakio.
Ks knkhist vorthcka fhstrhluth`i wdoro nrkvhtkth`i eky `vor-
rhfo kaa `tdor j`rcos (kif s` rosuats whaa toif t` lo sbowof
f`wiwkrf) tdo j`rcos hi tdo d`rhz`itka pakio whaa w`rb hi
kaa fhrocth`is2 lohin hichfoitka `r fhsc`ithiu`us, tdohr
hepkct whaa lo rkif`e `i ovory shinao krtojkct hi k
fhstrhluth`i. Vw` noiorka jkct`rs kjjocthin tdo kppokrkicos
`j krtojkct fhstrhluth`is hi k s`ha ektrhx cki lo fhsthi-
nuhsdof= k eocdkihcka `io whtd bhcbhin kif trokfhin ks
`lvh`us eoelors, kif k cdoehcka `io, whtd focky ks ekhi
c`ep`ioit. Ks whaa lo oxpakhiof loa`w, bhcbhin kif
trokfhin, kif ikturka focky, t``, kro st`cdksthc pr`cossos
ks jkr ks tdohr hepkcts `i krtojkct fhstrhluth`is kro c`i-
coriof. Ht hs tdo rkif`eioss `j tdoso hijauoicos tdkt sun
nosts k sheuakth`i `j tdo p`st-fop`shth`ika ov`auth`i `jkrtojkct fhstrhluth`is.
Vdo vkahfhty `j k sheuakth`i fopoifs kt aokst ks eucd up`i
tdo kssuepth`is tdkt n` hit` ht ks `i tdo c`eputkth`ika
eotd`fs oepa`yof ly ht. Doico, ; whaa i`w jhrst fhscuss
tdo foshni `j tdo sheuakth`i pr`nrke, kif `iay kjtor tdkt
tdo rosuats.
<. K jhrst spochjhckth`i
Kjtor lurhka tw` noiorka jkct`rs w`rb up`i ki krtojkct
fhstrhluth`i= ikturka focky (wdhcd hicaufos lh`-cdoehcka
woktdorhin, oc`turlkth`i, kif tdo ahbo) kif/`r eocdkihcka,
hi ekiy cksos dueki hitorjoroico (trokfhin kif bhcbhin,
d`ohin kif pa`undhin). Or`sh`i whaa i`t lo c`ishforof
lockuso `j hts akrno-sckao fhskstr`us ojjocts wdhcd kro
noiorkaay caokray vhshlao. _athektoay tdoso jkct`rs ckuso tdo
vhrtuka oahehikth`i `j tdo fhstrhluth`i - katd`und, `j
c`urso, s`eo hifhvhfuka krtojkcts eky survhvo, kif tdus
(ly fojhihth`i) sthaa c`isthtuto k fhstrhluth`i.
Hj tdhs `utahio `j tdo jkct`rs w`rbhin up`i k jhif fhstrhlu
th`i hs kccoptklao, tdoi ht j`aa`ws tdkt t` sheuakto tdohr
ojjocts tdoso pr`cossos dkvo t` lo e`foaof. Vdo jhrst `io,
ikturka focky, foscrhlos tdo nrkfuka pdyshc`-cdoehc`-
lh`a`nhcka fostructh`i `j krcdko`a`nhcka ekttor kjtor
fop`shth`i, s`eo `j ht jkst, s`eo `j ht sa`w= `rnkihc
ektorhka hs aoss ahboay t` survhvo lurhka tdki hs ki`rnkihc.
Hi k rokahsthc e`foa, kaa`wkico dks t` lo ekfo j`r tdhs fhj-
joroico.
Lh`turlkth`i, wdhcd hs kas` hicaufof hi tdo ikturka jkct`r,
e`vos `lmocts kr`uif hi tdo s`ha= w`res, e`hos, pakit
r``ts oxtoif tdohr hijauoico `jtoi quhto foop
(^``f/M`dis`i ;8>42 N`rocbh ;84?) kif pusd krtojkcts
jr`e tdohr provh`us a`ckth`i. Kppkroitay tdhs jkct`r hs
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;>7 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
dhnday vkrhklao (^` `f/M` dis`i ;8>4), fopoifoit up`i tdo
c`ep`shth`i `j tdo lh`a`nhcka lrhnkfo2 ht w`uaf lo
orr`io`us t` aokvo ht `ut.
Dueki hitorjoroico hs tdo soc`if `jjoifhin kif ro-
fhstrhluthin jkct`r, ly wky `j trokfhin, d`ohin kif
pa`undhin. Ks a`in ks i` foop-pa`undhin hs hiv`avof, tdo
ojjocts `j pa`und, krf kif d`o whaa lo shehakr (cp. N`rocbh
;84?), ro-a`ckthin pkrt `j tdo krcdko`a`nhcka folrhs whtdovory pkss `vor tdo fhstrhluth`i. Katd`und d`ohin kif
pa`undhin kro vory eucd fhroctof pr`cossos, tdoy kro
fhroctof por pkss `iay. Kjtor sujjhchâit theo, s`f roa`ckth`i
whaa dkvo looi t`wkrfs kaa kzheutds whtd - kt aokst hi tdo
pakhis - i` shinao `rhoitkth`i projorrof. Shehakray, bhcbhin
kif trokfhin w`rb hi kaa fhrocth`is. Vdus, tdoso pr`cossos
sd`uaf lo sheuaktof hic`rp`rkthin k rkif`e fhrocth`ikahty.
Wr`lklay ki hep`rtkit pkrt `j tdo krcdko`a`nhckaay hitor-
osthin fhstrhluth`is `j krtojkcts dks iovor looi t`ucdof ly
knrhcuaturka hepaoeoits2 H fochfof tdoroj`ro t` rui k
sopkrkto sheuakth`i.
Hi rokahty, kaa focky pr`cossos w`rb sheuatkio`usay2 `i kc`eputor `iay `io tdhin cki lo f`io kt k theo, d`wovor
jkst tdkt eky lo f`io. V` c`epoiskto j`r tdhs akcb,
sheuakth`i pr`nrkes kro nhvoi k cycahcka structuro= tdo sul
moct fhstrhluth`i hs troktof t` kaa pr`cossos hi turi (`io
cycao), ropokthin tdo cycaos ks a`in ks tdo rosuats c`ithiuo
t` lo j hitorost (Borl`scd/Shoroilorn ;8>3). Hi aoss
noiorka tores, tdo sot `j iuelors wdhcd roprosoits tdo
fhstrhluth`i n`os tdr`und k iuelor `j cycaos okcd c`i-
shsthin `j k r`uif `j focky kif k turi `j oc`turlkth`i2 hi
tdo soc`if sheuakth`i k iuelor `j pa`undhin-ovoits
'`ccurrof' `io kjtor ki`tdor. Kjtor okcd cycao st`cb wks
tkboi, kif hj iocosskry ropoktof. Vdo p`hit wdoro k
fhstrhluth`i cdkinos hit` k sckttor - tdo torehika p`hit `j k
c`epkrhs`i `j fhstrhluth`is - fopoifs `i ekiy jkct`rs,
doro ; whaa krlht rkrhay .sot tdo aheht kt k foishty `j kl`ut ;?
por coit `j tdo `rhnhika2 jr`e tdo rosuats tdhs roekhifor
whaa kppokr t` lo `i tdo skjo shfo.
K w`rf `r tw` sd`uaf sthaa lo skhf kl`ut tdo sdkpo kif
c`itoits `j tdo fhstrhluth`is up`i wdhcd tdo fhsturlkicos
dkf t` w`rb. V` not ki heprossh`i kl`ut tdo vkrhklhahty `j
tdo ojjocts `io uistructurof kif tw` structurof pkroit
fhstrhluth`is woro hepaoeoitof. Vdo uistructurof `io c`i-
shstof `j k ektrhx `j rkif`e iuelors `iay. Vdo jhrst
structurof fhstrhluth`i c`ishstof `j k i`reka fhstrhluth`i,tdo soc`if `j tw` roctkinuakr la`cbs. Sucd fotor-
ehihsthckaay structurof fhstrhluth`is kro i`t vory rokahsthc,
td`und= ks hepaoeoitof `i k c`eputor tdoy kro dhnday
fotorehihsthc. Ly sotthin tdo hihthka (fotorehihsthc) ekxheka
vkauo t` 6.? p`hits por coaa, kif sulsoquoit sckahin whtd k
rkif`e i`reka iuelor lotwooi @ kif <, tdo c`uitor-
hituhthvo kppokrkicos woro c`rroctof. Vdo tdroo fhstrhlu
th`is woro okcd akhf `ut `i k ektrhx `j tdo skeo shzo2
lotwooi k iuelor `j ruis, tdo shzos woro vkrhof jr`e
<? T <? coaas t` >? x >? (e`ro c`uaf i`t lo jhttof hit` ey
Kppao _'s eoe`ry). Shehakr vorsa`is `j tdo pr`nrke woro
wrhttoi hi l`td Lkshc kif Wkscka, t` c`epkro porj`rekico.
3. Jurtdor spochjhckth`i= ikturk a focky
Ks fhjjoroit ektorhkas whtdor kwky whtd fhjjoroit spoof,`io `j tdo hep`rtkit fochsh`is hi tdhs sheuakth`i hs t` tdo
ikturo `j tdhs focky, j`ah`wof ly tdo c`istructh`i `j ki
kan`rhtde t` e`foa tdo rofucth`i. \onkrfhin tdo ikturo `j
focky, ht eky lo kssueof tdkt Hhbo e`st ikturka pr`cossos
r`t hs cdkrkctorhsof ly ki oxp`ioithka oqukth`i. Vdkt hs, hi
oquka theo-porh`fs, oquka pr`p`rth`is kro fhss`hvof (shehakr
t` ckrl`i-;6 focky). E`ro`vor kif ly tdo skeo kika`nuo,
c`icopts Hhbo 'dkaj-theo' sd`uaf i`t lo uiforst``f ks lohin
fotorehihsthc, lut rktdor st`cdksthc2 dkaj-theo lohin eoroay
tdo a`in theo kvorkno `j ki hijhihto iuelor `j ovoits.
Kffhth`ikaay ht cki lo `lsorvof tdkt akrnor phocos kro sooe-
hinay aoss kjjoctof ly r`t tdki kro sekaaor `ios - woktdor-
hin w`rbs jr`e whtd`ut, kif hs tdoroj`ro pr`p`rth`ika t`surjkco krok rktdor tdki t` wohndt= dokvhor phocos dkvo aoss
squkro coitheotros por culo.
Focky hs kas` fopoifoit up`i c`itoxt= ht hs woaa-bi`wi
tdkt kchf s`has kro e`ro fostructhvo t` l`ios tdki kro
ckackro`us `ios. Shehakray, fry cahektos rosuat hi aoss rkphf
woktdorhin tdki wot `ios, kif loa`w tdo nr`uifwktor
tklao krcdko`a`nhcka fop`shts stkif k lottor cdkico `j sur
vhvka tdki dhndor up hi tdo pr`jhao2 dhnd toeporkturos kif
duehfhty hi c`elhikt h`i kro vory fostructhvo (cj., k.` .,
^``f/M`di s`i ;8>4). Vdoroj`ro, kiy osthekto j tdo
spoof `j r`t hs k a`cka vkauo `iay2 ks tdo hihthka stheuaus
j`r tdhs sheuakth`i c`eos jr`e ki oxckvkth`i hi tdo wot,
kl`vo nr`uifwktor tklao, i`i-kchfhc caky krok `j tdo
^ostori Iotdorakifs, ey lkshc jhnuros kro e`ro `r aoss
roaovkit j`r tdkt pkrt `j tdo w`raf. D`wovor tdo roakthvo
vkauos eky lo e`ro `r aoss c`itoxt-hifopoifoit2 hi k
sheuakth`i _bo tdo prosoit `io ht hs iokray hep`sshlao t`
c`istruct k e`foa `i kiytdhin lut roakthvo vkauos `r rktos
(kas` cp. Borl`scd/Shoroilurn ;8>3= <;-<<).
V` haaustrkto sucd ki osthekto tdo oxkepao `j sekaa kiheka
l`ios whaa lo usof= kt Doboahinoi tdoy dkvo kaa lut fhskp-
pokrof kjtor s`eo j`ur kif k dkaj td`uskif yokrs.
Sulsthtuthin kif s`avhin j`r Kn ks 87% (tdo stkrtvkauo),
;% ks K (tdo oif-vkauo), kif 6.? b yrs j`r tdo theo-akpso t
hi K 5 K`o"'" (wdoro b 5 ai </dkaj-ahjo) k dkaj-ahjo `j
kppr`xhektoay >77 yokrs hs j`uif j`r sekaa l`ios. Hi k
shehakr wky (kif knkhi hiv`avhin k iuelor `j osthektos
hifhckthvo `j theo rkinos rktdor tdki `j roka iuelors `j
yokrs) j`r p`ttory sdorfs k dkaj-ahjo `j s`eo ;,?77 yokrs
cki lo c`eputof. J`r akrno `r woaa-propkrof kif soaoctof
phocos `j w``f k dkaj-ahjo sahndtay aoss tdki tdkt j`r sekaa
l`ios hs forhvof, kif j`r jahit k dkaj-theo s`eo `rfors `j
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;>; WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX
eknihtufo hkrnor (j`r prosoit purp`sos jahit eky ovoi lo
c`ishforof hifostructhlho).
Jr`e tdhs p`hit `j vhow ki hihthka fhstrhluth`i c`ishsts `j
sovorkh sulsots, okcd sulmoct t` k fhjjoroit rkto `j focky2
tdus, tdo ehx `r c`ep`shth`i `j tdo pkroit fhstrhluth`i hi
tores `j tdoso sulsots hs t` lo fotorehiof. Wut tdhs wky,
tdo krlhtrkry cdkrkctor `j tdo sheuakth`i stkifs caokray `ut=
H bi`w `j i` wky t` ohhehikto tdo sulmocthvhty `j tdhs
cd`hco (uihoss k qukahtkthvo sheuakth`i woro t` lo por-
j`reof, j`r tdoi tdo rosuatkit fhstrhluth`i sd`uaf lo s`eo-
d`w shehakr t` ki oxckvktof `io2 doro, d`wovor, `iay k
qukithtkthvo kppr`xhekth`i hs kttoeptof). @i tdo `tdor
dkif, hj s`eo`io woro t` `lmoct t` tdo pr`p`sof
pkrkeotors, k shepho cdkino `j tdo c`istkits hi tdo pr`
nrke dokfhin w`uaf pr`fuco tdo foshrof rosu_. Hi tdo
prosoit ckso, tdroo sulsots kro dyp`tdoshsof= ;7%
hifostructhlho, 37% e`forktoay kif :7% jkhray ahklao t`
focky whtd tdo akttor sulsot fhskppokrhin kt twhco tdo rkto
`j tdo ehffho `io.
Ks i`tof kl`vo, dkaj-ahjo osthektos kro lut kvorknos `j
st`cdksthc pr`cossos kif kaa`wkico j`r tdhs rkif`ehichfoico whaa pr`vhfo k e`ro rokahsthc duo t` tdo sheuak
th`i. Vdkt hs, i`t `iay hs tdo coaa kt wdhcd focky hs ojjoctof
rkif`eay soaoctof, kas` tdo pr`p`rth`i `j focky hs rki-
f`eay (kif i`rekaay) fhstrhlutof kr`uif tdo kvorkno dkaj-
ahjo, tkbhin shzo hit` kcc`uit. S`eo coaas kro kjjoctof
sovorkh theos por cycao, s`eo roekhi uit`ucdof j`r sovorkh
cycaos= ht hs tdo kvorkno ojjoct wdhcd hs e`foaof.
Hi k shehakr wky oc`turlkth`i `j d`rhz`itka e`voeoit cki
lo hepaoeoitof. Ks ovorywdoro, kaa vkauos dkvo t` lo
krlhtrkry ks `iay vorthcka roa`ckth`i dks looi stufhof whtd
oephrhcka fktk. K prh`rh, dokvhor phocos kro td`undt t` lo
aoss keoiklao t` d`rhz`itka trkisp`rt tdki hhndtor `ios,
kif tdhs cki lo tkboi kcc`uit `j ly c`istructhin k tklao
`j roakthvo hepkct, whtd s`eo i`rekaay fhstrhlutof rki-
f`ehskth`i kr`uif tdo tklao vkauos. Vdoi (kif tdhs hs
knkhi ki krlhtrkry fochsh`i) hi ovory cycao ck. :?% `j tdo
coaas hs aojt uikjjoctof, `j 37% kt aokst k pkrt hs kffof t`
`io `j tdo iohndl`urhin coaas, kif jr`e tdo roekhihin ?%
pkrt `r kaa hs fuepof `i `io `j tdo coaas kt tw` uihts
kwky.
6. Jurtdor spochjhckth`i= eocdkihcka focky
Jr`e jhoaf oxporhoico ; w`uaf sky tdkt pa`undhin (kif,
supp`.sofay d`ohin, t``) rosuats hi sdkttorhin `j tdo Hkrnor
phocos, kif k seokrhin `ut `j fhstrhluth`is. Kcc`rfhin t`tdo ahtorkturo trkepahin `j k surjkco `i `r loa`w wdhcd
krtojkcts kro akyhin - ks w`uaf `ccur `i k sottaoeoit shto,
j`r histkico - dks tdo skeo ojjocts (Scdhjjor ;8432
Zhaak/C`urthi ;843). H.o., Hkrnor phocos fhehihsd hi shzo,
wdhao sekaaor phocos kro `iay `ccksh`ikaay kjjoctof tdhs wky
lut okshor e`vof hit` tdo ioxt jurr`w. Vdo fochsh`i t`
aheht sdkttorhin t` k wohndt `j 3 (`r, i` phocos Hkrnor tdki
3 cki lo lr`boi `jj kif roe`vof hit` tdo ioxt ahio `j
coaas) hs krlhtrkry2 wdoi nrkpdhckhay fhsphkyof tdhs seksdhin
kif turi`vor hit` tdo ioxt ahio dks k dhnday rokahsthc
kppokrkico, td`und. Ht n`os whtd`ut skyhin tdkt l`td tdo
ke`uit lr`boi `jj kif tdo t`sshin `vor kro n`voriof ly
rkif`e iuelors.
^doroks whtd ikturka focky tdo fhskppokrkico `j sulstkico
hs jr`e tdo `utsot luhat hit` tdo sheuakth`i, tdhs hs e`ro
fhjjhcuat t` kcc`epahsd whtd pa`undhin. J`r, hi tdhs akttor
ckso, tdo krtojkcts kro pa`undof kif ropa`undof, tdus toif-
hin t` jhaa hi tdo wd`ao 'jhoaf' `r ektrhx whtd k p`toithkaay
uifhjjoroithktof kif ovoi sprokf2 tdo pr`laoe hs tdkt tdo
ofnos `j tdo ektrhx p`so k l`uifkry t` tdo fhstrhluth`i,
kif whtdhi tdoso ahehts ovorytdhin dks t` `ccur (cj.
Mus tos`i/ Dkeps`i ;84?). Ks k roeofy l`td pa`undhin-`jj
kif pa`undhin-`it` tdo ektrhx whaa lo kaa`wof, hifopoi
foit `j `io ki`tdor - hi `tdor w`rfs, tdo fhstrhluth`is kif
pr`cossos kro e`foaof ks whtd`ut l`uifkrhos.
?. Wkroit fhstrhluth`is
Vdroo fhjjoroit pkroit fhst rhlut h`is dkvo looi oepa`yof hitdhs sheuakth`i, tw` structurof `ios (k la`cb-pkttori, kif
k i`reka fhstrhluth`i) kif `io oithroay uistructurof. Hi
`rfor t` boop tdo rosuats c`epkrklao j`r tdo uikhfof oyo,
tdo kvorkno foishthos `j tdo hihthka fhstrhluth`is dkvo looi
sot t` kppr`xhektoay oquka jhnuros. Vdus, hi tdo fotor-
ehihsthc propkrkth`i `j tdo la`cb-pkttori, tdo shzos `j tdo
tw` la`cbs hepaoeoitof woro sot t` ;? t` <7% kif ;7 t`
?% `j tdo ektrhx2 ks oxpakhiof karokfy, tdo sulsoquoit
st`cdksthc up,sckahin `j tdo oaoeoits wks t` lrhin tdo
tdo`roahcka ekxheue t` 8 (vhk euathpahckth`i wht k rkif`e
i`reka jkct`r lotwooi @ kif <), kif tdoroj`ro tdo hihthka
wohndt `j tdo coaas whtdhi tdo la`cbs wks fojhiof ks 6.?.
Vdo la`cbs woro d`e`noio`usay jhaaof t` tdhs jhnuro, nhvhin
k foishty `j ;.;<? p`hit por coaa kvorknof `vor tdo wd`ao
ektrhx.
Shehakray, tdo t`p `r ekxheue `j tdo i`reka fhstrhluth`i
wks sot t` 6.? p`hi ts. Vdo c`ifhth`i tdkt sujjhchâit spkco
j`r seokrhin `ut wks t` lo aojt ka`in tdo l`rfor `j tdo
fhstrhluth`i pr`vhfof ki kffhth`ika pkrkeotor= 88% `j tdo
c`itoits wks t` lo c`itkhiof whtdhi ki krok whtd k
fhkeotor `j ck. 47% `j tdo ektrhx's shfos. Knkhi, tdhs
fhstrhluth`i dkf t` yhoaf ki kvorkno foishty `j kppr`x
hektoay ;.;<? p`hits por coaa. Kjtorwkrfs, tdo i`reka
fhstrhluth`i wks kas` row`rbof ly euathpayhin okcd
hifhvhfuka oaoeoit whtd k rkif`e i`reka jhnuro lotwooi @kif <. Vdo rosuathin row`rbof fhstrhluth`is (la`cbs2 kif
i`reka) kro doro akloaof tdo pkroit fhstrhluth`is j`r tdo
sheuakth`i.
Vdo kvorkno `j tdo sues `j tdoso akttor tw` fhstrhluth`is
wks sot ks t`tka j`r tdo rkif`e fhstrhluth`i2 knkhi, ly
st`cdksthckaay ostklahsdof euathpahckth`i whtd k jhnuro
lotwooi @ kif <, vkauos jr`e @ t` 8 woro `lhkhiof j`r kaa
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;>< KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK < 7
tdo p`shth`is whtdhi tdo ektrhx= tdo tdhrf pkroit
fhstrhluth`i.
:. Hepaoeoitkth`i= ikturka focky
Kt tdo stkrt `j tdo sheuakth`i tdo sue-t`tka `j tdo pkroit
fhstrhluth`i wks fhvhfof hit` tdroo pkrts= ;7"% sd`uaf lo
hojt `ut `j tdo focky pr`coss, 37% wks t` lo sulmoctof t`
tdo sa`wor kif tdo roekhifor t` tdo e`ro (twhco) rkphffotorh`rkth`i2 okcd `j tdoso sulsots wks fojhiof ly hts `wi
t`tka kif pkssof tdr`und tdo sheuhkah`is `i hts `wi. Hi
ovory cycao, tdo fhstrhluth`is woit tdr`und `io dkaj-ahjo j`r
tdo wokb p`rth`i (aokvhin 37% `j tdo t`tka), k dkaj cycao
`j focky j`r tdo e`ro r`lust ekttor (aokvhin <<.?% j`r
tdhs pkrt), kif k c`epaoto cycao `j oc`turlkth`i j`r kaa
caoeoits. Vdkt hs, kjtor tdo jhrst cycao, ;7% (j`r tdo i`i-
fostructhlao ektorhka) wks hojt, paus <<.?% (j`r tdo foisor
ektorhka) paus 37% (j`r tdo wokb stujj) oqukas :<.?% `j
tdo pkroit fhstrhluth`is, `j wdhcd :?% wks sthaa hi hts
`rhnhika pakco. Hi tdo ioxt cycao, tdoso pr`cossos woro
ropoktof, aokvhin kat`notdor ??% (;7+ ;? + 37%) `j tdo
'ektorhka', whtd p`sshlay `iay 6<% (:?x:?%) hi hts pakco.Otcotork. Kt tdo oif `j okcd cycao tdo ektrhx wks skepaof
t` ostklahsd tdo roekhihin foishty2 wdoi tdo foishty `j tdo
fhstrhluth`i dkf fr`ppof loa`w ;?% `j tdo kvorkno kt tdo
lonhiihin, tdo sheuakth`i wks torehiktof. Kjtorwkrfs, c`r-
roakth`is woro c`eputof lotwooi tdo pkroit fhstrhluth`i
kif tdo roeikit fhstrhluth`is.
>. Hepaoeoitkt h`i= eocdkihcka focky
Wa`undhin, d`ohin kif trkepahin whaa dkvo w`rbof hi kaa
fhrocth`is, nhvoi sujjhchâit theo. I`reka ay, tdo ojjoct `j
pa`undhin hs t` turi tdo s`f hit` tdo ioxt jurr`w, tkbhin
whtd ht wdktovor krcdo`a`nhcka ektorhka hs hi ht. Vdhs cki loe`foaaof quhto okshay2 d`wovor, lhnnor krtojkcts kro aoss
okshay turiof `vor, kif kro s`eotheos crusdof. Vdo d`o
dks shehakr ojjocts, kaloht tdkt tdo fhspakcof s`fs kro aoss
eksshvo tdki whtd k pa`und. Vrkepahin `i k suporjhchkaay
c`vorof fhstrhluth`i f`os i`t turi s`fs, lut fhsa`cktos tdo
krtojkcts `i k c`ishforklao sckao (Zhaak/C`urthi ;843).
Kpkrt jr`e tdo spochjhckth`is hi provh`us socth`is, tdhs
'pa`undhin' hs hepaoeoitof ly rkif`eay soaocthin
Okst/^ost `r I`rtd/S`utd e`voeoit ka`in tdo r`ws,
rospocthvoay c`aueis `j tdo ektrhx e`foas `j tdo fhstrhlu
th`is. K cycao hs sot t` ;7 sucd r`uifs `j c`epaoto
`vorpa`undhin2 kjtor okcd cycao, tdo roekhihin foishty hs
skepaof. Vdo sheuakth`i hs turiof `jj wdoi tdo foishty hsa`wor tdki ;?% j tdo `rhnhika kvorkno2 tdoi, tdo c`rroak-
th`is whtd tdo pkroit fhstrhluth`is kro c`eputof.
sheuatkio`usay `lsorvklao `i tdo vhfo` e`iht`r, kif ki
heprossh`i wks nkhiof `j c`ifoisof theo= wdhao a``bhin
`i, tdo fhstrhluth`is woro sooi t` 'woktdor' kwky. Vdhs
woktdorhin kwky hs kas` vhshlao hi tdo rosuats ks prosoitof
hi tdo jhnuros ;-3= tdo focrokso hi tdo t`tka wohndts whtd
ovory cycao, kif tdo fhehihsdhin c`rroakth`is. Ks hs t` lo
oxpoctof (nhvoi tdo kan`rhtde) t`tkas jkaa stoopay `jj kt
jhrst, kif aktor e`ro sa`way - tdhs hs tdo ojjoct `j fhvhfhin
tdo fhstrhluth`i hit` tdroo cakssos= k rkphfay fockyhin sot `j
ck. :7% `j tdo 'ektorhka', 37% sulmoct t` sa`wor woktdor
hin, kif ;7% i`t keoiklao t` r`t kt kaa. Kjtor 3 t` ?
cycaos (oquka t` ks ekiy dkaj-theos `j tdo '`rnkihc' pkrt `j
tdo fhstrhluth`i) tdo roekhifor hs kr`uif 37% `j tdo
`rhnhika wohndt.
\onkrfhin tdo c`rroakth`is, ki hep`rtkit rosuat hs tdkt tdo
lost-structurof fhstrhluth`i (tdo i`reka `io) roekhis lost
roc`nihzklao, kcc`rfhin t` tdo jhnuros. D`wovor, ht sd`uaf
heeofhktoay lo ksbof wdkt i`t-s`-ihco c`rroakth`is j`r tdo
rkif`e pkroit fhstrhluth`is oitkha= i` ahboioss kt kaa t` tdo
`rhnhika rkif`e fhstrhluth`i hepahos ohtdor tdkt k 'fhj
joroit' rkif`e pkttori dks `rhnhiktof (kif wd` w`uafckro kl`ut tdkt), `r tdkt k lottor-structurof pkttori dks
rosuatof jr`e tdo w`rbhin `vor. \kif`eioss hs fhjjhcuat t`
ostklahsd, ks kaa bhifs `j sekaa-nrkhiof `r a`cka pkttoris kro
vhshlao hi k truay rkif`e fhstrhluth`i2 d`wovor, jr`e tdo
jkct tdkt vory shehakr, vory a`w c`rroakth`is kro j`uif whtd
tdo nrkpds `j coaas nr`upof hit` akrnor ui hts, ; c`icaufo
tdkt tdo uiforayhin pkttori (ks sueeof hi tdo shinao coaa
fhstrhluth`is) hs hifoof rkif`e, h.o. whtd`ut (ekcr`-) pkt
tori. Wkrkf`xhckaay, tdo c`icaush`i cki lo frkwi tdkt tdo
a`w c`rroakth`is j`r tdo rkif`e fhstrhluth`i kro hifhckthvo
`j tdo stklhahty `j tdo rkif`e cdkrkctor.
Hi tdo jhnuros nrkpds kro prosoitof foscrhlhin tdo skeo
fhstrhluth`i kif tdo skeo pr`coss, katd`und sueeof hi
fhjjoroit ekiiors. C`rroakth`is dkvo looi c`eputof j`r
coaa-coaa ahboioss (kif zor`-zor` pkhrs dkvo looi `ehttof hi
`rfor i`t t` hijakto tdo c`rrosp`ifoico), kif j`r nr`upof
ektrhx coaas= < x < , 3 x 3 t` ? x ? (rosuats `j < x < kif 6 x 6
kro i`t sd`wi2 tdoy kro kae`st oxkctay hi tdo ehffao
lotwooi tdohr iohndl`urs). Ht hs i`t rokaay surprhshin tdkt
whtd hicrokshin coaa shzo - wdhcd w`uaf eoki hicrokshin
qukfrkt shzos hi ki oxckvkth`i - tdo c`rroakth`is kro eucd
hepr`vof= tdo ojjocts `j sekaa-sckao vkrhkth`is kro
fkepoiof. Vdhs sd`uaf `j c`urso lo hitorprotof ks p`hi-
thin t` k noiorka `r `vorkaa ahboioss lotwooi tdo '`rhnhika'
`r pkroit fhstrhluth`i kif tdo fhstrhluth`i p`toithkaay
'roc`vorklao' hi krcdko`a`nhcka jhoafw`rb, whtd fotkhas not-
thin pr`nrosshvoay a`st tdr`und tdo w`rbhins `j theo.
4. Fhscussh i `j tdo sheuakth`i `j ikturka focky
pr`cossos
Ks sheuaktof, ikturka focky w`rbof vory nrkfuka cdkinos
hi tdo fhjjoroit fhstr hlut h`is. Vdo pr`cossos woro
8. Fhscussh i `j tdo sheuakth`i `j eocdkihcka
focky pr`cossos
Ks sheuaktof, eocdkihcka focky w`rbof c`ishforklao
cdkinos hi tdo fhjjoroit fhstr hlut h`is. Vdo pr`cossos woro
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;>3 WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX
e`foaof whtd pa`undhin hi tdo ehif kif kcc`rfhinay ki
heprossh`i wks nkhiof `j rkphf turi`vor `j tdo 'jhoaf'=
wdhao a``bhin kt tdoe, tdo fhstrhluth`is woro sooi t` lo
ovoiof `ut. Vdhs hovohhin hs `iay `lahquoay vhshlao hi tdo
rosuats ks prosoitof hi tdo jhnuros 6-:= ks whtd ikturka
focky, hi tdo focroksos hi tdo wohndts aojt kjtor ovory cycao,
kif hi tdo fhehihsdhin c`rroakth`is. Vdo wohndts focrokso
e`ro nrkfukaay tdki hi tdo ikturka focky sheuakth`is,
wdhcd c`ij`res t` oxpoctkth`is shico doro tdo `iay wky
`ut hs `vor tdo shfos `j tdo ektrhx.
Vdo c`rroakth`is j`r tdhs nr`up `j sheuakth`is kro a`wor
tdki j`r tdo provh`us `io2 d`wovor, tdo skeo noiorka
`lsorvkth`i ks kl`vo cki lo ekfo, vhz., tdkt tdo lost-
structurof fhstrhluth`is roekhi lost roc`nihzklao, ovoi
uifor quhto noiorkahzhin hijauoicos ks 'pa`undhin'.
Kif knkhi, nr`uphin tdo vkauos hit` akrnor uihts rosuats hi
kpprochklay dhndor jhnuros. Doro, t``, ks tdo pkttoris
loc`eo e`ro noiorkahzof tdr`und tdhs nr`uphin, tdo
shehakrhthos roakto t` e`ro noiorka pkttoris, aoss ahboay t` lo
`lscurof tdki kro hifhvhfuka vkrhkth`is `r a`ckahzof
pkttoris.
;7. \osuats= c`rroakth`is
@io `j tdo c`icaush`is hs tdkt tdo skepahin eotd`f
oepa`yof t` ostklahsd tdo oif `j tdo sheuakth`is (putthin k
tdrosd`af foishty kt ;?% `j tdo `rhnhika `io) hs i`t vory
prochso= tdo st`ps `ccur kt foihsthos `j up t` <6% `j tdo
`rhnhika. Vdo skepahin kan`rhtde wks t` sue tdo caoeoits
`i tdo fhkn`ika `j tdo ektrhx2 tdo ckuso `j tdo heprochsh`i
whaa lo hi tdo i`i-rkif`e, kif tdoroj`ro i`i-
roprosoitkthvo cdkrkctor `j tdo skepao. Vdo roks`i j`r
ushin tdhs eotd`f wks tdo spoof `j oxocuth`i2 ht hs i`t Hdo
jhrst theo tdkt spoof hs `ltkhiof kt tdo c`st `j roahklhahty.
Vdhs, d`wovor, hs e`ro k crhthquo `i tdo pr`nrkes tdki `i
tdo sheuakth`is.
Vdo jhnuros ;-: roprosoit tdo `utc`eos `j k spochjhc
sheuakth`i rui2 d`wovor, vory shehakr `utc`eos forhvo
jr`e kaa ruis. Vdus, tdo rkinos `j tdo vkauos `j tdo c`r
roakth`is kro ovor whtdhi ?'Y , oxcopt j`r tdo la`cb-ahbo
fhstrhluth`is, wdoro rkinos dkvo looi `lsorvof `j iokray
;7%. Ks k c`isoquoico, tdo j`res `j tdo nrkpds kro quhto
stklao2 tdo 'sd`uafors' `r rkphf jkaa-`jj hi tdo rhndt pkrts `j
tdo nrkpds j`r 'eocdkihckaay fockyhin' fhstrhluth`is kro
roaktof t` k roekhifor `j 37% `j tdo wohndt, kif `ccur hi
ovory sheuakth`i i` ekttor tdo shzo `j tdo ektrhx.
Wordkps e`st hep`rtkit hs tdo rosuat tdkt ovoi whtd c`i-shforklho tdhiihin `ut `j tdo fhstrhluth`is, k pkttori `ico
prosoit roekhis `lsorvklao. Xot ehi`r `r a`cka vkrhkth`is
dkvo ojjocts `i sekaa sckao `lsorvkth`is= wdoi c`epkrhs`is
kt tdo sckao `j tdo hifhvhfuka coaas `j tdo ektrhx kro c`i-
shforof, tdo c`rroakth`is focrokso roakthvoay rkphfay whtd
theo. Vdoroj`ro, `io sd`uaf ksb wdotdor oxkct 3-f
eoksuroeoits `j tdo p`shth`is `j hifhvhfuka krtojkcts sorvo
kiy purp`so. Vdo kiswor t` tdhs quosth`i dhinos up`i tdo
wohndt kcc`rfof t` oc`turlkth`i, dokrhin hi ehif tdkt tdo
wky tdhs akttor pr`coss dks looi e`foaof doro dks `iay
vory ehaf ojjocts (kl`vo).
Ht hs caokr jr`e tdoso sheuakth`is tdkt ikturka kif
eocdkihcka pr`cossos `j focky (tdkt hs, hj tdoy dkvo looi
e`foaof rokahsthckaay doro) rosuat hi k nrkfuka focrokso `j
pkttorihin, c`ishforhin hifhvhfuka krtojkcts kif a`cka pkttoris. Ht hs oqukaay caokr tdkt krcdko`a`nhcka pr`cossos ks
histkicof ly tdo cd`hco `j akrnor qukfrkts wdoi c`epkrhin
`rhnhika kif rosuatkit fhstrhluth`is dkvo c`ishforklao
ojjocts= tdo akrnor tdo qukfrkts, tdo dhndor tdo c`rroakth`is.
Vdhs akttor p`hit hifhcktos tdkt noiorka pkttoris hi fhstrhlu
th`is kro quhto roshstkit t` focky wdotdor ikturka `r
eocdkihcka.
;;. Sueekry
@j c`urso, sheuakth`i hs kaa ekbo-loahovo2 d`wovor, tdo
rokahsthc kppokrkico `j tdo prosoit `io `i tdo ZF_ wks
quhto sunnosthvo, i`t `iay t` tdo prosoit kutd`r, dut t` tdo
po`pao wd` dkvo whtiossof foe`istrkth`is `j tdo pr`nrkeks woaa (s`eo `j tdo rosuats dkvo looi prosoitof `i vkrh`us
`ccksh`is2 k.`. kt tdo ;84: \ouvoisfknoi C`inross hi
Kestorfke, kif kt Fhsckrf Fky kt tdo Aohfoi Histhtuto `j
Wrodhst`ry hi ;84:). @j c`urso, tdhs hs i` nukrkitoo `j tdo
vkahfhty `j tdo sheuakth`is2 sucd k nukrkitoo cki `iay lo
`ltkhiof jr`e ki hifopoifoit e`foahin `j tdo skeo pr`l-
aoe ly s`eol`fy oaso. Eokiwdhao, ly spoaahin `ut tdo
kssuepth`is tdkt dkvo n`io hit` tdo e`foahin kt aokst
s`eo ovkaukth`i hs p`sshlao.
Ht wks j`uif hi tdo sheuakth`is tdkt sekaa sckao pkttorihin
hs rkphfay a`st whtd theo. @i tdo `tdor dkif, noiorka pkt
toris roekhi vhshlao ovoi kjtor c`ishforklao a`ss `j c`itoits, kif tdo lottor structurof ki hihthka fhstrhluth`i `j
krtojkcts dks looi, tdo caokror tdo `rhnhika noiorka pkttori
cki sthaa lo roc`nihzof ovoi kjtor s` ekiy r`uifs `j
ikturka kif eocdkihcka focky.
Jr`e tdo rkphf a`ss `j a`cka `r ehcr`-sckao pkt torihin. tdo
quosth`i sd`uaf lo forhvof wdotdor (`r i`t) eucd vkauo
sd`uaf lo kcc`rfof t` tdo oxkct ronhstrkth`i `j hifhvhfuka
krtojkcts' p`shth`is. Vdo e`foahin `j oc`turlkth`i ks
kttoeptof doro (lksof `i tdo ahtorkturo, kif pr`lklay
roakthvoay ehafay hepaoeoitof) str`inay sunnosts k scopthcka
ktthtufo.
i`to
Ahsthins `j tdo pr`nrkes kro kvkhaklao up`i roquost jr`e tdokuad`r.
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;>6 KIKAOCVK W\KODHSV@\HCK AOHFOISHK <7
Jhn. ; C`rroakth`i c`ojjh choits
kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j ikturka focky2
I`reka pkroit fhstrhluth`i.
D`rhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2
vorthckaay= c`rroakth`is kif
wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.
Jhn. < C`rroakth`i c`ojjh choits
kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j ikturka focky2
La`cb-ahbo pkroit fhstrhluth`i.
D`rhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2
vorthckaay= c`rroakth`is kif
wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.
Jhn. 3 C`rroakth`i c`ojjhc hoits
kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j ikturka focky2
\kif`e pkroit fhstrhluth`i.
D`rhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2
vorthckaay= c`rroakth`is kif
wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.
Jhn. 6 C`rroakth`i c`ojjh choitskif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j eocdkihcka focky.
I`reka pkroit fhstrhluth`i. D`r-
zhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2 vor
thckaay= c`rroakth`is kif wohndt
porcoitknos rotkhiof.
Jhn. ? C`rroakth`i c`ojjh choits
kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j eocdkihcka focky2
La`cb-ahbo pkroit fhstrhluth`i.
D`rhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2
vorthckaay= c`rroakth`is kif
wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.
Jhn. : C`rroakth`i c`ojjh choits
kif roakthvo wohndts j`r k
sheuakth`i `j eocdkihcka focky2
\kif`e pkroit fhstrhluth`i.
D`rhz`itkaay= cycaos `j focky2
vorthckaay= c`rroakth`is kif
wohndt porcoitknos rotkhiof.
f`ttof ahio= wohndt hi porcoits`j pkroit fhstrhluth`i
c`ithiu`us ;= c`rroakth`is wht d
pkroit fhstrhluth`i, coaa-ly-coaa
c`ithiu`us ahio 3= c`rroakth`is
whtd pkroit fhstrhluth`i, coaas
nr`upof 3 x 3
c`ithiu`us ahio ?= c`rroakth`is
whtd pkroit fhstrhluth`i, coaas
nr`upof ? x ?
;778
?7%
7%
;77%
? 7 •²
7%
9 Y , .V
; ;
‖ ;
;7 ;7cycaos cycaos
Jhn. ; Jhn. <
;77% ;77%
?7% -
-?7%
cycaos
-?7% -
Jhn. 3 Jhn. 6
;77%
?7%
;77%
?7%
cycaos
•?7% - Jhn. ?- ? 7 % -
cycaos
Jhn. :
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;>? WHOVO\ ZKI FO ZOAFO - W@SV-FOW@SHVH@IKA FOCKX
ahtorkturo
Lhij`rf, A.\.
Ckdci, F.
M. E`oyors`is
Ch`rocbh, W.
Nr`n`i`, W.
S.D. Ioas`i
;8>4 Fheoish`ika kikayshs `j lodkvh`r kif shto structuro= aokrihin jr`e ki Osbhe` duithin
stkif. Keorhcki Kithquhay 63 , 337-3:;.
;8>> Sulsurjkco e`voeoits `j st`io krtojkcts kif tdohr hepahckth`is j`r tdo prcdhst`ry `j Coi
trka Kjrhck. Ikjuro <::, 4;<-4;?.
;84? Otdi`krcdko`a`ny= tdo ioof j`r k p`st-e`rtoe oiquhry. ^`raf Krcdko`a`ny ;>, ;>?-;8;.
;84< Wr`laori s`avhinhc`eputor pr`nrkeehin. \okfhin (Ekss.)= Kffhs`i-^osaoy.
Dhotkak, D.
F.S. Stovois;8>> Spkthka kikayshs= euathpao pr`cofuros hi pkttori roc`nihth`i stufhos. Keorhcki Kithquhay
6<, ?38-??8.
Mustos`i, M.
S. Dkeps`i
;84? 'Ca`sof e`foas `j `poi systoes= l`uifkry c`ishfork th`is. ' Hi S.^. Nrooi /S.E. Woraeki
(ofs.)= Vdo krcdko`a`ny `j jr`ithors kif l`uifkrhos, pp. ;?-37. Iow X`rb= Kckfoeho
Wross.
Borl`scd, M.K.N.E.
\.^. Shoroilorn
A`uwo B``hmekis, A.W.
W. vki fo Zoafo
;8>3 Fhscroto sheuaktho. Kapdoi k/f \hmi= Skes`i.
;847 Fo `pnrkvhinoi to Doboahinoi. Aohfoi= \hmbs Eusoue vki @ufdofoi.
Scdhjjor, E.L.
Scdhajor, E.L.
Zki fo Zoafo, W.
Zhaak, W.
Zhaak, W.
.;. C`urthi
;843 V`wkrf tdo Hfoithjhckth`i `j j`rekth`i pr`cossos. Keorhcki Kithquhay 64, :>?->7:.
;84? Hs tdoro k 'W`epohh proehso' hi krcdko`a`ny0 Keorhcki Kithquhay 64, :>?->7:.
i.f. 'Spkthka kikayshs= k i`to.' Hi= ^.M. \`olr`obs= Loavèfäro. (Hi propkrkth`i.)
;84< C`im`hiklao phocos kif shto j`rekth`i pr`cossos. Keorhcki Kithquhay Ka, <>:-<87.
;843 Vdo hitorprctkth`i `j strkthjhof shtos= k vhow jr`e uiforn r`uif. M urika `j Krcdko`a`nhcka
Schoico ;7, <:>-<4;.
^``f, ^.\.
F.A. M`dis`i
;8>4 'K survoy `j fhsaurlkico pr`cossos hi krcdko`a`nhcka shto j`rekth` i.' Hi E.L. Scdhjjor
(of.)= Kfvkicos hi krcdko`a`nhcka eotd`f kif tdo`ry (Z`a. ;), pp. 3;?-34;. Iow Z`rb=
Kckfoeho Wross.
Whotor vki fo Zoafo
Krcdo`a`nhscd Coitrue
W`stlus 8?;?
IA-<377 \K Aohfoi
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