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ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Center frequency of operation Bandwidth Insertion loss (for 360° phase shift) VSWR or return loss Switching time (for digital operation) or time
required for 360° phase change (for analog operation)
Switching power or energy (for digital operation) or dc holding power (for analog operation)
Phase error Power-handling capability(peak and average)
They are broadly divided into:
Ferrite Phase Shifters Semiconductor Phase Shifters
Ferrite Phase Shifters
Non Reciprocal
Reciprocal Non Reciprocal
Reciprocal
• Twin-toroid
• Toroidal
• Helical
• Circular toroid in circular waveguide
• Toroidal latching in stripline• Slow-wave structure in stripline• Microstrip meander line• Toroidal co- planar waveguide
• Dual mode
• Faraday rotation
• Stripline latching
• Microstrip meander line
Waveguide Planar/MIC
Semiconductor Phase Shifters
Reciprocal Reciprocal Non reciprocal
Non reciprocal
P-I-N diode
GaAs FET(Passive)
• Switched line• Hybrid coupled• Loaded line• High-pass low- pass• Switched network
GaAs FET (active switch)
• Switched path
GaAs FET (passive)
GaAs FET (active switch)
• Switched line/loaded line• Hybrid coupled• High-pass low -pass
• Switched path DGFET
Planar/hybrid MIC Monolithic
Twin-Toroid(S-V Bands)
Dual-Mode(S-V Bands)
PIN Diode(L-Ku Bands)
GaAs FET(L-V Bands)
Geometry Waveguide Waveguide Hybrid MIC Monolithic
Reciprocal/Non reciprocal
Non reciprocal
Reciprocal Reciprocal Reciprocal
Bandwidth 5% - 30% 5% - 10% 10% - 20% Octave
Insertion loss(dB)
0.5-1.0-1.6(S-Ka-V)
0.5-0.9-1.5(S-Ka-V)
0.5-2(L-Ku)
5-12
Switching time(µs)
1-1-5(V-Ka-S)
20-30-150(V-Ka-S)
<1 0.001
Switching power/energy
25-30-150µJ(V-Ka-S)
100-150-1000µJ(V-Ka-S)
0.1-5 W Negligible
FERRITE PHASE SHIFTERS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHASE SHIFTERS
Twin-Toroid(S-V Bands)
Dual-Mode(S-V Bands)
PIN Diode(L-Ku Bands)
GaAs FET(L-V Bands)
Peak Power 1-100 kW(Ka-S)
1-40 kW(Ka-S)
kW (pulse width dependent)
W
Average Power
1 kW(S- band)
500 W(S- Band)
W mW
TemperatureSensitivity
0.5º-3º /ºCTypical
0.5º-3º /ºCTypical
Negligible --
Insertion phase trimming for 10% tolerance
Usually required
Usually required
Not necessary
Not necessary
Radiation hardness
Excellent Excellent Poor --
Weight 1-4 oz(Ka-L)
1-4 oz(Ka-L)
0.5-1 oz(Ku-L)
<0.1 oz
FERRITE PHASE SHIFTERS
SEMICONDUCTOR PHASE SHIFTERS
Analog Phase Shifters
Semiconductor
Reciprocal Reciprocal Non reciprocal
Ferrite
Reciprocal
• Reggia Spencer
• Rotary Field
Varactor Diode
GaAs FET(variable gain amplifier)
Varactor Diode
• Hybrid coupled
• DGFET circuit using vector summation
• Hybrid coupled