Analysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi ... · PDF fileAnalysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi town, Kebbi state, ... provides synoptic view and multi-

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 5, No 1, 2014

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on June 2014 published on August 2014 119

Analysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi town, Kebbi state,

Nigeria Mohammed Nanoh Bello1,David N. Jeb2

1- Center for Disaster Risk Management and Development Studies, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. Kaduna State, Nageria.

2- National Centre for Remote Sensing, KM 11, Jos-Bukuru Expressway, P.M.B. 2136, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Flood is one of the most harmful disasters in the world, and it is significant to obtain reliable information on flood characteristics for disaster mitigation. This study analyzed flood risk inundation in Birnin Kebbi town by applying the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM data and some hazard remote sensing datasets (landsat) in the environment of GIS, which employs the simplified process representation capable of simulating the risk of flood hazard inundation. Digitizing was employed to extract the landuse/landcover features and the field observed flood data was used for the slicing operation. Hence all areas below the highest recorded 2012 flooded point (207m) were assumed to be completely submerged while areas above 207m were not flooded. This data was vectorized and the “flooded area” was extracted separately using the “SQL select” in ArcGIS environment. The “flooded area” layer was crossed with the LULC layer using the “intersection” tool in arcmap and was used to estimate the lulc affected by the flood event. The table was exported as “DBF” to estimate the damage extend in hectares and for further analysis. The result showed that the fadama agriculture and farmland are the most vulnerable to flood while a little portion of the settlement has encroached into the flooded areas.

Key words: Flood inundation, hazard, remote sensing, geographic information system, flood Risk analysis

1. Introduction

The world has suffered and largely withstood natural disasters throughout its long history. They displace and disrupt thousands of families, and having more dramatic effect in the poorest of nations, crippling what are often already woefully inadequate economic development efforts, and destroying infrastructure (Delaney et al, 2004). Natural disasters are happened every year and their impact and frequency seem to have greatly increased in recent decades, mostly because of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, intensified land use, and the increasing population (Pradhan,2009), Natural disasters are common nowadays in today’s world. They are result of sudden change in state of natural elements due to natural forces. Most of the natural disasters are beyond control of human beings and cannot be predicted accurately when it occurs. Major natural disaster like floods, earthquakes, landslides and droughts when they happen, it result in threat of human life, loss of property; affect infrastructure, agriculture and environment. The impact of disaster is different due to its intensity and coverage area (Vaghani, 2005). Natural disasters are happening more often and having an ever more dramatic effect on the world in terms of both their human and economic cost. Natural Disasters play havoc with people’s lives and their aftermath results in

Analysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi town, Kebbi state, Nigeria

Mohammed Nanoh Bello and David N. Jeb

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 5 Issue 1, 2014 120

death, destruction, misery and trauma. One of the major repercussions that disasters have is on agriculture (nneoma, 2008). Floods are the most common occurring natural disasters that affect human and its surrounding environment (Hewitt 1997), Flooding seriously affects people’s lives and property (Wang, 1999). Flooding affects more people on an annual basis than any other form of natural disaster. A variety of climatic and non-climatic processes influence flood processes, resulting in river floods, flash floods, urban floods, sewer floods, glacial lake outburst floods and coastal floods. These flood-producing processes include intense and /or long-lasting precipitation, snow melt, dam break, reduced conveyance due to jams or land-slides or by storm. Floods depend on precipitation intensity, volume, timing, phase (rain or snow), antecedent conditions of rivers and their drainage basins (e.g. presence of snow and ice, soil character and status (frozen or not, saturated or unsaturated), wetness, rate and timing of snow/ice melt, urbanization, existence of dykes, dams and reservoirs (Kolawole, 2011 ). 1.1 Applications of remote sensing and GIS in flood risk management

Remote Sensing is the technology that is used in gathering of these spatial information used for identifying, classifying, mapping, monitoring, planning, mitigation and management of natural disasters (Ishaya and Ifatimehin, 2009, Jeyaseelan, 1999). This technology has been used extensively in Asian and developing countries for agricultural, aviation and environmental purposes (Ishaya and Ifatimehin, 2009). According to Jeb (2008) Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS in Flood Inundations:The complexity of global flood disasters requires an integrated approach in studies that may lead to the effective management and reduction of the flood problem. Usually, latest information on flood plain dynamics such as flood plain characteristics, and flood duration in addition to intensive fieldwork, are required to prepare flood risk maps using hydrological and hydraulic mathematical formulae and stream geometry. Nowadays GIS and RS are emerging as powerful tools for the assessment of risk and management of natural hazards due to these techniques, natural hazard mapping can be prepared now to delineate flood prone areas on the map. Such kind of maps will enable the authorities for quick assessment of potential impact of a natural hazard and initiation of appropriate measures for reducing the impact. Such data can help the planners and decision-makers to take positive and in time steps during pre-disaster situation. It will also help them during post-disaster activities for the assessment of damages and losses occurred due to flooding (Nawaz and Hamidullah. 2004). Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are now providing new tools for advanced ecosystem management. The collection of remotely sensed data facilitates the synoptic analyses of Earth system function, patterning, and change at local, regional and global scales over time; such data also provide an important link between intensive, localized ecological research and regional, national and international conservation and management of biological diversity (Wilkie and Finn, 1996). Remote sensing becomes useful because it provides synoptic view and multi- temporal Land use/Land cover data that are often required; serves as a tool for environmental resources assessment and monitoring (Abbas and Iguisi, 2007).





Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing provide the medium for the integration of spatial data. GIS and remote sensing have been widely recognized as an effective tool for planning and decision-making tasks. They allow for effective storage, manipulation and analysis of geographical data (Michalak, 1993;Trotter, 1991). Satellite image data provides the potential to obtain land cover information at more frequent intervals and more economical than those obtained by traditional methods (Martin and Howarth, 1989, Treitz, Howarthand Gong, 1992, Trotter, 1991). 1.2 Statement of research problem

In recent years the huge impact of floods, which include river floods, flash floods, storm surge or tsunamis, has caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, destruction of infrastructure, disruption of economic activity and the loss of property worth billions of dollars. Prominent examples are floods due to heavy rainfall in Germany in 2002, To give an example of the economic impact of the disastrous flood in the Elbe River basin in August 2002, rough cost estimates are _3 billion $ in the Czech Republic and more than 9 billion $ in Germany – the worst flood ever in Europe (Becker and Gr¨unewald, 2003). Flood is the most common environmental hazards. Every year over 20,000 lives and adversely affect around 75million people worldwide, the reason lies in the widespread geographical distribution of river flood plains and low laying coasts together with the long standing attraction for human settlement (Smith, 2002). Severe flooding events have become a frequent phenomenon facing communities and authorities in Nigeria each year, for example in 2010 and 2011 extreme flood events resulted in devastation and economic damages worth millions of dollars in the affected urban cities such as Lagos, Kano and Ibadan and rural settlements communities in Sokoto and Kebbi State. In 2010 more than 270,000 people were affected in states like Sokoto, Kebbi, Lagos and Bayelsa as the most affected states (Draft Report, 2013) Nigeria had in the year 2012 experienced a serious flood disasters linked to the intensive seasonal rainfall and release of water from dams (Lagdo, Jebba, Kainji and Shiroro dams). Ogboi (2013) said According to National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and the Office for the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations [OCHA] (2012), the flood incidence of 2012 affected some 7,705,378 persons, with 363 killed and 387,153 registered as internally displaced persons (IDPs). A total of 18,200 persons were injured and over 618,000 houses in 3,870 communities were damaged. It affected 256 local government areas in 33 states. Social infrastructures and economic assets in the areas were destroyed. Nigerian Red Crosss And NEMA (2012) reported Estimated displaced persons in Kebbi Stete : 45,000 (cumulative since beginning of flooding) Twelve LGAs are severely affected: Augie, Argungu, Birnin Kebbi, Kalgo, Bunza, Suru, koko/Bese, Bagudo, Shanga, Yauri. Jega, and Maiyama. Bagudo is the most affected with over 80 villages flooded, with 26 in Augie, 19 in Argungu, 14 in Birnin Kebbi, 5 in Kalgo and 12 in Bunza. Potable water is a major challenge in Bagudo LGA due to contamination of the shallow wells. Flood hazard is a menace the whole world have lived with, however, analysis of flood risk inundation hazard will help to streamline the effect of flood. Proper use of flood hazard and risk map will help to:

1. Prevent improper land management in flood plain areas.





2. Reduce uses that will be dangerous to health and welfare which would result to undue claims upon public agencies for remedy.

3. Encourage adequate stream channel, cross- section maintenance. 4. Protect prospective home buyers from locating in flood prone areas. 5. Preserve potentials for natural ground-water recharge during flood events. 6. Guide the purchase of public open space. 7. Avoid water pollution result from flooding of sewage treatment plants and west

disposal sites that were located on flood plains

The situation in Birnin Kebbi Local government is not different, though no effort have been made to document analysis of flood risk in Birnin kebbi Town which has witnessed a remarkable and devastating flood events over the years. This has therefore resulted in an increased risk of flooding in the area and hence the need for a study such as this to be carried out in the area. 2. Aim and objectives of the study

The aim of this study is to analyze flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi town. The specific objectives are;

1. Map out various land uses and landcover in Birnin Kebbi town from satellite imagery. 2. Examine the current and potential impacts of flooding in the affected areas. 3. Create flood inundation map. 4. Cross overlay of flood inundation map over landuse/cover map to analyze potential

impact of the flood inundation

2.1 Study area

The study area is Birnin Kebbi Local Government or Metropolitan of Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State Created from the former Sokoto State in 1991, (see figure 1) is located between latitude 10°N to 13°N, and longitude 3°E to 6°E in North-Western Nigeria with its capital at Birnin Kebbi. It shares boundaries with Sokoto, Niger and Zamfara States as well as Dosso Region in Niger Republic and covers an area of 36,800 sq km. The natural vegetation of the State comprises Sudan Savannah in the north and Northern Guinea Savannah in the south and southeast. However, years of intensive cultivation, grazing, fuelwood extraction and bush burning have transformed the vegetation into a form of parkland dominated by trees like Piliostigma, Ziziphus, Mangifera Indica and Tamarindus, especially in the south. Kebbi State has a tropical continental-type climate with a wet season that lasts from April to October in the south and from May to September in the north—the dry season lasts for the remaining period of the year. Mean annual rainfall is about 800mm in the north and 1000mm in the south; and temperature is generally high with mean annual temperature of about 26°C in all locations. But during the harmattan season (December to February) the temperature can go as low as about 21°C; between April and June, it can rise as high as 40°C. The geology of Kebbi State is dominated by two formations of pre-Cambrian Basement Complex in the south and south east and young sedimentary rocks in the north, and the relief can be divided into three relief regions: the high plains in the south and south east, the plain landscape in the north and the riverine lowland of the Niger and lower Rima valleys. These have control over the type of soil found in the state. The two categories of soils in the northern part are the upland and fadama soils, which are generally characteristic of the entire





Sokoto-Rima Basin. While the upland soils are sandy and well drained, the fadama soils are generally clayey and hydro-morphic. In the south and south-eastern parts, there are the ferruginous tropical soils, black cotton soils and lithosols which are subject to stripping by erosion as a result of topographic characteristics typical of the area. Two major rivers drain the state: River Niger in the generally rocky south traversing the state from Benin Republic up to Ngaski LGA, and River Rima in the sandy north passing through Argungu to Bagudo LGA where it empties into River Niger. The Rima itself flows in a broad sweeping valley through the sedimentary area and then into the River Niger in the south west, creating extensive flood plains that have no semblance to present discharges. Kebbi state has a population of about 3,256,541 as at 2006 census (National Population Commission of Nigeria, www.population.gov.ng), the major activity in Kebbi state is farming and rearing of Animals, Over seventy-five per cent of the state population resides in rural areas. Farming is the major occupation. A significant number of urban dwellers also engage in farming to supplement their income. Next to farming are non-farm activities such as trading, fishing, animal rearing, various art works, food crop processing, building, construction works, and et cetera dominates. Kebbi State has relatively abundant surface water resources in the form of rivers, such as the Niger, Rima and Ka. These rivers are sources of water for irrigation, domestic use, fishing and transportation. The State has a total land area of approximately 36,229 sq. km. Out of this, only an estimated 13,209 sq. km is currently being used for cultivation, while 293 sq. km is the built up area thus far, leaving a large proportion of land still under-utilized. About 200,000 ha of fertile land is fadama land, mainly situated along the flood plains of the Rima and Niger valleys. The rest is upland, where wet season cultivation by mainly small holders dominates. 3. Materials and methods

The materials and data used for this study are as follows:

3.1 Software

The software used in data processing and analysis was ESRI’s ArcGIS 9.3 and ERDAS IMAGINE

3.2 Satellite imagery

NigeriaSat X data (22m) resolution of 2012 was use for the generation of the landuse and landcover of the study area. The data was obtained from NASRDA, Abuja and had three spectral bands of Red, Green, and Blue that has already been composed into a false color composite.

3.3 Administrative map of Kebbi state

The administrative map of kebbi state was obtained from the kebbi state Ministry of Lands and Survey and was used to determine the location of the study area.

3.4 SRTM 90m DEM





The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) 90m DEM of the study area was derived from USGS/NASA SRTM data and was in decimal degrees and datum WGS84. The data was downloaded from the CIAT-CSI SRTM website (http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SRT-ZIP/SRTMV4/STRM-Data_Geotiff/srtm_3710zip). 3.5 Methodology

Data Processing: This involved a stepwise arrangement and organization of acquired data in a manner that was appropriate for analysis. Filling of sinks in SRTM DEM: In order to carry out hydrology analysis on DEM, all depressions have to be filled. Such depressions are called sinks. The SRTM 90m DEM sinks were filled using the ‘Fill’ tool in ArcGIS. Projection to UTM Coordinate Systems: The Kebbi State raster data was projected to the same UTM coordinate systems as the other satellite images used in the analysis. Landuse and Landcover Generation: Layers for the six classes were created in Arc catalog namely: settlements, rock, farmland, fadama agriculture, shrubland and wetland. The six layers were added in Arcmap for digitizing. The editing tool in the Arctoolbox was used to the capture each feature of the landuse/landcover.

Figure 1: Map of Study area

Source: Modified from Administrative Map of Nigeria





3.6 Overlay of layers and production of flood risk inundation hazard maps

A Boolean operation was carried out in Arcgis to extract and estimated the flooded areas. The field observed flood data was used for the slicing operation. Hence all areas below the highest recorded 2012 flooded point (207m) were assumed to be completely submerged while areas above 207m were not flooded.ths data was vectorized and the “flooded area” was extracted separately using the “SQL select” tool in Arcmap.

3.7 Calculation of estimated areas at risk of flooding

The “flooded area” layer was crossed with the LULC layer using the “intersection” tool in arcmap. This is to estimate the LULC affected by the flood event. The table was exported as “DBF” to estimate the damage extent in meter square and for further analysis in excel to hectares 3.8 Statistical analysis

The data was further analyzed in Excel to produce tables and histograms. The calculation of damage was further done by considering the total area flooded against the total area of any particular landuse or landcover. 4. Results and discussion

4.1 Landuse/landcover analysis of Birnin Kebbi town

The Landuse/landcover statistics of Birnin Kebbi town in hectares and percentage and are presented; Table 1 and figure 2 shows that settlement covers 264.96ha (4.04%) of the total area, wetland having 61.93ha (1.13%), rock surface having occupied 83.52ha (1.52%), farmland having the highest with 3273.36ha (59.8%), shrubs land having 595.21ha (10.9%) and Fadama agriculture landuse covers 119.85 ha (21.88) of the total landuse. These result indicate that the area is mostly agrarian since farmland and Fadama agriculture Landuse Cover about 81.68% of the total Landuse in the area. In the event of any flood hazard like that of the 2012 event, farmlands are the ones that suffer most leading to loss of food crops. The results of the area extent of landuse/landcover of Birnin kebbi town shows that 59.76% of the study area is occupied by farmland followed by Fadama agriculture with 21.88%, settlement and wetland having the least area coverage with 4.84% and 1.13% respectively. Birnin Kebbi being the capital city of Kebbi State, studies has shown that the Birnin Kebbi town is experiencing population growth and urban expansion, due to this expansion, there is a possibility of having the settlement encroaching into the floodplain areas as most of the residential building are close to the floodplain. 4.2 Estimated flooded areas in Birnin Kebbi town

The result of the estimated areas of floods in Birnin Kebbi as a result of the 2012 flood are presented in fig. 4, fig.5 and table 2. The result of the table shows that: estimated flooded areas in Birnin kebbi as at 2012. The settlements constitute about 3.22826.5093ha (0.13%) of the area under study, fadama agriculture has the highest with about 1190.70876.5ha (47.40%),





the agricultural farmland in the study area constitute 1014.01417.1ha (40.37%), while wetland, shrubland and rock constitute 49.94131558ha (0.99%), 252.8545734ha (10.07%) and 0.7865849148ha (0.03%) respectively.

Figure 2: Landuse map of Birnin Kebbi Town

Source: GIS Analysis, 2014

Table 1: Area Extent of Landuse/landcover of Birnin Kebbi

LULC Area

(Ha) Percentage

WETLAND 61.93088 1.130648015

SHRUBLAND 595.2056 10.86643681

SETTLEMENT 264.9588 4.83725005

ROCK 83.52339 1.524854143

FARMLAND 3273.363 59.76052372

FADAMA AGRICULTURE

1198.486 21.88028726

TOTAL 5477.468 100

Source: GIS Analysis, 2014.

Figure 3: Lulc of Birnin Kebbi






This indicate that farmland, wetland and agriculture were the most affected consisting 87.78% of the total area. Even though the built up area affected was only 0.13%, yet it is very significant because it constitute human residences.

Figure 4: 2012 estimated flooded areas in Birnin Kebbi Town.


The result of the estimated flooded areas in Birnin Kebbi 2012 reveals that fadama agriculture (47.41%) and farmland (40.37%) are more affected by the flood. The impact of the flood is low on the settlement with only 0.12% being flooded. This is because the fadama agriculture areas and farmland are on lower elevation while the settlements are located on a higher elevation

Table 2: 2012 Estimated flooded areas in Birnin Kebbi

LULC Area (ha) Percentage

WETLAND 49.94131558 1.988478836

SHRUBLAND 252.8545734 10.06773574

SETTLEMENT 3.228265093 0.128537599

ROCK 0.786584915 0.031318908

FARMLAND 1014.014171 40.37430121

FADAMA AGRICULTURE

1190.70876.5 47.40962771

TOTAL 2511.533675 100






Figure 5: 2012 Estimated flooded areas in Birnin Kebbi

Source: GIS Analysis, 2014

4.3 Area extent of flood damage

Result of the total area covered and the flooded areas was used to compute the percentage (%) damage caused by flood in the study area. Table 3 shows damage in percentage caused by the 2012 flood, while Figure 6 and fig 7 landuse/landcover affected by the 2012 flood in Birnin Kebbi. The result in Table 3 shows that 99.4% of the fadama agriculture is affected by the 2012 flood, wetland constitute of 80.6%, shrubland 42.5%, farmland is 31.0%, while the percentage damage of the flood for settlement is 1.2%. The result of the flood damage is as shown in figure 4.5 and table 4.3 respectively. The result showed. The near total damage of fadama agriculture is influence by the flat terrain which aids easy inundation of the land. These result indicate that almost all of the wetland or fadama agriculture suffered almost total loss of any crop that might have been cultivated. The result also reveals that; the damage for settlements is about 1.2% but change in climate (such increase in rainfall), urban expansion and encroachment into the floodplain may result to a greater damage for any reoccurrence of the flood in the study area.

Table 3: Percentage of flood damage 2012 in Birnin Kebbi Source: GIS Analysis, 2014.

CLASSES

Total area

coverage

(HA)

Flooded

areas (HA)

%

Flooded

area

Wetland 61.93088 49.94132 80.6

Shrubland 595.20555 252.85457 42.5

Settlement 264.95880 3.22827 1.2

Rock 83.52339 .78658 0.9

Farmland 3273.36331 1014.01417 31

Fadama Agriculture

1198.48564 1190.70876 99.4





Figure 6: Landuse/landcover affected by the 2012 flood in Birnin Kebbi


Figure 7: Percentage of flood damage 2012 in Birnin Kebbi


5. Conclusion

The status of our environment in recent years have been known to be seriously adjusted by man’s technology, such as cutting down of trees, over grazing, cultivation along the plains, buildings, constructions of road and general urbanization with subsequent surface pavement or building of concretions which has the effect of increase runoff and reducing infiltration. In a nutshell the hydrological cycle is interrupted and so with a heavy down fall flood hazards are born to occur. And then coupled with the glaring climatic change which together greatly increase the risk of flooding. Each year Kebbi state government has to allocate some relief measures in addition to other post-disasters actions. However, it is essentially a natural phenomenon, over exploitation of natural resources by man caused disasters to increase year by year. Realizing that its actual and potential consequences are serious and will increase every year, the government, instead of focusing on relief action as before set of up a plan for preventing and /or mitigating this disasters. In the plan the first activity is the zoning and /or mapping of the flood hazard and risk areas





5.1 Recommendations

1. In order to curtail flood hazard occurrence in the study area, the following recommendations are pertinent:

2. The urban development of Birnin Kebbi should be done South wards of the town rather than North wards as the South appears to be on higher elevation.

3. Encroachment of builtup into the flood prone areas should be monitored. 4. The use of higher resolution remotely sensed data should be utilized for flood analysis

in the study area for a more précised result.

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Analysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi ... · PDF fileAnalysis of flood risk inundation hazard in Birnin Kebbi town, Kebbi state, ... provides synoptic view and multi-