Analysis of Swimming Pool by VE Tech

8/7/2019 Analysis of Swimming Pool by VE Tech

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ANALYSIS OF SWIMMING POOL BY USING VALUE ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE

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ABSTRACT

Todays engineer is turning to rational cost analysis in lieu of subjective

selection of materials and designs. This requires both value engineering and least

cost analysis. Value engineering is the critical first step to ensure that correct

alternates are used in the least cost analysis. Otherwise, the engineer may be

comparing apples and oranges.

Alternative designs offer even more promise and savings of as much as

30% are possible compared with the costs of conventional designs. Thus,

innovative use of design techniques can offer truly substantial savings, with no

sacrifice in either quality or performance.

Barriers to cost effectiveness are listed as lack of information, wrong

beliefs, habitual thinking, risk of personal loss, reluctance to seek advice, negativeattitudes, over-specifying and poor human relations.

VE saves money and ensures that projects are cost-effective; improves the

quality of the project; eliminate unnecessary design elements and fosters

innovation and improves productivity. It helps us to identify high cost areas in the

design and uses a functional approach that makes it necessary for the designer to

identify the real requirements of the project.

VE techniques have been applied in one of the building facilities, which is

swimming pool. The VE job plan was implemented which involves the three mainphases such as the Pre Study Phase, VE Working Phase and Post Study Phase.

The study has given successful outcome in terms of cost and come up with

feasible alternatives.

During the study VE team had analysed the alternative materials and

currently existing materials involved in swimming pool and conducted a rate

analysis, technical feasibility, aesthetic and function of the materials and

equipments.

The key areas where value engineering has been applied are, Filter unit

and material, Heater, Drain system, Pumps, Use of aesthetically pleasing and

more durable materials.

It is noticed that cost savings may be few percent of overall cost incurred in

the construction of swimming pool. But there is incredible increase in terms of

value, function and aesthetic of suggested alternative materials and equipment. It

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also increases the comfort level of the bathers and increase monetary value to the

developer.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The construction sector is one of the key players in economic growth of

nation. Today, the construction industry is the second largest sector offering

rich employment opportunities after agriculture and plays an important role in

nations economy. In a changing real estate environment, providing all basic

facilities will emerge as a pre-requisite. Developers will have to tie up with

providers of such services to ensure a better selling price for their properties.

On the other hand, corporate will continue to avail the benefits of facilities

and services for their spaces to enhance their overall image and brand value.

In India although the industry situations is fiercely competitive yet the

subject of value engineering could not get its due importance amongst

businessmen, engineers and consultants. This is partly due to lack of training

in the subject, lack of publicity and lack of vigorous application of the

technique in the industry situations.

High cost and poor value have always been urgent concerns for all the

people. This has assumed new dimensions in these times of spiraling cost

and poor availability of money. Constraints on expenditures, tightening of

funds and an invasions of competitors through liberalization of policies has

made value engineering one the most talked fields amongst the

management experts.

Keeping costs low with traditional costs has been a commonly applied

practice to improve competitiveness. Saving money and, at the same time,

providing better value, is a concept that everyone emphasis. Value



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Engineering (VE) is a practice whose goal is, always, to achieve value for

money.

VE aims to deliver measurable value improvements through cost

reduction and/or improve quality and enhance design features for the

customer. These disciplines cannot be ignored if a company is to continue

meeting the rising expectations of its customer, who will always take their

business to where they can get the highest quality at the lowest possible

price.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

A well managed building is often a key parameter for most clients whilst

Looking for space. This is specifically so in the case of the real estate sector

where poor facility can lead to loss of sales for the tenants and in turn affect

the developer's profitability. Also, sub standard facility and maintenance

leads to dilapidation and losses in asset value over a period of time.

Value engineering is a methodology used to analyze the function of the

goods and services and to obtain the required functions of the user at the

lowest total cost without reducing the necessary quality of performance. To

keep the project cost on the lower best cost, traditional cost management

system is commonly applied to improve the competitiveness. Merely keeping

the costs down by affecting the efficiency is not an advisable thing. Here

Value Engineering comes into picture. Value Engineering study results in

cost reduction without hampering the quality and functions to be addressed

in completion of the project. Value Engineering study helps in identification

of risk, alternative construction methods & materials and additional functions

that improve the out come of the project.

1.3 CASE STUDY UNDER RESEARCH

The study mainly aims at an attempt to apply VE technique to the

Kumar meadows project at Hadapsar, pune. The problem under study is

basic amenities especially swimming pool of area 980m2 which includes spa

pool, wading pool, teens pool and Jacuzzi bench. Kumar builders Pvt Ltd are

developing the project located at Hadapsar, pune. This particular project was

considered for the case study, because of complex design and latest



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technology has been used. Thus the scope for application of value

engineering is very high.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

There is always a scope to improve value, in terms of material value or

the worth. The main objective is to provide all necessary functions at a

lowest cost. It also includes:

- To achieve true value for owner as well as customer.

- To understand and identify the areas of poor value in structure.

- To study for viable alternatives that can improve the value of the structure.

- To understand and compare the cost saving attained after conducting VE

study with that of conventional one.

- Recommendation of best alternatives to the organization of case study.

The following basic suggestions are helpful to keep in mind when

conducting a value engineering study,

- Team member must believe that there can be improvement made to the

project.

- There is always room for improvement in the design.

- Be receptive to new ideas.

- Eliminate the word impossible from your thinking.

- Suspend judgment.

- Develop as many ideas as possible.

- Look for association of ideas.

- Dont be afraid to experiment.

- Encourage all team members to participate.

- Test your own view in the form of questions.

- Help your team members to work through the ideas.

- Record all value engineering ideas.

1.5 METHODOLOGY

Method used for conducting this study is as under:

Literature collection and study



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Various books, papers, journals, Internet and relevant literature

regarding value engineering and value management in construction

were collected and the concept was studied in depth.

- Selection of case

With due permission of client, a residential project with all basic

amenities mainly swimming pool which is about 20% complete was

selected for case study as this provides scope for value analysis (VA)

and at the same time Value Engineering (VE) for next repetitive project.

Data collection

All necessary and authentic information regarding the swimming

pool were collected by visiting the head office and site directly. The

information includes financial and technical aspects of the swimmingpool. The data were collected through meetings, interview and

questionnaire with owner, consultant, contractor and architect. Other

information regarding alternative materials was collected from

manufacturers and dealers.

Interpretation of data

From the mass of the data available, required data related to

scope of the case were interpreted.

Identification of feasible alternatives

The areas where value engineering could be applied were

identified for improving value. The other alternatives performing the

same function at a lower cost and with better attributes were

recognized.

Conclusions/ Recommendations

The scope and application of VE in a swimming pool project was

successfully implemented, which yielded improvement in the value of

the case under study.

1.6 LIMITATION OF RESEARCH

VE can be applied in all possible areas of project like logistics, material

procurement, use of alternative materials, structural design, architectural

planning, design of services, construction methodology, energy efficiency



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etc. Experts on group dynamics have showed it in numerous case studies

that total performance of teams is better compared to performance of

individuals. A team having person from various disciplines is found to be very

effective. Since the study being conducted as an academic 3-member team

with restricted time frame as a constraint only planning, Energy efficiency,

and Building Material aspects of the building have been studied.

1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY

In this work, an attempt has been made to apply Value Engineering

technique in the use of alternative materials only for the swimming pool

under study.

Apart from application in the above-mentioned areas, VE technique can

also be applied in the following areas,

i. Logistics

ii. Material procurement

iii. Design of services (architectural planning, structural design etc)

iv. Construction methodology

v. Quality

vi. Inventory Management

vii. Planning and scheduling.

Thus, it is observed that the scope for application is almost in every

aspect of any industry. In this study, an attempt has been made to find the

scope and application of Value Engineering in Real Estate Construction

mainly basic amenities, with the aid of a case study.



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CHAPTER-II

BASIC APPROACH TO VALUE ENGINEERING

This chapter elucidates the objective, concept, method and application of

Value Engineering bringing to light that Value is added to the project not by

replacing with a cheaper material but by using a more economical, functional and

which gives a much better life cycle costing.

2.1 THE CORE OF VALUE ENGINEERING

Value Engineering, which originated as Value Analysis in an attempt for

substituting scarce materials, has been well established as an ideal

technique for reducing costs. Hitherto, the emphasis has been on "providing

the required function or service at the lowest overall cost, without any

diminution of quality". However, in the recent post- liberalization years, its

problem solving methodology, viz., a cross- functional team approach, and

the combination of analytical tools and creativity, has been proved to be most

effective in meeting the challenges of competition.

Often we see a slogan Do it right the first time1 which implies that

there is a right way and if this right way is followed, one would have a zero

defect and that there would be no further improvement is possible. The value

specialist does not think this way, but on the contrary, believes that always a

corner of improvement is possible. This is because of the dynamics of

knowledge which is so fast that by that time this right methods is

established somewhere in some corner of the world developments are taking

place to make this right way obsolete or a group creativity may consider

other aspects of this right way and may suggest an improved way of doingthat job. There are factors such as availability of time to the designer,

collective creativity and technological innovation, which always provide us

better ways of doing things.

1 S Lomash,Value Management, Sterling Publisher Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1998.



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Today, VE is not only recognized but also acclaimed as one of the best

Value Improving Practices that management can employ. Its successful

application to strategic planning, quality improvement, management studies,

manufacturing, and construction has demonstrated both its versatility and its

durability as a management practice.

A number of case studies and success stories are now available from

Indian industries, highlighting the successful application of Value Engineering

for cost reduction, improving quality, enhancing VALUE to the customer and

reducing response time.

Value Engineering (VE) is widely used in the design and development

stage of a product prior to capital expenditure. Payback is high, as some

70% of product life cycle costs are built in at the design stage.

Value Analysis (VA) focuses on 'find and fasten' solutions for existing

products and processes. Reduction of unnecessary cost and improvements

in functionality are high priorities.

2.2 VALUE ENGINEERING CONCEPT

Value Engineering2 is a proven management technique using a

systematized approach to seek out the balance between the cost, reliability

and performance of a project or a product. The program seeks to improve the

management capability of people and to promote progressive change by

identifying and removing unnecessary cost. It has several techniques that

serve as the tool kit of the value analyst.

2.3 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF VE

Value-based decision process

Uses functional approach

Follows a very systematic and organized "job plan

Directs efforts towards maximum possible alternatives through creativity

techniques

2 Zimmermann, W Larry, Glenn D Hart, Value Engineering A practical Approach for Owners,Designers and Contractors, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Ltd,1999.



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2.4 WHAT VALUE ENGINEERING COSTS?

Value Engineering study for any project is an additional expense, which

normally company wont look into it. In the short term of the company, it

might feel that the cost of VE study is an unnecessary cost but if the long-

term benefits of using the VE studies in the projects are examined, then they

out shadow the expenses. Value is such a service, which is not easily

achieved. It entails itself many aspects like quality, customer satisfaction etc.,

which makes the company profitable. The expenses for implementing the VE

study often incur 1% of the project cost, but it gives a saving of 10% of the

total project cost1.

2.5 REASONS FOR POOR VALUE

There are various parameters, which effects the smooth and effective

functioning of Value Engineering. Below are the few of them, which are of

most importance:-

2.5.1 Lack of Information

- Failure to get sufficient facts before starting.

- Lack of knowledge or misunderstanding of the full requirements of

the original project plan.

- Decisions based on "educated guesses."

- Wrong beliefs

- Erroneous interpretations or conclusions of the facts.

- Unfortunate experiences with past applications of materials, etc.

- Bias against proven technology.

2.5.2 Habitual Thinking

- Doing things the same way we've always done them.

- Tendency to re-use what worked the last time.

- Copying standards of other agencies.

- Lack of attention to the current state-of-the-art.

1 Greve, Jhon W, Frank W Wilson, Value Engineering in Manufacturing, Prentice Hall Inc, New

Jersey, 1987.



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2.5.3 Risk of Personal Loss

- Risk associated with trying something that you have not tried

before.

- Decisions based on "nearly related" data, rather than the actual

case.

- Reluctance to Ask for Advice

- Designers are often very reluctant to seek advice from others in

their field.

- Failure to admit that they might not know all the answers.

2.5.4 Time Pressures

- Need to provide a project design as quickly as humanly possible,

sometimes even quicker.

- Pressure becomes so great that anything with a reasonable

chance of working is designed into the project.

- Acceptance of the first workable solution in order to complete the

design on time.

- No time to sit and contemplate.

- No time to sit and think up alternative approaches.

2.5.5 Negative Attitudes

- Some people are reluctant to consider a change of any type

regardless of its merit.

- Most designers feel they always provide the best, the first time,

regardless of how much time they spend developing the design.

2.5.6 Rapidly Changing Technology

- Rapid strides taking place in the development of processes,

products, and materials.

- Technology is constantly changing.

- No one person can be expected to be completely current in any

field.

2.5.7 Strict Adherence to Requirements



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- Requirements are often unrelated to required performance,

materials, safety or procedures.

- Assumed requirement when not specifically specified.

- Concentration on the development of a reliable system4, which

exceeds all known and assumed requirements.

- Each unnecessary requirement, which is met in a design, costs

money, but worse still, increases the chance of failure of the

overall system.

2.5.8 Poor Human Relations

- Poor communications.

- Misunderstandings.

- Jealousy.

- Normal friction between human beings.

2.5.9 Lack of Fee

- Various shortcuts to stay within budget

- Improper funds

- Price of contracts

2.6 VALUE ENGINEERING JOB PLAN

The organized and systematic approach of the VE job plan is the key

to success in VE study. It is through the job plan that the study identifies

the key areas of unnecessary and seeks new and creative ways of the

performing the same function as the original part, process or material.

2.6.1 Reason For VE Job Plan

Maximizing effectiveness

Reduce time cycle of study

Clarity of purpose

Cost consciousness

Objectivity approach

4 Seeley.L.H., Building Economics, 3rd

Edition, McMillan, London, 1983



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Breaks barriers and habits

Universal applicability

Organized approach

The key features that separate the VE Job Plan from other methods

used to solve routine engineering problems are:

i. Analysis of function;

ii. Specific creative effort to develop many design alternatives;

iii. The principal of not degrading the required performance; and

iv. Assigning costs to perform each function.

The job plan is the systematic approach that follows the five basic

phases. A multidiscipline team of experienced personnel is brought

together in a workshop setting to analyze the project. Time is also spent

prior to the study gathering information and reviving background data for

the study. The five-phase job plan to describe the procedure is as follows,

2.7 INFORMATION PHASE

The information phase of the VE job plan involves defining the project,

obtaining background information that leads to the project design, limitations

on the project, and a sensitivity to the costs involved in owning and operatinga facility. The purpose of this phase is for the VE team to gain as much as

information and knowledge as possible on the project design. The quality of

output is dependent on the quality of input. The quality of information should

be correct and up to date. The benefits derived from a VE project are directly

dependent on correctness of input information.

It is important to realize that design engineer or architect for the project

has spent considerable time in developing the plans and specifications to this

point. The value engineering team needs to know the information that wentinto the development of that design. What was the rationale used by the

designer for the development of the project? What were the assumptions that

made in establishing the design criteria and in selecting materials and

equipment to perform the required functions? The intention is not to dispute

the work that the design engineer has accomplished. It is to come up with



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new and different alternatives and comparisons of designs that will reduce

the cost of the project. In most cases, the design engineer can provide

valuable information that will give a better feel to the circumstances that led

to the project, and indicate areas that he feels have high costs.

The information on costs should be as detailed as possible. In many

cases only estimates would be available. It must be tried to get estimated

versus actual costs. The purpose of cost information is to visualize cost of

functions, potential savings, analysis of ideas and life cycle cost analysis.

The quality and completeness of information provided by the owner and

the designer on the background of their project directly affects the quality of

value engineering team study. The team depends heavily on the designer

and the owner to provide necessary information. There are several areas of

information that are needed to conduct the value engineering study. Some of

the most relevant areas are,

Design criteria (system requirements)

Site conditions (topography, soil condition, soil borings, surrounding area,

Ariel photographs)

Regulatory requirements

Elements of the design

History of the project

Constraints imposed on the project

Available utilities

Requirements resulting from public participation

Design computations.

2.7.1 Cost Information

The cost model is used as a method of organizing costs into

identifiable areas in order to determine the high cost areas of thedesign. All value engineering studies are done on the basis of life

cycle costs. Therefore, the cost needed from the designer of the

project is not only the initial construction cost estimate, but his best

estimate of the cost of owning and operating the facility. Much of this

information has been prepared while analyzing concepts for the



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design. Because cost is the medium that is used for comparison if

ideas, its importance and accuracy cannot be overstated. One of the

first assignments of the value engineering team is to review the cost

information of the project and to validate it. The cost estimates serves

as a basis for comparison of future value engineering

recommendations its accuracy is mandatory.

2.7.2 Life Cycle Cost

Value Engineering differs from all other cost reduction

techniques in different ways. The time value of money and well-

recognised procedure are important considerations in the decision

making process. A formal analysis using engineering economics

provides the answer. The VE cost reduction is over the life time of the

product or facility. Life cycle costs entail all costs from project

conception to the final scraping and disposal of the project or product2.

It includes all costs of operation, repairs, maintenance, energy-

consumption, rentals, insurance etc., discounted to the present and

added to the initial or capital cost. In simple words LLC is that cost

which is for owning and operating the facility.

2.8 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

The purpose of the function analysis is to clearly define the work

involved and the requirements for the project. If functional approach is not

being used while doing an exercise of reducing cost then it is merely cost

reduction and not value engineering and may land up in cheapening the

product or quality or reduce the function. The purpose of VE is not cost

reduction, but cost effectiveness.

2.8.1 Objective of Functional Analysis

The objective of VE is to achieve true value for the owners. This

value can be increased by reducing the cost by cutting unnecessary

5 Seeley, Ivor H, Building Economics, McMillan Press Ltd, London 1996.



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cost, or by providing more workable product that would decrease the

cost of owning and operating the facility or by providing better product,

which increase the esteem or prestige to the owner, at the same cost.

2.8.2 Value Evaluation Criteria

Each individual has evaluation criteria to assess value. The

criteria used to determine the value of a product depends on who the

owner is and his terms of ownership. The evaluation criteria depend

on purchaser, individual, owner and by the designers involved in the

project.

Typical evaluation criteria for assessing value are

i. Initial costii. Energy cost

iii. Return on profit

iv. Functional performance

v. Reliability

vi. Operability Ease of maintenance

vii. Quality

viii.Salability

ix. Regard or esthetics and

x. Environment owner requirements Safety

2.8.3 Verb-Noun Approach

During the VE study, in the functional analysis phase, functions

are defined by two words A Verb and a Noun, also known as 2-

Word Abridgement.

A verb is an action verb and a noun, an action noun. In other

works the verb should be active and should describe what it is that theitem does. The noun should be measurable and describe what it is

that the verb description is acting upon. The noun should be

understood in measurable terms because a specific value will be

assigned to it in the evaluation process, where cost is related to



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function. Verb answers the question What does it cost and noun

answers the question What does it do it to?

The advantages of this approach are

Forces conciseness, which saves time when people become

familiar with the process.

The individual functions are easily understood.

Avoids focusing on specific solutions.

2.8.4 Classification of Function

Each function is classified as basic function which defines a

performance feature that must be attained. It reflects the primary

reason for an item or system. A clear understanding of the users

need is necessary if an adequate definition of the basic function is to

be developed.

However, an item may possess more than one basic function.

An example is the campers hand axe with a flat head of driving tent

stakes and a sharp blade for cutting firewood. Thus a basic function

answers the question, What must it do?

A secondary function also defines performance feature of a

system or item other than those that must be accomplished. It

answers the question what else does it do? The secondary function

supports the basic function but generally exist because of the

particular design approach that has been taken to perform the basic

function. Many times, the presence of a secondary function depends

on the method chosen to achieve a basic function and, if the method

to achieve the basic function is changed, the secondary function may

be eliminated.

The next step is to identify the cost and worth related to each

function. Worth is defined as the least cost required to perform the

function. Assigning a worth is difficult, as it requires making

comparisons and devising new ideas as alternatives to the present

design.

The next step is to compare the overall system cost to the sum

of the worth of the basic function. The resultant is defined as the cost

to worth ratio.the purpose of assigning is to develop list of alternatives



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solutions to the original design. Based on past experience in

comparing cost, a cost worth ratio greater than two will usually

indicate possibilities for removing cost within the project. Having

completed the functional analysis and the cost model fore the project,

the VE team now ready to venture into creative phase.

2.9 CREATIVE PHASE

The creative phases of the value engineering job plan is intended to

force the value engineering participants to think deeper than they are usually

accustomed. Engineers and architects are creature of habits, just like other

individuals. There is instinct is to take the first solution that comes to mind,

develop it put it in to design and casted in concrete. In the course of their

experience on projects, they may have several different alternatives thathave worked well for them I the past, and which they traditionally used as

solution to design. Creative techniques are used to foster an atmosphere of a

free flow of information.

During the value engineering study, the value engineering team

continuously analyzing and synthesizing ideas to come up with the best

balance between the cost, performance, and reliability of the project.

Creative techniques are used to bring about improvements and

progress. Creative thinking may be seen as a means of overcoming

problems that confront us. The solution of creative ideas, are often new and

different from the original concept. There is always new preposition that

improves the required function. Even if the basic premises sound, there are

always to improve the concept. When the project is value engineered a good

design is made with more cost effective. The options are unlimited. Finding

the best solution is where the challenge occurs.

2.9.1 Crux of Creative Thinking

It is applied in a VE study, requires that you separate the

creative portions of your mind from your judgment portion of the mind

for two reasons.

- To allow more associations of ideas

- To accumulate the greater quantity of ideas



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2.9.2 Brain Storming

This is one of the most common techniques used in the VE

Speculation phase. In this technique, a group of individuals

representing different disciplines in a construction project (VE team)

are brought together in a group. The VMTC (value management team

coordinator) who leads the group is supposed to be the facilitator of

this session and it is his responsibility to conduct the session on a

productive manner.

The brewing of the many alternatives for the various areas

under consideration is initiated and the collection of ideas using the

Brainstorming Technique or the Pooling of ideas is done. The primary

objective that is satisfying the function of that item is kept topmost onpriority during the sessions.

The members of the VE team are prompted to spontaneously

produce ideas regarding specific aspects or general areas of the

project. This session is characterized by certain rules, which are as

follows:

- The problem under should be described to the team in advance.

- This description regarding this will be satisfied in the functional

evaluation in the previous phase.

- A positive environment should be established by the VMTC prior to

the start of this phase.

- The group should be diversified and a small in number. To bring

about diversity in the thought process it is advisable to entertain a

proper gender mix, as women are believed to think differently.

- Illogical ideas and freewheeling are encouraged.

- Quantity is what matters and not Quality at this stage.

- Judgment of ideas is prohibited.

- The combination and improvement of ideas are encouraged. To

enable this process, the ideas are written in flip charts for all team

members to see what are generated.

2.9.3 Checklists



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Some of the problems, which are taken for discussion in the

creative phase of the study, might have come in previous VE studies

conducted by the organization. This is a very common phenomenon in

the field of construction. Since all the VE studies are well documented

in each and every stage, the ideas, which may have sprung up in the

creative phase of a previous project, could be used as a checklist and

hence a wider approach is facilitated. Extreme care should be taken in

the fact that while using the checklist the ideas in the checklists should

not be forced to fit in the problem under study as it may provide faulty

conclusions.

2.10 JUDGMENT PHASE

The judgment phase of the VE study is used to screen the ideas listed

in the creative phase. In this phase we will evaluate those ideas to see if they

can be developed further for recommendations resulting in increased value

to the owners. There are also advantages when evaluating creative ideas in

trying to look at the total list of creative ideas to see one or more may be

combined for recommendations.

2.10.1 Evaluation Criteria

- Other cost benefits to the recommendation

- Does the other proposed idea meet the required functional

requirements?

- Is the new idea reliable?

- Are the original design requirements excessive?

- What is the impact on the design and construction schedule of

the project?

- Is there improvement over the original design?

- Has the proposed design being used in the past?

- Is there past record of performance on the new design proposal?

After listing advantages and disadvantages of each of the

creative ideas, the ideas are rated on the basis 1-10, the 10 being

most desirable and 1 being the least desirable. Ideas that are found

to be irrelevant or not worthy of additional study are disregarded,



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and those ideas that represent the greatest potential for cost savings

and improvements to the project are then further developed.

2.11 DEVELOPMENT PHASE AND RECOMMENDATION PHASE

The recommendations formulated by the VE team are given a fair and

thorough evaluation by the appropriate managers of the department. Value

Engineering teams should provide management with as many

recommendations as practicable. The recommendations should then be

evaluated by staff offices whose specialty areas are impacted by the

proposed recommendation. Management must then decide, based on all

available information, whether or not to approve the recommendation.

2.12 EXPECTATIONS FROM VE

Most often, cost reductions are recommended, but in some instances,

recommend an increase becomes essential. Because, while short-term

costs are increased on a specific project, if that means that bridge or road

or a township lasts longer and well need less ongoing maintenance, one

can pay less throughout the lifetime of the facility, which is called life-cycle

cost reduction.

The reasons for adopting Value Engineering is

- VE saves money and ensures that projects are cost-effective.

- VE improves the quality of the project.

- VE can eliminate unnecessary design elements.

- VE fosters innovation and improves productivity.

This chapter had given a brief idea about scope, objective, concept,

methods and application of value engineering. The application of VE in our

case study will be dealt in detail in the next chapter.



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CHAPTER III

SWIMMINGPOOL

Swimming is a widely accepted exercise to keep the body fit and healthy.

The specialty of swimming is that along with thorough exercise it offers a

recreational value, which is probably greater than any other form of physical

exercise. Swimming pool is not only restricted in specialized centers like

gymnasium and fitness clubs but also have become an integral part of a modern

housing scheme.

3.1 DEFINITIONS

The following are the various terms used in swimming pool.

Bather Area means any area normally occupied by bathers as they

participate in bathing activities. Bather areas include pools, decks, slides,

and dressing rooms.

Bather Load means the number of persons using a pool at any one time

or specified period of time.

Diver area means the area of a pool that is designed, operated, andreserved around each diving board or platform.

High Bather Load means 90% or greater of the designed maximum

bather load."

Hydrotherapy Pool means a pool designed primarily for medically

prescribed therapeutic use.

Non-swimmer area means each area of a pool with water five feet, 1.52

meters, or less in depth.

Pool means a man-made basin, chamber, receptacle, tank, or tub which,

when filled with water, creates an artificial body of water used for

swimming, bathing, diving, recreational and therapeutic uses.

Pool Deck means the area contiguous to the outside of the pool curb,

diving boards, diving towers and slides.



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Private Residential Swimming Pool means a swimming pool, spa pool

or wading pool used only by an individual, family, or living unit members

and guests, but not serving any type of multiple unit-housing complexes

of four or more living units.

Public Pool means a swimming pool, spa pool, wading pool, or special

purpose pool facility which is not a private residential pool."

Spa Pool means a pool which uses hydrotherapy jet circulation, hot

water, cold water, bubbles produced by air induction, or any combination

of these, to impart a massaging effect upon a bather. Spa pools include,

spas, whirlpools, hot tubs, or hot spas.

Special Purpose Pool means a pool with design and operational

features that provide patrons recreational, instructional, or therapeutic

activities which are different from that associated with a pool used

primarily for swimming, diving, or spa bathing.

Swimmer area means each area of a pool with water over five feet, 1.52

meters, in depth, which is not designed, operated, or reserved as a diver

area.

Swimming Pool means a pool used primarily for recreational, sporting,

or instructional purposes in bathing, swimming, or diving activities.

Turnover means the circulation of a quantity of water equal to the pool

volume through the filter and treatment facilities.

Wading Pool means any pool or pool area used or designed to be used

by children five years of age or younger for wading or water play

activities.

Water Slide means a recreational facility consisting of f lumes upon which

bathers descend into a splash pool3.

3.2 SWIMMING POOL CONSTRUCTIONThe fig 3.1 shows the flow chart which gives the detail procedure for the

construction of swimming pool

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Fig : 3.1 Flow Chart for Swimming Pool (Execution)

Layout and Positioning

Excavation

Soling and Pcc

Form Work and Rebar

Skimmer box

Returns

Lights

Pipe work

Connection to main

drain

Laying Shahbad Tiles

Plumbing Work

Electrical Installation

Concreting

Pool Internal Finish

Pool Surrounding Deck

Equipment Installation

Testing for Leakage

Commissioning of Pool



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3.3 TYPES OF SWIMMING POOL

Swimming pool can be classified on the basis of position of swimming

pool and the material used for construction. Types of swimming pool are

given as under

3.3.1 In Ground Pools

In ground pools, like the name states are built into the ground. In

ground pools can be built to allow for diving or not, depending on the

depth. A diving pool typically needs to have a deep end depth of 86

or more, where typically, non-diving pools have a depth of 3 to 56.

never add or replace a diving board without first contacting your pool

builder.

3.3.2 Above Ground Pools

Like the name says, above ground pools are built above the

ground. Some are constructed with corrosion resistant steel wall

panels with a vinyl liner covering the inside. Other above ground pools

is made of a thick vinyl-type bladder, which is supported by PVC

poles. Most above ground pools are round or oval, but some are also

rectangle. There is to be no diving in an above ground pool as most

have a maximum depth of 4 to 6 feet.

3.3.3 Concrete Pool

Some pools are constructed by poured concrete. The concrete is

poured, finished and allowed to dry to form the walls and floor. When

the concrete is dry, its painted with the desired color chosen by the

pool owner. Paint touch-ups are typically required, periodically, in

various areas make sure you use the same type of paint as the

original. Two common types of paint for concrete pools are

Chlorinated Rubber or Epoxy. If a concrete finish becomes rough and

chipped in numerous areas, its best to have your concrete pool

professionally sandblasted and repainted an investment that will

extend the life of your concrete pool.



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3.3.4 Gunite / Shot Crete Pool

Gunite (or a variation called Shot Crete) is a type of reinforced

concrete; it is strong and adaptable to unusual shapes. Instead of

being poured, gunite is sprayed. Gunite starts with a dry mixture of

cement and sand, which is then combined with water and mixed

thoroughly. The finished product is then pressure sprayed over a

framework of steel rods and wire mesh to form the walls and floor.

There are a variety of colors / speckle finishes available to the pool

owner.

3.3.5 Vinyl-Liner Pool

Compared to other in ground pools, vinyl-liner pools (shown in

photo no. 11 & 12) are generally the most affordable, easy to maintain

and are available in a standard set of designs. Although the vinyl-liner

is the only part visible to the pool owner, it does not make up structure

and integrity of the pool. After digging and shaping the hole for the

pool, pre-manufactured panels are bolted together to form the walls,

and then a base is poured to form the floor. Lastly, a track (coping) is

installed to the top of the pool walls to hold the vinyl-liner in place.

These types of pools are popular in cold-weather states, since the

panels have some degree of flex and hold up well under freeze/thaw

conditions. Vinyl-liners are available in many colors, patterns and

designs and will last an average of 8 to 10 years, after which time a

new liner can be installed.

3.3.6 Fiberglass Pool

Fiberglass4 pools are made of a one-piece fiberglass molded

shell that makes up the entire pool. While a fiberglass pool is typically

the quickest to install, there are fewer choices for size, shape and

depth compared to other pool types. Because the surface is non-

porous, fiberglass pools are easy to care for and long lasting.

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Concrete Pools have been around for years. They are made of

solid materials, and are sure to last for a long time. Once you add one

of these pools to your home you add value to the final sale of your

home. A backyard pool is an asset no matter where you live, and the

size of your home.

When it comes to finding in ground swimming pools nothing

beats the quality and low maintenance of fiber glass Unlike above

ground pools, installing an in ground pool is a permanent home

improvement option. They are made of stronger, more durable parts,

and have fewer problems with things like leakage and tears. This

home improvement adds value to your home, not to mention the hours

of fun it adds to your life.

3.4 POOL BASICS

Swimming pools come in all shapes and sizes, but nearly all of them, from the

backyard personal pool to the water park wave pool, work in the same basic way. They

use a combination of filtration and chemical treatment to continually clean a large

volume of water.

A typical swimming pool needs seven major components:

A basin

A motorized pump

A water filter

A chemical feeder

Drains

Returns

PVC plastic plumbing connecting all of these elements5

3.4.1 Pool Basin

The basic idea is to pump water in a continual cycle, from thepool through the filtering and chemical treatment systems and back to

the pool again. In this way, the pumping system keeps the water in the

pool relatively free of dirt, debris and bacteria. Some pools also

5Philip H perkins, swimming pool, London and new york publishers,fourth edition.



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include heaters in the mix, in order to keep the water at a certain

temperature

3.4.2 Motorised Pool Pumps

A pool pump is a crucial mechanical device that works in

conjunction with the filter to maintain your pool's cleanliness. Pool

pumps are offered in a large selection with many different sizes and

pumping capabilities. Some are designed for smaller above ground

pool while others are better for in ground ones.

A pool pump works by extracting water from the pool, running it

through a basket and then a filter to trap debris and dirt. The pump

then sends clean water back into the pool. A pump can have one or

two speeds and different levels of power.

Every pump has a capability level that lets you know how much

water it can circulate. It is important to look at the pump's circulation

ability and see how much it can pump either by the minute or by the

hour. A good rule to follow is that a residential pool should be able to

circulate its entire water contents in 8-10 hours.

Some pool pumps come equipped with a straining basket to catch

debris and many have transparent lids to allow you to monitor the

Fig-3.2 A Typical Pool System



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basket.

It is important to look into the energy efficiency of the pump as

well as the warranty stipulations to ensure you get the best bang for

your buck. Also, specific pumps are able to work best with different

filter types.

A pool pump can cost anywhere between $70 and $500. Above-

ground pumps tend to be less expensive than in ground models.

3.4.3 WATER FILTER

Basic Requirements Of Water Filter.

A public pool must either use a rapid sand filter, hi-rate sand filter,

diatomaceous earth filter, or a cartridge filter.

The filter system must be provided with influent pressure, vacuum,

or compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filters. Air-

relief valves must be provided at or near the high point of the filter

or piping system.

The filter tank and all components must be installed in compliance

with the manufacturer's recommendations.

An air-relief valve must be provided at or near the high point of the

filter.

The filter system must be provided with an influent pressure

gauge to indicate the condition of the filter.

The design rate of filtration may not exceed 2.0 g.p.m./sq.ft., 7.57

liters/929 cm2, of effective filtering surface without continuous body

feed, nor greater than 2.5 g.p.m./sq.ft., 9.46 liters/929 cm2, with

continuous body feed.

Where fabric is used, filtering area must be determined on the

basis of effective filtering surfaces. The filter and all component parts must be designed and constructed of materials which will withstand normal

continuous use without significant deformation, deterioration, corrosion or wear which could adversely affect

filter operations.

The filter plant must be provided with influent pressure, vacuum, or

compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filter. In vacuum-

type filter installations where the circulating pump is rated at two



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horsepower or higher, an adjustable high vacuum automatic shut-

off device must be provided to prevent damage to the pump. Air-

relief valves must be provided at or near the high point of the filter

system.

A filter must be designed to facilitate cleaning by one or more of the

following methods: backwashing, air-bump-assist backwashing,

automatic or manual water spray, or agitation.

The filter system must provide for complete and rapid draining of

the filter.

The designed rate of filtration may not exceed 0.375 gallons, 1.42

liters, per minute per square foot, 929 cm2, of effective filter area.

The filter must be fitted with influent and effluent pressure gauges,

vacuum, or compound gauges to indicate the condition of the filter.

In vacuum type filter installations where the circulating pump is

rated at two horsepower or higher, an adjustable high vacuum

automatic shut-off must be provided to prevent damage to the

pump. Air- relief valves must be provided at or near the high point

of the filter system.

3.4.3.1 Typesof Fil ter.

Pool filters are made for both in ground and above

ground pools and are designed specifically to work in

correlation with different pumps. There are three common

types of pool filters found on the market today.

Sand Filters quite simply have sand in a pressurized canister

that stops debris. They are very popular because they work

well and are the most affordable in filter options. The average

cost of a sand filter can be between $180 and $450.

Sand filters (shown in photo no - 4) use specially graded

sand as the filter media. The water enters the tank through

the diffuser. As the water goes down through the bed of

sand, the dirt and debris is trapped between the grains of

sand. When the water reaches the bottom of the filter, it



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enters the laterals and is returned to the pool. Sand filters

filter out debris down to about 40 microns in size.

Cartridge Filters use cartridges that clean the water by

trapping dirt in the cartridge. You must clean the cartridge to

get rid of the debris. They work well and range in price from

$200-$800.

Cartridge filters use a paper-type cartridge as the filter

media. They do not filter as finely as DE, and in our

experience produce about the same water quality as sand

filtration.

Cartridge filters (shown in photo no - 5) used to have a

bad reputation as a nuisance to maintain, but manufacturers

have come up with newer filters with enough surface area

(300-500 square feet) to need cleaning only once or twice

each year. This makes the maintenance issue a plus with

these filters.

Diatomaceous Earth (De) filters use powder-coated filter

grids that can catch the smallest of particles. They are the

most expensive type but are extremely effective. A DE filter's

cost ranges from $280-$800. Some filters needs to be

backwashed, which essentially washes out debris from the

filter by reversing the stream of water. Similar to a pump, a

filter is measured in the amount of water it can circulate in a

given amount of time.

DE filters (shown in photo no - 6) use diatomaceous

earth as a filter media. The DE filter has plastic grids covered

with a plastic type of fabric. A layer of filter powder called

Diatomaceous Earth covers the grids and does the filtering.

As the water passes through the filter powder, any

debris down to 5-8 microns is filtered out. Because the DE is

much finer that sand, it is able to filter much more finely than

a sand filter.

3.4.4 Chemical Feeder



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Chemical feeder is equipped in pool to control and

moniter chemicals to the pool circulation system

3.4.4.1 Disinfectant

i. A pool must be equipped with a disinfectant feeder or

feeders, adjusted output rate chemical-feeding equipment

and flow through chemical feeding equipment for

swimming pools, or be deemed equivalent by the

department.

ii. A spa pool must be equipped with oxidation reduction

potential controllers which monitor chemical demands,

including pH and disinfectant demands, and regulate the

amount of chemicals fed into the pool circulation system.Supervisory water testing, calibration checks, inspection

and cleaning of sensor probes and chemical injectors

must be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's

recommendations. If specific manufacturer's

recommendations are not made, the inspections,

calibration checks, and cleaning of sensor probes must be

done at least weekly.

iii. Where compressed chlorine gas is used, the following

additional features must be provided:

(a) Chlorine and chlorinating equipment must be located in a

secure, well-ventilated enclosure separate from other

equipment systems or equipment rooms. Such enclosures

may not be below ground level. If an enclosure is a room

within a building, it must be provided with vents near the

floor, which terminate at a location out-of-doors.

Enclosures must be located to prevent contamination of

air inlets to any buildings and areas used by people.

Forced air ventilation capable of providing at least one

complete air change per minute, must be provided for

enclosures.



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(b) Substances, which are incompatible with chlorine, may not

be kept in the chlorine enclosure.

(c) Chlorine cylinders must be secured to prevent their falling

over. An approved valve stem wrench must be maintained

on the chlorine cylinder so the supply can be shut off

quickly in case of emergency. Valve protection hoods and

cap nuts must be kept in place except when the cylinder is

connected.

(d) Doors to chlorine gas and equipment rooms must be

labeled DANGER CHLORINE GAS in letters at least four

inches, 10.16 cm.

(e) The chlorinator must be designed so that leaking chlorine

gas will be vented to the out-of- doors.

(f) The chlorinator must be a solution feed type, capable of

delivering chlorine at its maximum rate without releasing

chlorine gas to the atmosphere. Injector water must be

furnished from the pool circulation system with necessary

water pressure increases supplied by a booster pump.

The booster must be interlocked with both the pool

circulation pump and with a flow switch on the return line.

(g) Chlorine feed lines may not carry pressurized chlorine

gas.

(h) An unbreakable bottle of ammonium hydroxide, of

approximately 28 percent solution in water, must be

readily available for chlorine leak detection.

(i) A self-contained breathing apparatus approved by NIOSH for entering environments that

are immediately dangerous to life or health must be available and must have a minimum

capacity of fifteen minutes.

(j) The breathing apparatus must be kept in a closed

cabinet located outside of the room in which the

chlorinator is maintained, and must be accessible

without use of a key or lock combination.

(k) The facility operator shall demonstrate to the local

health department through training documentation, that

all persons who operate, or handle gas chlorine



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equipment are knowledgeable about safety and proper

equipment handling practices to protect themselves,

staff members, and the public from accidental

exposure to chlorine gas.

(l) The facility operator or his designee shall immediately

notify the local health department of any inadvertent

escape of chlorine gas.

iv. Bactericidal agents, other than chlorine and bromine, and

their feeding apparatus may be acceptable if approved by

the department.

v. Equipment of the positive displacement type and piping

used to apply chemicals to the water must be sized,

designed, and constructed of materials which can be

cleaned and maintained free from clogging at all times.

Materials used for such equipment and piping must be

resistant to the effects of the chemicals in use.

vi. All auxiliary chemical feed pumps must be wired

electrically to the main circulation pump so that the

operation of these pumps is dependent upon the operation

of the main circulation pump. If a chemical feed pump has

an independent timer, the main circulation pump and

chemical feed pump timer must be interlocked.



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TABLE-3.1

Acceptable Chemical Levels

Description Minimum limit (ppm) Maximum limit (ppm)

Ph value 7.2 7.6

Free Chlorine 1.5 5.0

Combined chlorine 0.5 1.0

Total alkalinity 80 140

Calcium hardness 250 600

Cyanuric Acid 30 60

Sulphates 200 300

chlorides 200 600

3.4.5 Drains

We've already seen that the water in a swimming pool needs to circulate

through a filtering system, to remove dirt and debris. During normal operation,

water flows to the filtering system through two or more main drains at the

bottom of the pool and multiple skimmer drains around the top of the pool.

The main drains are usually located on the lowest point in the

pool, so the entire pool surface slants toward them. Most of the dirt

and debris that sinks exits the pool through these drains. To keeppeople from getting their hair or limbs caught in the plumbing, the

drains are almost always covered with grates or antivortex covers (a

cover that diverts the flow of water to prevent a dangerous vortex from

forming).

The skimmers draw waters the same way as the main drains, but

they suck only from the very top of the pool (the top eighth of an inch,

typically). Any debris that floats -- leaves, suntan oil, and hair -- leaves

the pool through these drains. The diagram below shows a common

system.

3.4.5.1 The Drain System

In the system described here, the floating weir, the door at the

inlet passageway, swings in and out to let a very small volume of



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water in at a time. To catch debris effectively, the goal is to skim just

the surface level. The water flows through the strainer basket, which

catches any larger debris, such as twigs and leaves. In addition to the

main inlet, the skimmer system has a secondary equalizer line leading

to a drain below the surface level. This line keeps the skimmer from

drawing air into the pump system if the water level drops below the

level of the main inlet.

Fig- 3.6 Typical Drain System

3.4.6 Return Port

The water is pumped through the filtering system and back out to

returns, inlet valves around the side of the pool. This system involves

a lot of suction, but if the pool is built and operated correctly, there is

virtually no risk of suction holding somebody against one of the drains.

The only way the plumbing system could apply this sort of suction is if

there were only one open drain. In a safe pool, there are always

multiple main drains as well as several skimmer drains, so if

somebody or something blocks one drain, the pumping system will

pull water from one of the other drains. This eliminates the suction on

the blocked drain (see photo no - 8).

3.5 POOL REQUIREMENTS



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3.5.1 Water Supply

i. The water supply serving a public pool and all plumbing fixtures,

including drinking fountains, lavatories and showers, must meet

the requirements for drinking water established by the Department

of Environmental Quality.

ii. All portions of water supply, re-circulation, and distribution systems

serving the facility must be protected against backflow. Water

introduced into the pool, either directly or through the circulation

system, must be supplied through an air gap6.

3.5.2 Water System

i. Each public pool must discharge waste water to a public sanitary

sewer system if the sewer system is within 300 feet of the property

line. Where no public sanitary sewer system is available within 300

feet of the property line, the local health department may approve

connections made to a disposal system designed, constructed,

and operated in accordance with the minimum requirements of the

Department of Environmental Quality.

ii. Each public pool must connect to a sewer or wastewater disposal

system through an air break to preclude the possibility of sewage

or waste backup into the piping system.

3.5.3 Construction Materials

i. Each public pool and the appurtenances necessary for it's proper

function and operation must be constructed of materials which are

inert, non-toxic to humans, impervious, enduring over time, and

resists the affects of wear and deterioration from chemical,

physical, radiological, and mechanical actions.

ii. Construction of a public pool must withstand the stresses associated with the normal uses for which the public

pool was designed.

iii. Each pool shell must be bonded to the supporting members.

iv. Each pool shell must be designed and constructed in a manner

that provides a smooth, easily cleanable surface.

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CHAPTER IV

STANDARDS FOR SWIMMING POOL

This chapter briefly depicts the universal standard and recommendation

followed during design and construction of swimming pool. There are a number of

accepted Standards and Recommendations covering almost every aspect of

swimming pool design and construction. Ofcourse, the Standards and

Recommendations for commercial pools are similar to those for the private home

pools, but the heavy use that commercial pools endure means that some aspects

are different.

4.1 DEPTH AND FLOOR SPACES

i. In determining the horizontal slope ratio of a pool floor, the first number

shall indicate the vertical change in value or rise and the second number

shall indicate the horizontal change in value or run of the slope.

- The horizontal slope of the floor of any portion of a pool having a

water depth of less than five feet, 1.52 meters, may not be steeper

than a ratio of 1 to 10.

- The horizontal slope of the floor of any portion of a pool having a water depth greater than five feet, 1.52 meters,

must be uniform, must allow complete drainage and may not exceed a ratio of 1 to 3.

ii. A wading pool may not exceed a maximum water depth of two feet, 60.96 cm.

III. A spa pool may not exceed a maximum water depth of four feet, 1.22 meters.

4.2 POOL WALL

i. Pool walls must be vertical or within 11 degrees of vertical for a minimum

distance of 2'9", 83.82 cm, below the water line in areas with a depth of

five feet, 1.52 meters, or greater. Pool walls must be vertical or within 11

degrees of vertical for a minimum distance equal to or greater than onehalf the pool depth as measured from the water line.

ii. Where walls form an arc to join the floors, the transitional arc from wall to

floor must:

- Have its center no less than 2'9", 83.82 cm, below the water level in

areas with a depth greater than five feet, 1.52 meters.



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- Have its center no less than 75% of the pool depth beneath the water

level, in areas of the pool with a depth of five feet, 1.52 meters or less.

- Be tangent to the wall.

- Have a radius, which may not exceed a length greater than 25% of the water depth, in areas with a water depth of

five feet, 1.52 meters, or less.

4.3 LADDERS, RECESSED STEPS AND STAIRS

i. In areas of a pool where the water depth is greater than two feet, 60.96

cm, and less than five feet, 1.52 meters, as measured vertically from the

bottom of the pool to the deck or walk, steps or ladders must be provided,

and be located in the area of shallowest depth.

ii. In areas of the pool where the depth is greater than five feet, 1.52 meters,

as measured vertically from the bottom of the pool to the deck or walk,

ladders or recessed steps must be provided.

iii. A pool over 30 feet, 9.14 meters, wide must be equipped with steps,

recessed steps, or ladders as applicable, installed on each end of both

side walls.

iv. A pool over 30 feet, 9.14 meters, wide and 75 feet, 22.8 meters, or

greater in length, must have ladders or recessed steps midway on both

side walls of the pool, or must have ladders or recessed steps spaced at

equal distances from each other along both sides of the pool at distances

not to exceed 30 feet, 9.14 meters, in swimming and diving areas, and 50

feet, 15.23 meters in non-swimming areas.

v. Ladders or recessed steps must be located within 15 feet, 4.56 meters, of

the diving area end wall.

vi. The steps, recessed steps, and ladders, must have one or more

handrails.

vii. Steps must be constructed of corrosion-resistant material, be easily

cleanable, and be of a safe design. Steps leading into pools must be of non-slip design, have a minimum

run of 10 inches, 25.4 cm, and a maximum rise of 12 inches, 30.48

cm.



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Steps must have a line at least one inch, 2.54 cm, in width, and be of

a contrasting dark color for maximum visual distinction within two

inches, 5.08 cm, of the leading edge of each step.

Steps must have a minimum width of 18 inches, 45.72 cm as

measured at the leading edge of the step.

In a spa pool where the bottom step serves as a bench or seat, the

bottom riser must be a maximum of 14 inches, 35.56 cm.

viii. Pool ladders must meet the following requirements:

Pool ladders must be corrosion-resistant and must be equipped with

non-slip rungs.

All ladders must be designed to provide a handhold and must be

rigidly installed.

There must be a clearance of not more than five inches, 12.7 cm, nor

less than three inches, 7.62 cm, between any ladder rung and the

pool wall.

ix. The designing architect or engineer or the facility owner must anticipate

maximum loads on supports, platforms and steps for diving boards, and

ensure that supports, platforms, and steps are of substantial construction

and of sufficient structural strength to safely carry the maximum

anticipated loads.Handrails must be provided at all steps and ladders

leading to diving boards more than 3'3" feet, 1 meter, above the water.

x. Platforms and diving boards which are over 3'3" feet, 1 meter, high, must

be designed to protect divers from falls to the deck or pool curb by the

installation of guard railings.

4.4 DECKS AND WALKWAYS

i. A continuous, unobstructed deck at least five feet, 1.52 meters, wide as

measured from the pool side edge of the coping must extend completelyaround the pool.

ii. At least five feet, 1.52 meters, of deck area must be provided behind the

deck end of any diving board, platform, slide, step, or ladder.

iii. The deck must slope away from the pool to floor drains at a grade of 1/4

inch, 6.35 mm, to 3/8 inch, 9.53 mm, per linear foot.



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iv. Decks and walkways must be maintained free of standing water and must

have non-slip surfaces.

v. Deck drains may not return water to the pool or the circulation system.

vi. Decks must be maintained in a sanitary condition and free from litter.

vii . A spa deck must meet each of the following requirements: A spa pool must have a continuous, unobstructed deck at least 3 feet, 91.44 cm wide around 25 percent or more of

the spa. This width may include the coping.

A pool deck may be included as part of the spa deck

4.5 FENCING

i. A fence or other barrier is required and must provide complete perimeter security of the facility, and be at least six feet, 1.83

meters, in height. Openings through the fence or barrier, other than entry or exit access, may not permit a sphere greater than

4 inches, 10.16 cm, to pass through it at any location.

ii. A fence or barrier that has an entrance to the facility must be equipped with

a self-closing and self-latching gate or door. Except for self-locking

mechanisms, self-latching mechanisms must be at least 54 inches, 1.37

meters, above the ground and must be provided with hardware for locking

the gate when the facility is not in use.

iii. Bathing areas must be separated from non-bathing areas by barriers with a

minimum height of four feet, 1.22 meters, or by a minimum of 5 feet, 1.53

meters, distance separation.

4.6 DEPTH MARKING AND SAFETY ROPE

i. The depth of the water must be plainly marked at locations of maximum

and minimum pool depth, and at the points of separation between the

swimming and non-swimming areas of a pool. Pools must also be marked

at intermediate one foot, 30.48 cm., increments of depth, spaced at

distances which do not exceed 25 feet, 7.62 meters. Markings must be

located above the water line or within two inches, 5.8 cm, from the coping

on the vertical wall of the pool and on the edge of the deck or walk next to

the pool with numerals at least four inches, 10.16 cm. high.

ii. A pool with both swimming and diving areas must have a floating safety

rope separating the swimming and diving areas.

The safety rope must be securely fastened to wall anchors. Wall

anchors must be of corrosion- resistant materials and must be recessed



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or have no projections that may be a safety hazard if the safety rope is

removed.

The safety rope must be marked with visible floats spaced at intervals of

seven feet, 2.13 meters or less.

The rope must be at least one half of an inch, 1.27 cm, in diameter, and

of sufficient strength to support the loads imposed on it during normal

bathing activities.

iii. A pool constructed with a change in the slope of the pool floor must have the

change in slope designated by a floating safety rope and a line of

demarcation on the pool floor.

4.7 CIRCULATION SYSTEM

i. A circulation system, consisting of pumps, piping, filters, water

conditioning and disinfection equipment and other related equipment

must be provided.

Except for spas, wading pools, wave pools, slide pools, vehicle slide

pools, and floatation tanks, the circulation system shall clarify and

disinfect the entire volume of pool water in eight hours or less, thus

providing a minimum turnover of at least three times in 24 hours.

The circulation equipment must be operated continuously except for

periods of routine or other necessary maintenance and must be

designed to permit complete drainage of the system..

Piping must be of non-toxic material, resistant to corrosion and be

able to withstand operating pressures.

Plumbing must be identified by a color code or labels.

ii. The water velocity in discharge piping may not exceed 10 feet, 3.05

meters, per second, except for copper pipe where the velocity for piping

may not exceed 8 feet, 2.44 meters, per second.iii. Suction velocity for all piping may not exceed 6 feet, 1.83 meters, per

second.

iv. The circulation system must include a strainer to prevent hair, lint, etc.,

from reaching the pump.

v. A vacuum-cleaning system must be provided..



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vi. A rate-of-flow indicator, reading in gallons per minute, must be properly

installed and located according to manufacturer recommendations. The

indicator must be located in a place and position where it can be easily

read.

vii. A pool equipped with heaters must meet the requirements for boilers and

pressure vessels and must have a fixed thermometer mounted in the pool

circulation line downstream from the heater outlet. The heater must be

provided with a heat sink as required by manufacturer's instructions.

viii. The area housing the circulation equipment must be designed with adequate working space so that all equipment may be

easily disassembled, removed, and replaced for proper maintenance.

ix. All circulation lines to and from the pool must be regulated with valves in

order to control the circulation flow.

x. Written operational instructions must be immediately available at the

facility at all times.

xi. A wading pool must have a minimum of one turnover per hour and have a

separate circulation system.

xii. A spa pool must have a minimum of one turnover every 30 minutes. The

circulation lines of jet systems and other forms of water agitation used in

spa and therapy pool must be independent and separate from the

circulation-filtration and heating systems.

xiii.Slide and vehicle slide pools must be operated at a minimum of one

turnover every hour.

4.7.1 Inlet

i. Inlets for fresh or treated water must be located to produce uniform

circulation of water and to facilitate the maintenance of a uniform

disinfectant residual throughout the entire pool. Inlets from the

circulation system must be flush with the pool wall and submerged at

least five feet, 1.52 meters, below the water level, or at the bottom ofthe vertical wall surface.

ii. Each inlet must be designed as a non-adjustable orifice with sufficient

head loss to insure balancing of flow through all inlets.

iii. A wading pool must be provided with inlets around it's perimeter at a

minimum of one in each 20 feet, 6.10 meters, or fraction thereof.



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iv. Spa pool filtration system inlets must be provided for spa type pools

based on a minimum of one for each 20 feet, 6.10 meters, or fraction

thereof, of pool perimeter.

4.7.2 Outlet

The minimum requirement of outlets in swimming pool is as follows:

i The pool shall have a minimum of two grated outlets with each outlet

being separated by at least four feet

Documents

Analysis of Swimming Pool by VE Tech