Analysis Of Waste Analysis Of Waste Management Policies In IndiaManagement Policies In India

Application of AIM/Material to IndiaApplication of AIM/Material to India

Ashish RanaAshish Rana

NIESNIES

The 7th International AIM Workshop, Tsukuba, March 15-17, 2002

Solid wastes problem in IndiaSolid wastes problem in India

As visible as water pollution, air quality in citiesAs visible as water pollution, air quality in citiesManagement and safe disposalManagement and safe disposalGeneration is higher than collectionGeneration is higher than collection

City Solid wastes (Tons/day)Generated Collected

Bombay 3200 3100Madras 1819 1637Bangalore 1800 1225Ahmedabad 1200 1080Kanpur 2142 1500Pune 1000 700Lucknow 600 500

Types of solid wastesTypes of solid wastes

RuralRuralChiefly organic, animal wasteChiefly organic, animal waste

MunicipalMunicipalFrom householdsFrom households

IndustrialIndustrial

Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional Rural wastes handled adequately by traditional methods with little technological inputsmethods with little technological inputs

Quantity and nature of wasteQuantity and nature of waste

Per capita waste generation Per capita waste generation –– 300 to 600 grams 300 to 600 grams per dayper dayCharacteristicsCharacteristics

Low Calorific valueLow Calorific valueHigh Moisture contentHigh Moisture contentHigh proportion of organic matterHigh proportion of organic matterLower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, Lower recyclable content such as paper, plastics, metals. metals.

Composition of MSWComposition of MSW

Composition PercentageBiodegradable 52% Metals Scrap, Rubber, Textiles, Leather etc 11% Stones and Rubbles 8% Fine Earth and Sand 23% Plastics 1% Paper and Paper Products 5%

Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes

Inadequate dataInadequate dataAvailabilityAvailabilityQualityQuality

Estimation: waste per unit of productionEstimation: waste per unit of productionTechnology differences? (Paper industry example)Technology differences? (Paper industry example)

Hazardous waste Hazardous waste -- more attentionmore attention

Wood-based Agri. Residue Wastepaper Wastewater (kg/Ton of output) BOD 65 176 20COD 246 741 70TSS 168 160 60Solid Waste (ton/ton of output) 1.5 - 2.0 0.15 - 0.2

Hazardous wasteHazardous waste

High priorityHigh priorityDischarge without checksDischarge without checksTrade/Illegal dumping from developed nationsTrade/Illegal dumping from developed nations

HighHigh--powered Committee Report 2000powered Committee Report 2000Civil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) actionCivil society (NGOs like Greenpeace) actionEstimated annual generation around 4.5 Million Estimated annual generation around 4.5 Million tons plus around 0.1 Million tons of importstons plus around 0.1 Million tons of imports

Environment industryEnvironment industry

Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to Currently estimated at $2 Billion and expected to grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate)grow to $7 Billion by 2010 (CII estimate)

Total Market Local Production Coal 50.9 20 Textiles 39 29 Paper and Pulp 88 46 Power1 9.45 5.95

Environment control equipment market for some sectors 1998 (Million Dollars)

1 Only Environment monitoring equipment

RecyclingRecycling

Recycling from householdsRecycling from householdsOld traditionOld tradition

Recycling from industriesRecycling from industriesChiefly done through Chiefly done through ‘‘Informal sectorInformal sector’’

Absence of organized dataAbsence of organized data

Informal sectorInformal sectorRag picker/Itinerant BuyerRag picker/Itinerant BuyerLong chain of intermediaries Long chain of intermediaries –– waste dealers, wholesalers, waste dealers, wholesalers, Small recycling units or industriesSmall recycling units or industries

Plastics recycling ~ 60%Plastics recycling ~ 60%Paper recycling Paper recycling -- ~15~15--20%20%

AIM/Material applicationAIM/Material application

26 Sectors (24 Commodities)26 Sectors (24 Commodities)15 Waste types15 Waste typesEmphasis on solid wastesEmphasis on solid wastesSeparate treatment of hazardous wasteSeparate treatment of hazardous wasteRecyclingRecycling

Model schematicModel schematic Household

Market

Production Waste Toxic

Non-toxic

Waste Management

Waste Management

Recycling

Recycling

IntermediateManagement

IntermediateManagement

Disposal

Disposal

capital labor energyinput for

pollution management other intermediate

input

EnvironmentalIndustry

Emis

sion

righ

ts

Resource inputs

Inve

stm

ent

CO2 final disposal

final disposal

Resource inputs

Envi

ronm

ent I

nves

tmen

t

PTGUTL

House-hold

ACT(V)

production

PK

PL

PP(V,P)

PM(H,V)

PENE(V,”pro”)

PY(U)

IWM(WNT,WMW)

industrialwaste

managementActivity

For Non-toxic

PX(H)

PM(H,”iwm”)

PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)

PP(“iwm”,P)

PEK(“w_i”)

PL

PK

PZ

PIW(WNT,WMW)

PXE(EN)

IWM(WT,WMW)

industrialwaste

managementActivity

Fortoxic

PX(H)

PM(H,”iwm”)

PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)

PP(“iwm”,P)

PEK(“w_i”)

PL

PK

PZT

PIW(WT,WMW)

PXE(EN)

IWS(W,WMW)PWIX(W)

IWG(J)PW(J,”w_i”)

EXD(U)

ABR

PEX(U)

PDM(U)

PIM(I)

MRPE(J,P)

discharge into env.

PEV(P) PP(J,P)

MRPW(J,S)PP(J,S)PW(J,S)

PK

PL

PEK(P)

PZ

PCARB

PEV(P)

PDM(U)

INV(U)

PDM(U)

PX(U)

PIM(U)

PINV(U) CAPF PCAP

INFR(IVP)PSI(IVP)

ECPF1(P)

ECPF２(P)

PECP(P)

PGI(U)GI(U)

PDM(U)

PX(U)

PIM(U)

CON(I)

PDM(U)

PX(I)

PIM(I) PC(I)

HOUSE PCONPENEH

IOM(H,J)

PDM(H)

PIM(H) PM(H,J)

PX(H)

EAGG1(EN)

EAGG2(EN)

EAGG3(EN)

PE(EN)PDM(EN)

PIM(EN)

PXE(EN)CEM(EN,J,D)

CEMH(EN)

PEC(EN,J,D)

PECH(EN)PCARB

PCARB

EAH

EAG(J,D)PENE(J,D)

PENEH

GWSPWM(W) PGW

HWSPWM(W) PDM(“mwm”)

PDM(“mwm”)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PCAP

PSI(IVP)

PECP(P)

PGI(U)

PTG

PCON

PDM(U)

PIM(U)

PGW

PE(EN)

Flow of goodssee “commodities” in the model

Activitysee “sectors” in the model

RED(J,P)

pollutantself

management

PA(P)

PX(H)

PXE(EN)PM(H,J)

PENE(J,P)

PZ

PEK(P)

PLMRPA(J,P)

self management

PP(J,P)

MWM(W,WMW)

Municipalwaste

managementactivity

PM(H,”mwm”)

PENE(“mwm”,”pro”)

PP(“mwm”,P)

PEK(“w_m”)

PL

PK

PZ

PX(H)

PMW(W,WMW)

PXE(EN)

MWS(W,WMW)PWMX(W)

MWG(J)PW(J,”w_m”)

PZT

PTGUTL

House-hold

ACT(V)

production

PK

PL

PP(V,P)

PM(H,V)

PENE(V,”pro”)

PY(U)

IWM(WNT,WMW)

industrialwaste

managementActivity

For Non-toxic

PX(H)

PM(H,”iwm”)

PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)

PP(“iwm”,P)

PEK(“w_i”)

PL

PK

PZ

PIW(WNT,WMW)

PXE(EN)

IWM(WT,WMW)

industrialwaste

managementActivity

Fortoxic

PX(H)

PM(H,”iwm”)

PENE(“iwm”,”pro”)

PP(“iwm”,P)

PEK(“w_i”)

PL

PK

PZT

PIW(WT,WMW)

PXE(EN)

IWS(W,WMW)PWIX(W)

IWG(J)PW(J,”w_i”)

EXD(U)

ABR

PEX(U)

PDM(U)

PIM(I)

MRPE(J,P)

discharge into env.

PEV(P) PP(J,P)

MRPW(J,S)PP(J,S)PW(J,S)

PK

PL

PEK(P)

PZ

PCARB

PEV(P)

PDM(U)

INV(U)

PDM(U)

PX(U)

PIM(U)

PINV(U) CAPF PCAP

INFR(IVP)PSI(IVP)

ECPF1(P)

ECPF２(P)

PECP(P)

PGI(U)GI(U)

PDM(U)

PX(U)

PIM(U)

CON(I)

PDM(U)

PX(I)

PIM(I) PC(I)

HOUSE PCONPENEH

IOM(H,J)

PDM(H)

PIM(H) PM(H,J)

PX(H)

EAGG1(EN)

EAGG2(EN)

EAGG3(EN)

PE(EN)PDM(EN)

PIM(EN)

PXE(EN)CEM(EN,J,D)

CEMH(EN)

PEC(EN,J,D)

PECH(EN)PCARB

PCARB

EAH

EAG(J,D)PENE(J,D)

PENEH

GWSPWM(W) PGW

HWSPWM(W) PDM(“mwm”)

PDM(“mwm”)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PE(EN)

PCAP

PSI(IVP)

PECP(P)

PGI(U)

PTG

PCON

PDM(U)

PIM(U)

PGW

PE(EN)

Flow of goodssee “commodities” in the model

Activitysee “sectors” in the model

RED(J,P)

pollutantself

management

PA(P)

PX(H)

PXE(EN)PM(H,J)

PENE(J,P)

PZ

PEK(P)

PLMRPA(J,P)

self management

PP(J,P)

MWM(W,WMW)

Municipalwaste

managementactivity

PM(H,”mwm”)

PENE(“mwm”,”pro”)

PP(“mwm”,P)

PEK(“w_m”)

PL

PK

PZ

PX(H)

PMW(W,WMW)

PXE(EN)

MWS(W,WMW)PWMX(W)

MWG(J)PW(J,”w_m”)

PZT

SectorsSectorsAGR Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing WTR Water SupplyMIN Mining SRV Services FOD Food MWM Municipal Waste Management TEX Textiles IWM Industrial Waste Management PLP Paper and pulp EMC Environment Industry CHM Chemicals GOV Government service NMM Non-metallic minerals COL Coal BMT Basic Metals OIL Oil FMT Fabricated Metals GAS Gas MCH Machinery HYD+ Hydro Power ELM Electrical machinery THE+ Thermal Power TRE Transport equipment NUC+ Nuclear Power OTH Other manufacturing ELE* Electricity CNS Construction + Only Sector * Only Commodity

Waste categoriesWaste categoriesIndustrial Wastes WCT Construction Waste

ID Description DST Dust ASH Ash WZZ Other waste SLD Sludge WWT Toxic Waste WOL Waste Oil Municipal Wastes WPL Waste Plastic ID Description WPP Waste Paper WPL Waste Plastic WWD Waste Wood WPP Waste Paper WTX Waste Textile WTX Waste Textile WAP Animal and Plant Waste WAP Animal and Plant Waste SCM Scrap Metal SCM Scrap Metal WGC Waste Glass WGC Waste Glass SLG Slag WZZ Other waste

Industrial Wastes WCT Construction WasteID Description DST Dust ASH Ash WZZ Other waste SLD Sludge WWT Toxic Waste WOL Waste Oil Municipal Wastes WPL Waste Plastic ID Description WPP Waste Paper WPL Waste Plastic WWD Waste Wood WPP Waste Paper WTX Waste Textile WTX Waste Textile WAP Animal and Plant Waste WAP Animal and Plant Waste SCM Scrap Metal SCM Scrap Metal WGC Waste Glass WGC Waste Glass SLG Slag WZZ Other waste

Waste to goodsWaste to goods AGR TEX PLP CHM BMT OTH NMM FMT

ASH SLD WOL WPL WPP WWD WTX WAP SCM WGC SLG WCT DST WZZ WWT

ScenariosScenarios

Scenario 1Scenario 1Reference scenario Reference scenario –– no interventionsno interventions

Scenario 2Scenario 2Toxic Constraint Scenario Toxic Constraint Scenario –– limit the discharge of limit the discharge of toxic wastes.toxic wastes.

Scenario 3Scenario 3Countermeasures Countermeasures –– environmental investment with environmental investment with waste management efficiency improvementwaste management efficiency improvement

ResultsResults

Still preliminary and only indicative Still preliminary and only indicative Demonstrate what we can do with this model Demonstrate what we can do with this model when applied to India even with limited data when applied to India even with limited data availabilityavailability

Results Results –– Reference CaseReference Case

GDP growth of 5.85% for the period 1994GDP growth of 5.85% for the period 1994--20102010Total waste generation grows at 4.9%Total waste generation grows at 4.9%Growth in disposal of nonGrowth in disposal of non--toxic waste is 3.5%toxic waste is 3.5%Growth in disposal of toxic waste is 3%Growth in disposal of toxic waste is 3%Waste management service sectors (IWM and Waste management service sectors (IWM and MWM) growth rate is 5% while Environment MWM) growth rate is 5% while Environment Industry grows at 6.28%. Industry grows at 6.28%.

Results Results -- PolicyPolicy

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2007 2008 2009 2010Year

Milli

on D

olla

rs

scen2scen3

GDP Loss over reference scenario

0.015%

0.007%

0.022%

0.018%

Results Results -- PolicyPolicyEconomic sectors - change in output (2010) over reference scenario

99.6

99.7

99.8

99.9

100

100.1

100.2

100.3

100.4

100.5

100.6

MIN PLP CHM NMM BMT ELM

Scen2Scen3

Results Results -- PolicyPolicy

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

EMC MWM IWM

Scen2Scen3

Environment sectors - change in output (2010) over reference scenario

Results Results -- PolicyPolicyReduction in cost of toxic disposal in Scenario 3 over Scenario 2

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

2007 2008 2009 2010

Per

cent

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks

Environmental interventions Environmental interventions –– ‘‘No RegretNo Regret’’Future tasks:Future tasks:

Improvement of databaseImprovement of databaseCO2 mitigationCO2 mitigationInclude Sewage sectorInclude Sewage sectorInclude Water pollution, Air pollutionInclude Water pollution, Air pollution

Thank youThank you