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ANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETYANALYTICAL X-RAY SAFETY User Training User Training
Centre for Environmental Health, Safety and Security ManagementCentre for Environmental Health, Safety and Security Management
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 22
HistoryHistorySources/uses of X-raysSources/uses of X-raysLegislationLegislationBiological & Health EffectsBiological & Health EffectsX-ray safety in the labX-ray safety in the lab– ExposureExposure– SOPSSOPS– SecuritySecurity– EmergenciesEmergencies– SummarySummary
ReferencesReferencesQuizQuiz
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
TRAINING OUTLINE TRAINING OUTLINE
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 33
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 44
How are X-rays producedHow are X-rays produced
Atomic properties and interaction with matterAtomic properties and interaction with matter
Description of a X-ray machineDescription of a X-ray machine
Types of Laboratory X-rays machinesTypes of Laboratory X-rays machines
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses - Outline Source and Uses - Outline
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 55
X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy X-rays are part of electromagnetic spectrum (energy range of 10eV – 120KeV)range of 10eV – 120KeV)
type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) type of ionizing radiation (made of photons) originating originating from the electron shellfrom the electron shell
produced by machinesproduced by machines
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and UsesWhat Are X-rays?What Are X-rays?
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 66
Electron(-) X-Ray
Target NucleusTungsten
Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes Example of electromagnetic radiation which comes from from electronselectrons which are deflected from their original paths or which are deflected from their original paths or inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around inner orbital electrons change their orbital levels around nucleusnucleus
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and UsesX-ray Production - BremsstrahlungX-ray Production - Bremsstrahlung
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 77
Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and Produced whenever a high voltage, a vacuum and a source of electrons presenta source of electrons present
Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode, Most x-ray devices emit electrons from a cathode, accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode accelerate them with a voltage and hit the anode (target)(target)
Emits x-raysEmits x-rays
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and UsesHow Are X-rays Produced?How Are X-rays Produced?
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 88
Cathode(-)
Anode (+)
X-Rays
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and UsesX-ray MachineX-ray Machine
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 99
Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high Consists of a x-ray tube, an electrical source of high voltage, tube filament current, and radiation shielding to voltage, tube filament current, and radiation shielding to shape the beamshape the beam
Principle Types of Principle Types of Diagnostic X-raysDiagnostic X-rays: : Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-Radiographic, Fluoroscopic, and Photo-FluorographicFluorographic
Industrial X-raysIndustrial X-rays - Nondestructive - Nondestructive examination of metal parts examination of metal parts
Therapeutic X-raysTherapeutic X-rays - Superficial x-ray for - Superficial x-ray for skin cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators skin cancer, orthovoltage x-ray generators for deeper lying tumorsfor deeper lying tumors
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and Uses Source and Uses
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 1010
X-ray machineX-ray machineelectrically powered device with a PRIMARY electrically powered device with a PRIMARY purpose of producing X-rayspurpose of producing X-rays
analyzes structures or materialsanalyzes structures or materials
X-ray sourceX-ray sourceany part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the any part of a device that emits x-rays, whether or not the device is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscopedevice is an x-ray machine e.g. electron microscope
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and Uses
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 1111
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)X-ray Diffraction (XRD)commonly used in chemical analysiscommonly used in chemical analysis
studies arrangements of atoms in solids studies arrangements of atoms in solids by studying scattered x-ray beam from by studying scattered x-ray beam from atomic arrangementatomic arrangement
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray observes fluorescent emissions of x-ray and UV as atoms hit by x-raysand UV as atoms hit by x-rays
structure of material examines atomic structure of material examines atomic
absorptionabsorption
Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training Analytical X-ray Safety Training – User Training
Source and UsesSource and Uses
RYERSON UNIVERSITYRYERSON UNIVERSITY 1212
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