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Design, Simulation, Fabrication and Planning of Bio-
Inspired Quadruped Robot
A Thesis
Presented to
The Academic Faculty
by
Anand Kumar Mishra
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Technology
in
Mechatronics Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Patna
[May 2014]
Copyright Anand Kumar 2014
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ii
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA
Evaluation Committee Approval
of a Thesis submitted by
ANAND KUMAR MISHRA
The thesis entitled Design, Simulation, Fabrication and Planning of Bio-Inspired Quadruped Robot has been read, found satisfactory and approved by
the following DPPC committee members.
Name: 1___________________,
Coordinator
School of Engineering/Basic Sciences Date: _________________
Name: 2 ___________________, Supervisor Date: _________________
Name: 3 ___________________, Co-Supervisor Date: _________________
Name: 4 ___________________, Member Date: _________________
Name: 5 ___________________, Member Date: _________________
Name: 6 ___________________, Member Date: _________________
Name: 7 ___________________, Member Date: _________________
Name: 8____________________, Member Date: _________________
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Dedicated
To
My beloved Master My father
mother Sapana Shipra and
Akanksha
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iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Atul Thakur. Hehas given me excellent guidance and advice over the years here at IIT Patna. His
guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing this thesis.
Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the DPPC; Dr. Karali Patra, Dr.
Somnath Sarangi, Dr. Somnath Roy, Dr. M.K. Khan, Dr. Manabendra Pathak, Dr. S.S
Panda and Dr. Mayank Tiwari, for their encouragement, insightful comments, and
hard questions. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to all the faculty members in
the department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at IIT Patna.
My special thanks to the Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics,
DRDO for providing me an opportunity for internship and thereby enhancing my
skills and knowledge.
I would like to express my most sincere gratitude and deep regards to my
Co-guide Mr. Sartaj Singh, Sc E, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, for
his guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of
project period.
I am very thankful to Mr. P. Murali Krishna, Sc E, Mr. Babu Jadhav, Sc D,
Mr. K Ramachandran, Sc C, Mr. Dharmendra Kumar Patel, Sc B at CAIR for their
valuable information and guidance through various stages, which helped me in
completing my internship project.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Dipti
Deodhare, Sc G for granting me an opportunity to carry out the project at CAIR,
DRDO.
I thank my labmates Amrutesh and Delip and also I thank my friends
Sherbahadur, Nitin, Kapil and Amit for all the fun we have had in the last two years.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my family: my loving mother and
father, my sisters and Akanksha Tripathi who has always loved, supported, and
believed in me.
(Anand Kumar Mishra)
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iv
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled DESIGN, SIMULATION, FABRICATION
AND PLANNING OF BIO-INSPIRED QUADRUPED ROBOT, submitted by
ANAND KUMAR MISHRA to Indian Institute of Technology Patna, is a record of
bonafide research work under my supervision and I consider it worthy of
consideration for the degree of Master of Technology of this Institute. This work or a
part has not been submitted to any university/institution for the award of
degree/diploma. The thesis is free from plagiarized material.
________________________________
________________________________
Supervisor Date: ______________
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v
Declaration
I certify that
a. The work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me under the
general supervision of my supervisor/s.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other institute for degree or diploma.
c. I have followed the institute norms and guidelines and abide by the regulation as
given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the institute.
d. Whenever I have used materials (data, theory and text) from other sources, I have
given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details
in the reference section.
e. The thesis document has been thoroughly checked to exclude plagiarism.
Signature of the Student
Roll No: 1211MT02
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vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction to legged robots
1.1.1
Brief review of legged robots 2
1.1.2 Advantages of legged robots 3
1.1.3
Disadvantages of legged robots 3
1.1.4 Application of legged robots 4
1.2 Introduction to bio-inspired robotics 4
1.3
Introduction to quadruped robot 6
1.4 Objective 7
1.5
Organization of thesis 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview 10
2.2
Snake robot 10
2.2.1 Active cord mechanism series 10
2.2.2 Amphibots 11
2.3 Legged robots 12
2.3.1
Scout 12
2.3.2 Takken-II 12
2.3.3 KOLT 13
2.3.4 Kenken-II 14
2.3.5 Big Dog 14
2.3.6 ELIRO-II 15
2.3.7
Shelley-RHex 16
2.3.8
Salamander 17
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3. DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
3.1 Design description of legged robot 18
3.2 Design of alligator inspired robot 19
3.2.1
Biological inspiration 19
3.2.2 Robot design 21
3.3 Design description of mammalian inspired robot 26
4. KINEMATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND TRAJECTORY PLANNING
OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Kinematic modeling of alligator inspired robot 27
4.2.1 Frame assignment 27
4.2.2 D-H parameters 28
4.2.3 Forward kinematics 28
4.3 Jacobian: velocity analysis of alligator inspired robot 30
4.4 Trajectory planning for quadruped leg 30
4.4.1 Straight line trajectory of quadruped leg with via points 32
4.4.2
Cubic trajectory of quadruped leg with via points 33
4.5 Dynamic analysis of quadruped robot 34
4.6
Kinematic analysis of mammalian inspired robot 38
4.6.1
Frame assignment 38
4.6.2 D-H parameters 38
4.6.3 Forward kinematics 38
4.6.4 Inverse kinematics 40
4.7 Jacobian: velocity analysis of mammalian inspired robot 43
4.7.1 Linear and angular velocity from leg frame 43
4.7.2
Linear and angular velocity from body frame 44
4.8
Dynamic analysis of mammalian inspired quadruped robot 45
5. GAIT PLANNING AND STATIC STABILITY ANALYSIS OF QUADRUPED
ROBOT
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Gate synthesis 51
5.2.1 Crawl gait 52
5.2.2
Trot gait 54
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5.2.3
Bound gait 55
5.3 Stability analysis of quadruped robot 55
5.3.1 Introduction 55
5.3.2
Static stability margin and longitudinal stability margin
for crawl gait 56
5.3.3 Algorithm developed for SSM for crawl gait 58
6. SIMULATION OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
6.1 Introduction 60
6.2 Control architecture for simulation 62
6.3 Multibody simulation of alligator inspired robot 63
6.3.1 MBD simulation of leg 63
6.3.2 MBD simulation of whole body 64
6.4 MBD simulation of mammal inspired robot 67
6.4.1 Leg simulation 67
6.4.2 Dynamic leg simulation 69
6.4.3 Whole body simulation 70
6.5
Finite element analysis of quadruped robot 74
6.5.1 Leg simulation 75
6.5.2
Body simulation 75
6.6
Stability analysis of mammal inspired robot 76
7. FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
7.1 Fabrication of alligator inspired robot 77
7.2 Assembly of alligator inspired robot 79
7.3 Fabrication and assembly of mammalian inspired robot 81
7.4 Modular joint descriptions 81
7.4.1
Construction 81
7.4.2
Absolute encoder 83
8. CONTROL ARCHITECTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
8.1 Control plan 84
8.2 Motion control of alligator inspired robot 86
8.2.1 Hardware descriptions for motion control 87
8.3 Motion control of mammalian inspired robot 89
8.3.1
Hardware descriptions for motor control 90
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8.3.2
Part descriptions and specifications 90
8.3.3 Software descriptions for motion control 93
8.4 Experimental study of alligator inspired robot 102
9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
9.1 Conclusion 103
9.2 Future scope of work 104
References
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page
Figure 1.1
(a) Sprit wheeled robot sticking on sandy surfaces (courtesy toNASA) (b)Big Dog robot is moving on sandy surfaces (courtesy
to Boston Dynamics) (c) Sketch of legged machine obtained
Rygg from the planar drawing in (Artobolevsky, 1964) (d)
Mechanical horse patented by U.S. Patent No. 491,927 dated
Feb. 14,1983 (e) The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV)
(photograph courtesy of Professor Waldron) (f) PV-II walking
robot (courtesy of Professor Hirose) 2
Figure 1.2 (a) Leg design of crocodiles and alligator (b) Leg design
mammalian 6
Figure 1.3
(a) Model of Robot in SolidWorks(b) Model of Robot in Pro/E 7
Figure 2.1 (a)Amphibious snake-like robot "ACM-R5"(courtesy to
Fukushima Robotics Lab, Japan) (b) Amphibot 1 snake robot
(courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) (c) Amphibot 2 snake robot
(courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) 12
Figure 2.3 Scout robot (courtesy to CIM lab, McGill University) 12
Figure 2.4
Takken II (courtesy to Professor Hiroshi Kimura and group) 13
Figure 2.5 KOLT robot (courtesy to bio-robotics lab Stanford and Ohio
University) 13
Figure 2.6 KenKen II (courtesy to bio-robotics lab Tohoku University) 14
Figure 2.7
BigDog (courtesy to Boston Dynamics) 15
Figure 2.8 ELIRO-II (courtesy to Kyungpook National University) 16
Figure 2.9
Shelley-RHex (courtesy DARA challenge project) 17
Figure 2.10
Salamander robot (courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) 17
Figure 3.1 Design approach 18
Figure 3.2 (a) Type of limb and segments of alligators leg (b) Anatomy of
pelvic limbs (c) Anatomy of pectoral limbs 19
Figure 3.3 Design inspiration 20
Figure 3.4 Scaled legged of alligator-inspired robot on body length 21
Figure 3.5
Designed CAD model in Pro/E 22
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Figure 3.6
Pro/E design alligator-inspired robot 23
Figure 3.7 Free body diagram 24
Figure 3.8 Selected motor 25
Figure 3.9
Quadruped robot 26
Figure 4.1 Frame assignment of the alligator-inspired robot 28
Figure 4.2 Velocity vector of neighbouring link 30
Figure 4.3
Trajectory planning with via point 31
Figure 4.4 Straight line trajectory 32
Figure 4.5 (a) Frame assignment on body (b) Frame assignment on leg 38
Figure 5.1 Quadruped gaits (a) Top view of a robot (b) Graph of leg
sequences (c)(h) sequences 51
Figure 5.2 Quadruped gait types 52
Figure 5.3 (a) Gait sequencing of crawl gait (b) Gait diagrams of crawl
gait (c) Successive gait pattern of a two-phase discontinuous
gait 53
Figure 5.4 Trot gait sequences (b): Gait diagram of trot gait sequences 54
Figure 5.5
(a) Bound gait sequences (b) Gait diagrams of bound gait
sequences 55
Figure 5.6
Support polygon and different static stability margin 56
Figure 5.7
Static stability margin 57
Figure 5.8 Quadruped in static mode all legs on ground 58
Figure 5.9 Geometric view of quadruped when it lifts its 1stleg 58
Figure 5.10Geometric view of quadruped when it lifts its 2ndleg 59
Figure 6.1 (a) Simplified CAD model of mammal (b) Simplified CAD
model of alligator (c) Defined joint and motion in Adams(d)
Plant generated by Adams(e) Simulink model of close loop
control for simulation 62
Figure 6.2 Control strategy for quadruped simulation 63
Figure 6.3 (a) CAD model of leg imported in Adams (b) Desired angular
position achieved (c) Torque required for robot leg 64
Figure 6.4 (a) CAD model of alligator-inspired robot imported in Adams
(b) Desired angular position achieved by Knee joint(c) Desired
angular position achieved by Hip joint(d) Distance travelled by
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the robot (e) Speed achieved (f) Angular velocity variation of
joint1 (g) Acceleration variation of the robot(h) Reaction force
from the ground(i) Power consumption required each motors 67
Figure 6.5
(a) CAD model of mammal-inspired leg imported in Adams (b)
Torque required for robot leg at joint 1 (c) Torque required for
robot leg at joint 2 (d) straight line trajectory of 3dof leg with
via point (e) For straight line trajectory of 3dof leg with via
point 69
Figure 6.6 (a) Model based control in joint space for dynamic analysis
quadruped robot (b) Torque control simulation results 70
Figure 6.7 (a) CAD model of mammal -inspired robot imported in Adams 71
Figure 6.8 (a) Crawl gait sequences (b) Angular position variation form
the each joint of legs (c) Velocity achieved in the crawl gait
implementation (d) Torque required in crawl gait
implementation by robot joints (e) Reaction forces from the
ground crawl gait implementation 72
Figure 6.9
(a) Velocity achieved in the trot gait implementation (b) Torque
required in trot gait implementation by robot joints (c) Reaction
forces from the ground crawl gait implementation 73
Figure 6.10
(a) Velocity achieved in the bound gait implementation (b)
required in bound gait implementation by robot joints 74
Figure 6.11(a) Maximum shear stress and von misses stress of leg FEA
simulations (b) Maximum shear stress and von misses stress of
whole body FEA simulations 75
Figure 6.12Static stability simulation of the robot 76
Figure 7.1
(a) Left-hand image is that of the targeted robot leg design
prototype developed in Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire 4.0 whereas
right-hand image is that of actual robot limb fabricated in 3D
Rapid Prototype Printer using ABSplusin ivory at about 1.6 kW
(RMS) (b) Part required for robot assembly; (i) Hons require for
motor coupling (ii) End of the leg part fabricate in 3D printer
(iii) Screws and nut required (iv) Front body part (v) Rear body
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xiii
part (vi) Leg of the robot (vii) Battery required (viii) Leg
coupling 79
Figure 7.2 (a) Assembled modular joint (b) Assembled modular joint
section model 83
Figure 8.1 The coordinate frame, BODY, used here for kinematic analysis
is the same as that used for standard analysis of any
vehicle/locomotion dynamics 85
Figure 8.2 Control priority level for robot 85
Figure 8.3 Flow chart communication for master, slave card and PC of
quadruped 86
Figure 8.4 (a) Proteus simulation of shield (b) Shield developed front view
(c) Shield back view (d) Arduino UNO 88
Figure 8.5 The algorithm to move the alligator forward is summed up as a
flowchart. The actual amount of actuation to be given and the
time delay for the different actuations involved was based on
gait diagram described earlier. This flowchart was generated
using Flow Breeze, a flowchart automation add-in for MS-Excel 89
Figure 8.6 Flow chart communication for master, slave card and PC of
quadruped 89
Figure 8.7
(a) Slave card (b) Motor 92
Figure 8.8 (a) PWM generation (b) Encoder testing (c) Servo loop based
motion control (d) Servo loop and trajectory based motion
control 101
Figure 8.9 (a) Single axis motion control hardware (b) Motion control
implemented 102
Figure 8.10
(a) Robot speed vs delay time (b) Robot speed vs Hip angle
amplitude 102
Figure 9.1 Current status of my research work 103
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xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Figure No. Page
Table 3.1 Alligatorslengths and masses 20
Table 3.2 Design specifications of modular body robot 22
Table 3.3 Modular robot servo motor specifications 25
Table 3.4 Design specification mammal-inspired robot 26
Table 4.1 D-H Parameters 28
Table 4.2 D-H Parameters of mammal leg 38
Table 7.1 Material specification 77
Table 7.2 Component required 77
Table 8.1 Requirement for single axis motion control 90
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xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS Over all efficiency Twist angle
l Link length
d Link offset
Torque of joints or motors
Link rotation Leg position at the end Time for one point to next point for trajectory
Acceleration due to gravity
V Linear velocity of the links Linear velocity at center of links Angular velocity of joint Angular acceleration of jointF Inertia force
N Moment due to inertia
n Statics moment on the links
f Static force on each link
Angular velocity relative to links Angular acceleration relative to links Duty factor
Mass matrix
V Coriolis force matrix
G Gravitational force component matrix
Stride lengthR Stroke lengthn No. of legs
yaw movement Linear acceleration
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CAD Computer aided design
CAN Controller area network
COM Centre of massDOF Degree of freedom
FEA Finite element Analysis
LxWxH Length x Width x Height
PID Proportional integral derivative
PWM Pulse width modulation
MBD Multibody dynamics
SSM Static stability margin
PR Priority resister
D-H Denavit-Hartenberg
MSS Mechanical system simulation
PMMA Polymethy methacrylate
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
LLC Low level control
MLC Medium level control
HLC High level control
CNA Contra lateral and non-adjacent
COG Center of gravity
SLSM Static longitudinal stability margin
CSP Conservative Support Polygon
SCLSM Crab Longitudinal Stability Margin
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ABSTRACT
This work reports design, simulation, fabrication, and planning of bio-inspired
quadruped robot. This dissertation deals with two types of bio-inspired quadruped
locomotion patterns, namely, mammalian and reptilian. Legged locomotion is one of
the most successful locomotion patterns found in the Nature. Quadruped walking in
many mammals and reptiles have made them very successful in surviving against
tough environments such as uneven terrains. Nature evolved legged locomotion over
half a billion years. It should be noted that the biological evolution favoured legged
locomotion instead of wheeled locomotion in spite of wheeled locomotion being
faster. This is because more than half of Earths landmass has highly rough terrain
and can be traversed by legged rather than wheeled locomotion. We thus take
inspiration from the Nature to develop legged robots that can traverse on rough
terrains and has advantage over wheeled robots.
We have developed alligator-inspired robot at the Mechatronics laboratory, IIT
Patna. The robot has four legs and each leg has two revolute joints representing the
hip (yaw) and knee (roll) respectively, which are actuated by servo motors, thereby
imparting eight degrees of freedom to the robot. The main contributions of this partof the thesis include following.
Design and modeling of the robot based on multidisciplinary design approach
incorporating CAD modeling, kinematic and dynamic modeling, multibody
simulation and finite element analysis of the robot. We used Pro Engineer for
CAD modeling, Adams, Nastran and Adams Flex for multibody and FEM
simulation.
Fabrication of the designed components of the robot using a CO2 laser cutting
machine and 3D printer. We developed a 3D leg design that has 2D components
to enable manufacturing on a laser cutting machine to reduce fabrication cycle
time.
Integration of electronics such as microcontroller, sensor, servomotors, drivers,
etc.
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xviii
Synthesis of crawl and trot gaits. We implemented the gaits in simulation
followed by on the physical robot. The maximum speed attained by the developed
robot is 0.51 BL/sec.
The Mammal-inspired robot known as Robotic muleis being developed at the
Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, DRDO Bangalore where I was
working as an intern for seven months during my project work. This robot is expected
to carry heavy weapons and food over rocky terrains for the soldiers and civilian
purposes. Robotic mule has 4 legs and each leg has 3 degrees of freedom (one roll and
two pitch motions). Each motion is actuated by high torque DC motor with gear ratio
991 and the motor has an inbuilt encoder for positional feedback. The motion control
of the joints is based on forward feedback control. The load carrying capacity of the
robot is less than 10 kg. My contribution in this project includes the following:
Derivation of D-H parameters, frame assignment, kinematic and dynamic
analysis, simplified CAD modeling using SolidWorks.
Multibody dynamic simulation using Adams which helps to validate and optimize
the robot design and mechanism. I performed both kinematic and dynamic
simulation of the robot and implemented a proportional (P) controller.
Gait synthesis such as crawl, trot and bound gait. Algorithms were first
implemented in simulation followed by on actual robot.
Development and testing of static stability margin algorithm in the simulation.
Development of single axis motion control using dsPIC30F4011 series
microcontrollers.
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1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction to legged robot
According to Raibert, only half of the earth's land mass is currently accessible by
wheeled or tracked vehicles, with a much larger fraction being accessible to legged
creatures. Legged robots often offer some advantage over wheeled robots [1]. For
example, wheeled or tracked vehicles are restricted by the roughness of the terrain
which they must traverse (see Figure 1.1(a), (b)).
Figure 1.1 (a) Sprit wheeled robot sticking on Figure 1.1 (b) Big Dog robot is moving on
sandy surfaces (courtesy to NASA) sandy surfaces (courtesy to Boston Dynamics)
Wheeled robots require a continuous path of support. On the other hand, legged
robots can traverse highly uneven terrains as they require point contacts between the
legs and the terrain. In addition, legs can serve as an active suspension system helping
to decouple terrain variations from body movements thus smoothing locomotion.
Some of the legged robot design challenges include incorporation of leg and
body compliance, multi-sensor integration, vibration resistance, dynamic and static
stability, onboard power supply. Control of legged robots also present a unique
challenge of gait planning for various terrain types. This is because of high
nonlinearity and discontinuous nature of the dynamics of the legged robots.
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1.1.1.Brief review of legged robots
Simple walking mechanisms were developed to study legged locomotion for toys that
move on limited type of flat terrains. Researchers started to study about the walking
mode of the legged creatures and recoded their motion. Afterwards, to study and
improve the walking mechanism the biological gaits and their mathematical
formulation were derived. Thus, stability measurements and gait generation
algorithms were developed based on exact locomotion patterns found in the Nature.
Improvements were later made to adapt to specific legged robots. In considering the
history of walking machines we can see from 18thcentury researchers have developed
many legged robot. Some of the examples are shown in Figure 1.1(c) to Figure 1.1 (f).
First robot legged mechanism was built around 1870 by Chebyshev in Figure 1.1 (c).
Similarly in 1893 mechanical horse was built shown in Figure 1.1 (d).
Due to their specific advantage over wheeled robot currently people are doing many
researches on the legged robot[2].
Figure1.1 (c) Design of legged machine obtained Figure 1.1 (d) Mechanical horse patented by Rygg
from the 2D drawing in (Artobolevsky, 1964) U.S. Patent No. 491,927 dated Feb. 14, 1893
Figure 1.1 (e) The Adaptive Suspension Vehicle (ASV) Figure 1.1(f) PV-II walking robots
(photograph courtesy of Professor Waldron) (photograph courtesy of Professor Hirose)
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1.1.2.Advantages of legged robots
There are several advantages of legged machine over the traditional tracked vehicles
and the advantages are explained below[3].
a.
MobilityMobility of a legged robot is more than a wheeled robot due to their Omni directional
nature. Legged robots can change the direction without any hindrance of the body and
only change in leg positions are required and wheeled robot have less maneuverability
than legged robots[2],[3].
b. Overcoming obstacles
A legged robot can overcome obstacles that are at a lower level than the maximum
ground clearance, just by stepping on them. On the other hand, a wheeled robot can
only overcome obstacles with heights of up to half of the wheel radius.
c. Active suspension
Active suspension is much better in legged robot due to natural property of
suspension however in wheeled robot a suspension is required. Active suspension
property come with the adjustment of leg position to maintain the body height same as
according to terrain nature.
d. Energy efficiency
Efficiency of heavy legged vehicle is better than the wheeled vehicle as suggested by
the Hutchinson in 1940 and it was proved by Bekker through the experiment, the
efficiency was much better on irregular terrain by legged vehicle over wheeled or
tracked vehicle.
e. Natural terrain
As Raibert suggested that only half of the land mass can be travelled by the wheeled
vehicle and wheeled vehicle is required expensive flat surfaces while legged vehicle
can go any type of surfaces such highly rugged, soft muddy etc.
1.1.3.Disadvantages of legged robots
Complex mechanisms are required to make robust legged vehicle.
Control is one of the challenging problems.
Gait planning for the highly rugged terrain is very difficult task.
Stability is one of the major issue in legged robotics.
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1.1.4.Application of legged robots
1.
Military applications
2.
Inspection of Nuclear Power Plants
3.
Land, Submarine and Planetary Exploration4. Forestry and Agricultural Tasks
5.
Forestry and Agricultural Tasks
6. Help for Disabled People
7. Study of Living Creatures
8. Civil Projects
9. Humanitarian De-mining
10.Support for AI Technique
1.2. Introduction to bio-inspired robotics
Legged locomotion is one of the most successful locomotion patterns found in the
Nature. Evidence of first locomotion among biological organisms is around 585
million years old. This means that it took the evolution process around 585 million
years to evolve various forms of walking gaits. Quadruped walking in many mammals
and reptiles have made them very successful in surviving against tough environments
such as uneven terrains. In comparison, humans invented wheel-based locomotion
around 4000 years ago. Nature evolved legged locomotion instead of wheels because
more than half of Earths landmass cannot be traversed by wheels, even today. It is
thus the imperative for the roboticist to learn the design and gait patterns from the
phylogenetic analysis of biological organisms and try to mimic them as closely as
possible to improve the performance of existing robots.
In this report, design and simulation of an alligator-inspired and mule inspired
robot have been accomplished. Robot exhibits a particular type of reptilian
locomotion and mammalian locomotion. Alligator locomotion is generally considered
as an intermediate step in the evolutionary paradigm of vertebrate locomotion [3], [4].
At one extreme, are the amphibians and lizards who are natural sprawlers. Their limbs
are held laterally to the body. At the other extreme, are the mammals and dinosaurs
exhibiting erect locomotion posture (ELP). Humans exhibit ELP too. In ELP, limbs
are held directly under the body. Reptilian locomotion posture of crocodiles and
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alligators is considered to be an intermediate locomotion posture between these two
extremes as a kind of transition from sprawl-to-erect [5].
Another interesting feature of alligator locomotion that has come to light is that
alligators still use sprawl to negotiate muddy lands at low speeds while high walk is
activated on drier lands at higher speeds. This transition between different gaits as a
function of speed is a general locomotion feature [6], [7], [8] .
Most reptiles can actually adapt to an amphibious habitat. Thus, imitating a reptile
can help in development of robots that can perform both terrestrial as well as aquatic
locomotion. But building robot designs inspired by biological counterparts can enable
us in imparting critical ethological functionality to robots. Moreover, it has been
studied that artificial intelligence can be developed more efficiently in bio-inspired
compliant designs[9], [10].
Success of biological designs lies in the optimal cooperative and coordinated
interplay among the following factors[11].
a.) Availability of optimal energy generation, storage and conversion mechanisms.
b.) Ability of memorising, storing, processing, internalising and passing information.
c.)
Complaint and robust structural features that can adapt to various environment.
This is what has inspired the fields of biomimetics, biokleptics and bio-inspiration.
However, exact mimicking of reptilian gait (biological gait in general) is plagued with
following challenges:-
a.) Mechanical complexity of nature is overwhelming. Fabrication of intricate
skeleton-muscular system, which gives enormous agility to animals, is very
difficult to replicate using existing manufacturing technology.
b.) Imitating self-replicating biological units like cells cannot be fabricated in
laboratory easily.
c.)
Energy generation and storage mechanism in biological systems are not
understood to an extent that it can be copied in robots.
Therefore, in the light of the above-mentioned motivations and challenges, many
researchers have proposed the use of biological inspiration instead of exact replication
of biological structures [12], [13], [14].
A lot of research has been done in the field of walking bio-inspired robots
mimicking biological counterparts. The bio-inspiration in case of mobile robots
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comes largely from tetra pods - both reptiles as well as mammals (See Figure 1.2 (a)
and (b)
Figure 1.2 (a): Leg design of crocodiles and alligators Figure 1.2 (b):.Leg design of mammalian
Note the ball-and-socket joint provided at the knee and hip about which rotatory
actuation takes place which results in locomotion. The approximate perpendicular
orientation of the coordinate frames attached to the hip and knee joints is the salient
feature of all members of the order Crocodilia. Note also the approximate parallel
orientation of the coordinate frames attached to the hip and knee joints. For walking
robots, both static and dynamic walking as well as both active and passive walking
has been extensively researched [15]. Interest in legged walking robots over
wheeled/tracked robots generated mainly because of
a.)
More efficient traversal of difficult terrains,b.)Nature is the best designer hence just bio-mimic the design handed over to us
by evolution,
c.)
More robust and durable if designed on the principles of compliant
mechanism, say by using flexible links, and
d.) More efficient motion planning can take place as a wider range of
manoeuvrability is made available.
1.3.
Introduction to quadruped robotIn this thesis, we are focusing on quadruped robots, which belong to the broader class
of legged robots as described earlier. In quadruped robots there are four legs, each leg
should have minimum two degrees of freedom. However, some quadruped robots
may have higher degree of freedom legs too. Quadruped robots can walk and run but
standing still it must be passively stable. The main challenge of quadruped robot is to
maintain stability by actively shifting body weight during the gait.
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The quadruped robots described in this thesis are inspired from two types of animals,
namely, mammals and reptiles. Mammalian type locomotion has an advantage that
they can move faster due to geometrical configuration of leg joints. Some examples of
mammalian locomotion based robot include ABIBO robotic dog, robotic cheetah etc.
Another advantage of mammalian type four-legged robots is an ease in gait transition.
Mammal inspired robot thus have a potential to serve as useful platform for research
in Human-robot interaction (see Figure 1.3 (a)). Reptile-inspired robots have
relatively slower speed but higher static stability (see Figure 1.3 (b)). Quadruped
robots can be used for civilian and military purpose to carry heavy loads.
Figure 1.3 (a) Model of Robot in SolidWorks Figure 1.3 (b) Model of Robot in Pro/E
1.4.
Objective
The thesis has been carried out partly at IIT Patna and CAIR, DRDO Laboratory. The
objectives of each part of the thesis are outlined below.
IIT Patna
Kinematics analysis of alligator-inspired quadruped robot.
CAD modeling of alligator-inspired quadruped using Pro\E based alligator
anatomy
Kinematic, dynamic modeling and trajectory planning
Derivation of gait sequences and simulation using Adams and Matlab.
Analysis of stability of alligator-inspired quadruped both static as well as dynamic.
Embedded control software for alligator-inspired quadruped.
Finite element analysis of alligator-inspired quadruped.
Complaint body design and simulation of alligator-inspired quadruped.
Development of alligator-inspired quadruped with complaint in the body.
Speed and stability analysis on actual setup.
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CAIR, DRDO Laboratory
Kinematics analysis of mammalian-inspired quadruped robot.
CAD modeling of mammalian-inspired quadruped using SolidWorks and
kinematics simulation with Adams and Matlab.
Dynamics analysis of mammalian-inspired quadruped robot with 3 DOFlegs.
Derivation of gait sequences and simulation using Adams and Matlab.
Analysis of stability of mammalian-inspired quadruped both static as well as
dynamic.
Design single axis motion control for mammalian-inspired quadruped
Embedded Control Software for mammalian-inspired quadruped
1.5. Organization of the report
The outline of the thesis is as follows.
Chapter 2 discusses literature review of the bio-inspired robot. A survey work of
snake robots, swimming robots and terrestrial locomotion based robot is briefly
described.
Chapter 3 discusses of the design methodology of the quadruped robot. Design of
quadruped robot describes CAD modeling based on imitation from biology, the
design leg ratio of robot is based on anatomy of actual alligators and torque
calculation and selection motors has been done.
Chapter 4discusses a kinematic, dynamic modeling of quadruped robot. The chapter
will explain the frame assignment, D-H parameters, forward kinematics analysis
velocity Jacobian analysis and dynamic analysis has been done. For robot motion
smooth the cubic and straight line trajectory has been derived.
Chapter 5reports a gait planning and stability analysis. Gait planning of quadruped is
based on mammalian-inspired and reptilian inspired robot. Graphical representation of
trot, crawl and bound has been shown and static stability margin analysis is done in
this chapter.
Chapter 6discusses multibody, FEA simulation of quadruped robot. Simulation of
alligator inspired robot and mammalian inspired robot is separately done.
Chapter 7 reports fabrication and assembly of alligator-inspired robot and modular
joint assembly of mammal-inspired robot.
Chapter 8discusses motion control and control architecture of the quadruped robot.
The chapter will elaborate the single axis motion controller which consist the
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hardware and software part both and 3 layer control architecture is used for alligator
inspired quadruped robot
Chapter 9 contains a summary of important conclusions and scope for future work in
the area of bio-inspired quadruped robots.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.
OverviewThis chapter presents a review of the state of art in the area of bio-inspired robotics.
This review investigates the current methods of terrestrial locomotion based and
amphibious robots. It will cover the scope and application of these robots.
2.2. Snake robots
Implementing these advantages in a robot is a hard task but a close approximation is
quite possible. Snake inspired robots have come a long way since their inception. The
concept of serpentine motion and its advantages were recognized by Shigeo Hirosewho pioneered in this research. Since then many engineers conceptualized a lot of
ideas in making the snake robots. James Hopkins in 2009 developed a general
classification of these robots based on the material published till that date.
2.2.1.The Active Cord mechanism series:
ACM 3: This model was created in the initial stages of the snake robot research.
It consisted of 20 links with passive wheels actuated solely with the help of the
revolute joints between the links[16].
ACM-R3: The key difference between ACM 3 and ACM R3 is that the latter had
a scope to move in 3D. That is, the robot had consecutive passive wheels as well
as the revolute joints placed orthogonally. This model was significantly lighter
than ACM 3
ACM R4: R4 builds on R3 by replacing passive wheel with active ones. This
change enables the robot to traverse rough ground with relative ease[16], [17].
ACM R5: This is an amphibian design to increase the versatility of the robot. R5
uses paddles on the passive wheels to acquire anisotropic friction both on ground
and water. But the technology of the time could solve the problems that impeded
the realization of practical snake robots[18].
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Figure 2.1(a) Amphibious snake robot "ACM-R5"(courtesy to Fukushima Robotics Lab, Japan) [18]
grip onto the next robot. Thus the self sufficient modules form a chain and
accomplish tasks like climbing the stairs or crossing a ditch.
2.2.2.Amphibots:
i. Amphibot 1: This is a modular robot developed in the quest to find new robot
designs which could exhibit dextrose locomotion. Each link was made to be slightly
buoyant and the center of mass of each link was purposefully kept slightly lower than
the geometric centre of mass so that during idle conditions, the snake could float and
obtain vertical orientation[19].
Figure 2.1(b) Amphibot 1 snake robot (courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) [19]
ii. Amphibot 2: This is an advanced version of Amphibot 1. The design was
simplified and new powerful motors were equipped. An electronic suite was
introduced which could handle up to 127 segments theoretically. The robot used
removable wheel sets to achieve ground motion[20], [21].
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Figure 2.1(c) Amphibot 2 snake robot (courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) [20]
2.3. Legged robots
2.3.1. Scout
Martin Buehler in 1990s, at Ambulatory Robotics Lab (ARL) of McGill University
started developing the Scout robot series. In 1999 he presented, a quadruped robot
Scout II (Figure 2.3) which was dynamically stable and had a very simple mechanical
design. This robot had one active rotational joint at each leg located at the hip with the
help of which it was able to rotate the leg in the sagittal plane. The leg is divided into
two parts-upper and lower legs. These parts are connected by a spring to form a
compliant prismatic joint. It weighed around 27kg and has 0.55m x 0.48m x 0.27m
(LxWxH). After some year, Scout II, with a forward velocity of up to 1.3 m/s, was
able to perform a stable bounding gait[23], [24], [25].
Figure 2.3: Scout robot (courtesy to CIM lab, McGill University)[23]
2.3.2.Takken II
Hiroshi Kimura and colleagues had developed a quadruped robot Patrushand, later
Tekken series. These robots are a central pattern generators (CPG) based robot and
have joint reflexes. It is mainly used to study controllers which are biologically
inspired. In Figure 2.4, Tekken II is shown; it is a small quadruped robot having
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length of 0.3m length and weight of 4.3kg weight. Mechanical springs are adding
compliance to the joints whereas it is actuated by electric motors[26],[27].
Figure 2.4 Tekken II (courtesy to Professor Hiroshi Kimura and group)[27]
2.3.3.KOLT
Kenneth Waldron and his group at Stanford University in collaboration with Ohio
State University had developed the KOLT robot shown in Figure 2.5. The quadruped
robot has a weight of about 80kg and has the following dimensions: 1.75m x 0.6m x
0.8m (LxWxH). Robot has electric actuation with mechanical springs. In running
experiments, the robot was attached to a boom that permitted free motion in the plane
and it was found that the robot performed stable trotting with 1.1m/s on a treadmill
[28], [29], [30], [31].
Figure 2.5: KOLT robot (courtesy to bio-robotics lab Stanford and Ohio University)[29]
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2.3.4.KenKenII
In 1998, a hydraulic quadruped robot was developed by Sang-Ho Hyon with his
colleagues at Tohoku University (Japan). They had first built the monopod robot
KenKenI and later a biped version KenKenII (Figure 2.6), but an actual quadrupedrobot was never constructed. Nevertheless, they managed to achieve impressive
results[32], [32], [33].
Figure 2.6 KenKen II (courtesy to bio-robotics lab Tohoku University)[33]
2.3.5.Big Dog
Boston Dynamics Corporation was founded, as a spin-off from the MIT, in 1992 by
Marc Raibert and some of his colleagues. The initial company focus was on software
for human simulations, such as DI-Guy, which at that time was being used for
military applications. In 2005 however they presented the first version of their
quadruped robot called Big Dog (Figure 2.7).The main goal of the project was the
development of a mechanical mule with the following properties
Autonomous power
Capability of carrying heavy payloads
Outdoor operational
Having static and dynamic mobility
Fully integrated sensing for mobility
Able to jump over a 1m ditch, climb 45 (100%) slopes, run at 5m/s, and carry over
50kg payload.
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Figure 2.7 BigDog (courtesy to Boston Dynamics) [35]
The robot presented in 2005 (BigDog 2005) was 1m in length and 0.3m width, and
had a weight of about 90kg. It had four legs each having four DOF: hydraulic
cylinders are powered by three active rotational joints and one passive linear joint in
the foot based on a pneumatic spring[34], [35], [36].
2.3.6.ELIRO-II
Kyungpook National University came up with a robot gait built to incorporate
discontinuous twisting at the waist. Many natural walking gaits incorporate a central
DOF at the spine, which increases speed and stability, especially while turning. A
systematic approach was taken and following assumption were made that is, the robot
would be on flat terrain, parallel to the ground, with mass less legs, a uniform
mass of the body, and a single degree of freedom along the z-axis at the center as
the waist joint. From these set of assumptions, the kinematics was determined,
nothing especially that in a non rigid body an optimal hip position can be created.
Based on these kinematic observations some additional features were drawn, thestride increases drastically from a rigid body, maneuverability in unfavorable
situations was greatly improved and the general gait stability was improved. In gait
planning, ten time steps were used with the center of gravity shifted at varying
intervals; the bending angle for the center and the leg order were varied. Eventually
the conclusions from this were used in a quadrupedal robot with 3 DOF pantograph
legs called ELIRO-II. This robot achieved stable turning on flat ground and it is noted
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Figure 2.9 Shelley-RHex (courtesy DARA challenge project)[38]
2.3.8. Salamander
The salamanders robot is amphibious robot which can perform walking and
swimming gaits. It uses primary actuator for the center spine. It swims by body
undulation to create a wave for the propagation while in walking it uses terrestrial
gaits with the help of its leg. By using some assumptions, a robot was created with ten
actuators, four for the legs and six for the body. Using a central pattern generator
comprised of 16 to 32 oscillators as the gait basis. Relationships between each were
defined by matrices of weights and modeled in formulae representing the phase and
amplitude of any given oscillator as well as the positive signal representing the central
burst action. In creating this robot, it was shown to be consistent with the actual
salamanders movement in both walking and swimming. Ultimately it is noted that
the central pattern generator concepts used here would be very helpful in general
robotics, given that the dimensionality of a control problem may be reduced [39].
Figure 2.10: Salamander robot (courtesy to Bio robotics lab, EPFL) [39]
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
3.1.
Design descriptions of legged robotThe design and development of bio-inspired quadruped robot is based on the
multidisciplinary design approach. This approach focuses on CAD modeling,
kinematic and dynamic modeling, multibody simulation, finite element analysis of the
robot. This is concurrent engineering approach to do research for academic and R&D
for prototype modeling shown in Figure 3.1. This research helps to utilize the
concurrent engineering concepts in design and development of area of robotics
researches.In this approach we developed a CAD design based on alligator anatomy and
with the help of multibody dynamics (MBD) simulation we validated our design and
mechanism. For making MBD simulation more realistic the simulation environment
parameters are very close to the actual system such as material properties of robot
body, legs and track. Simulation is based on the kinematics and dynamics analysis,
trajectory planning and gait planningusing forward feedback control algorithms.
With MBD simulation we got the forces and torques at the joint and body of
robot that is further used in FEM analysis of the leg of the robot.
Figure 3.1: Design approach
Using FEM, we validated the design to determine whether the model can withstand
loading under different type of terrains. In addition, the concurrent multibody
simulation and FEM analysis helped us in optimizing the design. Next sections will
cover the design of alligator-inspired robot and mammal inspired robot.
CAD design
Fabrication
Control
Gait Planning
FEM analysis
and simulation
Dynamic simulation
Kinematic and
dynamic modelingDesign
optimization Robot
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3.2. Design of alligator-inspired robot
3.2.1.Biological inspiration
Alligator limbs are mainly categorized in two main parts, namely, pectoral and pelvic
limbs (see Figure 3.2(a)). Pectoral limb is front (anterior/Fore) leg and pelvic limb is
rear (posterior/hind) of legs of the alligators. Each leg of alligator has 3 DOF
movements and contains 3 segments, namely, proximal, middle and distal. Figure 3.2
(b, c) shows the anatomy of legs consisting pectoral limb depicting humerus, ulna,
and manus length and pelvic limb depicting femur, tibia and pes length of segments.
Figure 3.2 (a): Type of limb and segments of alligatorsleg
Figure 3.2 (b): Anatomy of pelvic limbs Figure 3.2 (c): Anatomy of pectoral limbs
We developed the equivalent design inspired by the alligator, however we have not
mimicked robot as actual alligators (see Figure 3.3) because of the leg design of
alligators are very complex and fabrication and material selection of a same structure
is very challenging so we developed simplified model of leg design. We developed
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the leg on the scaling factor of the body length, mass of the alligators. Researchers
have done the scaling analysis on the basis of these parameters, see Table 3.1
Figure 3.3: Design inspiration
We have developed the symmetrical legged design of our robot. Here pectoral limb
design and pelvic limb design is same whether it is not same as in alligators that is
basically categorized in hip limb and knee limb. Hip and knee limb lengths of robot
are 0.38thof the body length of the robot. The mass of the robot is 0.7kg and body
length of the robot is 0.26 m. Legged and body thickness of the robot is 3mm, (see
Figure 3.4)[40]..
Table 3.1: Alligators length and masses
Specimen No. =SN, Ulna length (m) = UL, Manus Length (m) =ML, Pelvic limb length =PVL
Femur length (m) =FL, Tibia length (m) =TBL, Pes length (m) = PSL, Mbody(Kg) =m, Length snout to
tail base (m) = STL, Tail length (m) =TL, Pectoral Limb length (m) =PL, Humerus length (m) =HL
SN STL TL PL HL UL ML PVL FL TBL PL M
12 0.27 0.33 0.104 0.038 0.028 0.037 0.131 0.04 0.037 0.052 0.52
15 0.29 0.33 0.104 0.042 0.028 0.035 0.135 0.044 0.039 0.05 0.58
11 0.29 0.35 0.109 0.042 0.031 0.04 0.14 0.044 0.037 0.054 0.67
13 0.31 0.38 0.119 0.044 0.033 0.041 0.156 0.049 0.042 0.061 0.75
14 0.32 0.38 0.122 0.044 0.033 0.04 0.152 0.048 0.041 0.054 0.86
8 0.47 0.55 0.167 0.068 0.047 0.062 0.219 0.075 0.06 0.087 3.20
6 0.51 0.56 0.148 0.072 0.055 0.061 0.233 0.078 0.022 0.096 3.50
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Figure 3.4: Scaled legged of alligator-inspired robot body length
3.2.2. Robot design
The alligator-inspired robotic platform has four legs to support the body and assist
in its locomotion. Each leg is a simple 2-link rigid body mechanism and has two
servos. One servo is provided for each hip and knee joints. Ankle joint has been
ignored because our focus is on studying the salient feature that distinguishes
mammalian gait from reptilian gait: orientation of rotating axes of hip and knee
with respect to each other. The hip servo provides hip-yaw and knee servo
provides knee roll. This is very different from mammalian arrangement. For
mammals, the hip servo and knee servo both provide pitching action. The purpose
of body in our platform at present is to contain the Electronic Control Circuit (ECC) as
well as impart passive roll stabilisation. Servos are housed outside the body in slots
created for each limb. This design is have modular structure where is body beaked
into two parts. Robot has given passive compliances (springs) which will move
the body in vertical direction and constraint into the horizontal direction and
developed robot with compliance in the body which will be help to the robot makemore energy efficient and it will help to robot for taking turn. CAD model and
design specification of robot is shown in the Figure 3.5 and Table 3.2.
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Figure 3.5: Designed CAD model in Pro/E
Table 3.2 Design specifications of modular body robot
A. CAD design of modular structure based alligator-inspired quadruped
robot
I designed alligator inspired robot using Pro\E software. CAD design contains the
all basic information of robot such as, joint type, screw, nut design, equivalent
motor design, leg design and body design of the robot Figure 3.6
S.
No.
Characteristics Value
1 Mrobot 700g
2 Mservo+ MArduino + Mbattery 300g
3 Mul, Mul - Mservo 15 g, 15 g
4 Mll, Mll - Mservo 15 g, 15 g
5 Width 100 mm
6 Length 260 mm
7 Limb length 100 mm
8 Distance from front hip joint to front of robot 40 mm
9 Distance from back hip joint to front of robot 40 mm
10 Centroid coordinate (50,130,-110)mm
11 Hip height from ground 100 mm
12 Maximum speed Vmax 0.133m/s
13 Speed in Body length per second, BL/s 0.51BL/s
14 Spring stiffness 3940 N/m
14 Gait Trot , crawl
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Figure 3.7: Free body diagram
(3.1)For torque at joint 1
Here only friction will come into the picture so the net torque at joint1 will be
(3.2)
(3.3)Net torque at joint 1 = (3.4) For torque at joint 2
Here only reaction from the ground will come into the picture so net torque at
joint will be
(3.5)
Net torque at joint 1 = (3.6) For flat surface , and And from MBD simulation in section 6.3.2 we are getting reaction forces =15 NFrom equation (3.2)
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For Torque at Joint 2
Here only reaction from the ground will come into the picture so net torque at
joint will be
From equation (3.6)
Here =20o At 90o
B.
Motor specification for modular robot
Figure 3.8 Selected motor
Table 3.3 Modular robot servo motor specification
Required Pulse 3-5 Volt Peak to Peak Square Wave
Operating Voltage 4.8-6.0 Volts
Operating Temperature Range -10 to +60 Degree C
Operating Speed (4.8V) 0.2sec/60 degrees at no load
Operating Speed (6.0V) 0.16sec/60 degrees at no load
Stall Torque (4.8V) 5.5 kg/cm
Stall Torque (6.0V) 7 kg/cm
Weight 41g
Dimensions 41x20x36mm
3.3. Design Description mammalian inspired robot
Quadruped robot is being developed in CAIR. Purpose of this robot is to carry the
heavy loads for civilians and military. According to proposed design robot can carry
the 10 kg load. Robot has 4 legs and each leg has 3 DOF freedom means total degree
of freedom of robot is 12. Each leg of quadruped has 10 kg weight and has 3 joint.
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Material used for structure is aluminum. The total weight of the robot is 58kg
approximately without consideration of power supply. Design of robot structure is
modular and flexible. No permanent joint (e.g. Welding or riveting) is used in
mechanical structure. Controller of the robot is kept into the universal joint and it has
used 12 slave controllers for 12 joints and all controllers are directly connected to
master controller. The design of robot was already developed by the team and I
contributed the simulation and control of part of the development of the robot which
is discussed in next section. CAD model of robot design and specification shown as
follows (see Figure 3.9 and Table 3.4)
Figure 3.9: Quadruped robot
Table 3.4 Design specification mammal-inspired robot
S.
No.
Characteristics Value
1 Mrobot 20kg
2 Mmotor+ Mextra 1.5 g
5 Width 360 mm
6 Length 720 mm
7 Leg, link 1 length 80 mm
8 Leg, link 2 length 400mm
9 Leg, link 3 length 400mm
10 Centroid coordinate (-360,-180,-720)mm
12 Maximum speed Vmax 4 m/s
13 Body length per second, BL/s 1.66 BL/s
14 Gait Trot , crawl, bound
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CHAPTER 4
KINEMATIC, DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND
TRAJECTORY PLANNING OF QUADRUPED ROBOT
4.1. Introduction
The mechanism of walking robot is very complex due to many DOF. Kinematics and
dynamic modeling are requiring before simulation. Kinematics model describes joint
variables, leg position and velocities however dynamics model helps to determine the
torque and forces at the joint, body and ground. This chapter contains kinematic,
dynamic analysis, trajectory planning and Jacobian analysis of the quadruped robot.
Kinematic analysis is covered forward kinematics and inverse kinematics of robot. To
define the robot kinematics first we need to derive D-H parameters using geometrical
configurations of robot and for dynamic analysis and robot smooth motion, velocity
Jacobian and trajectory planning are required. In the following section kinematic and
dynamic modeling of alligator inspired robot and mammal inspired robot has been
discussed [42].
4.2. Kinematic modeling of alligator-inspired robot
In this section we discussed the kinematic modeling of robot. It consists of frame
assignment of leg and body, D-H parameters analysis and forward kinematics of
alligator inspired robot.
4.2.1.Frame assignment
Frame assignment of the robot gives the position and orientation in joint space and
Cartesian space because this is the arbitrary references and totally depends on the
observer reference frame. Global reference is used for body of quadruped and local
reference frame for leg and 3 frames we used for each joint according to D-H
convention (see Figure 4.1). Our convention is always considered the Z axis is in
vertical direction (outward to body) and joint motion.
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Figure 4.1 Frame assignment of the alligator-inspired robot
Proper color coding is done for representing each axis of frames, Red is used for z
axis, green for y axis and blue for the y axis. I have assumed the direction of each
frame is same due to reduce the extra calculation except body frame.
4.2.2.D-H parameters
DH parameters of quadruped robot are defined from geometrical configuration and
frame references[41]
Table 4.1: D-H Parameter
S.N Twist
angle Linklength Link offset Link length1 0 0 0
2 90 3 0 04.2.3.Forward kinematics
Forward kinematics analysis is done using Table 4.1 of the robot. Here we do the
transformation of leg from local 0th frame to 3th frame (see Figure 4.1). First
transformation for first link form 0th
frame to 1st
frame for joint 1
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(4.1)Similarly transformations form 1stframe to 2ndframe for joint 2.
(4.2)
Transformations form 2ndframe to 3rd frame for joint 3.
(4.3)
Final transformation from 0thframe to 3rdframe for quadruped leg from leg frame
(4.4) (4.5)
(4.6)Similarly the transformation for remaining three legs will be same because we have
taken the assumption frame assignment of all leg is same for reducing the calculation.
That means there is no need to calculate the transformation of the all legs.
(4.7) (4.8) (4.9)
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4.3. Jacobian: velocity analysis alligator-inspired robots
In this section we discussed the Jacobian matrix for all joints of each leg. Linear
velocity can describe by a point while angular velocity can be a body. Jacobian is
always associated with the angular velocity and describes the linear velocity. Weconsidered the 0th frame of robot leg is as a reference. Our calculation is done on
arbitrary links like {i}. Hence,is the linear velocity of the origin of link frame {i}and is the angular velocity of link frame {i}.The velocities of link i+1 will be thatof link i, plus whatever new velocity components were added by joint i+1 (see the
Figure 4.2).
Figure 4.2: Velocity vector of neighbouring link [41]
Angular and linear velocity can be written as (4.10) (4.11)After differentiation of equation 4.7, 4.8, and 4.9 we get the Jacobian matrix from 3th
frame w.r.t to 0thframe.
(4.12)4.4. Trajectory planning for quadruped leg
Leg movement describes by using trajectory planning of the robot in three
dimensional spaces. Here, trajectory refers to a time history of position, velocity and
acceleration for each degree of freedom. When we simulate legged of quadruped
without their trajectory planning. We found leg is moving randomly with sudden
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change in velocity in the Cartesian/Joint space. That creates vibration so our
requirement is to make robot motion smooth with our desired way point and for actual
robotics platform it should follow a particular trajectory which helps to make easier
the balancing of robot. For trajectory planning of leg is important for kinematics
based multibody simulation, here we are doing trajectory planning for legged
quadruped robot with and without via point. Quadruped has three DOF leg so robot is
moving in the Cartesian space in all 3 directions. This section discusses trajectory
plan with via point as follows.
Figure 4.3: Trajectory planning with via point
Assumptions for formulation of equations
We are considering one point between starting and end point of the robot motion.
Position and velocity at t=0, (see the Figure 4.4) , , (4.13) , , , , (4.14)
, , , , , ,
, , ) (4.15)
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, , 4.4.1.Straight line trajectory of quadruped leg with via point
Figure 4.4: Straight line trajectory
General equation for straight line is
-segment 1 t=0 to (4.16)
-- segment 1 t=to (4.17)
From eq. 4.13, 4.14, 4.15 put the value in eq. 4.17, 4.16. We get
, (4.18) , (4.19) , (4.20) (4.21) (4.22) , (4.23)
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4.4.2.Cubic trajectory of quadruped leg with via point
Segment 1 t=0 to
(4.24)
Segment 1 t=0 to (4.25)From eq. 4.13, 4.14, 4.15 put the value in eq. 4.24, 4.25. We get. We get each cubic
will be evaluated over an interval starting at t=0 and end t=
and i=1, 2
(4.26)
After solving the equation 4.26 we get
(4.27)
Put the value of eq. 4.27, 4.26 in 4.25, 4.24
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Similarly for y and z
4.5. Dynamic analysis of alligator-inspired leg
Robot dynamics describes the forces and moment relation between robot motion that
is specifically described as following
Robot location and its derivatives, velocity and acceleration.
Forces and torques applied at the robot joints.
Dimensional parameters of the robot leg such as link length, mass and inertia.
Forces and moments propagate through the kinematic chain from one leg to another,
and therefore dynamic coupling exists. For dynamic analysis there are two methods
one is Lagrangian methods and other is Newtons and Eulers method. Here my
analysis is based on Newtons Euler approach. For dynamic modeling quadrupedrobot, we have derived the torque of each joint.
Propagation of rotational and linear acceleration of leg (4.28) (4.29)
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Velocity about center of gravity of the link (4.30)
Value of angular and linear joint acceleration from eq. 4.28, 4.29For link0
(4.31)
(4.32)
For link 1, i= 0;
(4.33) (4.34)
For link 2, i= 1;
(4.35) (4.36)
Form equation 4.30 we can write the acceleration
For center of link 1, i=2;
(4.37)
For center of link 2, i=2;
K=
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(4.38)
Having computed the linear and angular accelerations of the mass center of each link,
we can apply the NewtonEuler equations to compute the inertial force and torque
acting at the center of mass of each link. Thus we have
(4.39) (4.40)Here inertia, m mass of the linkInertial force and torque for link 1
Put the value of
,
from eq. 4.37, 4.34
(4.41) (4.42)
Inertial force and torque for link 2
Put the value of , , from eq. 4.38, 4.36, (4.43) (4.44)
Net acting force and moment on link1
(4.45)
(4.46)
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Net acting force and moment on link2
(4.47) (4.48)After getting the forces and moments about all direction. We calculated get the torque
about each joint
(4.49)Torque about first joint
(4.50)
Torque about 2nd
joint
(4.51)
General dynamics equation is
(4.52) , M is mass matrix, V is centrifugal and Coriolis force matrix, G is gravityforce matrix.
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4.6. Kinematic analysis of mammalian-inspired robot
Kinematic modeling of mammalian inspired robot is same as reptilian inspired robot
only difference is mammalian have 3 DOF leg configurations so the analysis of the
mammal is more computational and complex than reptilian. This section discusses onD-H parameters, frame assignment, forward kinematics and inverse kinematics
4.6.1.Frame assignments
Frame convention is same as discussed in previous section and assign frame is
described as follows (see Figure 4.5 (a), (b))
Figure 4.5 (a): Frame assignment on body Figure 4.5 (b): Frame assignment on leg
4.6.2.D-H parameters
Table 4.2 D-H Parameter of mammal leg
1 0 0 0 2 +90 D 0 3 0
0
4 0 0 0are joints angles of the quadruped leg for joint 1 and joint 2 and joint 3 D,L1, L2are link lengths of the robot for joint 1 and joint 2 and joint 3.
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4.6.3.Forward kinematics
With the help of D-H parameters I calculated forward kinematics for leg and body of
the robot.
A.
Forward transformation of leg from local reference frameHere we do the transformation of leg from local 0 thframe to 4thframe.
Transformations are briefly described for 0thframe to 4thframe Appendix A, A.1 to
A.4. Final transformation is (4.53) , , , , (4.54)
Similarly the transformation for remaining three legs will be same because of
assumption for frame assignment of all leg is same as one which is reducing the
calculation.
B.
Generalized transformation from body frame to leg frame
There will be one rotation about y axis for transformation of body to leg frame and
three translations Px, Pyand Pz. Rotation from y axis will be same for each leg due to
assumption but the translation will be different for all legs. Magnitude of the
translation will be same for the legs only direction will be different. is rotationabout y axis and generalized transformation from body to leg frame that is
(4.55)
(4.56)
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=is a angle of rotation about y axis .this matrix will be same for all leg
transformation.=distance from the center of the body to leg frame in x direction
=distance from the center of the body to leg frame in y direction
=distance from the center of the body to leg frame in z direction,,is different for each leg then transformation of body frame to leg frame foreach leg describe briefly in Appendix A. General transformation is (4.57)4.6.4.Inverse kinematics
Inverse kinematics is used to find the joint angle at given desired position. It helps to
find the possible solution for desired point.
A. Inverse kinematics from leg frame
Inverse kinematics is to find the joint angle of the legs. Leg of quadruped has many
solutions for each angle. In the legged robot the all the solution may not be desirable.
So we need an inverse kinematic analysis of the robot. For getting solution from
inverse kinematic equation of the robot, there are many methods available like,
graphical methods, algebraic method and pseudo inverse method. Here I prefer the
algebraic method. From algebraic method we assume a new matrix of 4x4 thatsequal to 0thframe to 4thframe transformation.
(4.58)Multiply the inverse of 1sttransformation matrix in both side of the equation 4.53
(4.59)
Compare the value of both side of equation 4.49 we found the three equation independent
with (4.60) (4.61) (4.62)
After solving the equations 4.60, 4.61, 4.62 we can find the all joint angle of the leg 1
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(4.63) (4.64)
Take square of equation 4.64, 4.62and add them we found the third joint angle
(4.65) (4.66)
(4.67)Multiply with equation 4.62with 4.6and equation 4.64 with 4.67, we found the 2nd
joint angle
(4.68)Here we have two solutions for joint 3 and two solutions for joint 2. Inverse kinematics for
all leg of quadruped is same.
B.
Inverse Kinematics from body frame
In this case all the inverse kinematics solution for all leg should not be same. Here I
am going discuss inverse kinematics for only one leg (leg 1). Method of finding a
solution of leg joint is same as earlier discussed in above sections. Here I also
preferred the algebraic method. From algebraic method we assume a new matrix of
4x4 thats equal topthframe to 4thframe transformation.
(4.70)
Multiply the inverse of 1sttransformation matrix in both side of the equation 4.70
(4.71)Compare the value of both side of equation (4.71). we found the three equations
independent with r
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(4.72) (4.73) (4.74) (4.75)
Divide the equation 4.72 and 4.73. We get the first joint angle of the quadruped (4.76)Where b=
,
,
or
,
, ora= , , or , ,
b= , , or , , ora= , , or ,
,
Here we found the two solution of the joint 1 for 1stleg and take square of the 4.72
and 4.74 and add these equations.
(4.78) =S-d (4.79) (4.80)Take square of the equation 4.74 and 4.80 and add these equations it we get the joint
angle 3 (4.81)Multiply the equation 4.80 by P1 and equation 4.74 by P2then we get the third joint
angle
(4.82)
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From the body frame we got the 6 number of solution two solution for each joint angle. In
the 6 solution there may be chance occur the redundancy
4.7. Jacobian: velocity analysis mammalianinspired robot
This section discusses Jacobian matrix for all joints of each legs. Here we haveJacobians for leg and body frames.
4.7.1.Linear velocity and angular velocity form leg frame
From the equation 4.10 and 4.11
For link0
(4.83)
(4.84)
For link 1
(4.86) (4.87)
For link 2
(4.88) (4.89)
For link 3
(4.90) (4.91)
For end point of link3 and frame 4
There is no joint at the 4thframe then
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(4.92)
(4.93)
Jacobian for quadruped leg from 0th
frame to 4th
frame
(4.94) (4.95)
(4.96)
(4.97)4.7.2. Jacobian: linear velocity and angular velocity form body
frame
All the joint velocities are independent with the frame so all the joint velocity will be
same from the body frame and leg frame. Only difference comes when we take the
joint velocity form body frame one rotation matrix will be multiply withtransformation matrix the
(4.100)We know the joint velocity of 4th frame w.r.t to its own frame from equation 4.74 then
velocity from body frame is
(4.101)
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(4.102)
4.8.
Dynamic analysis mammalian inspired legs
In the dynamic analysis is same as the explained in section 4.5. Here we are writing
the direct equations. Putting all the values in equation 4.28 and 4.29 we get the
angular acceleration and linear acceleration of all links and joints
For link0
(4.103)
For link 1
(4.104)
For link 2
(4.105)
For link 3
(4.106)
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(4.107)
For end point of link3 and frame 4
There is no revolute joint at the 4thframe then (4.108)But linear velocity will be different due to the angular velocity of joint 3 at 4 thframe
is
(4.109)
After getting the accelerations on each joints then we derived the acceleration at
center of the links. From the equation 4.30 we get all the acceleration of center of
each links.
For center of link 1
(4.110)
For center of link 2
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(4.111)
For center of link 2
(4.112)
Dynamic force is derivation is based on Newton-Euler equation from equation 4.39,
4.40; we get the all force and moment from each link of the robot
Static force and moment calculation
All the static forces are known because we know force acting the end of the leg. But
we are not considering any inertial force and moment here. Here we are assuming the
force is acting on the leg contact is in all the direction of the Cartesian space that
is
,
,
and moment is zero.
Static force and moment for joint 4
(4.113)
Static force and moment for joint
(4.114)
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Static force and moment for joint 2
(4.115)
Static force and moment for joint 1
(4.116)
Now net force acting on the each link is
(4.117)
(4.118) (4.119)
Torque about first joint
(4.120)
Torque about 2nd
joint
(4.121)
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Torque about 3rd
joint
(4.122) +
+
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CHAPTER 5
GAIT PLANNING AND STATIC STABILITY ANALYSIS
5.1. Introduction
In order to make the mechanisms walk it is essential to perform a leg and body motion
sequencecalled gait.Since many years gait has been researched however, for a long
time the results functioned on surfaces with very favourable conditions: flat and level
terrain. The observation, comprehension and mathematical formulation of ordinary
natural gaits were the main focus on legged locomotion and it was found that many of
these motions are periodic in nature.
They categorized the motion into two way periodic and non periodic (free gaits). It
was ultimately found that the motion pattern of the quadruped robot is periodic in
nature. Another characteristic of this type of gaits is continuous gait, in which the
body moves with constant motion while all legs move simultaneously. For an uneven
terrain, mammals and insects generally use a special kind of continuous gait called
wave gait, at a low speed.
Many researchers have developed the mathematical formulation of continuous gait of
quadruped robots. Researchers had defined the duty factor, stroke length and phase
for legged of quadruped robots.In 1968 and 1989 (McGhee and Frank, 1968; Zhang
and Song, 1989) formulated a mathematical model so that they could describe the
sequence of leg and derive the model to perform crab and circular gaits, in case of flat
terrain conditions. They had also developed, in a specific uneven terrain, the
mathematical formulation for continuous gaits.
It was found that the mammal and insects change their gait pattern on sharp
irregular terrains, thus they defined it as a secure gait and it is characterized by the
sequential motion of legs and body[42].The body is pushed forward/backward with all
of the feet properly positioned on the ground and then leg is moved with all other
three legs and body remaining stationary, these gaits are called discontinuous gaits.
For causing intermittent body motion which is beneficiary to a real legged machine:
they are very easy to implement and they provide longitudinal stability margin which
is greater as compared to wave gaits. Also, they could achieve a faster velocity than
wave gaits.
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.
5.2. Gait synthesis
In this section only I will consider the standard gait sequence which nowadays people
are using for four legged robots. The dictionary meaning of gait is a method ofmoving on foot. In the field of legged locomotion, a gait is defined as a repetitive
pattern of foot placements (Todd, 1985). More precise definition given by Song and
Waldron (1989), as follows.
A gait is defined by the time and the location of the placing and lifting of each
foot, coordinated with the motion of the body in its six degrees of freedom, in
order to move the body from one place to another. McGhee and Frank were
focused on the mathematical formulation of gait sequences. These researchers focused
on finding the quadruped gaits to maintain static stability. For this study, McGhee
introduced a notation called the event sequence. An event is defined as a foot
placement or a foot lifting. Quadruped results for event sequence in only six event
sequences (see Figure 5.1 (b)) and illustrated in Figure 5.1 (c)(h). In this example,
with the movement of foot 4, the locomotion cycle starts. Leg numbers are indicated
in Figure 5.1 (a). For numbering the legs we use front to rear, we use even numbers
for right legs and odd numbers for left legs[2].
Tomovic (1961) defined, in case of creeping gait, that it is an n-legged robot and
every support pattern involves at least n1 contact points. Hence, gaits in Figure5.1
are creeping gaits. It has three feet in support. Creeping gaits may be either singular or
non-singular.
Figure 5.1: Quadruped gaits (a) top view of a robot (b) graph of leg sequences (c)(h) sequences[2]
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Based on existing research on animal locomotion, we can categorize the gaits into two
types, namely, periodic and non periodic (see the Figure 5.2).
Figure 5.2: Quadruped gait types
5.2.1.Crawl gaits
The crawl gait is defined as the quadruped animals lift their one leg at time and all
rest should be contact with the ground. This is most stable gait of the quadruped
robot. This is a low velocity gait of quadruped animals and it is known as the standard
gait. This is also called as the creeping gaits or the crawl gait. There is no universally
accepted definition of standard gaits but crawl and creeping gaits are synonyms for
quadrupeds. It is defined as when of an n-legged robot as a creeping gait and every
support pattern involves at least n1 contact points[43],[2].
In generating discontinuous-periodic gaits for quadrupeds, certain aspects should be
considered:
If one leg in its support phase reaches the rear limit of its workspace (kinematic
limit), this leg should change to the transfer phase to be placed at its front
kinematic limit.
The body is propelled forward with all legs on the ground. After a body motion,
at least one leg should stay in its rear kinematic limit to perform a transfer
phase into the next leg motion.
The leg that is contra lateral and non-adjacent (CNA) to the present transfer leg
should be placed at such a point that after the placement of the transferred leg,
the COG stays on the other side of the line connecting the CNA leg with the
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transfer leg (see Figure 5.4 (c)) In this way, it will be possible to lift another leg
while maintaining the machines stability.
The sequence of legs should be periodic; this will allow several locomotion
cycles to be joined to follow a path.
Graphical representation of gaits sequences has shown in the Figure 5.5(b) and here
we for crawl gait duty factor .75. Minimum value of duty factor for static stable gaits
is .75 for four legged robots
Figure 5.3 (a): Gait sequencing of crawl gait Figure 5.3 (b): Gait diagrams of crawl gait
Figure 5.3 (c): Successive gait pattern of a two-phase discontinuous gait[2]
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5.2.2. Trot Gait
The trot is a gait in which diagonally opposite pairs of feet are alternatively lifted,
swung forward, and again placed on the ground. Twice during each stride, the body is
ballistic and without support. In the case of some larger animals, this ballistic phase
amounts simply to the feet being dragged along the ground, nonetheless the feet are
not supporting the body during this phase of motion.Figure